高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （十九）-2027届高考英语一轮复习专项

高三一轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 Passage 1. 植物的“振动感知”：无需耳朵，也能感知昆虫 Passage 2. 本土绿植：缓解城市热岛效应的优选 Passage 3. “微自然”体验：短暂接触自然即可减压 Passage 4. 海草床：潜力巨大却常被忽视的蓝碳生态系统 Passage 1话题：植物的“振动感知”：无需耳朵，也能感知昆虫 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Many people believe that only animals can detect sounds and vibrations from the surroundings, while plants are passive and unable to sense signals sent by insects. Yet recent laboratory studies show that some plants have developed a special ability to recognize vibrations produced by feeding insects, such as caterpillars. It is not hearing in the traditional sense, since plants have no ears or complex nerve systems. Instead, special cells inside leaves can catch tiny mechanical shakes and immediately trigger chemical defence responses. When a caterpillar bites a leaf, it creates weak but repeated vibrations. Researchers recorded these shaking signals and played them back to other undamaged leaves of the same plant. Surprisingly, the plants produced far more defensive chemicals once they received the vibration signals. These chemicals can make leaf tissue less tasty, or even harmful, to caterpillars. However, the plants would not respond in the same way to vibrations created by wind or other gentle natural movements. That means the plants can effectively tell the difference between insect feeding and ordinary environmental shakes. They are able to tell whether the vibration signals come from a potential threat. Scientists explain that this ability greatly improves the plants’ chances of survival. Instead of releasing energy-costly defensive substances all the time, they save energy and only respond when danger is likely to arrive. Such a targeted defence system is considered a clever evolutionary trick shaped over millions of years. It also changes people’s old understanding that plants cannot actively perceive events around them. 1. What is the new discovery about some plants? A. They can hear sounds with simple nerve cells. B. They can sense insect feeding through vibrations. C. They can produce chemicals to attract helpful insects. D. They can move their leaves to keep caterpillars away. 2. Why don’t plants react to wind vibrations? A. Wind shakes are too weak to be detected. B. Wind is not a threat that requires defence. C. Wind vibrations differ from those caused by feeding insects. D. Wind usually happens when defensive chemicals cannot work. 3. What does the underlined phrase “trigger” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A. stop B. cause C. control D. reduce 4. What can we infer from the passage? A. Plants can judge the type of vibration they receive. B. Most plants have this vibration-sensing ability. C. Caterpillars learn to avoid producing vibrations. D. Traditional ideas about plant perception need updating. Passage 2话题：本土绿植：缓解城市热岛效应的优选 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Cities are usually warmer than nearby rural areas, a well-documented phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. Buildings, roads and concrete surfaces absorb heat strongly during the day and release it slowly once the sun goes down. This slow heat release keeps city temperatures high at night. Planting green vegetation is widely accepted as an effective solution to cool urban spaces. For many years, city planners preferred colourful foreign ornamental plants. These alien species look attractive and can meet the aesthetic requirements of landscape designs. People paid less attention to local native plant communities, considering them less visually impressive. A team of environmental scientists carried out a two-year field test in several downtown blocks. They compared native plant groups with popular imported ornamental species under the same local weather conditions. The result was clear: native plant communities produced stronger cooling effects. One main reason lies in their root systems. Many local plants grow deeper roots that reach underground water. With steady water supply, their leaves keep high water content. Through transpiration, they send large amounts of water vapour into the air, which lowers local temperature. Besides, native plants fit the local climate perfectly. They need less irrigation and can better survive sudden weather changes. This does not mean foreign plants should never be used. The researchers’ suggestion is practical: when heat reduction is a major goal, native plants should be treated as the first choice. Balancing visual beauty, maintenance cost and cooling function will help cities fight rising temperatures more efficiently. 1. What causes the urban heat island effect? A. Heat stored and released by man-made hard surfaces. B. Frequent heavy rainfall in city centres. C. Rapid growth of different ornamental plants. D. Warm winds blowing from neighbouring rural areas. 2. Why do native plants cool the city better in the study? A. They grow faster than imported plants. B. They have deeper roots and better transpiration. C. Their leaves reflect almost all sunlight. D. They require no water to stay alive. 3. What is the researchers’ suggestion? A. Stop using all foreign plants in cities. B. Put cooling performance as a top priority when needed. C. Grow only one kind of native plant together. D. Consider many factors besides cooling when planning green spaces. 4. What can be learned from the text? A. Exotic plants cannot cool urban air at all. B. Native plants always cost more to maintain. C. Landscaping decisions should consider multiple factors. D. The heat island effect can be removed completely by plants. Passage 3话题：“微自然”体验：短暂接触自然即可减压 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 For a long time, researchers believed that people needed long outdoor trips into forests or large parks to reduce stress. New studies focused on “micro-nature”, however, show that even short, small encounters with natural elements can create measurable mental benefits. Micro-nature refers to small natural scenes nearby: a window box of flowers, birds singing outside an office building, a small patch of grass beside a walkway, or a view of tree canopies from a window. People do not need to travel far or spend hours outdoors to experience it. In one controlled experiment, scientists measured cortisol levels, a hormone closely linked with stress. Volunteers were divided into two groups. One group enjoyed a ten-minute break watching a small green plant and listening to recorded bird sounds. The control group rested while watching ordinary office scene videos. The data showed that the micro-nature group had a clear drop in cortisol levels. The effect appeared even when participants stayed indoors. Still, scientists remind us that micro-nature is not a replacement for long outdoor activities. Longer visits to large natural areas usually bring stronger and longer-lasting benefits. This finding carries practical value for city planning and workplace design. In crowded cities where big public parks are limited, designers can add scattered small green spots. Simple changes, such as planting street trees or encouraging window gardens, may help reduce people’s daily stress. It offers a cheap and easy way to improve public mental well-being for urban residents. 1. What does “micro-nature” refer to? A. Small wildlife living inside city parks. B. Tiny plants that can grow indoors without soil. C. Brief, small natural encounters nearby. D. Short videos showing forest scenery. 2. What happened to the volunteers exposed to micro-nature? A. Their stress-related hormone fell. B. They preferred long forest trips afterwards. C. They became more active in social communication. D. Their working speed improved greatly. 3. What is the scientists’ warning about micro-nature? A. It works only for people living in big cities. B. It cannot take the place of longer nature experiences. C. Its effect usually lasts for more than one day. D. It has no influence on people under high pressure. 4. What practical value does the discovery have? A. It guides low-cost ways to improve people’s mental state. B. It proves big city parks are unnecessary. C. It encourages people to move out of crowded cities. D. It gives ideas for city planning and workplace design. Passage 4话题：海草床：潜力巨大却常被忽视的蓝碳生态系统 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 When people talk about carbon storage, they usually think of tropical rainforests on land. Far less public attention is paid to coastal seagrass meadows, which belong to what scientists call “blue carbon” ecosystems. Seagrasses are flowering plants growing underwater along shallow coastlines. They capture carbon dioxide from seawater and the atmosphere and lock carbon deep in the sediment beneath them. Compared with tropical rainforests, seagrass beds can store carbon at a surprisingly high rate. The carbon they fix may remain locked away for centuries, because the muddy underwater sediment contains very little oxygen. Low oxygen slows down the natural decomposition process, so stored carbon is not quickly released back into the air. Sadly, seagrass meadows are disappearing rapidly. Coastal development, water pollution and frequent fishing activities damage these important habitats year by year. Protecting existing seagrass beds and restoring damaged ones can be a powerful tool against climate change. However, blue carbon is not a magic solution that works alone. It should be carried out together with cutting carbon emissions from factories and transport. Scientists also give an important warning. If damaged seagrass beds are disturbed carelessly, the carbon stored underground may escape back into the atmosphere. In that case, these ecosystems will turn from carbon sinks into carbon sources. Therefore, protection must always come before large-scale restoration work. 1. Why are seagrass meadows called blue carbon ecosystems? A. They turn seawater blue by absorbing CO₂. B. They mainly grow in the deep open ocean. C. They produce blue coloured flowers under water. D. They store carbon in coastal underwater environments. 2. Why can carbon stay stored so long in seagrass sediment? A. Seagrass grows all year round. B. Ocean waves keep carrying new carbon. C. The sediment contains little oxygen. D. CO₂ cannot dissolve in coastal seawater. 3. What does the underlined phrase “carbon sinks” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A. carbon storage systems B. carbon producers C. carbon detectors D. carbon exchangers 4. What is the author’s opinion on blue carbon? A. It should work together with emission reduction. B. It can replace rainforests in carbon storage. C. Restoration should start before protection. D. It can stop global warming on its own. 参考答案与详细解析 Passage1：1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D Passage2：1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C Passage3：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D Passage4：1.D 2.C 3.A 4.A Passage1 1. B 定位句：Yet recent laboratory studies show that some plants have developed a special ability to recognize vibrations produced by feeding insects, such as caterpillars. 解析：研究新发现：部分植物可以通过感知昆虫取食产生的振动，感知昆虫。A错，植物没有听觉和神经细胞；C错，文中不是吸引昆虫；D错，原文未提及移动叶片。 2. C 定位句：However, the plants would not respond in the same way to vibrations created by wind or other gentle natural movements. That means the plants can effectively tell the difference between insect feeding and ordinary environmental shakes. 解析：植物可以区分昆虫取食振动和风造成的振动，二者不一样。A、B、D在原文找不到支撑。 3. B 【词义猜测】 定位句：Instead, special cells inside leaves can catch tiny mechanical shakes and immediately trigger chemical defence responses. 解析：trigger 在本句意为“引发，诱发”，和 cause 同义。stop（阻止）；control（控制）；reduce（减少），均不符合语境。 4. D 定位句：It also changes people’s old understanding that plants cannot actively perceive events around them. 解析：推理题。人们以往对植物感知能力的传统认知需要更新。A是原文直接陈述，不属于推断；B无依据；C未提及。 Passage2 1. A 定位句：Buildings, roads and concrete surfaces absorb heat strongly during the day and release it slowly once the sun goes down. This slow heat release keeps city temperatures high at night. 解析：城市热岛成因：建筑、道路等硬质人工地表吸收、储存并缓慢释放热量。B、C、D不是成因。 2. B 定位句：One main reason lies in their root systems. Many local plants grow deeper roots that reach underground water. With steady water supply, their leaves keep high water content. Through transpiration, they send large amounts of water vapour into the air, which lowers local temperature. 解析：本土植物根系更深，蒸腾作用更强，降温效果更好。A、C、D和原文不符。 3. D 定位句：Balancing visual beauty, maintenance cost and cooling function will help cities fight rising temperatures more efficiently. 解析：规划城市绿植时，除降温之外，还需要兼顾美观、维护成本等多重因素。A绝对化；B是研究者的建议，但不是本题答案；C文中没有。 4. C 定位句：This does not mean foreign plants should never be used. The researchers’ suggestion is practical: when heat reduction is a major goal, native plants should be treated as the first choice. Balancing visual beauty, maintenance cost and cooling function… 解析：主旨推断，城市绿化规划要综合考量多种因素。A、D表述绝对；B无依据。 Passage3 1. C 定位句：Micro-nature refers to small natural scenes nearby: a window box of flowers, birds singing outside an office building, a small patch of grass beside a walkway, or a view of tree canopies from a window. 解析：micro-nature指身边短暂、小型的自然接触。A、B、D定义错误。 2. A 定位句：The data showed that the micro-nature group had a clear drop in cortisol levels. 解析：皮质醇是压力相关激素，实验组的皮质醇水平下降。B、C、D文中没有提到。 3. B 定位句：Still, scientists remind us that micro-nature is not a replacement for long outdoor activities. 解析：科学家提醒：微自然体验不能替代长时间置身自然。A、C、D和原文信息相反。 4. D 定位句：This finding carries practical value for city planning and workplace design. 解析：这项研究可以为城市规划、办公环境设计提供思路。A属于干扰，研究不是直接提供低成本方案，而是为规划提供思路；B、C明显错误。 Passage4 1. D 定位句：Far less public attention is paid to coastal seagrass meadows, which belong to what scientists call “blue carbon” ecosystems. Seagrasses are flowering plants growing underwater along shallow coastlines. They capture carbon dioxide from seawater and the atmosphere and lock carbon deep in the sediment beneath them. 解析：海草床被称为蓝碳生态，是因为它们在近海水下环境储存碳。A、B、C描述有误。 2. C 定位句：The carbon they fix may remain locked away for centuries, because the muddy underwater sediment contains very little oxygen. Low oxygen slows down the natural decomposition process. 解析：沉积物含氧量低，分解过程变慢，碳可以长期封存。A、B、D不是原因。 3. A 【词义猜测】 定位句：In that case, these ecosystems will turn from carbon sinks into carbon sources. 解析：carbon sinks 碳汇，即储碳系统。A. carbon storage systems（储碳系统） B. carbon producers（碳产出者）C. carbon detectors（碳探测器） D. carbon exchangers（碳交换器） 4. A 定位句：However, blue carbon is not a magic solution that works alone. It should be carried out together with cutting carbon emissions from factories and transport. 解析：作者观点：蓝碳固碳要配合减排，不能单独解决气候问题。B、D过于绝对；C顺序写反。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $