Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（知识清单）英语新教材仁爱科普版八年级上册

Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、宇宙与天体（天文事物） 1.beyond（在另一边；除…… 之外） The secret of space is beyond our imagination.太空的奥秘超乎我们的想象。 2.universe（宇宙）The universe is so huge and full of mysteries.宇宙浩瀚无垠，充满奥秘。 3.satellite（卫星；人造卫星）The moon is Earth’s natural satellite.月球是地球的天然卫星。 4.object（物体；对象；目标；宾语） We saw a strange object moving across the sky.我们看见一个奇怪的物体划过天空。 5.solar（太阳的；太阳能的）Eight planets are in the solar system.太阳系中有八颗行星。 6.surface（表面；表层）The surface of Mars is red.火星的表面是红色的。 7.diameter（直径）The diameter of Earth is about 12,700 kilometers.地球的直径大约 12700 千米。 8. belt（环形地带；腰带） There is an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.火星和木星之间有一条小行星带。 9.inner（接近中心的；内部的；内心的）The inner planets are rocky planets.类地内行星是岩石行星。 10.outer（外围的；远离中心的；外边的）The outer planets are much bigger.外围行星体积大得多。 11.rock（岩石；摇滚乐）There are many rocks on Mars.火星上有许多岩石。 12.gas（气体；天然气）Some planets are mainly made of gas.有些行星主要由气体构成。 13.distance（距离）The distance from the Earth to the Moon is very long.地球到月球的距离很远。 14.asteroid（小行星）An asteroid is a small rocky object in space.小行星是太空中小型的岩石天体。 二、太空探索工具、科技与能量 1.rocket（火箭） We use rockets to send spacecraft into space.我们使用火箭把航天器送入太空。 2.man-made（人造的；非天然的） China has many man-made satellites.中国拥有很多人造卫星。 3.telescope（望远镜）We can watch stars with a telescope.我们可以用望远镜观测星星。 4.electricity（电；电能）Solar panels can produce electricity.太阳能板可以产生电能。 5.power（能量；控制力；影响力）The Sun gives us great power.太阳给予我们巨大的能量。 6.exploration（探索；勘探） Space exploration helps us learn more about the universe.太空探索帮助我们更多地了解宇宙。 7.development（发展；开发） Space technology helps the development of our society.航天科技助力社会的发展。 8.industry（工业；生产制造）The space industry develops fast these years.航天工业近些年发展迅速。 三、环境、温度、地理与自然现象 1.warmth（温暖；暖和；热情）The Sun brings light and warmth to Earth.太阳给地球带来光与温暖。 2.heat（热量；热；高温；加热；变热） Mercury gets lots of heat from the Sun.水星从太阳获得大量热量。 3.degree（度，度数；学位）The temperature can drop many degrees at night.夜间气温会下降很多度。 4.minus（零下）On Mars, the temperature is often minus 60 degrees.火星上的气温常常是零下 60 度。 5.Celsius（摄氏的）Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.水在零摄氏度结冰。 6.daytime（白天；日间）The temperature rises in the daytime.气温在白天升高。 7.valley（山谷）Scientists found some valleys on Mars.科学家在火星上发现了一些山谷。 8.rainfall（降雨量；下雨）Mars has almost no rainfall.火星几乎没有降雨。 9.low（低的）The air pressure on Mars is very low.火星上的气压很低。 10.rise（升起；上升）The Sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 11.freeze（(使) 冻结，结冰）Water will freeze when it is cold enough.温度足够低时，水就会结冰。 12.fill（(使) 充满）The air fills the space around us.空气充满我们周围的空间。 四、生命、生存与生物 1.survive（生存；存活；幸存）No humans can survive on Mars now.目前人类无法在火星生存。 2.alive（活着；在世）Earth is the only planet with alive beings.地球是唯一存在生物的行星。 3.being（生物；存在）Human beings need water and air to live.人类需要水和空气生存。 4.death（死；死亡）Without water, most living things will face death.没有水，大部分生物将会面临死亡。 五、描述、动作与逻辑连词 1.appear（出现，显现；显得）Stars appear when night comes.夜幕降临时星星就会出现。 2.separate（(使) 分开；划分） We separate planets into inner and outer ones.我们把行星划分为内行星和外行星。 3.include（包括；包含）The eight planets include Earth and Mars.八大行星包括地球和火星。 4.prove（证明；证实）Scientists try to prove their ideas.科学家努力证实他们的猜想。 5.although（虽然；尽管；即便） Although Mars is like Earth, it has no life.虽然火星和地球相似，但没有生命。 6.common（公地；共有的，共同的；普遍的） The two planets have some common features.这两颗行星有一些共同特征。 7.strange（奇怪的；奇特的）Mars has some strange landforms.火星有一些奇特的地貌。 8.mainly（主要地；首要地）Mars is mainly made of rock.火星主要由岩石构成。 9.neither（也不；两者都不）Neither Mars nor Mercury has life.火星和水星都没有生命。 10.nor（也不）It is neither hot nor cold on our planet.我们的星球既不热也不冷。 11.related（相关的；有联系的）This book is related to space.这本书和太空有关。 12.due（由于；因为）Many plants die due to little water.很多植物因为缺水而死亡。 13.least（最少；最小）At least, we can protect our home planet.至少，我们可以保护我们的家园星球。 六、人文、责任、出版与档案 1.responsibility（责任；负责）It’s our responsibility to protect Earth.保护地球是我们的责任。 2.file（档案；卷宗；文件夹）Scientists keep files of space research.科学家保存太空研究的档案。 3.born（出生）The great scientist was born in 1930.这位伟大的科学家出生于 1930 年。 4.publish（(使) 发表；出版）They publish their space study reports.他们发表太空研究报告。 短 语 1. go around (绕行；走遍；传播)The eight planets go around the Sun.八大行星围绕太阳运转。 2. send ... into ... (把…… 送 / 派遣到……) Scientists send spacecraft into space.科学家把航天器送入太空。 3. move around (绕着…… 来回转)The moon moves around the Earth.月球绕着地球转动。 4. at least (至少) Mars is at least 55 million kilometers away from Earth.火星距离地球至少 5500 万公里。 5. neither ... nor ... (既不…… 也不……) Earth is neither too hot nor too cold for living things.对于生物来说，地球既不太热也不太冷。 6. as well as (除…… 之外；也；还) The Sun gives us light as well as heat.太阳除了给我们热量，还提供光。 7. be similar to (与…… 相似)Mars is similar to Earth in size火星在大小方面与地球相似。 8. at a distance of (在…… 的距离) The moon is at a distance of 380,000 kilometers from Earth.月球距离地球 38 万公里。 9. be alive with (充满着（活力 / 生命力）……) Our planet is alive with all kinds of lives.我们的星球充满各式各样的生命。 10. make up (组成；化妆；编造) Eight planets make up our solar system.八大行星组成了我们的太阳系。 11. play an important role in (在…… 起重要作用) Water plays an important role in life on Earth.水对地球上的生命起着重要作用。 12. be related to (与…… 有关)This story is related to space exploration.这个故事和太空探索有关。 13. have something in common (有相同的特征；有共同之处) Earth and Mars have something in common.地球和火星有一些共同之处。 14. run away (逃跑；跑开) The gas on Mars runs away into space easily.火星上的气体容易散失到太空中。 15. so ... that ... (如此…… 以至于……) Mars is so cold that people can’t live there.火星如此寒冷，人类无法在那里生存。 16.look up at (仰望)We look up at the stars on clear nights.在晴朗的夜晚，我们仰望繁星。 17. with the help of (在…… 的帮助下) With the help of rockets, we can explore space.在火箭的帮助下，我们可以探索太空。 18. be known as (被称为；以…… 而闻名)Mars is known as the Red Planet.火星被称为红色星球。 19. be different from (与…… 不同) The environment on Mars is different from that on Earth.火星上的环境和地球上的不一样。 20. far away (遥远)Many stars are far away from us.许多星星离我们很遥远。 21. be full of (充满)The universe is full of amazing secrets.宇宙充满奇妙的奥秘。 22. in common (共同的)The two planets have nothing in common.这两颗行星没有共同之处。 23. wait for (等待)We wait for more news about space exploration.我们等待更多太空探索的消息。 24. because of (因为) There is no life on Mars because of its cold weather.因为寒冷的气候，火星上没有生命。 25. on average (平均)The temperature on Mars is on average very low.火星上的平均气温很低。 26. in space (在太空中)Many spacecraft fly in space.许多航天器在太空中飞行。 27. live on (居住在…… 上)Humans live on the Earth.人类居住在地球上。 28. look forward to (期待)I look forward to visiting space one day.我期待有一天能去太空。 实 用 交 际 句 型 一、谈论宇宙、行星与太空探索（交际句型） 1. What do you know about the solar system? 关于太阳系你知道些什么？ 2. What do you think of Mars? 你认为火星怎么样？ 3. It’s amazing that there are so many planets in the universe. 宇宙中有这么多行星，真是太神奇了。 4. I’m interested in space and I want to learn more about the universe. 我对太空感兴趣，想了解更多关于宇宙的知识。 5. Do you believe there is life on other planets? 你认为其他行星上存在生命吗？ 6. What a surprise! Mars looks a little like Earth. 太令人惊讶了！火星看起来有点像地球。 7. I’m afraid I know little about the planets in our solar system. 恐怕我对太阳系的行星了解不多。 8. Scientists are still exploring space these years. 这些年科学家们仍在探索太空。 9. Can you tell me the differences between Earth and Mars? 你能说说地球和火星之间的区别吗？ 10. Watching videos about space helps me open my eyes. 观看太空相关视频帮助我开阔眼界。 二、介绍行星、太阳系与太空（写作核心句型） 1. There are eight planets going around the Sun in the solar system. 在太阳系中有八颗行星围绕太阳运转。 2. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. 地球是距离太阳第三近的行星。 3. The Sun provides light and heat for all the planets. 太阳为所有行星提供光和热。 4. Earth is neither too close nor too far from the Sun. 地球离太阳既不太远也不太近。 5. It is the only planet with life in the solar system. 它是太阳系中唯一存在生命的行星。 6. Mars is similar to Earth in size, but it is much colder. 火星在大小上和地球相似，但温度要低得多。 7. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. 木星是太阳系中最大的行星。 8. It takes Mars longer to go around the Sun than Earth. 火星绕太阳运转的时间比地球更长。 9. With the help of spacecraft, scientists can study space better. 在航天器的帮助下，科学家能更好地研究太空。 10. Exploring space helps us know more secrets of the universe. 探索太空帮助我们了解更多宇宙的奥秘。 11. We should protect Earth because it is our only home. 我们应该保护地球，因为它是我们唯一的家园。 12. The universe is full of mysteries waiting for us to discover. 宇宙充满等待我们去发现的奥秘。 语法 1.后缀 -ness 2.形容词比较级和最高级 写作 地球与宇宙探秘 一、知识点精讲 知识点1. What do you know about the Sun?（关于太阳，你知道些什么？）（P92） 讲：此句为特殊疑问句，用于询问对方对太阳的了解，核心结构是 “What do you know about...?”，“do” 是一般现在时的助动词（主语为第二人称 “you”），后接动词原形 “know”；“know about” 是固定短语，意为 “了解；知道…… 的情况”，“about” 后接了解的对象，明确询问范围。 例句：What do you know about Mars?（关于火星，你知道些什么？） 拓展：类似询问知识的句型有 “What have you learned about...?”（关于…… 你学到了什么？）、“Could you tell me something about...?”（你能告诉我一些关于…… 的事吗？）， 如 “Could you tell me something about the solar system?（你能告诉我一些关于太阳系的事吗？）” 知识点2. The sun provides energy, light and heat for the earth.（太阳为地球提供能量、光和热。）（P93） 【考向1】provide vt. 提供 provide sb. with sth. “为某人／某物提供某物” provide sth. for sb. The river provides water for the villagers. = The river provides the villagers with water.这条河流给村民们提供水。 【区别】：offer sb sth=offer sth to sb offer主动提供 知识点3. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside.（类地行星更小，由岩石和土壤构成；而类木行星更大，由气体构成，内部有岩石。）（P96） be made of 意为“由……制成，用……做成”(能从产品中看出原材料)， 其中made是make的过去分词，表被动。 eg. Books are made of paper. 书是用纸做的。 【拓展】由made构成的相关短语： ①be made from由……制成，用……做成。(从产品中看不出原材料) eg. The paper here is made from bamboos. 这儿的纸是由竹子制造的。 ②be made in +某地 制造（生产）于…… eg.Today many things are made in China. 如今许多东西都是中国制造。 ③be made up of... 由……组成（构成）。 eg. Our school is made up of 80 classes. 我们学校由80个班级组成。 知识点4. Why is the sun so important? There are at least two reasons:・It keeps the planets in the solar system.・It gives heat and light to the earth.（为什么太阳如此重要？至少有两个原因：・它使行星留在太阳系中。・它给地球提供热和光。）（P97） （1）keep (sb./sth.)+adj.意为“保持（某人/某物)……”。 eg. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净整洁。 The shop keeps open 24 hours a day. 这家商店24小时营业。 （2）keep sb./sth. + doing sth. 意为“让某人/某物一直做某事”。 eg. Don't keep him waiting for so long. 不要让他等那么久。 （3）keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事”。 eg. He kept cleaning the room for an hour. 他一直打扫房间，打扫了一个小时。 （4）keep sb. from doing sth. = stop sb. from doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事”。 eg. The policeman kept the boy from playing football in the street. = The policeman stopped the boy from playing football in the street. 警察阻止了那个男孩在街上踢足球。 知识点5. The earth is our only home planet. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun.（地球是我们唯一的家园行星。它距离太阳既不太远也不太近。）（P97） neither...nor...：并列连词短语，含义：既不…… 也不……（否定两者） 变形：无词形变化 并列词组的常见用法 both...and... 当连接两个并列结构作主语时 “……和……”，谓语动词用复数： Both Tom and I like the movie. not only...but also... “不但……而且……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Not only he but also I am interested in the movie. either...or... “要么……要么”“或者……或者”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Either you or she is going there tomorrow. neither...nor... “既不……也不……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Neither Tom nor I am going there tomorrow. 知识点6. As a star, the Sun has eight planets around it, and Earth is one of them.（作为一颗恒星，太阳周围有八颗行星，地球是其中之一。）（P98） 【考向】“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词的复数形式”表示“最……之一”，形容词前一般有the或物主代词。 Tom is one of the tallest boys in his class. 汤姆是他班上最高的男孩之一。 【注意】当one of作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 One of them likes swimming. 他们中的一个喜欢游泳。 知识点7. Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature.（火星在大小和温度上与地球更相似。）（P98） be similar to：形容词短语，含义：与…… 相似 固定搭配： 1. A be similar to B A 与 B 相似（主语 A 和 B 作比较） 例：Mars is similar to the Earth in some ways.火星在某些方面和地球相似。 2. be similar in + 方面 在某方面相似 例：The two planets are similar in size.这两颗行星在大小方面相似。 知识点8. Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心和责任感在科学探索中起着重要作用。）（P100） play an important role in：含义：在…… 中起重要作用；在…… 中扮演重要角色 固定搭配： 1. play an important role in sth. 在某事 / 某物方面起重要作用 例：Water plays an important role in our life.水在我们的生活中起着重要作用。 2. play an important role in doing sth. 在做某事方面起重要作用（in 为介词，后接名词或动名词） 例：Scientists play an important role in exploring space.科学家在探索太空方面发挥重要作用。 知识点9. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高昂的成本是太空探索中的一个大劣势。）（P100） 【四大金花】take，spend，cost和pay (1) spend的主语必须是人 ① sb.spend time/money on sth/(in) doing sth (2) cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值” ①sth. costs (sb.)＋金钱某物花了（某人）多少钱 ②(doing) sth. costs (sb.)＋时间 某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间 Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 (3) take后面常跟双宾语 ①It takes sb.＋时间＋to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间 ②doing sth. takes sb.＋时间 做某事花了某人多少时间 Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一下午修车。 知识点10. There is no water on Mars, so we have to produce some.（火星上没有水，所以我们必须制造一些。）（P102） 1.并列连词 and ①“和，而且”，表并列、递进或顺承： He is a good teacher， and we all like him. ②“祈使句，and＋陈述句”表结果： Work hard， and you will get better grades next time. but “但是，可是，而”，表转折： I don’t want to go there， but Mom said I must. so “因此，所以”，表因果： I don’t have enough money， so I won’t buy the toy. or ①“或者，还是”，表选择：Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. ②“否则”，用于“祈使句，or＋陈述句”： Work hard， or you will fail the exam. for “因为”，表原因： The plane won’t take off today， for a heavy rain is on the way. while “然而”，表转折，用来表示对比： Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading. 2.produce （1）produce 作动词，意为 “生产；制造；产生；出示；制作”。produce electricity 意为 “发电”，produce evidence 意为 “出示证据”。例如： This factory produces toys. 这家工厂生产玩具。 The plan produced a good result. 这个计划产生了好的效果。 (2) produce 是行为动词，通常用副词修饰。例如： The farm produces fruit yearly. 这个农场每年出产水果。 He successfully produced a new movie. 他成功制作了一部新电影。 （3）produce 作名词，意为 “农产品（生鲜果蔬等）”，不可数名词。例如： The market sells fresh local produce. 这个市场售卖新鲜的本地农产品。 Farm produce is sold here. 这里售卖农产品。 名词固定搭配 1. farm produce 农产品 2. native produce 土产；本地物产 3. fresh produce 生鲜农产品 知识点11. Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans.（火星看起来是红色的，因为它的红色土壤；而地球的大部分地区看起来是蓝色的，因为它的海洋。）（P103） because of （1）because of是介词短语，意为 “因为；由于”，后面接名词、代词或动名词 (doing)，不能接句子。 例如： He didn’t go to school because of illness. 他因为生病没有去上学。 She cried because of the bad news. 她因为这个坏消息哭了。 (2) 辨析：because是连词，后面接完整句子；because of后接名词性成分。 例如： He stayed at home because it rained. 他待在家里，因为下雨了。 He stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 （3）可置于句首或句中，放句首时后面常用逗号隔开。 例如： Because of heavy rain, the sports meeting was put off.因为大雨，运动会推迟了。 名词固定搭配 / 常用短语 1. because of this 由于这个；因此 2. because of that 由于那个 3. because of sb’s mistake 因为某人的错误 知识点13. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common-water.（虽然这两颗行星有很多不同之处，但它们有一个共同点 —— 水。）（P103） 一、although （1）although作连词，意为 “虽然；尽管”，用来引导让步状语从句。例如： Although he is young, he knows a lot. 虽然他年纪小，但是他懂得很多。 Although it rained, we still went hiking. 尽管下雨了，我们还是去徒步了。 (2) although 引导从句时，不能和 but 连用，二者只能选其一。 正确：Although he was tired, he kept working. 虽然他很累，但他继续工作。 错误：Although he was tired, but he kept working. （3）although 多放句首，也可放句中；语气较正式，口语中也可用 though。 例如： He passed the exam, although he didn’t study hard. 虽然他没有努力学习，但他通过了考试。 常用拓展 1. although = though 虽然，尽管（although 一般不用于句末，though 可放句末表 “然而”） 2. even though 即使；尽管（语气更强） 二、have something in common （1）have something in common 意为 “有共同之处；有共同点”。have nothing in common 意为 “毫无共同之处”，have a lot/much in common 意为 “有很多共同点”。例如： They have something in common. 他们有一些共同点。 My sister and I have much in common. 我和姐姐有很多共同点。 (2) 常用搭配：have … in common with sb和某人有…… 共同之处。例如： I have nothing in common with him. 我和他毫无共同之处。 She has a lot in common with her mother. 她和她妈妈有很多相似之处。 （3）本短语中 common 是形容词，意为 “共同的；普通的”，此处不能换成 commonly。 例如： The two plans have one thing in common. 这两个计划有一点是相同的。 名词 / 短语固定搭配 1. have nothing in common 没有共同点 2. have much/a lot in common 有很多共同点 3. have little in common 几乎没有共同点 知识点14. Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe.（火星正等待我们去探索，宇宙也是如此。）（P103） wait for sb.等待某人 wait作及物和不及物动词，意为“等待；盼望”。常用于下列固定搭配中： can't wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事 wait to do sth.等待做某事 wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事 can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事 wait a minute/moment/second　等一下 如： —What are you doing here？你在这儿干什么？ —I’m waiting for my father to pick me up. 我在等父亲来接我。 知识点15. Distance from the Sun: about 58 million kilometers away from the Sun（与太阳的距离：距离太阳约 5800 万公里）（P105） 知识点16. It takes Pluto about 248 Earth years to go around the Sun.（冥王星绕太阳一周大约需要 248 个地球年。）（P107） 【易混辨析】 spend 花费（时间、金钱等） 主语是人 常用结构为spend...on sth和spend...doing sth cost 价格为；需支付 主语多为物 常用句型为Sth cost(s) sb some money. take 花费（时间） it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 常用句型为It takes/took sb some time to do sth. pay 支付（钱） 主语是人 常用结构为pay... for sth go around （1）go around作动词短语，意为四处走动；参观；绕道；流传。go around the city 意为 “在城里四处逛逛”，go around the lake 意为 “绕湖而行”。例如： We went around the old town yesterday. 昨天我们在古城四处逛了逛。 The news went around quickly. 消息很快传开了。 (2) 常用搭配 go around sth 绕着某物走；四处参观某地；（消息、疾病）传播。例如： There is a rumor going around. 有一个谣言在流传。 We have to go around the big rock. 我们得绕开这块大石头走。 （3）其他含义：足够分配；（机器）运转 例如： There aren’t enough chairs to go around. 椅子不够分。 The machine goes around smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。 知识点17. Without air, human beings can’t live on the planet.（没有空气，人类无法在这颗行星上生存。）（P107） Without 介词，意为“没有，无”，后可接名词、代词或动名词，反义词是with. Eg. Man can't live without water. 没有水人类就无法生存。 She entered the room without knocking on/at the door. 她没敲门就进了房间。 辨析：live，lively，alive，living live “活的，有生命的；现场直播的” 可用作定语，放在表示物的名词之前，一般不指人。 lively “活泼的，活跃的，充满生气的” 用作定语或表语，既可指人，也可指物。 alive “活着的，有生气的” 一般作表语;活着be/stay alive living “活的；在实施的；现存的” 。living可数名词，“生活，生计”。 主要用作定语，常置于所修饰的名词之前， the living“活着的人”。 她不知道他是死是活。She doesn't know if he is alive or dead. 二、核心语法精讲 （一）后缀 -ness的用法 【考点01】后缀 -ness的含义： 后缀 -ness 是英语中常见的名词后缀，通过在形容词（或少数分词）后添加该后缀，将其转化为抽象名词，属于派生法构词。其核心作用是改变原词词性（由形容词变为名词），主要表达 “性质、状态、程度”，可译为 “…… 性”“…… 状态”“…… 度”。 如：①kind（adj.善良的）→ kindness（n.善良；善意） Her kindness helps many poor children.她的善良帮助了很多贫困儿童。 ②sad（adj.悲伤的）→ sadness（n.悲伤；悲痛） Tears in her eyes showed her sadness.她眼中的泪水流露着悲伤。 ③dark（adj.黑暗的）→ darkness（n.黑暗；阴暗） The darkness of night made us walk slowly.夜晚的黑暗让我们走得很慢。 【考点02】后缀 -ness的构词规律： 后缀 -ness 通常附着在形容词后，少数情况下可附着在分词后，拼写需注意以下规则： （1）一般情况（形容词直接加 -ness）： 如：①sad（adj.悲伤的）→ sadness（n.悲伤） I felt a deep sadness.我感觉到深深的悲痛。 ②weak（adj.虚弱的）→ weakness（n.虚弱） His long illness led to weakness.长期生病导致了他的虚弱。 ③quick（adj.快速的）→ quickness（n.迅速） The quickness of his run won the race.他奔跑的迅速让他赢得了比赛。 ④tired（adj.疲倦的）→ tiredness（n.疲倦，分词变名词） After the trip, tiredness made her sleep all day.旅行后，疲倦让她睡了一整天。 （2） 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的形容词：先将y变为 i，再加 -ness： 如：①happy（adj.快乐的）→ happiness（n.幸福） Family time brings us much happiness.家庭时光给我们带来很多幸福。 ②angry（adj.生气的）→ angriness（n.愤怒） His angriness made everyone quiet.他的愤怒让所有人都安静了。 ③busy（adj.忙碌的）→ business（n.忙碌） The business of the city never stops.城市的忙碌从未停止。 （3）以“le” 结尾的形容词： 如：①simple（adj.简单的）→ simpleness（n.简单；朴素） The simpleness of the plan makes it easy to do.这个计划的简单性让它容易执行。 ②able（adj.有能力的）→ ableness（n.能力） His ableness in math helps him solve hard problems.他在数学上的能力帮他解决了难题。 （4）不规则变形： 如：①different（adj.不同的）→ difference（n.差异） There are many differences between cats and dogs.猫和狗之间有很多差异。 ②important（adj.重要的）→ importance（n.重要性） The importance of water is clear to everyone.水的重要性对每个人来说都很明显。 【考点03】后缀 -ness构成的名词在句中的用法： 由 -ness 构成的名词为抽象名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，与普通名词用法一致： （1）作主语（表示抽象概念作动作的发出者）： 如：Kindness can warm people's hearts.善良能温暖人心。 （2）作宾语（表示抽象概念作动作的承受者）： 如：She couldn't hide her sadness.她无法掩饰自己的悲伤。 （3）作表语（说明主语的性质或状态）： 如：His weakness made him give up.他的虚弱让他放弃了。 （二）形容词的比较级和最高级用法 概念： 英语中的形容词和副词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级，以此表示人或事物的等级差别。 ①形容词和副词的比较级用于两者之间的比较，表示“较……”或“更……一些”； 如：This room is bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大。 ②形容词和副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间的比较，表示“最……”，形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词the，副词最高级前的the可以省略。 如：The rabbit is the smallest of them.兔子是它们中最小的。 【考点01】形容词比较等级的规则变化： 构成规则 原级 比较级 最高级 单音 节词和少数 双音 节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est great greater greatest strong stronger strongest 以字母e结尾的词加-r或-st brave braver bravest fine finer finest 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er或-est big bigger biggest fat fatter fattest 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，先变-y为-i,再加-er或-est happy happier happiest lucky luckier luckiest 多音 节词 和部 分双音节词 在词前加more或most serious more serious most serious interesting more interesting most interesting 【考点02】形容词比较等级的不规则变化： 原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/ well(好地，健康的) better best bad(坏的)/ill(有病的)/ badly(坏地；恶劣地) worse worst many(许多)/ much(许多) more most little(少的) less least far(远的/地) farther(指距离)较远 further(指距离和抽象概念)较远 farthest(指距离)最远 furthest(指距离和抽象概念)最远 old(老的) older elder(指年长的) oldest eldest 【考点03】形容词比较等级的用法： （一）比较级的修饰语 1. 在比较级前常用much（……得多），even（甚至），still（更），a little（一点），a bit（有点），a lot（很多）等来修饰，表示程度进一步加深。 如：①I am much older than my brother.我比我弟弟大得多。 ②Lin Ping is a little more outgoing than me.林萍比我更外向一点。 2. very（很，非常）, quite（相当，很，十分）, too（太...）等程度副词一般只修饰形容词原级，不能修饰比较级。 如：This tree is very tall. 这棵树很高。 （二）形容词和副词原级比较的两种句型 1. the same as...意为“与……一致，与……相同的”。 如：His dream is the same as mine. 他的梦想和我的一样。 2.“as+形容词/副词原级+as...”表示……和……一样”，否定结构为“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”，表示“第一个人/物在……比不上第二个”。 如：This film is as interesting as that one. 这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。 （三）形容词与副词的比较级的常用句型结构 1. A+谓语动词+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B……”。 如：I think English is less important than maths. 我认为英语不如数学重要。 2. Which/Who+谓语动词比较级，A or B?，or连接两个选项，表示对两者的比较或选择，意为“A和B，哪个/谁更……？”。 如：①Which is heavier, pig or an elephant? 一头猪和一头大象哪个重？ ②Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei? 林涛和韩梅谁的书更多？ 3. get/become+比较级+and+比较级，意为“变得越来越……”，and连接两个相同的形容词比较级，当形容词是多音节或部分双音节词时，结构变为“get/ become more and more+形容词原级”。 如： ①It's getting colder and colder when winter comes. 当冬天来临时，天气变得越来越冷。 ②Our hometown is getting more and more beautiful.我们的家乡正变得越来越美丽。 4. the+比较级，the+比较级，意为“越……，就越……”，表示两个过程按比例同时增减。 如：①The more, the better. 多多益善。 ②The harder you study, the better grades you'll get. 你学习越努力，就越能取得好成绩。 5. “主语+谓语动词+the+比较级+of the two+...”意为“主语是两者中较……的那个。”，是特指的情况。 如：Jack is the taller of the two. 杰克是两个人中较高的一个。 6. “主语+谓语动词+比较级+ than any other+单数名词.” 表示“一个人或物比同一范围内的任何其他一个都……”。 如：Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. 上海比中国其他任何一个城市都大。 （四）形容词与副词的最高级的常用句型 在句中使用时，形容词最高级前通常用the，句中常含有表示比较范围的介词of或in；of后面一般接表示一群人或事物的代词或名词，in后面一般接表示单位或场所的名词，常用句型结构为： 1. “主语+be+the+形容词最高级（+名词/代词）+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的（……）”。 如：Spring is the best season of year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。 2. “主语实义动词（+the）+副词最高级+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的”。 如：Jack works (the) hardest in our class. 在我们班杰克学习最努力。 3. “主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的……之一”。 如：New York is one of the biggest cities in the world. 纽约是世界上最大的城市之一。 4. “主语+be+the+序数词+形容词最高级+可数名词单数+in/of短语.” 意为“……在……中是第几……的……”。 如：The Yangtze River is the first longest river in our country. 长江是我们国家的第一长河。 5. “Which/Who+谓语动词（+the）+最高级，A，B or C?” 意为“A、B和C，哪个/谁最……？”。 如：①Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳地球和月球，哪一个最大？ ②Who runs (the) fastest, Kate, Tom or Mike?谁跑得最快，凯特、汤姆还是迈克？ 【考点04】形容词比较等级的特殊用法： （1） 比较级与最高级的结构可以转换，意思不变。 如：The Changjiang River is longer than the other rivers in China. 在中国，长江比其他河流都长。 ＝The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 （2）当某一事物与其他事物作比较时，被比较事物中不能包括本身。 如：①He is taller than any other student in his class. 他比班上其他学生都高。 ②Shanghai is larger than any city in Hubei.上海比湖北任何一个城市都大。 （3）如果比较对象相同，可用that/those代替第二个比较对象。 如： ①The weather in Shanghai is better than that in Wuhan. 上海的天气比武汉的要好。 ②The texts in Book Ⅲ are much easier than those in Book IV.第三册的课文要比第四册的容易得多。 3、 单元写作清单 一、话题分析 本单元围绕太阳系核心天体展开，聚焦太阳、地球、月球、行星、卫星等的名称、特征及相互关系。写作部分（Reading for Writing）的语篇主题为“地球与它的行星邻居（以火星为例）”，要求学生通过对比两颗行星的特征（直径、与太阳的距离、平均温度、水的分布等），完成一篇说明文。 常见写作命题方向： 对比两颗行星（如地球与火星、金星与土星等），描述特征差异与共性； 介绍你最喜欢的行星（如“My Favorite Planet—Jupiter”）； 描述人类对太空的探索及你未来的太空梦想； 介绍太阳系的基本构成。 二、写作框架（三段式，直接套用） 第一段：开头——引出主题 功能：点明要介绍或对比的对象，简洁引出话题。 可套用句型： The solar system is made up of the Sun and eight planets. 太阳系由太阳和八大行星组成。 I would like to compare Earth and Mars. 我想比较一下地球和火星。 Let me introduce ... to you. 让我向你介绍…… ... is one of the most amazing planets in the solar system. ……是太阳系中最神奇的行星之一。 第二段：主体——特征对比（核心部分） 功能：从多个维度对两颗行星进行对比描述，先写差异，再写共性。 建议对比维度：直径（diameter）→ 与太阳的距离（distance from the Sun）→ 平均温度（average temperature）→ 颜色/外观（color/appearance）→ 水的分布（water） 可套用句型： （1）描述特征： ... has a diameter of ... kilometers. ……的直径是……公里。 ... is ... kilometers away from the Sun. ……距离太阳……公里。 The temperature on ... is ... ……上的温度是…… （2）进行对比： ... is bigger / smaller than ... ……比……大/小。 ... is closer to / farther from the Sun than ... ……比……离太阳更近/更远。 ... looks ... because of ..., while ... 它看起来……因为……，而…… （3）表达共性： Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — ... 尽管这两颗行星存在诸多差异，但它们有一个共同点——…… 第三段：结尾——总结与展望 功能：总结全文，表达对宇宙探索的向往或感悟。 可套用句型： ... is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. ……在等着我们去探索，宇宙也是一样。 We still have a lot to learn about the universe. 关于宇宙我们还有很多要了解。 I hope that one day we can travel to other planets. 我希望有一天我们能去其他行星旅行。 三、写作素材 核心单词 universe n. 宇宙；solar adj. 太阳的；planet n. 行星；surface n. 表面；satellite n. 卫星；rocket n. 火箭；telescope n. 望远镜；explore v. 探索；diameter n. 直径；gravity n. 重力；distance n. 距离；energy n. 能量 重点短语 in the solar system 在太阳系 provide light and heat for… 为…… 提供光和热 go around /revolve around 围绕…… 运转 on clear nights 在晴朗的夜晚 far away 遥远；farther from the sun 离太阳更远 at present 目前；at least 至少 look like 看起来像 with the help of 在…… 的帮助下 neither…nor… 既不…… 也不…… 高分句型（考场直接默写） 1. There are eight planets in our solar system.在我们的太阳系有八颗行星。 2. Earth is the third planet from the Sun.地球是距离太阳第三近的行星。 3. The Sun provides light and heat for all the planets.太阳为所有行星提供光和热。 4. Earth is the only planet with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold. 地球是唯一存在生命的行星，因为它既不太热也不太冷。 5. Mars is similar to Earth in size, but its surface is much colder.火星在大小上和地球相似，但它的表面冷得多。 6. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.木星是太阳系最大的行星。 7. Scientists send spacecraft to explore space.科学家发射航天器探索太空。 8. The universe is full of mysteries.宇宙充满奥秘。 （二）高频搭配 go around 绕行 at the center of 在……的中心 a distance of ……的距离 on the surface of 在……的表面 because of 因为 in common 共同的；共有的 be similar to 与……相似 be different from 与……不同 make up 组成 at least 至少 millions of 数百万的 （三）黄金句型库 开头句型： The solar system is made up of the Sun and eight planets. I would like to compare Earth and Mars. Let me introduce ... to you. 主体句型： Earth is a middle-sized planet with a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers. Mars is smaller than Earth. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil. The outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. 对比句型： Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans. Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth. That's why Mars is colder than Earth. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. 结尾句型： Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. We still have a lot to learn about the universe. Exploring space is part of what makes us human. 四、范文背诵 范文一：Earth and Its Neighbor — Mars（教材核心范文） Is there life in outer space? We may think of the same planet — Mars. Mars is smaller than Earth. It has a diameter of around 6,800 kilometers and Earth's diameter is around 13,000 kilometers. Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans. As a neighbor planet, Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth. Mars is about 228 million kilometers away from the Sun, while Earth is about 150 million kilometers away. That's why Mars is colder than Earth. The temperature on Mars is about minus 63℃; the temperature is about 14℃ on average on Earth. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. On Mars, there is a lot of ice under the ground; on Earth, we have water both on and under the ground. Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. 范文结构拆解： 第一段（总起） ：以设问引出对比对象——地球与火星。 第二段（对比） ：从直径→颜色→距日距离→温度→共性（水）五个维度展开对比，使用“while”“That's why”“Although”等连接词衔接。 第三段（总结） ：以“Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe”收束全文，升华主题。 范文二：My Favorite Planet — Jupiter My favorite planet is Jupiter. It is the largest planet in the solar system, bigger than all the other planets combined. Jupiter has a famous Great Red Spot, which is a huge storm. It also has many moons. Some of them are very special. For example, Europa may have liquid water. Scientists are very interested in Jupiter and have been studying it all the time. I hope that one day we can learn more about this amazing planet. 范文结构拆解： 第一段（总起） ：直接点明最喜欢的行星——木星。 第二段（特征） ：从大小→大红斑→卫星→科学家研究四个方面展开。 第三段（结尾） ：表达对探索木星的期待。 一、用所给单词适当形式填空 1．About sixty years later, scientists ________ (prove) his ideas right. 【答案】proved 【详解】句意：大约六十年后，科学家们证明了他的观点是正确的。prove意为“证明”，是动词。根据时间状语“sixty years later”可知，动作发生在过去，整个语境是在陈述过去的客观事实，应用一般过去时。故填proved。 2．The sun doesn’t ________ (appear) at night. 【答案】appear 【详解】句意：太阳在晚上不出现。助动词doesn’t后面必须接动词原形，括号内提供的单词appear本身就是动词原形，因此无需变化，直接填入即可。 3．When comets are getting ________ (close) to the sun, they will become much hotter. 【答案】closer 【详解】句意：当彗星离太阳越来越近时，它们会变得热得多。“get closer to…”意为“变得更靠近……”，是比较级用法。后面“much hotter”，“much”用来修饰比较级，前后对应，“close”的比较级为“closer”。 4．Mars is ________ (far) from the Sun than Earth. 【答案】farther 【详解】句意：火星比地球距离太阳更远。句中出现比较级标志词than，表明是两者进行距离对比，形容词far需要使用比较级。far有farther和further两种比较级形式，farther侧重客观空间距离，further多用于抽象含义（更进一步、深造），本题描述行星间的实际距离，farther符合要求。 5．Satellites can be ________ (nature) or man-made. 【答案】natural 【详解】句意：卫星可以是天然的或人造的。be动词后接形容词作表语，nature的形容词形式是natural，意为“自然的”。 6．Carefulness and ________ (responsible) play an important role in scientific exploration. 【答案】responsibility 【详解】句意：细心和责任心在科学探索中发挥着重要作用。and连接并列主语，Carefulness是名词，括号内responsible为形容词，需要变为名词形式responsibility。 7．Mercury is ________ (small) than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth. 【答案】smaller 【详解】句意：水星比地球小，而且比地球更靠近太阳。句中出现比较级标志词than，形容词要用比较级，small的比较级为smaller。 8．The Big Dipper and the North Star are ________ (bright) than other stars. 【答案】brighter 【详解】句意：北斗七星和北极星比其他星星更亮。根据“than”可知，此处应使用所给词的形容词比较级brighter作表语。 9．Mercury is the ________ (near) planet to the Sun. 【答案】nearest 【详解】句意：水星是距离太阳最近的行星。定冠词the后常搭配形容词最高级，太阳系有多颗行星属于三者及以上范围的比较，括号内单词near的最高级为nearest，符合形容词最高级用于三者及以上比较的语法规则与句子语义要求。 10．Nature can fill our lives with real joy, peace and ________ (happy). 【答案】happiness 【详解】句意：大自然可以用真实的喜悦、宁静和幸福充实我们的生活。and连接并列名词joy, peace，括号内happy为形容词，需要变为名词形式happiness。 11．The temperature on Mars is about -63°C; here on Earth, the temperature is about 14°C on ________ (average). 【答案】average 【详解】句意：火星上的气温大约是零下63摄氏度；在地球上，平均气温大约是14摄氏度。on average是固定短语，意为“平均地、通常”，括号内的average本身为名词“平均数；平均值”，直接填入即可构成该固定搭配。 12．Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in ________ (common). 【答案】common 【详解】句意：尽管这两颗行星存在许多差异，但它们也有一些共同之处。have something in common是固定短语，意为“有共同之处”。 13．The universe is the whole body of things, and no one knows how ________ (wide) it is. 【答案】wide 【详解】句意：宇宙是万物的整体，没有人知道它有多广阔。“how”引导宾语从句时，其后需要形容词或副词，括号内的“wide”是形容词，含义为“广阔的”，在从句中充当表语，符合“how+形容词+主语+谓语”的句式结构，因此直接填wide即可。 14．There is plenty of water as well as some dry land on the ________ (surface) of the earth. 【答案】surface 【详解】句意：地球的表面有大量的水还有一些陆地。定冠词the后面要接名词，on the surface of是固定短语，意为“在……的表面”。surface本身为名词。故填surface。 15．________ (rocket) are important tools for space exploration. 【答案】Rockets 【详解】句意：火箭是太空探索的重要工具。句中谓语动词“are”为复数形式，提示主语应为复数，rocket的复数形式是rockets，意为“火箭”，位于句首首字母需大写。 二、单项选择 16．I am ________ than Nancy, but I can’t jump as ________ as she does. A．taller; high B．taller; higher C．tall; higher D．tall; high 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我比南希更高，但我跳得不如她高。第一空根据标志词“than”可知应用形容词比较级taller；第二空根据“as...as”结构可知应用形容词或副词原级high。 17．—Our country is developing fast. —That’s for sure. And the harder we work for her, ________ she will be in the future. A．strong B．stronger C．the strong D．the stronger 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——我们的国家发展很快。——那是肯定的。我们为她工作越努力，她未来就会越强大。 根据前半句“The harder”可知，此处表示“越……，就越……”，后半句也应用“the + 比较级”结构，即“the stronger”。 18．The new movie is ________ exciting than the old one, but it is ________ meaningful. A．more; little B．less; more C．more; more D．less; less 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这部新电影不如旧电影那么令人兴奋，但它更有意义。 根据“than”可知，应用比较级，exciting和meaningful是多音节形容词，需用more或less修饰，排除A项；结合“but”可知，前后分句存在转折关系，C项和D项前后一致，不能构成转折；B项less与more意思相反，构成对比，符合语境。 19．Boys and girls, the more ________ you are during the exam, the ________ mistakes you’ll make. A．carefully; less B．carefully; fewer C．careful; more D．careful; fewer 【答案】D 【详解】句意：同学们，你们在考试中越仔细，犯的错误就越少。 此处为“the+ 比较级，the+ 比较级”结构，表示“越……，就越……”。第一空位于系动词are之后，应填形容词careful，排除含副词carefully的选项；第二空修饰可数名词复数mistakes，表示“更少的”应用fewer，且符合“越仔细错误越少”的逻辑。 20．We should be ________ careful in the exam so that we will make ________ mistakes. A．more; less B．more; more C．less; fewer D．more; fewer 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我们应该在考试中更加仔细，以便我们会犯更少的错误。 more用于构成多音节形容词比较级；less修饰不可数名词；fewer修饰可数名词复数。根据句意，考试应更仔细，错误会更少，careful比较级为more careful，mistakes为可数名词，应用fewer修饰。应填more；fewer。 21．I think traveling by train is the second ________ and much ________ than a rushed trip by plane. A．most comfortable; most enjoyable B．more comfortable; more enjoyable C．more comfortable; most enjoyable D．most comfortable; more enjoyable 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我认为乘火车旅行是第二最舒适的，并且比匆忙的乘飞机旅行愉快得多。 “the+序数词+最高级”是固定搭配，表示“第几最……”，第一空用most comfortable；根据“than”可知，第二空用比较级more enjoyable。 22．________ the journey was tiring, Mike thought it was worth both the time and the money. A．Although B．Since C．Unless D．As 【答案】A 【详解】句意：虽然旅途很累，但迈克认为它值得付出时间和金钱。 Although虽然；Since自从；Unless除非；As因为。根据后半句“Mike thought it was worth both the time and the money.”可知，前后句意存在转折关系，表示“虽然”，用Although引导让步状语从句。 23．—The museums in Beijing are more famous than ________ in Yangzhou. —Yes, but the weather in Yangzhou is better than ________ in Beijing. A．that; those B．those; that C．ones; that D．ones; one 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——北京的博物馆比扬州的那些更出名。——是的，但是扬州的天气比北京的那个更好。 that那个；those那些；ones一些，指代复数的人或物；one一个，指代单数的人或物。在比较级中，为了避免重复，常用that指代单数名词或不可数名词，用those指代复数名词。第一空指代复数名词The museums，应用those；第二空指代不可数名词the weather，用that。故选B。 24．—Now the air in our city is even ________ than it was before. —So we must do something to stop it. A．bad B．worse C．worst D．the worst 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——现在我们城市的空气甚至比以前更糟了。——所以我们必须做点什么来阻止它。 根据than可知此处应用比较级,结合“So we must do something to stop it.”可知空气状况变差，需用bad的比较级worse。 25．An ecosystem ________ all the living and non-living things in an area. A．receives B．includes C．prepares D．introduces 【答案】B 【详解】句意：一个生态系统包括一个地区内所有的生物和非生物。 receives收到；includes包括；prepares准备；introduces介绍。根据“all the living and non-living things in an area”可知，此处表示“包括”一个地区内所有的生物和非生物，应填includes。 三、完形填空 Mars is often called the “Red Planet” because of its 26 . It is 27 of the most fascinating planets for scientists. The surface of Mars is 28 with huge deserts, high mountains, and deep valleys. Some mountains on Mars are much 29 than those on Earth. Mars also has seasons like Earth, 30 the seasons on Mars are much longer. The ice cap at the poles of Mars is one of the 31 things about Mars. It is mainly made of water ice and carbon dioxide ice (干冰). In winter, the temperature on Mars can be so 32 that even the carbon dioxide in the air can freeze. Scientists are 33 Mars with much interest. They want to find out if there was ever life on this 34 . However, they have found no signs of 35 until now, but the exploration continues. 26．A．color B．size C．distance D．shape 27．A．none B．neither C．one D．no 28．A．happy B．filled C．full D．related 29．A．larger B．deeper C．longer D．greener 30．A．because B．although C．so D．while 31．A．highest B．flattest C．strangest D．brightest 32．A．little B．common C．low D．high 33．A．surviving B．exploring C．saving D．planning 34．A．space B．universe C．valley D．planet 35．A．deaths B．beings C．rainfalls D．snowballs 【答案】 26．A 27．C 28．B 29．A 30．D 31．C 32．C 33．B 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文介绍了火星的自然特征，并说明科学家们一直在探索这颗行星，试图寻找生命迹象，目前尚未发现，但探索仍在继续。 【详解】26．句意：火星常被称为“红色星球”，是因为它的颜色。 color颜色；size尺寸；distance距离；shape形状。根据“Mars is often called the ‘Red Planet’”可知，是因为它的颜色。故选A。 27．句意：它是科学家眼中最迷人的行星之一。 none没有一个；neither两者都不；one一个；no没有。根据“one of the most fascinating planets”这一固定结构可知，此处表示“最……之一”。故选C。 28．句意：火星表面布满了巨大的沙漠、高山和深谷。 happy开心的；filled充满的；full满的；related相关的。根据“be filled with”这一固定搭配可知，此处表示“充满、布满”。故选B。 29．句意：火星上的一些山比地球上的山更大。 larger更大；deeper更深；longer更长；greener更绿。根据“Some mountains on Mars are much...than those on Earth”可知，是在比较山的大小。故选A。 30．句意：火星也像地球一样有季节，然而火星上的季节要长得多。 because因为；although虽然；so所以；while然而。根据“Mars also has seasons like Earth...the seasons on Mars are much longer”可知，火星上的季节要长得多，此处表示转折对比。故选D。 31．句意：火星极地的冰盖是火星上最奇特的事物之一。 highest最高的；flattest最平的；strangest最奇特的；brightest最亮的。根据“It is mainly made of water ice and carbon dioxide ice (干冰)”可知，冰盖的构成很奇特。故选C。 32．句意：在冬天，火星上的温度可以如此之低，以至于空气中的二氧化碳都能冻结。 little少的；common普通的；low低的；high高的。根据“even the carbon dioxide in the air can freeze”可知，只有温度极低才会发生这种情况。故选C。 33．句意：科学家们怀着极大的兴趣探索火星。 surviving生存；exploring探索；saving拯救；planning计划。根据后文“the exploration continues”可知，科学家在探索火星。故选B。 34．句意：他们想弄清楚这颗行星上是否曾经有过生命。 space太空；universe宇宙；valley山谷；planet行星。根据前文“the most fascinating planets”可知，火星是一颗行星。故选D。 35．句意：然而，到目前为止，他们还没有发现任何生命的迹象，但探索仍在继续。 deaths死亡；beings生物；rainfalls降雨；snowballs雪球。根据“if there was ever life on this planet”可知，是在寻找生命迹象，“signs of beings”即生命存在的迹象。故选B。 四、语法选择 通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。 How many things can you see in the night sky? A lot! 36 a clear evening you might see the Moon and some planets. And 37 sparkling stars 38 , too. You can see even 39 with a telescope. You might see stars where you only saw dark space before. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars 40 look white 41 really red or blue. But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we 42 . We can’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, even when it is the clearest night of the year. That’s 43 they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars and they 44 black holes. You might find 45 hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly, giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem 46 getting old or weak, 47 stars do burn out and die after billions of years. As a star’s gases burn, they give off light and heat. But when the gas runs 48 , the star stops 49 and begins to die. So the next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than that meets the eye. 50 amazing space it is! 36．A．On B．In C．At D．For 37．A．thousand B．thousands C．thousand of D．thousands of 38．A．see B．were see C．can be seen D．will be seen 39．A．much B．many C．most D．more 40．A．what B．which C．who D．where 41．A．be B．is C．am D．are 42．A．never see B．never saw C．will never see D．had never seen 43．A．when B．how C．because D．so 44．A．are called B．called C．call D．is called 45．A．it B．you C．yourself D．itself 46．A．to be B．being C．been D．is 47．A．and B．but C．so D．or 48．A．around B．off C．away D．out 49．A．burning B．to burn C．burn D．burnt 50．A．How B．What C．What an D．How an 【答案】 36．A 37．D 38．C 39．D 40．B 41．D 42．A 43．C 44．A 45．A 46．A 47．B 48．D 49．A 50．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了宇宙当中的行星。 【详解】36．句意：在一个晴天的夜晚你可以看到月亮和一些行星。 On用于具体的某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上；In用于年、月、季节等前；At用于具体的时刻前；For为了。根据“a clear evening”可知，此处指一个晴朗的夜晚，当 evening 前没有形容词修饰时，用介词 in，当 evening 前有形容词修饰时，用介词 on。故选A。 37．句意：还能看到成千上万的闪烁的星星。 thousand千；thousands千，复数；thousand of错误表达；thousands of成千上万的。空前没有具体数字，所以此处用thousands of，意为“成千上万的”。故选D。 38．句意：还能看到成千上万的闪烁的星星。 see看见，动词原形；were see错误表达；can be seen含情态动词的被动语态；will be seen一般将来时的被动语态。stars与see是被动关系，因此要用被动语态。这里强调的是星星“能够”被看到，是客观存在的情况，故要用一般现在时，不需要强调将来的时态，因此排除D项。故选C。 39．句意：用望远镜你可以看到更多的星星。 much许多，修饰不可数名词；many许多的，修饰可数名词复数；most是much和many的最高级；more是much和many的比较级。根据空前的“even”可知，空处应填比较级形式。故选D。 40．句意：你可能会看到一些看着是白色的实则是红色或蓝色的星星。 what什么；which哪一个；who谁；where在哪里。这是一个定语从句，先行词是stars，指物，连接词要用which。故选B。 41．句意：你可能会看到一些看着是白色的实则是红色或蓝色的星星。 be动词原形；is主语是第三人称单数；am主语是第一人称单数；are主语是第二人称以及复数。主语“some stars”是复数，be动词用are。故选D。 42．句意：但是科学家认为天空上有一些我们从没看到过的事物。 never see从未见过，一般现在时；never saw一般过去时；will never see一般将来时；had never seen过去完成时。根据后文“We can’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, even when it is the clearest night of the year.”可知，有些东西“我们”是看不到的，此处讲的是客观存在的情况，用一般现在时态。故选A。 43．句意：那是因为它们是不可见的。 when当……时；how如何；because因为；so所以。联系上文可知，天空中有一些东西是看不到的，此处是在解释原因，That’s because“那是因为”。故选C。 44．句意：它们是神秘的死亡恒星，它们被叫做黑洞。 are called被叫做，主语是复数；called把……叫做，一般过去时；call把……叫做，一般现在时；is called被叫做，主语是单数。根据“they... black holes”可知，它们被叫做黑洞，此处应用被动语态，主语是they，be动词用are。故选A。 45．句意：你可能会发现很难想象恒星会消亡。 it它；you你；yourself你自己；itself它自己。sb. find it adj. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“某人发现做某事怎么样”，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式。故选A。 46．句意：太阳似乎的确并没有变老或变弱，但恒星确实会在数十亿年后燃烧殆尽。 to be成为，不定式；being动名词或现在分词；been过去分词；is主语是第三人称单数。seem to do sth.“似乎要做某事”，此处应用不定式。故选A。 47．句意：太阳似乎的确并没有变老或变弱，但恒星确实会在数十亿年后燃烧殆尽。 and和；but但是；so所以；or或者。根据“The Sun certainly doesn’t seem...getting old or weak”和“stars do burn out and die after billions of years”可知，前后句之间是转折关系，应用but来连接。故选B。 48．句意：但当气体耗尽时，恒星就会停止燃烧，开始死去。 around周围；off离开；away离开；out出去。联系上一句可知，恒星的气体燃烧时会释放光和热，当气体消耗完了，它就死亡了。run out“用完，耗尽”。故选D。 49．句意：但当气体耗尽时，恒星就会停止燃烧，开始死去。 burning燃烧，动名词或现在分词；to burn不定式 ；burn动词原形；burnt过去式或过去分词。此处指恒星停止燃烧，stop doing sth.“停止做某事”。故选A。 50．句意：宇宙是多么神奇啊！ How+形容词+主谓；What+形容词+不可数名词+主谓；What an+形容词+可数名词单数+主谓；How an错误表达。space是不可数名词，所以此处是What引导的感叹句。故选B。 五、阅读理解 The Moon is a dusty (蒙尘的) ball of rock. It is the Earth’s only natural satellite. It takes 27.3 days for the Moon to travel all the way around the Earth. From this movement, we see different shapes of the Moon. Although the Moon shines brightly (明亮地) in the night sky, it doesn’t make its own light. We see the Moon because it gets light from the Sun and sends it to us. As the Moon moves, we can only see around 60% of the Moon’s surface from the Earth! The part that faces the Earth is known as the ‘near side’ and the other the ‘far side’. The temperature on the Moon changes greatly! When the Sun reaches its surface, temperatures can reach as hot as 127°C． But when the Sun ‘goes down’, temperatures can drop quickly to around -153°C．There is almost no air to hold the heat, so the changes are big.       Scientists aren’t fully sure how the Moon formed. A popular idea is that a Mars-sized rock, named Theia, crashed (撞上) into the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago. The broken pieces from the crash got together to make what is now—Our Moon! This would tell why the Moon rocks are so similar to some rocks on Earth. 根据材料内容，选择最佳答案。 51．Why can we see different shapes of the Moon? A．Because the Moon itself changes shape. B．Because of the Moon’s movement around the Earth. C．Because clouds cover parts of the Moon. D．Because the Earth’s dark part falls on it differently. 52．Why does the temperature on the Moon change so much? A．Because it is very far from the Sun. B．Because its surface is made of special rock. C．Because there is almost no air to hold the heat. D．Because it turns around too fast. 53．According to the popular idea in the passage, what helped scientists guess how the Moon formed? A．The different temperatures on its near and far sides. B．The fact that we can only see 60% of its surface. C．The Moon rocks and some Earth rocks are similar. D．The right time it takes to go around the Earth. 54．Which of the following is an OPINION about the Moon based on the passage? A．The Moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite. B．The Moon takes 27.3 days to travel around the Earth. C．The far side of the Moon is more interesting and unknown to us. D．The Moon gets light from the Sun and sends it to us. 55．How does the writer organize (组织) the passage about the Moon? A．From the most important fact to the least important fact. B．By introducing different topics one by one (what it is, how it looks, its climate, how it formed). C．By comparing the Moon with other planets in the solar system. D．By telling a story about scientists exploring the Moon. 【答案】51．B 52．C 53．C 54．C 55．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了月球的基本属性、绕地运动、发光原理、表面温差极大的原因以及关于月球形成的主流科学猜想。 【详解】51．第一段提到：“It takes 27.3 days for the Moon to travel all the way around the Earth. From this movement, we see different shapes of the Moon.”，可知我们看到不同月相是因为月球绕地球运动。 52．第四段最后一句：“There is almost no air to hold the heat, so the changes are big.”，直接说明月球温差大的原因是几乎没有空气保存热量。 53．第五段最后一句：“This would tell why the Moon rocks are so similar to some rocks on Earth.”，表明月球岩石与地球部分岩石相似这一现象支撑了月球形成的主流猜想。 54．文中前三项均为事实性陈述，只有“The far side of the Moon is more interesting and unknown to us”属于主观看法，文中未直接表述，符合“opinion”的定义。 55．文章依次介绍了月球的基本属性、发光原理、表面可视范围、温度变化及形成原因，是逐个介绍不同主题的结构。 六、短文填空 阅读下面短文，根据语境或单词的提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当的单词，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 In the universe, 56 we all know, there are the Sun, Moon, Earth, and a lot of stars. We learned in class that the Sun is a s 57 , Earth is a planet and the Moon is our natural 58 . We also know Earth moves a 59 the Sun and Moon goes around Earth. We have days and nights 60 of the rotation of Earth. When some parts of Earth 61 to the Sun, people living on Earth have daylight. If Earth stops rotating again and again, there will be no days 62 nights. Life on Earth will not s 63 as well. The Moon looks much bigger than the Sun because it is 64 to Earth. Such a short distance also gives the Moon the p 65 to change the tides (潮汐) on Earth. 【答案】 56．as 57．star/tar 58．satellite 59．around/round 60．because 61．turn 62．or 63．survive/urvive 64．closer 65．power/ower 【导语】本文主要介绍了宇宙中太阳、地球和月球的基本关系及其对人类生活的影响。 【详解】56．句意：在宇宙中，众所周知，有太阳、月亮、地球和许多恒星。as we all know“正如我们所知”，固定搭配。故填as。 57．句意：我们在课堂上学到太阳是恒星。根据“Sun is a”及首字母提示可知，太阳是一颗恒星，star“恒星”。故填star。 58．句意：地球是行星，而月亮是我们的天然卫星。根据“the Moon is our natural”可知，月球是地球的天然卫星。故填satellite。 59．句意：我们还知道地球围绕太阳运转，月亮围绕地球运转。根据常识可知，地球围绕太阳运动，move around“绕……运动”。故填around。 60．句意：由于地球的自转，我们有了昼夜交替。根据“ We have days and nights ... of the rotation of Earth.”可知，昼夜现象是由于地球自转引起的，需填表示原因的连词because，构成介词短语because of“因为”。故填because。 61．句意：当地球的某些部分朝向太阳时，生活在地球上的人们迎来白昼。根据“some parts of Earth ... to the Sun, people living on Earth have daylight”可知，当地球某部分朝向太阳时，该区域为白天，turn to“朝向……”。主语是复数，时态是一般现在时，谓语动词用原形。故填turn。 62．句意：如果地球反复停止自转，将不再有昼夜之分。句子是否定句，表示“没有白天或夜晚”，用“or”连接并列成分。故填or。 63．句意：地球上的生命也将无法延续。根据“Life on Earth will not”及首字母提示可知，地球上的生命将无法“生存”，survive“生存”符合句意，空前是will，空处填动词原形。故填survive。 64．句意：月亮看起来比太阳大得多，因为它离地球更近。根据“The Moon looks much bigger than the Sun”可知，月球看起来比太阳大是因为它离地球更近，be close to“接近”，固定短语，句意暗含比较，用比较级closer。故填closer。 65．句意：如此短的距离也使月亮具备了改变地球潮汐的能力。根据“change the tides (潮汐) on Earth”可知，月球有改变潮汐的“能力”，power“能力”符合句意，空前有the，表示特指。故填power。 七、选词填空 阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。 sure   explore   make   three   curious   and   head   we   universe   in Scientists found an exciting new thing in space. It is called 3I/Atlas, 66 it’s a kind of special comet. What 67 it so special? This comet comes from outside our solar system! We call such things interstellar (星际的) travelers. 68 the solar system, many comets go around the sun. But 3I/Atlas is different. It’s just passing by on its long trip through space. This is actually the 69 time that scientists have found such a visitor from another star system. When people first heard about this strange comet, some asked: “Could it be an alien spaceship?” Scientists found that it’s 70 a natural thing. Like all comets, it has a bright 71 and sometimes shows a tail when it gets near the sun. 3I/Atlas is very far from the earth. Scientists found that it will never come close to 72 planet, so everyone can feel safe. Why are scientists so 73 about this space visitor? Because it can help us learn more about other star systems in the 74 . We can find out how planets and stars form in different parts of space by 75 these interstellar travelers. Who knows? Maybe one day you will make an important discovery about space, too! 【答案】 66．and 67．makes 68．In 69．third 70．surely 71．head 72．our 73．curious 74．universe 75．exploring 【导语】本文主要讲述了科学家在太空中发现了一个名为3I/Atlas的特殊彗星，它来自太阳系外，是科学家首次发现的此类星际访客。文章介绍了该彗星的特点、科学家对其的好奇以及研究它的意义。 【详解】66．句意：它被称为3I/Atlas，是一种特殊的彗星。根据“It is called 3I/Atlas”和“it’s a kind of special comet”可知，两个句子之间是顺承关系，用and连接。故填and。 67．句意：是什么让它如此特别？根据“What … it so special?”可知，此处是make+宾语+形容词作宾语补足语的结构，句子是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，动词用三单形式。故填makes。 68．句意：在太阳系中，许多彗星绕着太阳转。根据“…the solar system, many comets go around the sun”可知，此处是指在太阳系中，用介词in，句首字母大写。故填In。 69．句意：这实际上是科学家第三次发现来自另一个星系的访客。根据“the … time”可知，此处是指第三次，用序数词third表示。故填third。 70．句意：科学家发现它肯定是一种自然的东西。根据“Scientists found that it’s … a natural thing”可知，此处是指它肯定是一种自然的东西，用sure的副词形式surely修饰动词is。故填surely。 71．句意：像所有彗星一样，它有一个明亮的头部，有时当它靠近太阳时会显示出一条尾巴。根据“it has a bright …”及常识可知，彗星有头部，head“头部”，名词。故填head。 72．句意：科学家发现它永远不会靠近我们的星球，所以每个人都可以感到安全。根据“3I/Atlas is very far from the earth”可知，此处是指不会靠近我们的星球，用形容词性物主代词our修饰名词planet。故填our。 73．句意：为什么科学家对这个太空访客如此好奇？根据“Because it can help us learn more about other star systems”可知，科学家对它好奇，be curious about“对……好奇”。故填curious。 74．句意：因为它可以帮助我们了解更多关于宇宙中其他星系的信息。根据“other star systems in the …”可知，此处是指宇宙中其他星系，universe“宇宙”，名词。故填universe。 75．句意：我们可以通过探索这些星际旅行者来了解行星和恒星是如何在太空的不同部分形成的。根据“by … these interstellar travelers”可知，此处是指通过探索，介词by后接动名词exploring。故填exploring。八、补全对话 根据下面的对话情景，在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。 A: Hi, Tom! 76 ? B: I’m reading a book about the solar system. A: Really? I’m also interested in it. Could you tell me something about its planets? B: Sure. 77 ? A: Jupiter. I heard of it in a movie. B: Well. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. A: 78 . Could you tell me more? B: Of course. Jupiter has at least 79 known moons. And it also has many beautiful rings. A: Many beautiful rings? 79 ? B: Jupiter has three main rings. A: 80 ? I also want to read it. B: Sure. I’ll give it to you as soon as I finish reading. A: Thank you very much. 【答案】76．What are you reading/doing 77．Which planet do you want to know about 78．Sounds interesting 79．How many rings does it have 80．Could you lend the book to me 【导语】本文是A和Tom关于太阳系行星木星的对话。Tom正在读一本关于太阳系的书，A询问了木星的相关知识并想借阅这本书。 【详解】76．根据答语“I’m reading a book about the solar system.”可知，A在询问Tom正在做什么或读什么书。故填What are you reading/doing。 77．根据答语“Jupiter.”可知，Tom在询问A想了解哪颗行星。故填Which planet do you want to know about。 78．根据上文“Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.”以及下文“Could you tell me more?”可知，A对木星的信息表示感兴趣。故填Sounds interesting。 79．根据答语“Jupiter has three main rings.”可知，A在询问木星有多少个环。故填How many rings does it have。 80．根据答语“Sure. I’ll give it to you as soon as I finish reading.”可知，A在请求Tom借这本书给他。故填Could you lend the book to me。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、宇宙与天体（天文事物） 1.beyond（在另一边；除…… 之外） The secret of space is beyond our imagination.太空的奥秘超乎我们的想象。 2.universe（宇宙）The universe is so huge and full of mysteries.宇宙浩瀚无垠，充满奥秘。 3.satellite（卫星；人造卫星）The moon is Earth’s natural satellite.月球是地球的天然卫星。 4.object（物体；对象；目标；宾语） We saw a strange object moving across the sky.我们看见一个奇怪的物体划过天空。 5.solar（太阳的；太阳能的）Eight planets are in the solar system.太阳系中有八颗行星。 6.surface（表面；表层）The surface of Mars is red.火星的表面是红色的。 7.diameter（直径）The diameter of Earth is about 12,700 kilometers.地球的直径大约 12700 千米。 8. belt（环形地带；腰带） There is an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.火星和木星之间有一条小行星带。 9.inner（接近中心的；内部的；内心的）The inner planets are rocky planets.类地内行星是岩石行星。 10.outer（外围的；远离中心的；外边的）The outer planets are much bigger.外围行星体积大得多。 11.rock（岩石；摇滚乐）There are many rocks on Mars.火星上有许多岩石。 12.gas（气体；天然气）Some planets are mainly made of gas.有些行星主要由气体构成。 13.distance（距离）The distance from the Earth to the Moon is very long.地球到月球的距离很远。 14.asteroid（小行星）An asteroid is a small rocky object in space.小行星是太空中小型的岩石天体。 二、太空探索工具、科技与能量 1.rocket（火箭） We use rockets to send spacecraft into space.我们使用火箭把航天器送入太空。 2.man-made（人造的；非天然的） China has many man-made satellites.中国拥有很多人造卫星。 3.telescope（望远镜）We can watch stars with a telescope.我们可以用望远镜观测星星。 4.electricity（电；电能）Solar panels can produce electricity.太阳能板可以产生电能。 5.power（能量；控制力；影响力）The Sun gives us great power.太阳给予我们巨大的能量。 6.exploration（探索；勘探） Space exploration helps us learn more about the universe.太空探索帮助我们更多地了解宇宙。 7.development（发展；开发） Space technology helps the development of our society.航天科技助力社会的发展。 8.industry（工业；生产制造）The space industry develops fast these years.航天工业近些年发展迅速。 三、环境、温度、地理与自然现象 1.warmth（温暖；暖和；热情）The Sun brings light and warmth to Earth.太阳给地球带来光与温暖。 2.heat（热量；热；高温；加热；变热） Mercury gets lots of heat from the Sun.水星从太阳获得大量热量。 3.degree（度，度数；学位）The temperature can drop many degrees at night.夜间气温会下降很多度。 4.minus（零下）On Mars, the temperature is often minus 60 degrees.火星上的气温常常是零下 60 度。 5.Celsius（摄氏的）Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.水在零摄氏度结冰。 6.daytime（白天；日间）The temperature rises in the daytime.气温在白天升高。 7.valley（山谷）Scientists found some valleys on Mars.科学家在火星上发现了一些山谷。 8.rainfall（降雨量；下雨）Mars has almost no rainfall.火星几乎没有降雨。 9.low（低的）The air pressure on Mars is very low.火星上的气压很低。 10.rise（升起；上升）The Sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。 11.freeze（(使) 冻结，结冰）Water will freeze when it is cold enough.温度足够低时，水就会结冰。 12.fill（(使) 充满）The air fills the space around us.空气充满我们周围的空间。 四、生命、生存与生物 1.survive（生存；存活；幸存）No humans can survive on Mars now.目前人类无法在火星生存。 2.alive（活着；在世）Earth is the only planet with alive beings.地球是唯一存在生物的行星。 3.being（生物；存在）Human beings need water and air to live.人类需要水和空气生存。 4.death（死；死亡）Without water, most living things will face death.没有水，大部分生物将会面临死亡。 五、描述、动作与逻辑连词 1.appear（出现，显现；显得）Stars appear when night comes.夜幕降临时星星就会出现。 2.separate（(使) 分开；划分） We separate planets into inner and outer ones.我们把行星划分为内行星和外行星。 3.include（包括；包含）The eight planets include Earth and Mars.八大行星包括地球和火星。 4.prove（证明；证实）Scientists try to prove their ideas.科学家努力证实他们的猜想。 5.although（虽然；尽管；即便） Although Mars is like Earth, it has no life.虽然火星和地球相似，但没有生命。 6.common（公地；共有的，共同的；普遍的） The two planets have some common features.这两颗行星有一些共同特征。 7.strange（奇怪的；奇特的）Mars has some strange landforms.火星有一些奇特的地貌。 8.mainly（主要地；首要地）Mars is mainly made of rock.火星主要由岩石构成。 9.neither（也不；两者都不）Neither Mars nor Mercury has life.火星和水星都没有生命。 10.nor（也不）It is neither hot nor cold on our planet.我们的星球既不热也不冷。 11.related（相关的；有联系的）This book is related to space.这本书和太空有关。 12.due（由于；因为）Many plants die due to little water.很多植物因为缺水而死亡。 13.least（最少；最小）At least, we can protect our home planet.至少，我们可以保护我们的家园星球。 六、人文、责任、出版与档案 1.responsibility（责任；负责）It’s our responsibility to protect Earth.保护地球是我们的责任。 2.file（档案；卷宗；文件夹）Scientists keep files of space research.科学家保存太空研究的档案。 3.born（出生）The great scientist was born in 1930.这位伟大的科学家出生于 1930 年。 4.publish（(使) 发表；出版）They publish their space study reports.他们发表太空研究报告。 短 语 1. go around (绕行；走遍；传播)The eight planets go around the Sun.八大行星围绕太阳运转。 2. send ... into ... (把…… 送 / 派遣到……) Scientists send spacecraft into space.科学家把航天器送入太空。 3. move around (绕着…… 来回转)The moon moves around the Earth.月球绕着地球转动。 4. at least (至少) Mars is at least 55 million kilometers away from Earth.火星距离地球至少 5500 万公里。 5. neither ... nor ... (既不…… 也不……) Earth is neither too hot nor too cold for living things.对于生物来说，地球既不太热也不太冷。 6. as well as (除…… 之外；也；还) The Sun gives us light as well as heat.太阳除了给我们热量，还提供光。 7. be similar to (与…… 相似)Mars is similar to Earth in size火星在大小方面与地球相似。 8. at a distance of (在…… 的距离) The moon is at a distance of 380,000 kilometers from Earth.月球距离地球 38 万公里。 9. be alive with (充满着（活力 / 生命力）……) Our planet is alive with all kinds of lives.我们的星球充满各式各样的生命。 10. make up (组成；化妆；编造) Eight planets make up our solar system.八大行星组成了我们的太阳系。 11. play an important role in (在…… 起重要作用) Water plays an important role in life on Earth.水对地球上的生命起着重要作用。 12. be related to (与…… 有关)This story is related to space exploration.这个故事和太空探索有关。 13. have something in common (有相同的特征；有共同之处) Earth and Mars have something in common.地球和火星有一些共同之处。 14. run away (逃跑；跑开) The gas on Mars runs away into space easily.火星上的气体容易散失到太空中。 15. so ... that ... (如此…… 以至于……) Mars is so cold that people can’t live there.火星如此寒冷，人类无法在那里生存。 16.look up at (仰望)We look up at the stars on clear nights.在晴朗的夜晚，我们仰望繁星。 17. with the help of (在…… 的帮助下) With the help of rockets, we can explore space.在火箭的帮助下，我们可以探索太空。 18. be known as (被称为；以…… 而闻名)Mars is known as the Red Planet.火星被称为红色星球。 19. be different from (与…… 不同) The environment on Mars is different from that on Earth.火星上的环境和地球上的不一样。 20. far away (遥远)Many stars are far away from us.许多星星离我们很遥远。 21. be full of (充满)The universe is full of amazing secrets.宇宙充满奇妙的奥秘。 22. in common (共同的)The two planets have nothing in common.这两颗行星没有共同之处。 23. wait for (等待)We wait for more news about space exploration.我们等待更多太空探索的消息。 24. because of (因为) There is no life on Mars because of its cold weather.因为寒冷的气候，火星上没有生命。 25. on average (平均)The temperature on Mars is on average very low.火星上的平均气温很低。 26. in space (在太空中)Many spacecraft fly in space.许多航天器在太空中飞行。 27. live on (居住在…… 上)Humans live on the Earth.人类居住在地球上。 28. look forward to (期待)I look forward to visiting space one day.我期待有一天能去太空。 实 用 交 际 句 型 一、谈论宇宙、行星与太空探索（交际句型） 1. What do you know about the solar system? 关于太阳系你知道些什么？ 2. What do you think of Mars? 你认为火星怎么样？ 3. It’s amazing that there are so many planets in the universe. 宇宙中有这么多行星，真是太神奇了。 4. I’m interested in space and I want to learn more about the universe. 我对太空感兴趣，想了解更多关于宇宙的知识。 5. Do you believe there is life on other planets? 你认为其他行星上存在生命吗？ 6. What a surprise! Mars looks a little like Earth. 太令人惊讶了！火星看起来有点像地球。 7. I’m afraid I know little about the planets in our solar system. 恐怕我对太阳系的行星了解不多。 8. Scientists are still exploring space these years. 这些年科学家们仍在探索太空。 9. Can you tell me the differences between Earth and Mars? 你能说说地球和火星之间的区别吗？ 10. Watching videos about space helps me open my eyes. 观看太空相关视频帮助我开阔眼界。 二、介绍行星、太阳系与太空（写作核心句型） 1. There are eight planets going around the Sun in the solar system. 在太阳系中有八颗行星围绕太阳运转。 2. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. 地球是距离太阳第三近的行星。 3. The Sun provides light and heat for all the planets. 太阳为所有行星提供光和热。 4. Earth is neither too close nor too far from the Sun. 地球离太阳既不太远也不太近。 5. It is the only planet with life in the solar system. 它是太阳系中唯一存在生命的行星。 6. Mars is similar to Earth in size, but it is much colder. 火星在大小上和地球相似，但温度要低得多。 7. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. 木星是太阳系中最大的行星。 8. It takes Mars longer to go around the Sun than Earth. 火星绕太阳运转的时间比地球更长。 9. With the help of spacecraft, scientists can study space better. 在航天器的帮助下，科学家能更好地研究太空。 10. Exploring space helps us know more secrets of the universe. 探索太空帮助我们了解更多宇宙的奥秘。 11. We should protect Earth because it is our only home. 我们应该保护地球，因为它是我们唯一的家园。 12. The universe is full of mysteries waiting for us to discover. 宇宙充满等待我们去发现的奥秘。 语法 1.后缀 -ness 2.形容词比较级和最高级 写作 地球与宇宙探秘 一、知识点精讲 知识点1. What do you know about the Sun?（关于太阳，你知道些什么？）（P92） 讲：此句为特殊疑问句，用于询问对方对太阳的了解，核心结构是 “What do you know about...?”，“do” 是一般现在时的助动词（主语为第二人称 “you”），后接动词原形 “know”；“know about” 是固定短语，意为 “了解；知道…… 的情况”，“about” 后接了解的对象，明确询问范围。 例句：What do you know about Mars?（关于火星，你知道些什么？） 拓展：类似询问知识的句型有 “What have you learned about...?”（关于…… 你学到了什么？）、“Could you tell me something about...?”（你能告诉我一些关于…… 的事吗？）， 如 “Could you tell me something about the solar system?（你能告诉我一些关于太阳系的事吗？）” 知识点2. The sun provides energy, light and heat for the earth.（太阳为地球提供能量、光和热。）（P93） 【考向1】provide vt. 提供 provide sb. with sth. “为某人／某物提供某物” provide sth. for sb. The river provides water for the villagers. = The river provides the villagers with water.这条河流给村民们提供水。 【区别】：offer sb sth=offer sth to sb offer主动提供 知识点3. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside.（类地行星更小，由岩石和土壤构成；而类木行星更大，由气体构成，内部有岩石。）（P96） be made of 意为“由……制成，用……做成”(能从产品中看出原材料)， 其中made是make的过去分词，表被动。 eg. Books are made of paper. 书是用纸做的。 【拓展】由made构成的相关短语： ①be made from由……制成，用……做成。(从产品中看不出原材料) eg. The paper here is made from bamboos. 这儿的纸是由竹子制造的。 ②be made in +某地 制造（生产）于…… eg.Today many things are made in China. 如今许多东西都是中国制造。 ③be made up of... 由……组成（构成）。 eg. Our school is made up of 80 classes. 我们学校由80个班级组成。 知识点4. Why is the sun so important? There are at least two reasons:・It keeps the planets in the solar system.・It gives heat and light to the earth.（为什么太阳如此重要？至少有两个原因：・它使行星留在太阳系中。・它给地球提供热和光。）（P97） （1）keep (sb./sth.)+adj.意为“保持（某人/某物)……”。 eg. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净整洁。 The shop keeps open 24 hours a day. 这家商店24小时营业。 （2）keep sb./sth. + doing sth. 意为“让某人/某物一直做某事”。 eg. Don't keep him waiting for so long. 不要让他等那么久。 （3）keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事”。 eg. He kept cleaning the room for an hour. 他一直打扫房间，打扫了一个小时。 （4）keep sb. from doing sth. = stop sb. from doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事”。 eg. The policeman kept the boy from playing football in the street. = The policeman stopped the boy from playing football in the street. 警察阻止了那个男孩在街上踢足球。 知识点5. The earth is our only home planet. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun.（地球是我们唯一的家园行星。它距离太阳既不太远也不太近。）（P97） neither...nor...：并列连词短语，含义：既不…… 也不……（否定两者） 变形：无词形变化 并列词组的常见用法 both...and... 当连接两个并列结构作主语时 “……和……”，谓语动词用复数： Both Tom and I like the movie. not only...but also... “不但……而且……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Not only he but also I am interested in the movie. either...or... “要么……要么”“或者……或者”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Either you or she is going there tomorrow. neither...nor... “既不……也不……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Neither Tom nor I am going there tomorrow. 知识点6. As a star, the Sun has eight planets around it, and Earth is one of them.（作为一颗恒星，太阳周围有八颗行星，地球是其中之一。）（P98） 【考向】“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词的复数形式”表示“最……之一”，形容词前一般有the或物主代词。 Tom is one of the tallest boys in his class. 汤姆是他班上最高的男孩之一。 【注意】当one of作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 One of them likes swimming. 他们中的一个喜欢游泳。 知识点7. Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature.（火星在大小和温度上与地球更相似。）（P98） be similar to：形容词短语，含义：与…… 相似 固定搭配： 1. A be similar to B A 与 B 相似（主语 A 和 B 作比较） 例：Mars is similar to the Earth in some ways.火星在某些方面和地球相似。 2. be similar in + 方面 在某方面相似 例：The two planets are similar in size.这两颗行星在大小方面相似。 知识点8. Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心和责任感在科学探索中起着重要作用。）（P100） play an important role in：含义：在…… 中起重要作用；在…… 中扮演重要角色 固定搭配： 1. play an important role in sth. 在某事 / 某物方面起重要作用 例：Water plays an important role in our life.水在我们的生活中起着重要作用。 2. play an important role in doing sth. 在做某事方面起重要作用（in 为介词，后接名词或动名词） 例：Scientists play an important role in exploring space.科学家在探索太空方面发挥重要作用。 知识点9. The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高昂的成本是太空探索中的一个大劣势。）（P100） 【四大金花】take，spend，cost和pay (1) spend的主语必须是人 ① sb.spend time/money on sth/(in) doing sth (2) cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值” ①sth. costs (sb.)＋金钱某物花了（某人）多少钱 ②(doing) sth. costs (sb.)＋时间 某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间 Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 (3) take后面常跟双宾语 ①It takes sb.＋时间＋to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间 ②doing sth. takes sb.＋时间 做某事花了某人多少时间 Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一下午修车。 知识点10. There is no water on Mars, so we have to produce some.（火星上没有水，所以我们必须制造一些。）（P102） 1.并列连词 and ①“和，而且”，表并列、递进或顺承： He is a good teacher， and we all like him. ②“祈使句，and＋陈述句”表结果： Work hard， and you will get better grades next time. but “但是，可是，而”，表转折： I don’t want to go there， but Mom said I must. so “因此，所以”，表因果： I don’t have enough money， so I won’t buy the toy. or ①“或者，还是”，表选择：Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. ②“否则”，用于“祈使句，or＋陈述句”： Work hard， or you will fail the exam. for “因为”，表原因： The plane won’t take off today， for a heavy rain is on the way. while “然而”，表转折，用来表示对比： Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading. 2.produce （1）produce 作动词，意为 “生产；制造；产生；出示；制作”。produce electricity 意为 “发电”，produce evidence 意为 “出示证据”。例如： This factory produces toys. 这家工厂生产玩具。 The plan produced a good result. 这个计划产生了好的效果。 (2) produce 是行为动词，通常用副词修饰。例如： The farm produces fruit yearly. 这个农场每年出产水果。 He successfully produced a new movie. 他成功制作了一部新电影。 （3）produce 作名词，意为 “农产品（生鲜果蔬等）”，不可数名词。例如： The market sells fresh local produce. 这个市场售卖新鲜的本地农产品。 Farm produce is sold here. 这里售卖农产品。 名词固定搭配 1. farm produce 农产品 2. native produce 土产；本地物产 3. fresh produce 生鲜农产品 知识点11. Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans.（火星看起来是红色的，因为它的红色土壤；而地球的大部分地区看起来是蓝色的，因为它的海洋。）（P103） because of （1）because of是介词短语，意为 “因为；由于”，后面接名词、代词或动名词 (doing)，不能接句子。 例如： He didn’t go to school because of illness. 他因为生病没有去上学。 She cried because of the bad news. 她因为这个坏消息哭了。 (2) 辨析：because是连词，后面接完整句子；because of后接名词性成分。 例如： He stayed at home because it rained. 他待在家里，因为下雨了。 He stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 （3）可置于句首或句中，放句首时后面常用逗号隔开。 例如： Because of heavy rain, the sports meeting was put off.因为大雨，运动会推迟了。 名词固定搭配 / 常用短语 1. because of this 由于这个；因此 2. because of that 由于那个 3. because of sb’s mistake 因为某人的错误 知识点13. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common-water.（虽然这两颗行星有很多不同之处，但它们有一个共同点 —— 水。）（P103） 一、although （1）although作连词，意为 “虽然；尽管”，用来引导让步状语从句。例如： Although he is young, he knows a lot. 虽然他年纪小，但是他懂得很多。 Although it rained, we still went hiking. 尽管下雨了，我们还是去徒步了。 (2) although 引导从句时，不能和 but 连用，二者只能选其一。 正确：Although he was tired, he kept working. 虽然他很累，但他继续工作。 错误：Although he was tired, but he kept working. （3）although 多放句首，也可放句中；语气较正式，口语中也可用 though。 例如： He passed the exam, although he didn’t study hard. 虽然他没有努力学习，但他通过了考试。 常用拓展 1. although = though 虽然，尽管（although 一般不用于句末，though 可放句末表 “然而”） 2. even though 即使；尽管（语气更强） 二、have something in common （1）have something in common 意为 “有共同之处；有共同点”。have nothing in common 意为 “毫无共同之处”，have a lot/much in common 意为 “有很多共同点”。例如： They have something in common. 他们有一些共同点。 My sister and I have much in common. 我和姐姐有很多共同点。 (2) 常用搭配：have … in common with sb和某人有…… 共同之处。例如： I have nothing in common with him. 我和他毫无共同之处。 She has a lot in common with her mother. 她和她妈妈有很多相似之处。 （3）本短语中 common 是形容词，意为 “共同的；普通的”，此处不能换成 commonly。 例如： The two plans have one thing in common. 这两个计划有一点是相同的。 名词 / 短语固定搭配 1. have nothing in common 没有共同点 2. have much/a lot in common 有很多共同点 3. have little in common 几乎没有共同点 知识点14. Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe.（火星正等待我们去探索，宇宙也是如此。）（P103） wait for sb.等待某人 wait作及物和不及物动词，意为“等待；盼望”。常用于下列固定搭配中： can't wait to do sth 迫不及待做某事 wait to do sth.等待做某事 wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事 can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事 wait a minute/moment/second　等一下 如： —What are you doing here？你在这儿干什么？ —I’m waiting for my father to pick me up. 我在等父亲来接我。 知识点15. Distance from the Sun: about 58 million kilometers away from the Sun（与太阳的距离：距离太阳约 5800 万公里）（P105） 知识点16. It takes Pluto about 248 Earth years to go around the Sun.（冥王星绕太阳一周大约需要 248 个地球年。）（P107） 【易混辨析】 spend 花费（时间、金钱等） 主语是人 常用结构为spend...on sth和spend...doing sth cost 价格为；需支付 主语多为物 常用句型为Sth cost(s) sb some money. take 花费（时间） it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 常用句型为It takes/took sb some time to do sth. pay 支付（钱） 主语是人 常用结构为pay... for sth go around （1）go around作动词短语，意为四处走动；参观；绕道；流传。go around the city 意为 “在城里四处逛逛”，go around the lake 意为 “绕湖而行”。例如： We went around the old town yesterday. 昨天我们在古城四处逛了逛。 The news went around quickly. 消息很快传开了。 (2) 常用搭配 go around sth 绕着某物走；四处参观某地；（消息、疾病）传播。例如： There is a rumor going around. 有一个谣言在流传。 We have to go around the big rock. 我们得绕开这块大石头走。 （3）其他含义：足够分配；（机器）运转 例如： There aren’t enough chairs to go around. 椅子不够分。 The machine goes around smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。 知识点17. Without air, human beings can’t live on the planet.（没有空气，人类无法在这颗行星上生存。）（P107） Without 介词，意为“没有，无”，后可接名词、代词或动名词，反义词是with. Eg. Man can't live without water. 没有水人类就无法生存。 She entered the room without knocking on/at the door. 她没敲门就进了房间。 辨析：live，lively，alive，living live “活的，有生命的；现场直播的” 可用作定语，放在表示物的名词之前，一般不指人。 lively “活泼的，活跃的，充满生气的” 用作定语或表语，既可指人，也可指物。 alive “活着的，有生气的” 一般作表语;活着be/stay alive living “活的；在实施的；现存的” 。living可数名词，“生活，生计”。 主要用作定语，常置于所修饰的名词之前， the living“活着的人”。 她不知道他是死是活。She doesn't know if he is alive or dead. 二、核心语法精讲 （一）后缀 -ness的用法 【考点01】后缀 -ness的含义： 后缀 -ness 是英语中常见的名词后缀，通过在形容词（或少数分词）后添加该后缀，将其转化为抽象名词，属于派生法构词。其核心作用是改变原词词性（由形容词变为名词），主要表达 “性质、状态、程度”，可译为 “…… 性”“…… 状态”“…… 度”。 如：①kind（adj.善良的）→ kindness（n.善良；善意） Her kindness helps many poor children.她的善良帮助了很多贫困儿童。 ②sad（adj.悲伤的）→ sadness（n.悲伤；悲痛） Tears in her eyes showed her sadness.她眼中的泪水流露着悲伤。 ③dark（adj.黑暗的）→ darkness（n.黑暗；阴暗） The darkness of night made us walk slowly.夜晚的黑暗让我们走得很慢。 【考点02】后缀 -ness的构词规律： 后缀 -ness 通常附着在形容词后，少数情况下可附着在分词后，拼写需注意以下规则： （1）一般情况（形容词直接加 -ness）： 如：①sad（adj.悲伤的）→ sadness（n.悲伤） I felt a deep sadness.我感觉到深深的悲痛。 ②weak（adj.虚弱的）→ weakness（n.虚弱） His long illness led to weakness.长期生病导致了他的虚弱。 ③quick（adj.快速的）→ quickness（n.迅速） The quickness of his run won the race.他奔跑的迅速让他赢得了比赛。 ④tired（adj.疲倦的）→ tiredness（n.疲倦，分词变名词） After the trip, tiredness made her sleep all day.旅行后，疲倦让她睡了一整天。 （2） 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的形容词：先将y变为 i，再加 -ness： 如：①happy（adj.快乐的）→ happiness（n.幸福） Family time brings us much happiness.家庭时光给我们带来很多幸福。 ②angry（adj.生气的）→ angriness（n.愤怒） His angriness made everyone quiet.他的愤怒让所有人都安静了。 ③busy（adj.忙碌的）→ business（n.忙碌） The business of the city never stops.城市的忙碌从未停止。 （3）以“le” 结尾的形容词： 如：①simple（adj.简单的）→ simpleness（n.简单；朴素） The simpleness of the plan makes it easy to do.这个计划的简单性让它容易执行。 ②able（adj.有能力的）→ ableness（n.能力） His ableness in math helps him solve hard problems.他在数学上的能力帮他解决了难题。 （4）不规则变形： 如：①different（adj.不同的）→ difference（n.差异） There are many differences between cats and dogs.猫和狗之间有很多差异。 ②important（adj.重要的）→ importance（n.重要性） The importance of water is clear to everyone.水的重要性对每个人来说都很明显。 【考点03】后缀 -ness构成的名词在句中的用法： 由 -ness 构成的名词为抽象名词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，与普通名词用法一致： （1）作主语（表示抽象概念作动作的发出者）： 如：Kindness can warm people's hearts.善良能温暖人心。 （2）作宾语（表示抽象概念作动作的承受者）： 如：She couldn't hide her sadness.她无法掩饰自己的悲伤。 （3）作表语（说明主语的性质或状态）： 如：His weakness made him give up.他的虚弱让他放弃了。 （二）形容词的比较级和最高级用法 概念： 英语中的形容词和副词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级，以此表示人或事物的等级差别。 ①形容词和副词的比较级用于两者之间的比较，表示“较……”或“更……一些”； 如：This room is bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大。 ②形容词和副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间的比较，表示“最……”，形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词the，副词最高级前的the可以省略。 如：The rabbit is the smallest of them.兔子是它们中最小的。 【考点01】形容词比较等级的规则变化： 构成规则 原级 比较级 最高级 单音 节词和少数 双音 节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est great _______ _______ strong _______ _______ 以字母e结尾的词加-r或-st brave ______ _______ fine _______ _______ 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er或-est big _______ _______ fat _______ _______ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，先变-y为-i,再加-er或-est happy _______ _______ lucky _______ _______ 多音 节词 和部 分双音节词 在词前加more或most serious _______ _______ interesting _______ _______ 【考点02】形容词比较等级的不规则变化： 原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/ well(好地，健康的) _______ _______ bad(坏的)/ill(有病的)/ badly(坏地；恶劣地) _______ _______ many(许多)/ much(许多) _______ _______ little(少的) _______ _______ far(远的/地) farther(指距离)较远 further(指距离和抽象概念)较远 farthest(指距离)最远 furthest(指距离和抽象概念)最远 old(老的) older elder(指年长的) oldest eldest 【考点03】形容词比较等级的用法： （一）比较级的修饰语 1. 在比较级前常用much（……得多），even（甚至），still（更），a little（一点），a bit（有点），a lot（很多）等来修饰，表示程度进一步加深。 如：①I am much older than my brother.我比我弟弟大得多。 ②Lin Ping is a little more outgoing than me.林萍比我更外向一点。 2. very（很，非常）, quite（相当，很，十分）, too（太...）等程度副词一般只修饰形容词原级，不能修饰比较级。 如：This tree is very tall. 这棵树很高。 （二）形容词和副词原级比较的两种句型 1. the same as...意为“与……一致，与……相同的”。 如：His dream is the same as mine. 他的梦想和我的一样。 2.“as+形容词/副词原级+as...”表示……和……一样”，否定结构为“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”，表示“第一个人/物在……比不上第二个”。 如：This film is as interesting as that one. 这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。 （三）形容词与副词的比较级的常用句型结构 1. A+谓语动词+比较级+than+B，表示“A比B……”。 如：I think English is less important than maths. 我认为英语不如数学重要。 2. Which/Who+谓语动词比较级，A or B?，or连接两个选项，表示对两者的比较或选择，意为“A和B，哪个/谁更……？”。 如：①Which is heavier, pig or an elephant? 一头猪和一头大象哪个重？ ②Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei? 林涛和韩梅谁的书更多？ 3. get/become+比较级+and+比较级，意为“变得越来越……”，and连接两个相同的形容词比较级，当形容词是多音节或部分双音节词时，结构变为“get/ become more and more+形容词原级”。 如： ①It's getting colder and colder when winter comes. 当冬天来临时，天气变得越来越冷。 ②Our hometown is getting more and more beautiful.我们的家乡正变得越来越美丽。 4. the+比较级，the+比较级，意为“越……，就越……”，表示两个过程按比例同时增减。 如：①The more, the better. 多多益善。 ②The harder you study, the better grades you'll get. 你学习越努力，就越能取得好成绩。 5. “主语+谓语动词+the+比较级+of the two+...”意为“主语是两者中较……的那个。”，是特指的情况。 如：Jack is the taller of the two. 杰克是两个人中较高的一个。 6. “主语+谓语动词+比较级+ than any other+单数名词.” 表示“一个人或物比同一范围内的任何其他一个都……”。 如：Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. 上海比中国其他任何一个城市都大。 （四）形容词与副词的最高级的常用句型 在句中使用时，形容词最高级前通常用the，句中常含有表示比较范围的介词of或in；of后面一般接表示一群人或事物的代词或名词，in后面一般接表示单位或场所的名词，常用句型结构为： 1. “主语+be+the+形容词最高级（+名词/代词）+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的（……）”。 如：Spring is the best season of year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。 2. “主语实义动词（+the）+副词最高级+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的”。 如：Jack works (the) hardest in our class. 在我们班杰克学习最努力。 3. “主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+in/of短语.” 意为“……是……中最……的……之一”。 如：New York is one of the biggest cities in the world. 纽约是世界上最大的城市之一。 4. “主语+be+the+序数词+形容词最高级+可数名词单数+in/of短语.” 意为“……在……中是第几……的……”。 如：The Yangtze River is the first longest river in our country. 长江是我们国家的第一长河。 5. “Which/Who+谓语动词（+the）+最高级，A，B or C?” 意为“A、B和C，哪个/谁最……？”。 如：①Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太阳地球和月球，哪一个最大？ ②Who runs (the) fastest, Kate, Tom or Mike?谁跑得最快，凯特、汤姆还是迈克？ 【考点04】形容词比较等级的特殊用法： （1） 比较级与最高级的结构可以转换，意思不变。 如：The Changjiang River is longer than the other rivers in China. 在中国，长江比其他河流都长。 ＝The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。 （2）当某一事物与其他事物作比较时，被比较事物中不能包括本身。 如：①He is taller than any other student in his class. 他比班上其他学生都高。 ②Shanghai is larger than any city in Hubei.上海比湖北任何一个城市都大。 （3）如果比较对象相同，可用that/those代替第二个比较对象。 如： ①The weather in Shanghai is better than that in Wuhan. 上海的天气比武汉的要好。 ②The texts in Book Ⅲ are much easier than those in Book IV.第三册的课文要比第四册的容易得多。 3、 单元写作清单 一、话题分析 本单元围绕太阳系核心天体展开，聚焦太阳、地球、月球、行星、卫星等的名称、特征及相互关系。写作部分（Reading for Writing）的语篇主题为“地球与它的行星邻居（以火星为例）”，要求学生通过对比两颗行星的特征（直径、与太阳的距离、平均温度、水的分布等），完成一篇说明文。 常见写作命题方向： 对比两颗行星（如地球与火星、金星与土星等），描述特征差异与共性； 介绍你最喜欢的行星（如“My Favorite Planet—Jupiter”）； 描述人类对太空的探索及你未来的太空梦想； 介绍太阳系的基本构成。 二、写作框架（三段式，直接套用） 第一段：开头——引出主题 功能：点明要介绍或对比的对象，简洁引出话题。 可套用句型： The solar system is made up of the Sun and eight planets. 太阳系由太阳和八大行星组成。 I would like to compare Earth and Mars. 我想比较一下地球和火星。 Let me introduce ... to you. 让我向你介绍…… ... is one of the most amazing planets in the solar system. ……是太阳系中最神奇的行星之一。 第二段：主体——特征对比（核心部分） 功能：从多个维度对两颗行星进行对比描述，先写差异，再写共性。 建议对比维度：直径（diameter）→ 与太阳的距离（distance from the Sun）→ 平均温度（average temperature）→ 颜色/外观（color/appearance）→ 水的分布（water） 可套用句型： （1）描述特征： ... has a diameter of ... kilometers. ……的直径是……公里。 ... is ... kilometers away from the Sun. ……距离太阳……公里。 The temperature on ... is ... ……上的温度是…… （2）进行对比： ... is bigger / smaller than ... ……比……大/小。 ... is closer to / farther from the Sun than ... ……比……离太阳更近/更远。 ... looks ... because of ..., while ... 它看起来……因为……，而…… （3）表达共性： Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — ... 尽管这两颗行星存在诸多差异，但它们有一个共同点——…… 第三段：结尾——总结与展望 功能：总结全文，表达对宇宙探索的向往或感悟。 可套用句型： ... is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. ……在等着我们去探索，宇宙也是一样。 We still have a lot to learn about the universe. 关于宇宙我们还有很多要了解。 I hope that one day we can travel to other planets. 我希望有一天我们能去其他行星旅行。 三、写作素材 核心单词 universe n. 宇宙；solar adj. 太阳的；planet n. 行星；surface n. 表面；satellite n. 卫星；rocket n. 火箭；telescope n. 望远镜；explore v. 探索；diameter n. 直径；gravity n. 重力；distance n. 距离；energy n. 能量 重点短语 in the solar system 在太阳系 provide light and heat for… 为…… 提供光和热 go around /revolve around 围绕…… 运转 on clear nights 在晴朗的夜晚 far away 遥远；farther from the sun 离太阳更远 at present 目前；at least 至少 look like 看起来像 with the help of 在…… 的帮助下 neither…nor… 既不…… 也不…… 高分句型（考场直接默写） 1. There are eight planets in our solar system.在我们的太阳系有八颗行星。 2. Earth is the third planet from the Sun.地球是距离太阳第三近的行星。 3. The Sun provides light and heat for all the planets.太阳为所有行星提供光和热。 4. Earth is the only planet with life because it is neither too hot nor too cold. 地球是唯一存在生命的行星，因为它既不太热也不太冷。 5. Mars is similar to Earth in size, but its surface is much colder.火星在大小上和地球相似，但它的表面冷得多。 6. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.木星是太阳系最大的行星。 7. Scientists send spacecraft to explore space.科学家发射航天器探索太空。 8. The universe is full of mysteries.宇宙充满奥秘。 （二）高频搭配 go around 绕行 at the center of 在……的中心 a distance of ……的距离 on the surface of 在……的表面 because of 因为 in common 共同的；共有的 be similar to 与……相似 be different from 与……不同 make up 组成 at least 至少 millions of 数百万的 （三）黄金句型库 开头句型： The solar system is made up of the Sun and eight planets. I would like to compare Earth and Mars. Let me introduce ... to you. 主体句型： Earth is a middle-sized planet with a diameter of around 13,000 kilometers. Mars is smaller than Earth. The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil. The outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. 对比句型： Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans. Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth. That's why Mars is colder than Earth. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. 结尾句型： Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. We still have a lot to learn about the universe. Exploring space is part of what makes us human. 四、范文背诵 范文一：Earth and Its Neighbor — Mars（教材核心范文） Is there life in outer space? We may think of the same planet — Mars. Mars is smaller than Earth. It has a diameter of around 6,800 kilometers and Earth's diameter is around 13,000 kilometers. Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans. As a neighbor planet, Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth. Mars is about 228 million kilometers away from the Sun, while Earth is about 150 million kilometers away. That's why Mars is colder than Earth. The temperature on Mars is about minus 63℃; the temperature is about 14℃ on average on Earth. Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. On Mars, there is a lot of ice under the ground; on Earth, we have water both on and under the ground. Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe. 范文结构拆解： 第一段（总起） ：以设问引出对比对象——地球与火星。 第二段（对比） ：从直径→颜色→距日距离→温度→共性（水）五个维度展开对比，使用“while”“That's why”“Although”等连接词衔接。 第三段（总结） ：以“Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe”收束全文，升华主题。 范文二：My Favorite Planet — Jupiter My favorite planet is Jupiter. It is the largest planet in the solar system, bigger than all the other planets combined. Jupiter has a famous Great Red Spot, which is a huge storm. It also has many moons. Some of them are very special. For example, Europa may have liquid water. Scientists are very interested in Jupiter and have been studying it all the time. I hope that one day we can learn more about this amazing planet. 范文结构拆解： 第一段（总起） ：直接点明最喜欢的行星——木星。 第二段（特征） ：从大小→大红斑→卫星→科学家研究四个方面展开。 第三段（结尾） ：表达对探索木星的期待。 一、用所给单词适当形式填空 1．About sixty years later, scientists ________ (prove) his ideas right. 2．The sun doesn’t ________ (appear) at night. 3．When comets are getting ________ (close) to the sun, they will become much hotter. 4．Mars is ________ (far) from the Sun than Earth. 5．Satellites can be ________ (nature) or man-made. 6．Carefulness and ________ (responsible) play an important role in scientific exploration. 7．Mercury is ________ (small) than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth. 8．The Big Dipper and the North Star are ________ (bright) than other stars. 9．Mercury is the ________ (near) planet to the Sun. 10．Nature can fill our lives with real joy, peace and ________ (happy). 11．The temperature on Mars is about -63°C; here on Earth, the temperature is about 14°C on ________ (average). 12．Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in ________ (common). 13．The universe is the whole body of things, and no one knows how ________ (wide) it is. 14．There is plenty of water as well as some dry land on the ________ (surface) of the earth. 15．________ (rocket) are important tools for space exploration. 二、单项选择 16．I am ________ than Nancy, but I can’t jump as ________ as she does. A．taller; high B．taller; higher C．tall; higher D．tall; high 17．—Our country is developing fast. —That’s for sure. And the harder we work for her, ________ she will be in the future. A．strong B．stronger C．the strong D．the stronger 18．The new movie is ________ exciting than the old one, but it is ________ meaningful. A．more; little B．less; more C．more; more D．less; less 19．Boys and girls, the more ________ you are during the exam, the ________ mistakes you’ll make. A．carefully; less B．carefully; fewer C．careful; more D．careful; fewer 20．We should be ________ careful in the exam so that we will make ________ mistakes. A．more; less B．more; more C．less; fewer D．more; fewer 21．I think traveling by train is the second ________ and much ________ than a rushed trip by plane. A．most comfortable; most enjoyable B．more comfortable; more enjoyable C．more comfortable; most enjoyable D．most comfortable; more enjoyable 22．________ the journey was tiring, Mike thought it was worth both the time and the money. A．Although B．Since C．Unless D．As 23．—The museums in Beijing are more famous than ________ in Yangzhou. —Yes, but the weather in Yangzhou is better than ________ in Beijing. A．that; those B．those; that C．ones; that D．ones; onethat那个； 24．—Now the air in our city is even ________ than it was before. —So we must do something to stop it. A．bad B．worse C．worst D．the worst 25．An ecosystem ________ all the living and non-living things in an area. A．receives B．includes C．prepares D．introduces 三、完形填空 Mars is often called the “Red Planet” because of its 26 . It is 27 of the most fascinating planets for scientists. The surface of Mars is 28 with huge deserts, high mountains, and deep valleys. Some mountains on Mars are much 29 than those on Earth. Mars also has seasons like Earth, 30 the seasons on Mars are much longer. The ice cap at the poles of Mars is one of the 31 things about Mars. It is mainly made of water ice and carbon dioxide ice (干冰). In winter, the temperature on Mars can be so 32 that even the carbon dioxide in the air can freeze. Scientists are 33 Mars with much interest. They want to find out if there was ever life on this 34 . However, they have found no signs of 35 until now, but the exploration continues. 26．A．color B．size C．distance D．shape 27．A．none B．neither C．one D．no 28．A．happy B．filled C．full D．related 29．A．larger B．deeper C．longer D．greener 30．A．because B．although C．so D．while 31．A．highest B．flattest C．strangest D．brightest 32．A．little B．common C．low D．high 33．A．surviving B．exploring C．saving D．planning 34．A．space B．universe C．valley D．planet 35．A．deaths B．beings C．rainfalls D．snowballs 四、语法选择 通读下面短文，掌握其大意，根据语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每小题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将对应选项涂黑。 How many things can you see in the night sky? A lot! 36 a clear evening you might see the Moon and some planets. And 37 sparkling stars 38 , too. You can see even 39 with a telescope. You might see stars where you only saw dark space before. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars 40 look white 41 really red or blue. But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we 42 . We can’t see them with the biggest telescope in the world, even when it is the clearest night of the year. That’s 43 they’re invisible. They’re the mysterious dead stars and they 44 black holes. You might find 45 hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, burning brightly, giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn’t seem 46 getting old or weak, 47 stars do burn out and die after billions of years. As a star’s gases burn, they give off light and heat. But when the gas runs 48 , the star stops 49 and begins to die. So the next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there’s more in the sky than that meets the eye. 50 amazing space it is! 36．A．On B．In C．At D．For 37．A．thousand B．thousands C．thousand of D．thousands of 38．A．see B．were see C．can be seen D．will be seen 39．A．much B．many C．most D．more 40．A．what B．which C．who D．where 41．A．be B．is C．am D．are 42．A．never see B．never saw C．will never see D．had never seen 43．A．when B．how C．because D．so 44．A．are called B．called C．call D．is called 45．A．it B．you C．yourself D．itself 46．A．to be B．being C．been D．is 47．A．and B．but C．so D．or 48．A．around B．off C．away D．out 49．A．burning B．to burn C．burn D．burnt 50．A．How B．What C．What an D．How an 五、阅读理解 The Moon is a dusty (蒙尘的) ball of rock. It is the Earth’s only natural satellite. It takes 27.3 days for the Moon to travel all the way around the Earth. From this movement, we see different shapes of the Moon. Although the Moon shines brightly (明亮地) in the night sky, it doesn’t make its own light. We see the Moon because it gets light from the Sun and sends it to us. As the Moon moves, we can only see around 60% of the Moon’s surface from the Earth! The part that faces the Earth is known as the ‘near side’ and the other the ‘far side’. The temperature on the Moon changes greatly! When the Sun reaches its surface, temperatures can reach as hot as 127°C． But when the Sun ‘goes down’, temperatures can drop quickly to around -153°C．There is almost no air to hold the heat, so the changes are big.       Scientists aren’t fully sure how the Moon formed. A popular idea is that a Mars-sized rock, named Theia, crashed (撞上) into the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago. The broken pieces from the crash got together to make what is now—Our Moon! This would tell why the Moon rocks are so similar to some rocks on Earth. 根据材料内容，选择最佳答案。 51．Why can we see different shapes of the Moon? A．Because the Moon itself changes shape. B．Because of the Moon’s movement around the Earth. C．Because clouds cover parts of the Moon. D．Because the Earth’s dark part falls on it differently. 52．Why does the temperature on the Moon change so much? A．Because it is very far from the Sun. B．Because its surface is made of special rock. C．Because there is almost no air to hold the heat. D．Because it turns around too fast. 53．According to the popular idea in the passage, what helped scientists guess how the Moon formed? A．The different temperatures on its near and far sides. B．The fact that we can only see 60% of its surface. C．The Moon rocks and some Earth rocks are similar. D．The right time it takes to go around the Earth. 54．Which of the following is an OPINION about the Moon based on the passage? A．The Moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite. B．The Moon takes 27.3 days to travel around the Earth. C．The far side of the Moon is more interesting and unknown to us. D．The Moon gets light from the Sun and sends it to us. 55．How does the writer organize (组织) the passage about the Moon? A．From the most important fact to the least important fact. B．By introducing different topics one by one (what it is, how it looks, its climate, how it formed). C．By comparing the Moon with other planets in the solar system. D．By telling a story about scientists exploring the Moon. 六、短文填空 阅读下面短文，根据语境或单词的提示，在每个空格内填入一个适当的单词，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 In the universe, 56 we all know, there are the Sun, Moon, Earth, and a lot of stars. We learned in class that the Sun is a s 57 , Earth is a planet and the Moon is our natural 58 . We also know Earth moves a 59 the Sun and Moon goes around Earth. We have days and nights 60 of the rotation of Earth. When some parts of Earth 61 to the Sun, people living on Earth have daylight. If Earth stops rotating again and again, there will be no days 62 nights. Life on Earth will not s 63 as well. The Moon looks much bigger than the Sun because it is 64 to Earth. Such a short distance also gives the Moon the p 65 to change the tides (潮汐) on Earth. 七、选词填空 阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。 sure   explore   make   three   curious   and   head   we   universe   in Scientists found an exciting new thing in space. It is called 3I/Atlas, 66 it’s a kind of special comet. What 67 it so special? This comet comes from outside our solar system! We call such things interstellar (星际的) travelers. 68 the solar system, many comets go around the sun. But 3I/Atlas is different. It’s just passing by on its long trip through space. This is actually the 69 time that scientists have found such a visitor from another star system. When people first heard about this strange comet, some asked: “Could it be an alien spaceship?” Scientists found that it’s 70 a natural thing. Like all comets, it has a bright 71 and sometimes shows a tail when it gets near the sun. 3I/Atlas is very far from the earth. Scientists found that it will never come close to 72 planet, so everyone can feel safe. Why are scientists so 73 about this space visitor? Because it can help us learn more about other star systems in the 74 . We can find out how planets and stars form in different parts of space by 75 these interstellar travelers. Who knows? Maybe one day you will make an important discovery about space, too! 八、补全对话 根据下面的对话情景，在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。 A: Hi, Tom! 76 ? B: I’m reading a book about the solar system. A: Really? I’m also interested in it. Could you tell me something about its planets? B: Sure. 77 ? A: Jupiter. I heard of it in a movie. B: Well. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. A: 78 . Could you tell me more? B: Of course. Jupiter has at least 79 known moons. And it also has many beautiful rings. A: Many beautiful rings? 79 ? B: Jupiter has three main rings. A: 80 ? I also want to read it. B: Sure. I’ll give it to you as soon as I finish reading. A: Thank you very much. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $