Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（复习讲义）英语新教材仁爱科普版八年级上册

Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（复习讲义) 复习要点 1、围绕太阳系、宇宙探索主题，介绍地球、行星等天体特点，对比行星差异，谈论太空探索与未来太空生活。 2、重点掌握宇宙、天体、航天类名词和描述天体特征的形容词；掌握 in space, go around, far away from, solar system, man-made, in the future 等核心短语。 3、掌握形容词比较级和最高级；能用一般现在时描述天体客观规律；区分 in space /on Earth 冠词用法。 4、能围绕 “介绍行星、畅想太空生活” 开展口语对话与科普短文写作，了解太阳系知识，培养探索宇宙的科学精神。 复习重难点 重点： 1. 掌握形容词比较级、最高级描述行星大小、远近、明暗差异； 2. 熟记天体、航天类核心词汇与 in space, go around, solar system 等固定短语； 3. 能用核心句型介绍行星特征、描述太空未来生活、表达太空探索梦想。 难点：写作口语做到：行星特征对比清晰、未来计划时态统一、语句通顺逻辑分层。 单元考点：单词、短语、句型 知识点1：It is the largest and brightest object in the solar system, and it gives us light and warmth.（它是太阳系中最大、最亮的天体，并且给我们提供光和热。）（P92） give 意为 “给；提供；赠送”，其用法如下： 一、核心用法 give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 把某物给某人（双宾语结构） 例：She gives me a gift. = She gives a gift to me. 她送给我一份礼物。 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 例：Don’t give up practicing. 不要放弃练习。 give away 赠送；泄露 例：He gave away his old books. 他捐赠了他的旧书。 give out 分发；发出（光、热） 例：The sun gives out light and heat. 太阳发出光和热。 give back 归还；退回 例：Please give back the notebook on time. 请按时归还笔记本。 give in 屈服，让步 例：Don’t give in when you meet trouble. 遇到困难不要屈服。 二、必考难点：变形 & 代词双宾语规则 give 的过去式 gave；过去分词 given。 当直接宾语是代词 it /them 时，只能用 give sth. to sb.，不能用 give sb. sth. 三、易混区分 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事（up 是介词，后接动名词） give away：赠送；give back：归还。 四、写作常用句型 Never give up, and you will make your dream come true.永不放弃，你就会实现梦想。 【即时小练】 1. —I will ________ my old toys to the poor kids. —That’s great! A. give up B. give away C. give out D. give in 【答案】B 【详解】句意：—— 我打算把我的旧玩具捐赠给贫困的孩子。—— 太棒了！give up 放弃；give away 赠送，捐赠；give out 分发，发出；give in 屈服。根据句意 “捐赠旧玩具”，选 B。 2. You should give ________ smoking. It’s bad for your health. A. up B. away C. back D. out 【答案】A 【详解】句意：你应该戒烟。这对你健康有害。give up doing sth. 放弃做某事，give up smoking 戒烟，固定搭配，故选 A。 3. Here is your new watch. Please give ________. A. him it B. it to him C. him to it D. it him 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这是你的新手表，请把它给他。当双宾语中的直接宾语是代词 it/them 时，只能使用 give sth. to sb. 结构，不能用 give sb. sth.，故选 B。 知识点2： It’s about 150,000,000 kilometers away from the earth to the sun.（从地球到太阳大约有 1.5 亿公里远。）（P93） away from 意为 “远离；离开”，其用法如下： 一、核心用法 be away from + 地点远离某地；离开某地（状态，可与时间段连用） 例：My home is far away from our school. 我家离学校很远。 stay/keep away from sth./sb. 远离某物 / 某人；避开 例：Keep away from the fire. 远离火源。 move away from 搬离；从…… 离开 例：They moved away from the small town. 他们搬离了这座小镇。 二、写作常用句型 We should keep away from bad habits. 我们应该远离坏习惯。 The moon is far away from the Earth. 月球离地球很远。 【即时小练】 1. The station is two kilometers ________ the village. A. far away B. away from C. far from D. far away from 【答案】B 【详解】句意：车站距离这个村子两公里。前面有具体距离 two kilometers，不能使用 far，排除 A、C、D；“距离某地多远” 用 “数字 + away from + 地点”。故选 B。 2. You must ________ the dangerous animals in the zoo. A. keep away from B. be away C. far away D. far from 【答案】A 【详解】句意：在动物园里你必须远离危险动物。must 为情态动词，后面接动词原形；keep away from 远离；be away 后面不接宾语；far away/far from 是形容词短语，不能直接放在 must 后。故选 A。 3. His father ________ his hometown for ten years. A. left B. has left C. has been away from D. leaves 【答案】C 【详解】句意：他爸爸已经离开家乡十年了。时间状语 for ten years 是一段时间，需要延续性表达；leave 是短暂性动词，不能和一段时间连用；be away from 表示离开的状态。故选 C。 知识点3：The sun provides energy, light and heat for the earth.（太阳为地球提供能量、光和热。）（P93） provide：及物动词，含义：提供；供给 变形：provides（三单），provided（过去式 / 过去分词），providing（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物 例：The school provides students with books. 学校为学生提供书籍。 2. provide sth. for sb. 为某人提供某物 例：They provide food for homeless people. 他们给无家可归的人提供食物。 辨析provide， give与offer 词汇 意义 常用结构 provide “提供；供应” provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb. give “给予” give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb. offer “主动提出；自愿给予” offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb. 【即时小练】 1. The farm provides fresh vegetables ________ the villagers. A. with B. for C. to D. at 【答案】B 【详解】固定搭配 provide sth. for sb.，意为 “为某人提供某物”，故选 B。 2. Our school ________ us with many kinds of after‑school activities every term. A. provide B. provides C. providing D. provided 【答案】B 【详解】every term 表示一般现在时；主语 our school 是第三人称单数，动词用 provides；provide sb. with sth. 为固定搭配，故选 B。 知识点4:The Big Dipper looks like a spoon.（北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。）（P94） look like：动词短语，含义：看起来像；看上去……（询问 / 描述外貌、外观） 变形：looks like（三单），looked like（过去式），looking like（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. What does sb. look like?询问人的外貌（长相） 例：—What does your brother look like? 你哥哥长什么样？ —He is tall with short hair. 他很高，留短发。 2. What does sth. look like?询问事物外观、样子 例：What does Mars look like? 火星是什么样子？ 3. 主语 + look (s) like + 名词 / 代词 看起来像…… 例：The cloud looks like a spaceship. 这朵云看起来像一艘宇宙飞船。 【即时小练】 1. —What ________ the planet ________? —It’s red and it’s far away from the Earth. A. does; look like B. is; look like C. do; look D. is; like 【答案】A 【详解】问句询问星球的外观，使用句型 What does sth. look like；主语 the planet 是单数，助动词用 does，后面动词用原形 look like。故选 A。 2. The moon ________ a big silver plate. A. look like B. looks like C. is look like D. looks 【答案】B 【详解】主语 the moon 为第三人称单数，一般现在时，look 要加 s；look like 后接名词，意为看起来像。故选 B。 3. —________? —He is quiet and helpful. A. What does he look like B. What is he like C. How does he look D. How is he 【答案】B 【详解】答句描述性格安静、乐于助人。What is sb. like 可询问人的性格；What does sb. look like 只询问外貌长相。故选 B。 知识点5：The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside.（内行星更小，由岩石和土壤构成；而外行星更大，由气体构成，内部有岩石。）（P96） （1）be made of + 原材料名词 由…… 制成（成品上可以直接看出原料） 例：The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头做的。 短语 侧重点 特点 例句 be made of 由…… 制成 能看出原材料 The ring is made of gold. 这个戒指是黄金做的。 be made from 由…… 制成 看不出原材料，发生化学变化 Paper is made from wood. 纸由木头制成。 be made in 在……（地方）制造 后接地点名词 This watch is made in China. 这块手表中国制造。 be made by 由……（人）制作 后接动作执行者 The model rocket was made by Tom. 这个火箭模型是 Tom 做的。 （2）while：连词 / 名词 ①连词：然而；当…… 的时候；②名词：一段时间 固定搭配： 1. while 连词，然而，表对比 例：The inner planets are smaller, while the outer planets are larger.内行星更小，而外行星更大。 2. while 连词，当…… 的时候，引导时间状语从句，从句常用进行时态，从句动词必须是延续性动词 例：I was reading while my sister was watching TV.我在看书，与此同时我妹妹在看电视。 3. after a while 过了一会儿（名词用法） 例：After a while, he came back. 过了一会儿，他回来了。 【即时小练】 1.Wine is made ________ grapes. We can’t see grapes in wine. A. of B. from C. in D. by 【答案】B 【详解】句意：葡萄酒由葡萄制成，我们在酒里看不到葡萄。原材料发生化学变化，看不出原料，用 be made from。故选 B。 2.Some planets are small, ____ others are huge. A. when B. while C. if D. because 【答案】B 【详解】while 此处作连词，表示然而，用于前后对比。句意：一些行星很小，而另一些行星体积巨大。 知识点6：Why is the sun so important? There are at least two reasons:・It keeps the planets in the solar system.・It gives heat and light to the earth.（为什么太阳如此重要？至少有两个原因：・它使行星留在太阳系中。・它给地球提供热和光。）（P97） at least 至少；起码（修饰数量、程度） 例：There are at least eight planets in the solar system.太阳系中至少有八颗行星。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 at least 至少；起码 强调最低限度，数量不少于…… You should sleep at least 8 hours. 你至少要睡 8 小时。 at most 至多；最多 强调最高限度，数量不超过…… I can wait at most ten minutes. 我最多只能等十分钟。 【即时小练】 1. The planet is ________ 300 million kilometres away from the Earth. A. at least B. at most C. at last D. at once 【答案】A 【详解】at least 至少；at most 至多；at last 最后；at once 立刻。句意：这颗行星距离地球至少 3 亿公里。故选 A。 2. We have ________ 20 minutes to finish the work, not more than that. A. at least B. at most C. at first D. at times 【答案】B 【详解】not more than that 意为 “不超过那个时间”，对应 at most（至多）。句意：我们最多只有 20 分钟完成这项工作，不能再多了。故选 B。 知识点7： The earth is our only home planet. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun.（地球是我们唯一的家园行星。它距离太阳既不太远也不太近。）（P97） neither...nor...：并列连词短语，含义：既不…… 也不……（否定两者） 变形：无词形变化 并列词组的常见用法 both...and... 当连接两个并列结构作主语时 “……和……”，谓语动词用复数： Both Tom and I like the movie. not only...but also... “不但……而且……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Not only he but also I am interested in the movie. either...or... “要么……要么”“或者……或者”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Either you or she is going there tomorrow. neither...nor... “既不……也不……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Neither Tom nor I am going there tomorrow. 【即时小练】 1. —Which of the two planets is made of gas? —________. They are both rocky planets. A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. All 【答案】B 【详解】both 两者都；neither 两者都不；either 两者之一；all 三者及以上全部。答句 “它们都是岩石行星”，说明两个都不是气体行星，故选 B。 2. Neither my brother nor I ________ interested in space at first. A. am B. is C. are D. be 【答案】A 【详解】就近原则，靠近谓语的主语是 I，be 动词选用 am。句意：起初，我哥哥和我都对太空不感兴趣。故选 A。 知识点8：Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature.（火星在大小和温度上与地球更相似。）（P98） be similar to：形容词短语，含义：与…… 相似 固定搭配： 1. A be similar to B A 与 B 相似（主语 A 和 B 作比较） 例：Mars is similar to the Earth in some ways.火星在某些方面和地球相似。 2. be similar in + 方面 在某方面相似 例：The two planets are similar in size.这两颗行星在大小方面相似。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 be similar to 与…… 相似 两者有共同点，但不完全一样 Your bag is similar to mine. 你的包和我的很像。 be the same as 和…… 相同 强调几乎一模一样 Your pen is the same as mine. 你的钢笔和我的一样。 be different from 与…… 不同 两者存在差异 The inner planets are different from outer planets. 内行星和外行星不一样。 【即时小练】 1. My new model rocket is ________ the one you bought last week. They look almost the same. A. similar to B. different from C. good at D. late for 【答案】A 【详解】similar to 与…… 相似；different from 与…… 不同；good at 擅长；late for 迟到。由后半句 “看起来几乎一样” 可知选 A。 2. The two planets are ________ in size, but they are not the same. A. different B. similar C. interested D. ready 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这两颗行星大小相似，但并非完全一样。similar 相似的；different 不同的；interested 感兴趣的；ready 准备好的。故选 B。 知识点9：Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心和责任感在科学探索中起着重要作用。）（P100） play an important role in：含义：在…… 中起重要作用；在…… 中扮演重要角色 固定搭配： 1. play an important role in sth. 在某事 / 某物方面起重要作用 例：Water plays an important role in our life.水在我们的生活中起着重要作用。 2. play an important role in doing sth. 在做某事方面起重要作用（in 为介词，后接名词或动名词） 例：Scientists play an important role in exploring space.科学家在探索太空方面发挥重要作用。 【即时小练】 1. The sun plays an important role ________ all living things. A. at B. in C. for D. with 【答案】B 【详解】固定搭配 play an important role in… 在…… 中起重要作用，介词用 in。故选 B。 2. Computers play an important role in ________ space. A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored 【答案】C 【详解】in 是介词，后面接动名词 doing。句意：计算机在探索太空方面发挥重要作用。故选 C。 知识点10：The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高昂的成本是太空探索中的一个大劣势。）（P100） cost：及物动词，含义：花费（金钱）；价钱为 变形：costs（三单），cost（过去式 / 过去分词），costing（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. sth. cost (s) sb. + 钱 某物花费某人多少钱（物作主语） 例：The model spaceship cost me 100 yuan. 这个宇宙飞船模型花了我 100 元。 2. sth. cost (s) + 钱 某物价值多少钱 例：The rocket model costs 200 yuan. 这个火箭模型价值 200 元。 单词 中文含义 主语 核心结构 例句 cost 花费（金钱） 物 sth. cost(s) sb. money The book cost me 20 yuan. 这本书花了我 20 元。 spend 花费（时间 / 金钱） 人 sb. spend …on sth./(in) doing sth. I spent 20 yuan on the book. 我花 20 元买这本书。 take 花费（时间） 常用 it 作形式主语 It takes sb. time to do sth. It took me an hour to make the model. 我花一小时制作模型。 pay 支付（金钱） 人 sb. pay money for sth. I paid 20 yuan for the book. 我付 20 元买这本书。 【即时小练】 1. The new spaceship model ________ me 80 yuan yesterday. A. cost B. costs C. spend D. spent 【答案】A 【详解】主语 the new spaceship model 是物品，用 cost；yesterday 为一般过去时，cost 过去式还是 cost。故选 A。 2. I ________ 30 yuan for this book last week. A. cost B. spent C. paid D. took 【答案】C 【详解】pay money for sth. 为某物付钱，主语是人，last week 用过去式 paid。故选 C。 3. It ________ me two hours to finish making the planet model. A. cost B. spent C. paid D. took 【答案】D 【详解】固定句型 It takes sb. some time to do sth.，it 作形式主语，表花费时间。故选 D。 知识点11：Mercury is smaller than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth.（水星比地球小，而且比地球离太阳近。）（P101） be close to：靠近；接近 固定搭配： 1. be close to + 名词 / 代词 靠近……；离…… 近 例：Mercury is close to the Sun. 水星离太阳很近。 2. 拓展：get close to 靠近；接近（动作） 例：Don’t get close to the big fire. 不要靠近大火。 【即时小练】 1. Mercury is close ________ the Sun. A. with B. to C. for D. at 【答案】B 【详解】固定短语 be close to，意为 “靠近，离…… 近”，介词用 to。故选 B。 2. The little boy wanted ________ close to the model spaceship. A. Get B. getting C. to get D. got 【答案】C 【详解】want to do sth. 想要做某事；get close to 靠近。句意：这个小男孩想要靠近宇宙飞船模型。故选 C。 3. —Is the planet far from the sun? —No. It ________ the sun. A. is close to B. is different from C. is good at D. is late for 【答案】A 【详解】be close to 靠近；be different from 与…… 不同；be good at 擅长；be late for 迟到。答句 No 说明行星离太阳不远，也就是靠近太阳。故选 A。 知识点12：The Death Valley is known as the hottest place on the earth and the driest place in North America.（死亡谷被称为地球上最热的地方，也是北美洲最干旱的地方。）（P101） be known as：作为…… 而出名；被称作 固定搭配： 例：Venus is known as the Morning Star.金星被称作启明星。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 be known as 作为…… 出名；被称作 后接身份、称号、别名 She is known as a great scientist. 她作为一名伟大的科学家而出名。 be known for 因…… 而出名 后接出名的原因、特点 The town is known for its beautiful views. 这座小镇因美景闻名。 be known to 为…… 所熟知 后接对象，人 The rule is known to everyone. 这条规则人人皆知。 【即时小练】 1. The sun is known ________ its light and heat. A. as B. for C. to D. at 【答案】B 【详解】be known for 因…… 而出名，光和热是太阳出名的原因。句意：太阳因它的光和热而闻名。故选 B。 2. This fact is known ________ all students in our class. A. as B. for C. to D. of 【答案】C 【详解】be known to sb. 为某人所熟知。句意：这个事实我们班所有学生都知道。故选 C。 知识点13： There is no water on Mars, so we have to produce some.（火星上没有水，所以我们必须制造一些。）（P102） 并列连词 and ①“和，而且”，表并列、递进或顺承： He is a good teacher， and we all like him. ②“祈使句，and＋陈述句”表结果： Work hard， and you will get better grades next time. but “但是，可是，而”，表转折： I don’t want to go there， but Mom said I must. so “因此，所以”，表因果： I don’t have enough money， so I won’t buy the toy. or ①“或者，还是”，表选择：Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. ②“否则”，用于“祈使句，or＋陈述句”： Work hard， or you will fail the exam. for “因为”，表原因： The plane won’t take off today， for a heavy rain is on the way. while “然而”，表转折，用来表示对比： Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading. 【即时小练】 1. Mars is small, ________ it is called the Red Planet. A. and B. but C. or D. for 【答案】A 【详解】and 表顺承并列。句意：火星很小，并且它被叫做红色星球。故选 A。 2. The planet looks beautiful, ________ we can’t live on it. A. and B. but C. so D. or 【答案】B 【详解】but 表转折。这颗行星看起来很美，但是我们不能在上面居住。故选 B。 3. You must study hard, ________ you won’t make your dream come true. A. or B. and C. but D. so 【答案】A 【详解】or 此处意为 “否则”。你必须努力学习，否则你无法实现梦想。故选 A。 知识点14：Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans.（火星看起来是红色的，因为它的红色土壤；而地球的大部分地区看起来是蓝色的，因为它的海洋。）（P103） because of：因为；由于 固定搭配： 1. because of + 名词 / 代词 / 动名词 (doing)，用来引出原因 例：People can’t live on Mars because of the terrible environment.由于恶劣的环境，人类不能在火星上生存。 例：He couldn’t go to the space museum because of being ill.因为生病，他没能去太空博物馆。 短语 / 连词 中文含义 用法 例句 because of 因为，由于 介词短语，后接名词、代词、doing He stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 because 因为 连词，后接完整句子（主谓结构） He stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 【即时小练】 1. We can’t see stars clearly ________ the bright light. A. because B. because of C. so D. but 【答案】B 【详解】空格后是名词短语 the bright light，不是完整句子，用 because of。句意：由于亮光，我们看不清星星。故选 B。 2. He didn’t take part in the space show ________ he was busy. A. because B. because of C. for D. since 【答案】A 【详解】空格后是完整句子 he was busy，要用连词 because 引导原因状语从句。故选 A。 知识点15：Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common-water.（虽然这两颗行星有很多不同之处，但它们有一个共同点 —— 水。）（P103） although：连词,虽然；尽管 固定搭配： 1. although + 让步状语从句，意为虽然……（但是……），不能和 but 连用，可和 yet/still 连用 例：Although Mars is close to the Earth, we still can’t live there.虽然火星离地球较近，但是我们仍然不能在那里生活。 连词 中文含义 侧重点 例句 although 虽然，尽管 较正式，常放句首；不与 but 连用 Although he is young, he knows much about space. 虽然他年纪小，但他懂得很多太空知识。 though 虽然，尽管 口语常用；可放句末表 “然而”，可用于倒装 He is young though. 然而他年纪很小。 but 但是 转折连词，不能和 although/though 同时出现在一个句子中 He is young, but he knows much about space. 他年纪小，但是懂得很多太空知识。 【即时小练】 1. ________ Mars is red, we can’t see it with our eyes easily. A. Although B. But C. So D. Because 【答案】A 【详解】although 引导让步状语从句，表示 “虽然”；although 与 but 不能同时使用。句意：虽然火星是红色的，但我们不容易用肉眼看见它。故选 A。 2. Although it is far away, ________ we can study it with telescopes. A. but B. / C. so D. and 【答案】B 【详解】although 引导让步从句，主句前面不能加 but，此处不填任何连词。故选 B。 3. ________ the model rocket looks simple, it costs lots of money. A. Because B. If C. Although D. Or 【答案】C 【详解】although 尽管，引导让步状语从句。句意：虽然这个火箭模型看起来简单，但是它花费很多钱。故选 C。 知识点16：Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe.（火星正等待我们去探索，宇宙也是如此。）（P103） wait的用法 如：①I’m quite happy to wait for you here.我非常高兴在此等候您。 ②Don’t wait to solve problems until the things go worse. 别等到事情变得更糟才解决问题。 【即时小练】 1. Please wait ________ me at the gate of the science museum. A. / B. for C. to D. at 【答案】B 【详解】固定搭配 wait for sb. 等候某人，wait 为不及物动词，接宾语必须加 for。故选 B。 2. The children can’t wait ________ the spaceship model. A. see B. seeing C. to see D. saw 【答案】C 【详解】can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事，不定式作目的状语。句意：孩子们迫不及待想要看宇宙飞船模型。故选 C。 3. —Where is Tom? —He ________ for us outside. A. wait B. waits C. is waiting D. waited 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——Tom 在哪？—— 他正在外面等我们。使用现在进行时 be waiting，表示此刻正在等待。故选 C。 知识点17： It takes Pluto about 248 Earth years to go around the Sun.（冥王星绕太阳一周大约需要 248 个地球年。）（P107） take：及物动词，含义较多，中考核心义：花费（时间）；拿；乘坐；带走 变形：takes（三单），took（过去式），taken（过去分词），taking（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事 例：It takes me an hour to finish my homework. 我花一小时完成作业。 2. take sth. to + 地点 把某物带到某地 例：Please take your books to the classroom. 请把你的书带到教室。 3. take + 交通工具 乘坐某种交通工具 例：take the bus /take a plane 坐公交车 / 坐飞机 4. take away 拿走；带走 例：Don’t take away my pen. 不要拿走我的钢笔。 5. take care of 照顾；照料 例：She takes care of her little sister. 她照顾妹妹。 【即时小练】 1. It ________ him half an hour to walk to school every morning. A. take B. takes C. took D. taking 【答案】B 【详解】固定句型 It takes sb. some time to do sth.；every morning 为一般现在时，主语 it 是第三人称单数，动词用 takes。 2. My brother spent three days ________ the model rocket. = It ________ my brother three days ________ the model rocket. A. takes; to make B. took; making C. took; to make D. take; make 【答案】C 【详解】原句 spent 为一般过去时，转换后时态保持一致；It took sb. + 时间 + to do sth.，故选 C。 3. Please ________ your notebook to the lab tomorrow. A. take B. bring C. carry D. fetch 【答案】A 【详解】take 表示带走（从近处带到远处）；bring 带来（远处带到近处）；carry 搬运；fetch 去取来。句意为明天把笔记本带到实验室，用 take。 知识点18：Without air, human beings can’t live on the planet.（没有空气，人类无法在这颗行星上生存。）（P107） live on：居住在（星球、岛屿等上面）；以…… 为食；靠…… 生活 固定搭配： 1. live on + 星球 / 岛屿 居住在…… 上面 例：Humans can’t live on Mars now. 人类现在不能在火星上居住。 2. live on + 食物 以…… 为食 例：Some animals live on plants. 一些动物以植物为食。 3. live on + 钱 靠（收入）生活 例：He lives on his savings. 他靠积蓄生活。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 live on 居住在…… 之上；以…… 为食 后接星球、岛屿、食物、收入 People can live on the Earth. 人类居住在地球上。 live in 居住在（某地内部，城市、国家、大区域） 后接城市、国家、大地点 She lives in Beijing. 她住在北京。 【即时小练】 1. Humans can’t live ________ Venus because of its high temperature. A. in B. on C. at D. for 【答案】B 【详解】在行星表面居住，固定搭配 live on + 星球名称。句意：因为高温，人类不能在金星上居住。故选 B。 2. Pandas live ________ bamboo. A. in B. on C. at D. for 【答案】B 【详解】live on 此处表示 “以…… 为食”。熊猫以竹子为食。故选 B。 单元语法：后缀-ness和形容词比较等级 常见的名词后缀-ness的用法。 构词法：后缀 -ness（中考版梳理） > 核心：-ness 名词后缀，表示：性质、状态、程度 > 构词公式：形容词 + -ness → 抽象名词 ✍️ 拼写变化（中考词形转换高频考点） 1. 一般情况：形容词 直接 + ness - kind adj. 善良的 → kindness n. 善良 - sad adj. 难过的 → sadness n. 悲伤 - dark adj. 黑暗的 → darkness n. 黑暗 - weak adj. 虚弱的 → weakness n. 弱点；虚弱 - polite adj. 礼貌的 → politeness n. 礼貌 - careful adj. 仔细的 → carefulness n. 细心 - careless adj. 粗心的 → carelessness n. 粗心 2. 形容词以辅音字母 + y结尾：变 y 为 i，再加 ness（必考！） - happy adj. 开心的 → happiness n. 幸福，快乐 - busy adj. 忙碌的 → business n. 生意；繁忙 - heavy adj. 重的 → heaviness n. 沉重 📌 中考【重点】（讲义短句版） 重点：掌握形容词加 - ness 构成抽象名词的构词规则；牢记 “辅音 + y 结尾变 y 为 i 再加 - ness” 拼写；能判断词性，在词形转换题中正确变形；掌握 - ness 名词在句中作主语、宾语。 难点：区分形容词和其对应的 - ness 名词，写作、语法填空中根据句子成分选对形式；不要和后缀 -y（名词变形容词）混淆。 🧩 中考易混后缀对比（填空常考） 1. -y：名词 → 形容词，表 “充满… 的” wind（风 n.）→ windy（有风的 adj.） 2. -ness：形容词 → 名词，表 “… 的状态 / 性质” happy（开心的 adj.）→ happiness（快乐 n.） 📝 中考真题式例句（可直接用于课堂） 1. We should show our kindness to others.（kind）我们应该对他人展现善意。 2. Happiness comes from hard work.（happy）幸福来源于努力。 💡 解题小技巧（词形转换） 看到括号内是形容词，空格需要名词（空前有冠词 / 物主代词，或者在主语、宾语位置），优先考虑变 -ness。 形容词比较等级 一、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 1. 规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult expensive more difficult more expensive most difficult most expensive 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 注意： (1) 有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加­er和­est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以­ow，­er结尾的词。 (2) 有些形容词没有程度可分，或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，favorite(最爱的)，perfect(完美的)等。 2. 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 注意：elder 不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，仅用于同辈之间的排行，即家庭成员的长幼关系，如：elder sister(姐姐)，elder brother(哥哥) 二、比较级和最高级的标志词 (1) 修饰形容词/副词比较级的词有：rather，much，still，even，far，by far (后置)，a lot，a little，a great deal，a bit, any等。 The students study even harder than before. 学生们甚至比以前学习更努力了。 The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read. 这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。 (2) 最高级可用by far，almost，nearly，one of及序数词修饰，表示程度或顺序。 The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River. 目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。 (3) 比较级+than... (比......更......) He rises earlier than anyone else in his class. 他比班里其他人都起得早。 (4) less+than 多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词+than... (不如......) This book is less amusing than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。 (5) the+比较级+of (两者中更......的) He is the taller of the two boys.他是两个男孩中较高的。 (6) the+比较级+主语+谓语，the +比较级+主语+谓语（越......就越......） The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少。 易混点：the +最高级，副词最高级前通常不用the . Of all the mobile phones I like this one best. 在所有手机中，我最喜欢这个。 （7）“形容词/副词比较级＋and＋形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越……” 在“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构中，单音节形容词或副词用“形容词/副词­er＋and＋形容词/副词­er”结构，多音节形容词和副词常用“more and more＋形容词或副词原级”结构。 Things are getting better and better day by day. 情况正在一天天好起来。 It's becoming more and more difficult to find a rewarding job. 找一份令人满意的工作越来越困难了。 （8）否定词与比较级连用表示最高级 I have never heard a better voice. 我从来没有听过比这更好听的声音。 易混点： (1) 类似用法的结构：can't/couldn't ... too＋adj./adv.＝can't/couldn't ... ＋adj./adv.＋enough 表示“无论……也不为过”。 （2）英语中有些词没有比较级，但仍可表示比较级的意思，通常与介词to连用，不与than共同使用，如：senior, junior, superior, inferior等。 一、根据汉语提示完成句子 1．There are ________ (少) students in our class than in yours. 【答案】fewer 【详解】句意：我们班比你们班有更少的学生，“少”用few表达，其后接可数名词复数，句中有than，此处用其比较级fewer。 2．Sandy is far ________ (勇敢) than I last saw her. How has she achieved that? 【答案】braver 【详解】句意：桑迪比我上次见到她时勇敢得多。她是怎么做到的？句中有than，表示两者比较，要用形容词比较级。brave的比较级是braver，故填braver。 3．I think ________ (没有任何东西) is more important than our health. 【答案】nothing 【详解】句意：我认为没有任何东西比我们的健康更重要。根据中文提示“没有任何东西”可知，此处应用代词nothing，在宾语从句中作主语。 4．Everyone hopes the famous actor can ________ (出现) soon. 【答案】appear 【详解】句意：每个人都希望这位著名演员可以尽快出现。appear为动词，表示“出现”，can是情态动词，后面需要接动词原形。故填appear。 5．I felt even ________ (更糟的) after taking the medicine. 【答案】worse 【详解】句意：吃完药后我感觉身体状况变得更糟了。副词even常用来修饰形容词、副词的比较级用来加深程度，bad意为糟糕的，它的比较级形式为worse，符合副词修饰形容词比较级的语法规则与句子语义要求。 6．He looks through the ________ (望远镜)to watch the stars. 【答案】telescope 【详解】句意：他透过望远镜观测星星。look through the telescope意为 “透过望远镜观察”，through强调从物体内部/中空的介质穿过，契合用望远镜观测的动作特点。结合汉语提示，故填telescope。 7．We need ________ (电) in our daily life. 【答案】electricity 【详解】句意：我们日常生活中需要电。“电”electricity，不可数名词，直接作need的宾语。 8．The ________ (太阳的) energy gives us light and heat. 【答案】solar 【详解】句意：太阳能给我们光和热。根据“energy”提示，需填形容词作定语。“太阳的”为形容词solar。 9．The ________ (直径) of the sun is much larger than that of the earth. 【答案】diameter 【详解】句意：太阳的直径比地球的直径大得多。diameter意为“直径”，谓语is为单数，主语用单数形式diameter。故填diameter。 10．An ________ (小行星) is between the inner and outer planets. 【答案】asteroid 【详解】句意：小行星位于内行星和外行星之间。根据汉语提示可知，asteroid“小行星”，前面有不定冠词“an”，用可数名词单数，应填asteroid。 11．The ________ (死亡) of the animal made us sad.    【答案】death 【详解】句意：这只动物的死亡让我们很难过。根据定冠词The以及括号内所给单词可知，此处需要填入名词作句子主语，death是die的名词形式，意为“死亡”。 12．We should keep our ________ (责任) to protect the earth.    【答案】responsibility 【详解】句意：我们应当肩负起保护地球的责任。根据形容词性物主代词our以及括号内中文提示可知，此处需要填入名词，responsibility意为“责任”，keep one’s responsibility表示“肩负某人的责任”。 13．Penguins ________ (主要地) hunt for fish. 【答案】mainly 【详解】句意：企鹅主要捕食鱼类。根据汉语提示可知，mainly“主要地”，副词，修饰动词hunt。 14．To make traffic smoother, the government plans to make the main streets ________ (更宽的). 【答案】wider 【详解】句意：为了让交通更顺畅，政府计划把主要街道拓宽。根据汉语提示可知，“更宽的”英文为wider，是形容词“wide”的比较级，符合“make sth. + 形容词”的结构。故填wider。 15．The ________ (更深) we dig, the more water we can find. 【答案】deeper 【详解】句意：我们挖得越深，找到的水就越多。“the + 形容词 / 副词比较级，the + 形容词/副词比较级”是固定句型，意为“越……，越……”。“深”对应的副词是deep，修饰动词“dig”，其比较级为deeper。故填deeper。 16．After walking in the rain for an hour, my clothes were much ________ (湿的) than I had expected. 【答案】wetter 【详解】句意：在雨中走了一个小时后，我的衣服比我想象的要湿得多。根据汉语提示可知，wet“湿的”，形容词；由“than”可知，空处应用比较级形式wetter。故填wetter。 17．The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival for Chinese people, whose celebrations ________ (包括) eating dumplings and visiting family members. 【答案】include 【详解】句意：春节是中国人最重要的传统节日，其庆祝活动包括吃饺子和走亲访友。根据“The Spring Festival…and visiting family members.”可知，句子描述的是春节庆祝活动的“客观事实”，需用一般现在时；主语“celebrations”是复数，因此谓语动词include用原形，故填include。 18．He always wears a black ________ (皮带) to match his shoes. 【答案】belt 【详解】句意：他总是系一条黑色的皮带搭配他的鞋子。根据汉语提示可知，belt“皮带”，可数名词，前面有不定冠词a修饰，用单数形式。故填belt。 19．Nancy sees the competition as a chance to ______ (证明) herself. 【答案】prove 【详解】句意：南希把这次比赛看作是一个证明自己的机会。根据汉语提示可知，prove“证明”，动词；不定式符号“to”后接动词原形。故填prove。 20．She always wonders about the secrets of the ______ (宇宙). 【答案】universe 【详解】句意：她总是对宇宙的秘密感到好奇。根据汉语提示可知，universe“宇宙”，在定冠词“the”后作介词“of”的宾语。故填universe。 二、用所给单词适当形式填空 21．Two ________ (astronaut) were sent to the space station last month. 【答案】astronauts 【详解】句意：上个月，两名宇航员被送往空间站。astronaut“宇航员”，Two接可数名词复数形式，因此填astronauts。 22．The ________ (weigh) of the moon is about one-sixth of the earth’s. 【答案】weight 【详解】句意：月球的重量大约是地球重量的六分之一。根据前面的定冠词The可知，此处需填名词作主语。“weigh”是动词，意为“称重；重达”，其名词形式为weight，意为“重量”，故填weight。 23．The rapid ________ (develop) of technology helps us know more about the universe. 【答案】development 【详解】句意：科技的快速发展帮助我们更多地了解宇宙。形容词rapid后需要接名词，括号内develop是动词，需变为名词形式；develop的名词形式为development，表示“发展”。 24．The ________ (succeed) of Chang’e-5 mission made all Chinese people proud. 【答案】success 【详解】句意：嫦娥五号任务的成功让所有中国人感到自豪。the后需要接名词作句子的主语；succeed是动词，名词形式为success。故填success。 25．Air ________ (pollute) is getting worse in some big cities. 【答案】pollution 【详解】句意：在一些大城市，空气污染正变得越来越严重。空格处需要名词作主语。所给词pollute是动词，意为“污染”，需转换为名词形式 pollution污染。 26．We need ________ (scientific) methods to study the earth’s structure. 【答案】scientific 【详解】句意： 我们需要科学的方法来研究地球的结构。空格位于动词need之后，名词methods之前，作定语修饰methods，因此应填形容词。所给词scientific本身就是形容词，意为“科学的”，符合句意和语法要求，无需变形。故答案为scientific。 27．The ________ (planet) in our solar system all travel around the Sun. 【答案】planets 【详解】句意：我们太阳系里的所有行星都绕着太阳运行。该句为一般现在时，根据“all”（所有的）暗示主语数量不止一个，谓语动词“travel”是动词原形，表明主语必须是复数。planet是可数名词，其复数形式为planets。 28．All the spaceships must land ________ (safe) on the earth. 【答案】safely 【详解】句意：所有宇宙飞船都必须安全地降落在地球上。safe是形容词，此处修饰动词land，应用副词safely，意为“安全地”。 29．It is a great ________ (proud) to be part of the space program. 【答案】pride 【详解】句意：成为太空计划的一部分是一件非常自豪的事。proud是形容词，此处a great后接名词，pride为名词，意为“自豪、骄傲”。 30．China’s ________ (explore) of Mars has won worldwide attention. 【答案】exploration 【详解】句意：中国的火星探索赢得了全世界的关注。此处名词所有格“China’s”后需要接名词，括号内给出的动词explore对应的名词形式是exploration，意为“探索”，此处表示火星探索这一抽象概念，用单数形式即可。 三、单项选择 31．After Kitty made friends with her new classmates, she felt much ________ than before. A．happiest B．happy C．happier D．more happy 【答案】C 【详解】句意：凯蒂和新同学交朋友后，她感觉比以前更开心了。 happiest最开心的；happy开心的；happier更开心的；more happy更开心的。根据句中“than”可知，此处需用形容词比较级，happy是以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词，变比较级需改y为i再加er，即happier，much可修饰比较级表程度。故选C。 32．— It’s necessary to work in groups. — I can’t agree more! It’s even ________ than the score. A．less important B．more important C．the least important D．the most important 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——小组合作是有必要的。——我再同意不过了！它甚至比分数更重要。 less important较不重要的；more important更重要的；the least important最不重要的；the most important最重要的。根据句中的than可知此处应用比较级，排除C、D项；根据“I can’t agree more”可知说话者非常赞同小组合作的重要性，推测此处指比分数更重要。故选B。 33．The new school library is ________ than the old one, and it has thousands of new books. A．much beautiful B．very more beautiful C．more much beautiful D．much more beautiful 【答案】D 【详解】句意：新的学校图书馆比旧的漂亮得多，它有成千上万本新书。 much beautiful形式错误，much后接比较级；very more beautiful形式错误，very不能修饰比较级；more much beautiful词序错误；much more beautiful意为“漂亮得多”。句中有than，要用形容词比较级，beautiful的比较级是more beautiful；much可以放在比较级前面用来加强程度。填much more beautiful。 34．The Yangtze River is ________ than ________ in China. A．longer; any other river B．more; any other river C．longer; any river D．more; any river 【答案】A 【详解】句意：长江比中国其他任何一条河流都长。longer更长；more更多；any other river其他任何一条河流；any river任何一条河流。根据语境，本题是在比较河流的长度而不是数量，所以第一空选longer；第二空中，长江属于中国河流，比较时需排除自身，应用“any other+单数名词”表示“其他任何……”，填any other river。 35．The more careful you are, the ________ mistakes you’ll make. A．less B．more C．fewer D．little 【答案】C 【详解】句意：你越仔细，犯的错误就越少。less更少（修饰不可数名词）；more更多；fewer更少（修饰可数名词）；little少的。根据“The more careful you are”可知此处运用“the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…”结构，表示“越……，越……”；根据常识，越仔细错误越少，且mistakes为可数名词复数，应用fewer修饰，less修饰不可数名词。 36．The ________ you are, the ________ mistakes you will make. A．more careful; fewer B．more careful; less C．more carefully; fewer D．careful; more 【答案】A 【详解】句意：你越仔细，你犯的错误就越少。 第一空系动词are后接形容词careful的比较级，表示“更仔细”，排除C、D；第二空mistakes为可数名词复数，应用fewer修饰，表示“更少”，符合“越仔细，犯错误越少”的语境，less修饰不可数名词，排除B。应填more careful；fewer。 37．My classmate Lucy is ________ than any other student in my class. She always studies until midnight. A．more outgoing B．more hard-working C．most outgoing D．most hard-working 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我的同学Lucy比我班上其他任何一个学生都更勤奋。她总是学习到午夜。 than是比较级的标志词，不能用最高级most outgoing/most hard-working；more outgoing是更外向的，和后句“学习到午夜”的语境不符，因此填more hard-working。 38．Jack has ________ free time than Mike, so he has ________ hobbies than Mike. A．fewer; less B．more; fewer C．less; fewer D．fewer; more 【答案】C 【详解】句意：杰克比迈克有更少的空闲时间，所以他比迈克有更少的爱好。 fewer“更少的（修饰可数名词）”；less“更少的（修饰不可数名词）” ；more“更多的”。第一空修饰不可数名词free time，应用less；第二空修饰可数名词复数hobbies，且根据前半句Jack空闲时间更少，说明应用fewer表达“更少”，故选C。 39．I stayed up late reading about space last night, ________ I feel very tired today. A．so B．because C．but D．or 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我昨晚熬夜读关于太空的书，所以我今天感觉很累。 so所以；because因为；but但是；or或者。根据前句“I stayed up late reading about space last night”可知是原因，后句“I feel very tired today”是结果，前后句构成因果关系，前因后果用so连接。 40．Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific ________. A．explore B．exploring C．exploration D．explored 【答案】C 【详解】句意：细心和责任在科学探索中起着重要作用。explore探索（动词）；exploring探索（动名词/现在分词）；exploration探索（名词）；explored探索（动词过去式/过去分词）。空前scientific为形容词，修饰名词，因此选exploration。 4、 完形填空 请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Is there any life in outer space? We may think of the same planet — Mars. Mars is 41 than Earth. It has a diameter of around 6,800 kilometers and Earth’s diameter is around 13,000 kilometers. Mars looks red 42 of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its 43 . As a neighbor planet, Mars is farther 44 the Sun than Earth. Mars is about 228 million kilometers away from the Sun, 45 Earth is about 150 million kilometers away. That is 46 Mars is colder than Earth. The temperature on Mars is about -63°C; here on Earth, the temperature is about 14°C 47 average. 48 the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. On Mars, there’s a lot of ice under the ground; on Earth, we have water 49 on and under the ground. Mars is waiting for us to explore, 50 so is the universe. 41．A．small B．smaller C．smallest D．more small 42．A．because B．so C．but D．although 43．A．soil B．land C．oceans D．ice 44．A．to B．from C．with D．for 45．A．but B．so C．while D．because 46．A．how B．why C．when D．where 47．A．on B．at C．in D．for 48．A．Because B．So C．Although D．Since 49．A．both B．all C．either D．neither 50．A．but B．or C．and D．nor 【答案】 41．B 42．A 43．C 44．B 45．C 46．B 47．A 48．C 49．A 50．C 【导语】本文对比了火星与地球在大小、颜色、距离、温度及水资源等方面的异同，指出火星虽冷但也有水，等待人类探索。 【详解】41．句意：火星比地球小。 根据“than Earth”，应用比较级“smaller”。 “small”是原级，“smallest”是最高级，“more small”不是正确形式。 42．句意：火星看起来是红色的，因为它的红色土壤。 “because of”意为“因为/由于”，后接名词短语，符合句意，故选“because”。“so”所以，“but”但是，“although”虽然，均不符合。 43．句意：地球大部分看起来是蓝色的，因为它的海洋。 根据常识和上下文，地球呈现蓝色是因为“海洋”，故选“oceans”。“soil”土壤，“land”陆地，“ice”冰，均不符合。 44．句意：火星比地球离太阳更远。 “farther from”意为“离……更远”，固定搭配，故选“from”。“to”到，“with”和……一起，“for”为了，均不符合。 45．句意：火星离太阳约2.28亿公里，而地球离太阳约1.5亿公里。 前后是两种情况的对比，用“while”表示“而”。 “but”但是 (表示转折)，“so”所以，“because”因为，均不符合。 46．句意：那就是火星比地球更冷的原因。 前面提到火星比地球离太阳远，此处应是这就是“为什么”火星比地球更冷，“why”表示“为什么/……的原因”，引导表语从句，故选“why”。“how”如何 (方式)，“when”何时 (时间)，“where”哪里 (地点)，均不符合。 47．句意：地球上的平均温度约为14°C。 “on average”是固定搭配，意为“平均”，符合句意，故选“on”。“at”在……处，“in”在……里，“for”为了，均不符合。 48．句意：虽然这两个星球有很多差异，但它们也有一些共同点。 前后是让步关系，“虽然……但……”，用“Although”引导让步状语从句。“Because”因为，“So”所以，“Since”既然/自从，均不符合。 49．句意：地球地表和地下都有水。 此处“on and under”表示“地上和地下”，“both...and...”是固定搭配，意为“两者都”，符合句意，故选“both”。“all”三者及以上都，“either”两者之一，“neither”两者都不，均不符合。 50．句意：火星正等待着我们去探索，宇宙也是如此。 “and so is...”是固定结构，表示“……也是如此”，符合句意，故选“and”。“but”但是，“or”或者，“nor”也不，均不符合。 五、阅读理解 For many years, people have wanted to find out whether we are the only living things in the universe (宇宙). Some scientists believe that there must be life on other planets because the universe is large. However, finding life on other planets is challenging because planets need a very special environment for life to exist. In the end, while direct evidence (直接证据) of life on other planets has not been found, there are findings that show the possibility of the environment that could support (维持) life. Life needs very special and important conditions (条件), such as water, the right temperature and oxygen. The earth has the perfect conditions for life, and it is very impossible that another planet has the same environment as our earth. What’s more, scientists believe that we don’t have enough facts to prove (证实) if there is life on other planets. They say, “It doesn’t mean that life exists there just because conditions on other planets are similar to those on earth.” For me, although the universe is very big, a planet with life needs very special conditions. The earth has the right conditions for life. I don’t think that any other planets could have the same conditions as the earth. So I do not believe that there is life on other planets. 51．Why do scientists believe it is challenging to find life on other planets? A．Because other planets are too far from the earth. B．Because there are too many planets to search for. C．Because space travel technology is not developed enough. D．Because planets need a special environment for life to exist. 52．What is one of the important things for life according to the text? A．Light. B．Space. C．Water. D．Food. 53．How does the writer start Paragraph 3? A．By showing an idea. B．By asking a question. C．By telling a story. D．By listing a number. 54．What does the writer think of the possibility of life on other planets? A．Hopeful. B．Sad. C．Thankful. D．Negative. 55．What’s the text? A．A poem. B．A report. C．A story. D．A diary. 【答案】51．D 52．C 53．A 54．D 55．B 【导语】本文主要探讨了宇宙中是否存在其他生命的问题。文章介绍了科学家对此的看法，指出寻找外星生命的挑战性在于生命需要非常特殊的环境条件（如水、适宜的温度和氧气）。作者基于地球环境的独特性，表达了不相信其他星球存在生命的观点。 【详解】51．第一段明确指出：“However, finding life on other planets is challenging because planets need a very special environment for life to exist.”，说明科学家认为寻找外星生命具有挑战性是因为行星需要非常特殊的环境才能维持生命。 52．第二段明确指出：“Life needs very special and important conditions, such as water, the right temperature and oxygen.”，说明水是生命所需的重要条件之一。 53．第三段开头是：“What’s more, scientists believe that we don’t have enough facts to prove if there is life on other planets.”，这是直接陈述科学家的观点或想法，因此是通过展示观点（Showing an idea）来开始段落的。 54．文章最后一段明确写道：“So I do not believe that there is life on other planets.”，说明作者对外星生命存在的可能性持否定态度。 文章结构清晰，先引出话题，接着列举科学事实和观点，最后给出个人结论，语言客观且带有论证性质，符合报告的特征。 六、短文填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或填入括号内单词的正确形式。 Do you know 56 (something) about space? We all live on a 57 (planet), and the planet is Earth. When you look up at the sky at night, you can see many 58 (star). The Sun is a star, too. There are eight 59 (planet) going around it. 60 (follow) the two stars on the right, and you can find the North Star. The Big Dipper looks 61 a spoon. Stars can have many 62 (difference) colors, such as white, blue, yellow and red. One star never 63 (appear) at night. It’s the Sun. It’s our 64 (day) star. We can learn a lot about stars 65 a telescope. 【答案】 56．anything 57．planet 58．stars 59．planets 60．Follow 61．like 62．different 63．appears 64．day 65．through 【导语】本文简单介绍了地球、恒星、行星等天文常识，并讲述了如何通过北斗七星找到北极星。 【详解】56．句意：你知道关于太空的任何事情吗？该句是一般疑问句，疑问句中表示“任何事物”要用anything。 57．句意：我们生活在一颗星球上，而这个星球就是地球。不定冠词a后接可数名词单数，所以填原形planet。 58．句意：当你晚上仰望天空时，可以看到许多星星。many后接可数名词复数，star的复数形式是stars。 59．句意：有八颗行星绕着它运行。数词eight后接可数名词复数，planet的复数形式是planets。 60．句意：跟随右侧的两颗星，你就能找到北极星。此处是祈使句，要用动词原形开头，首字母大写，填Follow。 61．句意：北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。根据“The Big Dipper looks … a spoon.”可知，此处是固定搭配look like表示“看起来像”，填介词like。 62．句意：星星可以有多种不同的颜色，比如白色、蓝色、黄色和红色。修饰名词colors要用形容词，difference的形容词形式是different。 63．句意：有一颗星从不在夜晚出现，那是太阳。本句时态是一般现在时，主语是“One star”，动词用第三人称单数形式appears。 64．句意：它是我们的白日的恒星。此处修饰名词star，可用day直接作定语，表示“白日的”。 65．句意：通过望远镜，我们可以了解到很多关于恒星的知识。此处强调方式，介词through“通过”符合语境。 七、选词填空 请阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每个词限用一次。 planet, satellite, astronaut, explore, gravity, universe, safe, succeed, besides, launch, develop, curious, report, weightlessness When we look up at the night sky, we are looking at a small part of the huge 66 . For thousands of years, humans have been 67 about the stars and 68 . In 1957, the first man-made 69 was sent into space. Since then, many countries have tried to 70 rockets and send 71 into space. These brave people have experienced 72 and learned how 73 works in space. China has 74 made great progress in space research. 75 sending satellites, we have built our own space station. Scientists continue to 76 the universe to find more secrets. Last week, a scientist came to our school to 77 on Chinese space programs. He told us that ensuring the 78 of astronauts is the top priority. With the 79 of technology, we believe humans will 80 in landing on Mars one day. 【答案】 66．universe 67．curious 68．planets 69．satellite 70．launch 71．astronauts 72．weightlessness 73．gravity 74．successfully 75．Besides 76．explore 77．report 78．safety 79．development 80．succeed 【导语】本文介绍了人类对太空的探索历程以及中国航天事业的成就，包括人造卫星的发射、宇航员的太空体验、中国空间站的建设以及科学家进校园作报告等。 【详解】66．句意：当我们仰望夜空时，我们看到的只是浩瀚宇宙的一小部分。根据“a small part of the huge...”可知，此处是说浩瀚的宇宙，备选词universe“宇宙”符合语境，the universe特指宇宙。 67．句意：几千年来，人类一直对星星和行星感到好奇。根据“have been...about the stars”可知，人们对星星和行星感到好奇，be curious about“对……感到好奇”。 68．句意：几千年来，人类一直对星星和行星感到好奇。根据“the stars and”可知是星星和行星，and连接并列成分，stars为复数，故备选词planet应用复数形式planets，意为“行星”。 69．句意：1957年，第一颗人造卫星被送入太空。根据“the first man-made...was sent into space”可知，此处是说人造卫星，备选词satellite“卫星”符合语境，由“was”可知用单数形式。 70．句意：从那以后，许多国家试图发射火箭并将宇航员送入太空。根据“tried to...rockets”可知，此处是说发射火箭，try to do sth.“试图做某事”，备选词launch“发射”符合语境，用动词原形。 71．句意：从那以后，许多国家试图发射火箭并将宇航员送入太空。根据“send...into space”可知，此处是说将宇航员送入太空，备选词astronaut“宇航员”符合语境，此处表示泛指，应用复数形式astronauts。 72．句意：这些勇敢的人经历了失重状态并了解了重力在太空中是如何运作的。根据“experienced...”及后文“in space”可知，此处是说经历失重，备选词weightlessness“失重”符合语境，为不可数名词。 73．句意：这些勇敢的人经历了失重状态并了解了重力在太空中是如何运作的。根据“learned how...works in space”可知，此处是说了解重力如何运作，备选词gravity“重力”符合语境，作从句主语。 74．句意：中国在太空研究方面已经取得了巨大进步。根据“has...made great progress”可知，此处修饰动词made，表示“成功地取得进步”，备选词succeed应变为副词successfully“成功地”。 75．句意：除了发射卫星外，我们还建造了自己的空间站。根据“...sending satellites, we have built...”可知，前后句是递进关系，备选词besides“除……之外（还）”符合语境，且位于句首，首字母大写。 76．句意：科学家们继续探索宇宙以发现更多秘密。根据“continue to...the universe”可知，此处是说探索宇宙，continue to do sth.“继续做某事”，备选词explore“探索”符合语境，用动词原形。 77．句意：上周，一位科学家来到我们学校就中国航天项目作报告。根据“came to our school to...on Chinese space programs”可知，此处是说作报告，report on“就……作报告”，不定式符号to后接动词原形。 78．句意：他告诉我们确保宇航员的安全是首要任务。根据“ensuring the...of astronauts”可知，此处是说宇航员的安全，定冠词the后接名词，备选词safe应变为名词safety“安全”。 79．句意：随着技术的发展，我们相信人类终有一天能成功登陆火星。根据“With the...of technology”可知，此处是说技术的发展，备选词develop应变为名词development“发展”，with the development of“随着……的发展”。 80．句意：随着技术的发展，我们相信人类终有一天能成功登陆火星。根据“will...in landing on Mars”可知，此处是说成功登陆火星，will后接动词原形，备选词succeed“成功”符合语境，succeed in doing sth.“成功做某事”。 八、补全对话 根据下面的对话情景，在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。 A: The night sky is so beautiful. B: Yeah. Look at that really bright star. 81 ? A: Yes, I do. It’s the planet Venus. It is the brightest planet in the solar system. B: 82 ? A: Because it is close to Earth and its clouds are very good at reflecting (反射) light. Venus is the third smallest planet in the solar system. B: 83 ? A: Its diameter is around 12,100 kilometers. B: You know a lot about planets! A: Thanks. 84 . B: An astronomer (天文学家)? That sounds really cool. How are you going to make it happen? A: 85 . B: Great plan. Books are great teachers! I hope your dream can come true. 【答案】81．Do you know what it is/Do you know the name of it 82．Why does Venus look so bright/Why is it the brightest planet 83．What’s its diameter/What’s the diameter of Venus 84．I want to be an astronomer when I grow up/I want to be an astronomer in the future 85．I’m going to read many books about space/I’ll study hard and read more space books/I’ll read more books and search for more information about planets 【导语】本文是一段对话，对话内容涉及行星，未来的梦想等话题。 【详解】81．根据“Yes, I do. It’s the planet Venus.”可知，此处询问A是否知道它是什么。故填Do you know what it is/Do you know the name of it。 82．根据“It is the brightest planet in the solar system.”以及“Because it is close to Earth and its clouds are very good at reflecting (反射) light.”可知，A提到Venus是最亮的行星，B在询问原因。故填Why does Venus look so bright/Why is it the brightest planet。 83．根据“Its diameter is around 12,100 kilometers.”可知，A回答直径数据，此处应是一个询问大小的问句，故填What’s its diameter/What’s the diameter of Venus。 84．根据“An astronomer (天文学家)?”可知，此处应分享个人梦想，故填I want to be an astronomer when I grow up/I want to be an astronomer in the future。 85．根据“How are you going to make it happen?”以及“Great plan. Books are great teachers! I hope your dream can come true.”可知，此处描述具体计划。故填I’m going to read many books about space/I’ll study hard and read more space books/I’ll read more books and search for more information about planets。 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（复习讲义) 复习要点 1、围绕太阳系、宇宙探索主题，介绍地球、行星等天体特点，对比行星差异，谈论太空探索与未来太空生活。 2、重点掌握宇宙、天体、航天类名词和描述天体特征的形容词；掌握 in space, go around, far away from, solar system, man-made, in the future 等核心短语。 3、掌握形容词比较级和最高级；能用一般现在时描述天体客观规律；区分 in space /on Earth 冠词用法。 4、能围绕 “介绍行星、畅想太空生活” 开展口语对话与科普短文写作，了解太阳系知识，培养探索宇宙的科学精神。 复习重难点 重点： 1. 掌握形容词比较级、最高级描述行星大小、远近、明暗差异； 2. 熟记天体、航天类核心词汇与 in space, go around, solar system 等固定短语； 3. 能用核心句型介绍行星特征、描述太空未来生活、表达太空探索梦想。 难点：写作口语做到：行星特征对比清晰、未来计划时态统一、语句通顺逻辑分层。 单元考点：单词、短语、句型 知识点1：It is the largest and brightest object in the solar system, and it gives us light and warmth.（它是太阳系中最大、最亮的天体，并且给我们提供光和热。）（P92） give 意为 “给；提供；赠送”，其用法如下： 一、核心用法 give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 把某物给某人（双宾语结构） 例：She gives me a gift. = She gives a gift to me. 她送给我一份礼物。 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 例：Don’t give up practicing. 不要放弃练习。 give away 赠送；泄露 例：He gave away his old books. 他捐赠了他的旧书。 give out 分发；发出（光、热） 例：The sun gives out light and heat. 太阳发出光和热。 give back 归还；退回 例：Please give back the notebook on time. 请按时归还笔记本。 give in 屈服，让步 例：Don’t give in when you meet trouble. 遇到困难不要屈服。 二、必考难点：变形 & 代词双宾语规则 give 的过去式 gave；过去分词 given。 当直接宾语是代词 it /them 时，只能用 give sth. to sb.，不能用 give sb. sth. 三、易混区分 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事（up 是介词，后接动名词） give away：赠送；give back：归还。 四、写作常用句型 Never give up, and you will make your dream come true.永不放弃，你就会实现梦想。 【即时小练】 1. —I will ________ my old toys to the poor kids. —That’s great! A. give up B. give away C. give out D. give in 2. You should give ________ smoking. It’s bad for your health. A. up B. away C. back D. out 3. Here is your new watch. Please give ________. A. him it B. it to him C. him to it D. it him 知识点2： It’s about 150,000,000 kilometers away from the earth to the sun.（从地球到太阳大约有 1.5 亿公里远。）（P93） away from 意为 “远离；离开”，其用法如下： 一、核心用法 be away from + 地点远离某地；离开某地（状态，可与时间段连用） 例：My home is far away from our school. 我家离学校很远。 stay/keep away from sth./sb. 远离某物 / 某人；避开 例：Keep away from the fire. 远离火源。 move away from 搬离；从…… 离开 例：They moved away from the small town. 他们搬离了这座小镇。 二、写作常用句型 We should keep away from bad habits. 我们应该远离坏习惯。 The moon is far away from the Earth. 月球离地球很远。 【即时小练】 1. The station is two kilometers ________ the village. A. far away B. away from C. far from D. far away from 2. You must ________ the dangerous animals in the zoo. A. keep away from B. be away C. far away D. far from 3. His father ________ his hometown for ten years. A. left B. has left C. has been away from D. leaves 知识点3：The sun provides energy, light and heat for the earth.（太阳为地球提供能量、光和热。）（P93） provide：及物动词，含义：提供；供给 变形：provides（三单），provided（过去式 / 过去分词），providing（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物 例：The school provides students with books. 学校为学生提供书籍。 2. provide sth. for sb. 为某人提供某物 例：They provide food for homeless people. 他们给无家可归的人提供食物。 辨析provide， give与offer 词汇 意义 常用结构 provide “提供；供应” provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb. give “给予” give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb. offer “主动提出；自愿给予” offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb. 【即时小练】 1. The farm provides fresh vegetables ________ the villagers. A. with B. for C. to D. at 2. Our school ________ us with many kinds of after‑school activities every term. A. provide B. provides C. providing D. provided 知识点4:The Big Dipper looks like a spoon.（北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。）（P94） look like：动词短语，含义：看起来像；看上去……（询问 / 描述外貌、外观） 变形：looks like（三单），looked like（过去式），looking like（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. What does sb. look like?询问人的外貌（长相） 例：—What does your brother look like? 你哥哥长什么样？ —He is tall with short hair. 他很高，留短发。 2. What does sth. look like?询问事物外观、样子 例：What does Mars look like? 火星是什么样子？ 3. 主语 + look (s) like + 名词 / 代词 看起来像…… 例：The cloud looks like a spaceship. 这朵云看起来像一艘宇宙飞船。 【即时小练】 1. —What ________ the planet ________? —It’s red and it’s far away from the Earth. A. does; look like B. is; look like C. do; look D. is; like 2. The moon ________ a big silver plate. A. look like B. looks like C. is look like D. looks 3. —________? —He is quiet and helpful. A. What does he look like B. What is he like C. How does he look D. How is he 知识点5：The inner planets are smaller and made of rocks and soil, while the outer planets are larger and made of gas with rocks inside.（内行星更小，由岩石和土壤构成；而外行星更大，由气体构成，内部有岩石。）（P96） （1）be made of + 原材料名词 由…… 制成（成品上可以直接看出原料） 例：The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头做的。 短语 侧重点 特点 例句 be made of 由…… 制成 能看出原材料 The ring is made of gold. 这个戒指是黄金做的。 be made from 由…… 制成 看不出原材料，发生化学变化 Paper is made from wood. 纸由木头制成。 be made in 在……（地方）制造 后接地点名词 This watch is made in China. 这块手表中国制造。 be made by 由……（人）制作 后接动作执行者 The model rocket was made by Tom. 这个火箭模型是 Tom 做的。 （2）while：连词 / 名词 ①连词：然而；当…… 的时候；②名词：一段时间 固定搭配： 1. while 连词，然而，表对比 例：The inner planets are smaller, while the outer planets are larger.内行星更小，而外行星更大。 2. while 连词，当…… 的时候，引导时间状语从句，从句常用进行时态，从句动词必须是延续性动词 例：I was reading while my sister was watching TV.我在看书，与此同时我妹妹在看电视。 3. after a while 过了一会儿（名词用法） 例：After a while, he came back. 过了一会儿，他回来了。 【即时小练】 1.Wine is made ________ grapes. We can’t see grapes in wine. A. of B. from C. in D. by 2.Some planets are small, ____ others are huge. A. when B. while C. if D. because 知识点6：Why is the sun so important? There are at least two reasons:・It keeps the planets in the solar system.・It gives heat and light to the earth.（为什么太阳如此重要？至少有两个原因：・它使行星留在太阳系中。・它给地球提供热和光。）（P97） at least 至少；起码（修饰数量、程度） 例：There are at least eight planets in the solar system.太阳系中至少有八颗行星。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 at least 至少；起码 强调最低限度，数量不少于…… You should sleep at least 8 hours. 你至少要睡 8 小时。 at most 至多；最多 强调最高限度，数量不超过…… I can wait at most ten minutes. 我最多只能等十分钟。 【即时小练】 1. The planet is ________ 300 million kilometres away from the Earth. A. at least B. at most C. at last D. at once 2. We have ________ 20 minutes to finish the work, not more than that. A. at least B. at most C. at first D. at times 知识点7： The earth is our only home planet. It is neither too close nor too far from the sun.（地球是我们唯一的家园行星。它距离太阳既不太远也不太近。）（P97） neither...nor...：并列连词短语，含义：既不…… 也不……（否定两者） 变形：无词形变化 并列词组的常见用法 both...and... 当连接两个并列结构作主语时 “……和……”，谓语动词用复数： Both Tom and I like the movie. not only...but also... “不但……而且……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Not only he but also I am interested in the movie. either...or... “要么……要么”“或者……或者”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Either you or she is going there tomorrow. neither...nor... “既不……也不……”，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则： Neither Tom nor I am going there tomorrow. 【即时小练】 1. —Which of the two planets is made of gas? —________. They are both rocky planets. A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. All 2. Neither my brother nor I ________ interested in space at first. A. am B. is C. are D. be 知识点8：Mars is more similar to Earth in size and temperature.（火星在大小和温度上与地球更相似。）（P98） be similar to：形容词短语，含义：与…… 相似 固定搭配： 1. A be similar to B A 与 B 相似（主语 A 和 B 作比较） 例：Mars is similar to the Earth in some ways.火星在某些方面和地球相似。 2. be similar in + 方面 在某方面相似 例：The two planets are similar in size.这两颗行星在大小方面相似。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 be similar to 与…… 相似 两者有共同点，但不完全一样 Your bag is similar to mine. 你的包和我的很像。 be the same as 和…… 相同 强调几乎一模一样 Your pen is the same as mine. 你的钢笔和我的一样。 be different from 与…… 不同 两者存在差异 The inner planets are different from outer planets. 内行星和外行星不一样。 【即时小练】 1. My new model rocket is ________ the one you bought last week. They look almost the same. A. similar to B. different from C. good at D. late for 2. The two planets are ________ in size, but they are not the same. A. different B. similar C. interested D. ready 知识点9：Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific exploration.（细心和责任感在科学探索中起着重要作用。）（P100） play an important role in：含义：在…… 中起重要作用；在…… 中扮演重要角色 固定搭配： 1. play an important role in sth. 在某事 / 某物方面起重要作用 例：Water plays an important role in our life.水在我们的生活中起着重要作用。 2. play an important role in doing sth. 在做某事方面起重要作用（in 为介词，后接名词或动名词） 例：Scientists play an important role in exploring space.科学家在探索太空方面发挥重要作用。 【即时小练】 1. The sun plays an important role ________ all living things. A. at B. in C. for D. with 2. Computers play an important role in ________ space. A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored 知识点10：The high cost is a big weakness in space exploration.（高昂的成本是太空探索中的一个大劣势。）（P100） cost：及物动词，含义：花费（金钱）；价钱为 变形：costs（三单），cost（过去式 / 过去分词），costing（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. sth. cost (s) sb. + 钱 某物花费某人多少钱（物作主语） 例：The model spaceship cost me 100 yuan. 这个宇宙飞船模型花了我 100 元。 2. sth. cost (s) + 钱 某物价值多少钱 例：The rocket model costs 200 yuan. 这个火箭模型价值 200 元。 单词 中文含义 主语 核心结构 例句 cost 花费（金钱） 物 sth. cost(s) sb. money The book cost me 20 yuan. 这本书花了我 20 元。 spend 花费（时间 / 金钱） 人 sb. spend …on sth./(in) doing sth. I spent 20 yuan on the book. 我花 20 元买这本书。 take 花费（时间） 常用 it 作形式主语 It takes sb. time to do sth. It took me an hour to make the model. 我花一小时制作模型。 pay 支付（金钱） 人 sb. pay money for sth. I paid 20 yuan for the book. 我付 20 元买这本书。 【即时小练】 1. The new spaceship model ________ me 80 yuan yesterday. A. cost B. costs C. spend D. spent 2. I ________ 30 yuan for this book last week. A. cost B. spent C. paid D. took 3. It ________ me two hours to finish making the planet model. A. cost B. spent C. paid D. took 知识点11：Mercury is smaller than Earth and it is closer to the Sun than Earth.（水星比地球小，而且比地球离太阳近。）（P101） be close to：靠近；接近 固定搭配： 1. be close to + 名词 / 代词 靠近……；离…… 近 例：Mercury is close to the Sun. 水星离太阳很近。 2. 拓展：get close to 靠近；接近（动作） 例：Don’t get close to the big fire. 不要靠近大火。 【即时小练】 1. Mercury is close ________ the Sun. A. with B. to C. for D. at 2. The little boy wanted ________ close to the model spaceship. A. Get B. getting C. to get D. got 3. —Is the planet far from the sun? —No. It ________ the sun. A. is close to B. is different from C. is good at D. is late for 知识点12：The Death Valley is known as the hottest place on the earth and the driest place in North America.（死亡谷被称为地球上最热的地方，也是北美洲最干旱的地方。）（P101） be known as：作为…… 而出名；被称作 固定搭配： 例：Venus is known as the Morning Star.金星被称作启明星。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 be known as 作为…… 出名；被称作 后接身份、称号、别名 She is known as a great scientist. 她作为一名伟大的科学家而出名。 be known for 因…… 而出名 后接出名的原因、特点 The town is known for its beautiful views. 这座小镇因美景闻名。 be known to 为…… 所熟知 后接对象，人 The rule is known to everyone. 这条规则人人皆知。 【即时小练】 1. The sun is known ________ its light and heat. A. as B. for C. to D. at 2. This fact is known ________ all students in our class. A. as B. for C. to D. of 知识点13： There is no water on Mars, so we have to produce some.（火星上没有水，所以我们必须制造一些。）（P102） 并列连词 and ①“和，而且”，表并列、递进或顺承： He is a good teacher， and we all like him. ②“祈使句，and＋陈述句”表结果： Work hard， and you will get better grades next time. but “但是，可是，而”，表转折： I don’t want to go there， but Mom said I must. so “因此，所以”，表因果： I don’t have enough money， so I won’t buy the toy. or ①“或者，还是”，表选择：Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. ②“否则”，用于“祈使句，or＋陈述句”： Work hard， or you will fail the exam. for “因为”，表原因： The plane won’t take off today， for a heavy rain is on the way. while “然而”，表转折，用来表示对比： Some kids like running in the wild while others prefer to stay at home reading. 【即时小练】 1. Mars is small, ________ it is called the Red Planet. A. and B. but C. or D. for 2. The planet looks beautiful, ________ we can’t live on it. A. and B. but C. so D. or 3. You must study hard, ________ you won’t make your dream come true. A. or B. and C. but D. so 知识点14：Mars looks red because of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its oceans.（火星看起来是红色的，因为它的红色土壤；而地球的大部分地区看起来是蓝色的，因为它的海洋。）（P103） because of：因为；由于 固定搭配： 1. because of + 名词 / 代词 / 动名词 (doing)，用来引出原因 例：People can’t live on Mars because of the terrible environment.由于恶劣的环境，人类不能在火星上生存。 例：He couldn’t go to the space museum because of being ill.因为生病，他没能去太空博物馆。 短语 / 连词 中文含义 用法 例句 because of 因为，由于 介词短语，后接名词、代词、doing He stayed at home because of the rain. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 because 因为 连词，后接完整句子（主谓结构） He stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨，他待在家里。 【即时小练】 1. We can’t see stars clearly ________ the bright light. A. because B. because of C. so D. but 2. He didn’t take part in the space show ________ he was busy. A. because B. because of C. for D. since 知识点15：Although the two planets have many differences, they have something in common-water.（虽然这两颗行星有很多不同之处，但它们有一个共同点 —— 水。）（P103） although：连词,虽然；尽管 固定搭配： 1. although + 让步状语从句，意为虽然……（但是……），不能和 but 连用，可和 yet/still 连用 例：Although Mars is close to the Earth, we still can’t live there.虽然火星离地球较近，但是我们仍然不能在那里生活。 连词 中文含义 侧重点 例句 although 虽然，尽管 较正式，常放句首；不与 but 连用 Although he is young, he knows much about space. 虽然他年纪小，但他懂得很多太空知识。 though 虽然，尽管 口语常用；可放句末表 “然而”，可用于倒装 He is young though. 然而他年纪很小。 but 但是 转折连词，不能和 although/though 同时出现在一个句子中 He is young, but he knows much about space. 他年纪小，但是懂得很多太空知识。 【即时小练】 1. ________ Mars is red, we can’t see it with our eyes easily. A. Although B. But C. So D. Because 2. Although it is far away, ________ we can study it with telescopes. A. but B. / C. so D. and 3. ________ the model rocket looks simple, it costs lots of money. A. Because B. If C. Although D. Or 知识点16：Mars is waiting for us to explore, and so is the universe.（火星正等待我们去探索，宇宙也是如此。）（P103） wait的用法 如：①I’m quite happy to wait for you here.我非常高兴在此等候您。 ②Don’t wait to solve problems until the things go worse. 别等到事情变得更糟才解决问题。 【即时小练】 1. Please wait ________ me at the gate of the science museum. A. / B. for C. to D. at 2. The children can’t wait ________ the spaceship model. A. see B. seeing C. to see D. saw 3. —Where is Tom? —He ________ for us outside. A. wait B. waits C. is waiting D. waited 知识点17： It takes Pluto about 248 Earth years to go around the Sun.（冥王星绕太阳一周大约需要 248 个地球年。）（P107） take：及物动词，含义较多，中考核心义：花费（时间）；拿；乘坐；带走 变形：takes（三单），took（过去式），taken（过去分词），taking（现在分词） 固定搭配： 1. It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事 例：It takes me an hour to finish my homework. 我花一小时完成作业。 2. take sth. to + 地点 把某物带到某地 例：Please take your books to the classroom. 请把你的书带到教室。 3. take + 交通工具 乘坐某种交通工具 例：take the bus /take a plane 坐公交车 / 坐飞机 4. take away 拿走；带走 例：Don’t take away my pen. 不要拿走我的钢笔。 5. take care of 照顾；照料 例：She takes care of her little sister. 她照顾妹妹。 【即时小练】 1. It ________ him half an hour to walk to school every morning. A. take B. takes C. took D. taking 2. My brother spent three days ________ the model rocket. = It ________ my brother three days ________ the model rocket. A. takes; to make B. took; making C. took; to make D. take; make 3. Please ________ your notebook to the lab tomorrow. A. take B. bring C. carry D. fetch 知识点18：Without air, human beings can’t live on the planet.（没有空气，人类无法在这颗行星上生存。）（P107） live on：居住在（星球、岛屿等上面）；以…… 为食；靠…… 生活 固定搭配： 1. live on + 星球 / 岛屿 居住在…… 上面 例：Humans can’t live on Mars now. 人类现在不能在火星上居住。 2. live on + 食物 以…… 为食 例：Some animals live on plants. 一些动物以植物为食。 3. live on + 钱 靠（收入）生活 例：He lives on his savings. 他靠积蓄生活。 短语 中文含义 侧重点 例句 live on 居住在…… 之上；以…… 为食 后接星球、岛屿、食物、收入 People can live on the Earth. 人类居住在地球上。 live in 居住在（某地内部，城市、国家、大区域） 后接城市、国家、大地点 She lives in Beijing. 她住在北京。 【即时小练】 1. Humans can’t live ________ Venus because of its high temperature. A. in B. on C. at D. for 2. Pandas live ________ bamboo. A. in B. on C. at D. for 单元语法：后缀-ness和形容词比较等级 常见的名词后缀-ness的用法。 构词法：后缀 -ness（中考版梳理） > 核心：-ness 名词后缀，表示：性质、状态、程度 > 构词公式：形容词 + -ness → 抽象名词 ✍️ 拼写变化（中考词形转换高频考点） 1. 一般情况：形容词 直接 + ness - kind adj. 善良的 → kindness n. 善良 - sad adj. 难过的 → sadness n. 悲伤 - dark adj. 黑暗的 → darkness n. 黑暗 - weak adj. 虚弱的 → weakness n. 弱点；虚弱 - polite adj. 礼貌的 → politeness n. 礼貌 - careful adj. 仔细的 → carefulness n. 细心 - careless adj. 粗心的 → carelessness n. 粗心 2. 形容词以辅音字母 + y结尾：变 y 为 i，再加 ness（必考！） - happy adj. 开心的 → happiness n. 幸福，快乐 - busy adj. 忙碌的 → business n. 生意；繁忙 - heavy adj. 重的 → heaviness n. 沉重 📌 中考【重点】（讲义短句版） 重点：掌握形容词加 - ness 构成抽象名词的构词规则；牢记 “辅音 + y 结尾变 y 为 i 再加 - ness” 拼写；能判断词性，在词形转换题中正确变形；掌握 - ness 名词在句中作主语、宾语。 难点：区分形容词和其对应的 - ness 名词，写作、语法填空中根据句子成分选对形式；不要和后缀 -y（名词变形容词）混淆。 🧩 中考易混后缀对比（填空常考） 1. -y：名词 → 形容词，表 “充满… 的” wind（风 n.）→ windy（有风的 adj.） 2. -ness：形容词 → 名词，表 “… 的状态 / 性质” happy（开心的 adj.）→ happiness（快乐 n.） 📝 中考真题式例句（可直接用于课堂） 1. We should show our kindness to others.（kind）我们应该对他人展现善意。 2. Happiness comes from hard work.（happy）幸福来源于努力。 💡 解题小技巧（词形转换） 看到括号内是形容词，空格需要名词（空前有冠词 / 物主代词，或者在主语、宾语位置），优先考虑变 -ness。 形容词比较等级 一、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 1. 规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，需先双写这个辅音字母，再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult expensive more difficult more expensive most difficult most expensive 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 注意： (1) 有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加­er和­est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以­ow，­er结尾的词。 (2) 有些形容词没有程度可分，或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，favorite(最爱的)，perfect(完美的)等。 2. 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 注意：elder 不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，仅用于同辈之间的排行，即家庭成员的长幼关系，如：elder sister(姐姐)，elder brother(哥哥) 二、比较级和最高级的标志词 (1) 修饰形容词/副词比较级的词有：rather，much，still，even，far，by far (后置)，a lot，a little，a great deal，a bit, any等。 The students study even harder than before. 学生们甚至比以前学习更努力了。 The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read. 这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。 (2) 最高级可用by far，almost，nearly，one of及序数词修饰，表示程度或顺序。 The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River. 目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的。 (3) 比较级+than... (比......更......) He rises earlier than anyone else in his class. 他比班里其他人都起得早。 (4) less+than 多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词+than... (不如......) This book is less amusing than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。 (5) the+比较级+of (两者中更......的) He is the taller of the two boys.他是两个男孩中较高的。 (6) the+比较级+主语+谓语，the +比较级+主语+谓语（越......就越......） The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少。 易混点：the +最高级，副词最高级前通常不用the . Of all the mobile phones I like this one best. 在所有手机中，我最喜欢这个。 （7）“形容词/副词比较级＋and＋形容词/副词比较级”表示“越来越……” 在“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构中，单音节形容词或副词用“形容词/副词­er＋and＋形容词/副词­er”结构，多音节形容词和副词常用“more and more＋形容词或副词原级”结构。 Things are getting better and better day by day. 情况正在一天天好起来。 It's becoming more and more difficult to find a rewarding job. 找一份令人满意的工作越来越困难了。 （8）否定词与比较级连用表示最高级 I have never heard a better voice. 我从来没有听过比这更好听的声音。 易混点： (1) 类似用法的结构：can't/couldn't ... too＋adj./adv.＝can't/couldn't ... ＋adj./adv.＋enough 表示“无论……也不为过”。 （2）英语中有些词没有比较级，但仍可表示比较级的意思，通常与介词to连用，不与than共同使用，如：senior, junior, superior, inferior等。 一、根据汉语提示完成句子 1．There are ________ (少) students in our class than in yours. 2．Sandy is far ________ (勇敢) than I last saw her. How has she achieved that? 3．I think ________ (没有任何东西) is more important than our health. 4．Everyone hopes the famous actor can ________ (出现) soon. 5．I felt even ________ (更糟的) after taking the medicine. 6．He looks through the ________ (望远镜)to watch the stars. 7．We need ________ (电) in our daily life. 8．The ________ (太阳的) energy gives us light and heat. 9．The ________ (直径) of the sun is much larger than that of the earth. 10．An ________ (小行星) is between the inner and outer planets. 11．The ________ (死亡) of the animal made us sad.    12．We should keep our ________ (责任) to protect the earth.    13．Penguins ________ (主要地) hunt for fish. 14．To make traffic smoother, the government plans to make the main streets ________ (更宽的). 15．The ________ (更深) we dig, the more water we can find. 16．After walking in the rain for an hour, my clothes were much ________ (湿的) than I had expected. 17．The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival for Chinese people, whose celebrations ________ (包括) eating dumplings and visiting family members. 18．He always wears a black ________ (皮带) to match his shoes. 19．Nancy sees the competition as a chance to ______ (证明) herself. 20．She always wonders about the secrets of the ______ (宇宙). 二、用所给单词适当形式填空 21．Two ________ (astronaut) were sent to the space station last month. 22．The ________ (weigh) of the moon is about one-sixth of the earth’s. 23．The rapid ________ (develop) of technology helps us know more about the universe. 24．The ________ (succeed) of Chang’e-5 mission made all Chinese people proud. 25．Air ________ (pollute) is getting worse in some big cities. 26．We need ________ (scientific) methods to study the earth’s structure. 27．The ________ (planet) in our solar system all travel around the Sun. 28．All the spaceships must land ________ (safe) on the earth. 29．It is a great ________ (proud) to be part of the space program. 30．China’s ________ (explore) of Mars has won worldwide attention. 三、单项选择 31．After Kitty made friends with her new classmates, she felt much ________ than before. A．happiest B．happy C．happier D．more happy 32．— It’s necessary to work in groups. — I can’t agree more! It’s even ________ than the score. A．less important B．more important C．the least important D．the most important 33．The new school library is ________ than the old one, and it has thousands of new books. A．much beautiful B．very more beautiful C．more much beautiful D．much more beautiful 34．The Yangtze River is ________ than ________ in China. A．longer; any other river B．more; any other river C．longer; any river D．more; any river 35．The more careful you are, the ________ mistakes you’ll make. A．less B．more C．fewer D．little 36．The ________ you are, the ________ mistakes you will make. A．more careful; fewer B．more careful; less C．more carefully; fewer D．careful; more 37．My classmate Lucy is ________ than any other student in my class. She always studies until midnight. A．more outgoing B．more hard-working C．most outgoing D．most hard-working 38．Jack has ________ free time than Mike, so he has ________ hobbies than Mike. A．fewer; less B．more; fewer C．less; fewer D．fewer; more 39．I stayed up late reading about space last night, ________ I feel very tired today. A．so B．because C．but D．or 40．Carefulness and responsibility play an important role in scientific ________. A．explore B．exploring C．exploration D．explored 4、 完形填空 请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Is there any life in outer space? We may think of the same planet — Mars. Mars is 41 than Earth. It has a diameter of around 6,800 kilometers and Earth’s diameter is around 13,000 kilometers. Mars looks red 42 of its red soil, while most parts of Earth look blue because of its 43 . As a neighbor planet, Mars is farther 44 the Sun than Earth. Mars is about 228 million kilometers away from the Sun, 45 Earth is about 150 million kilometers away. That is 46 Mars is colder than Earth. The temperature on Mars is about -63°C; here on Earth, the temperature is about 14°C 47 average. 48 the two planets have many differences, they have something in common — water. On Mars, there’s a lot of ice under the ground; on Earth, we have water 49 on and under the ground. Mars is waiting for us to explore, 50 so is the universe. 41．A．small B．smaller C．smallest D．more small 42．A．because B．so C．but D．although 43．A．soil B．land C．oceans D．ice 44．A．to B．from C．with D．for 45．A．but B．so C．while D．because 46．A．how B．why C．when D．where 47．A．on B．at C．in D．for 48．A．Because B．So C．Although D．Since 49．A．both B．all C．either D．neither 50．A．but B．or C．and D．nor 五、阅读理解 For many years, people have wanted to find out whether we are the only living things in the universe (宇宙). Some scientists believe that there must be life on other planets because the universe is large. However, finding life on other planets is challenging because planets need a very special environment for life to exist. In the end, while direct evidence (直接证据) of life on other planets has not been found, there are findings that show the possibility of the environment that could support (维持) life. Life needs very special and important conditions (条件), such as water, the right temperature and oxygen. The earth has the perfect conditions for life, and it is very impossible that another planet has the same environment as our earth. What’s more, scientists believe that we don’t have enough facts to prove (证实) if there is life on other planets. They say, “It doesn’t mean that life exists there just because conditions on other planets are similar to those on earth.” For me, although the universe is very big, a planet with life needs very special conditions. The earth has the right conditions for life. I don’t think that any other planets could have the same conditions as the earth. So I do not believe that there is life on other planets. 51．Why do scientists believe it is challenging to find life on other planets? A．Because other planets are too far from the earth. B．Because there are too many planets to search for. C．Because space travel technology is not developed enough. D．Because planets need a special environment for life to exist. 52．What is one of the important things for life according to the text? A．Light. B．Space. C．Water. D．Food. 53．How does the writer start Paragraph 3? A．By showing an idea. B．By asking a question. C．By telling a story. D．By listing a number. 54．What does the writer think of the possibility of life on other planets? A．Hopeful. B．Sad. C．Thankful. D．Negative. 55．What’s the text? A．A poem. B．A report. C．A story. D．A diary. 六、短文填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或填入括号内单词的正确形式。 Do you know 56 (something) about space? We all live on a 57 (planet), and the planet is Earth. When you look up at the sky at night, you can see many 58 (star). The Sun is a star, too. There are eight 59 (planet) going around it. 60 (follow) the two stars on the right, and you can find the North Star. The Big Dipper looks 61 a spoon. Stars can have many 62 (difference) colors, such as white, blue, yellow and red. One star never 63 (appear) at night. It’s the Sun. It’s our 64 (day) star. We can learn a lot about stars 65 a telescope. 七、选词填空 请阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每个词限用一次。 planet, satellite, astronaut, explore, gravity, universe, safe, succeed, besides, launch, develop, curious, report, weightlessness When we look up at the night sky, we are looking at a small part of the huge 66 . For thousands of years, humans have been 67 about the stars and 68 . In 1957, the first man-made 69 was sent into space. Since then, many countries have tried to 70 rockets and send 71 into space. These brave people have experienced 72 and learned how 73 works in space. China has 74 made great progress in space research. 75 sending satellites, we have built our own space station. Scientists continue to 76 the universe to find more secrets. Last week, a scientist came to our school to 77 on Chinese space programs. He told us that ensuring the 78 of astronauts is the top priority. With the 79 of technology, we believe humans will 80 in landing on Mars one day. 八、补全对话 根据下面的对话情景，在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。 A: The night sky is so beautiful. B: Yeah. Look at that really bright star. 81 ? A: Yes, I do. It’s the planet Venus. It is the brightest planet in the solar system. B: 82 ? A: Because it is close to Earth and its clouds are very good at reflecting (反射) light. Venus is the third smallest planet in the solar system. B: 83 ? A: Its diameter is around 12,100 kilometers. B: You know a lot about planets! A: Thanks. 84 . B: An astronomer (天文学家)? That sounds really cool. How are you going to make it happen? A: 85 . B: Great plan. Books are great teachers! I hope your dream can come true. 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $