高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （十五） -2027届高考英语一轮复习专项

高三一轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 Passage 1 话题：航天｜中国编制新一代智能化全火星地质图 Passage 2 话题：海洋科学｜万米海沟发现全新海底生物类群“石茸” Passage 3 话题：能源｜交流电海水直接电解制氢实现技术突破 Passage 4 话题：航天生理｜地星三号地面卧床模拟登月失重实验 Passage 1 话题：航天｜中国编制新一代智能化全火星地质图 China has accumulated large amounts of image data from its Tianwen series of Mars exploration missions. Chinese planetary scientists are carrying out a project to produce the world’s first fully intelligent global geological map of Mars, scheduled to be completed by the end of 2028. Previous global maps of Mars mostly depended on remote‑sensing pictures from orbiters. They offered outer surface features but lacked solid evidence from direct ground detection. China’s Zhurong rover has already proved that large‑scale ancient oceans existed on Mars 3.5 billion years ago. This newly collected on‑site information will serve as important raw material for the upcoming map. The intelligent geological map will set up a Chinese‑standard time division system for Mars geological history. Besides supporting landing‑site selection for the Tianwen‑3 mission, it will also provide a useful template for geological mapping of the Moon and minor planets. Researchers point out that a planetary geological map is far more than a simple location chart. It combines orbital data and in‑situ measurements to reconstruct how the planet evolved billions of years ago. Though advanced artificial‑intelligence tools speed up data processing, human experts still play an irreplaceable role in judging complex geological evidence. The final product is expected to refresh public understanding of Mars and benefit global planetary research. 28. What material will Zhurong rover’s findings supply for the new Mars map? A. Historical records of ancient human activities B. First‑hand ground‑detecting evidence C. Improved orbital remote‑sensing equipment D. Complete data of minor‑planet movements 29. What can we infer about the new intelligent Mars geological map? A. It only focuses on Mars’ present‑day surface scenery. B. It will be finished shortly after Tianwen‑3 lands on Mars. C. It can offer reference for mapping other space bodies. D. Artificial intelligence alone will finish the whole task. 30. The underlined word “reconstruct” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ____. A. restore B. replace C. restrict D. reject 31. What is the main idea of the text? A. The great achievements of the Zhurong Mars rover B. China’s plan to build an intelligent global Mars geological map C. Different countries’ competing standards for Mars research D. Major difficulties facing deep‑space exploration technology Passage 2 话题：海洋科学｜万米海沟发现全新海底生物类群“石茸” For a long time, scientists held the belief that the deepest ocean trenches were covered mainly with soft muddy deposits. Hard rock walls under extreme depth seldom supported rich lives. A Chinese deep‑sea research team has overturned part of this traditional view after field investigations in seven ocean trenches. While conducting deep‑sea sampling, researchers discovered large numbers of tiny millimeter‑sized creatures named “shirong” growing on rocky trench walls. They belong to a completely new biological group unknown to science before. The creature density there turned out surprisingly high, far beyond researchers’ earlier expectations. Technical limitations once blocked such discoveries. Most traditional deep‑sea sampling devices were designed to collect soft mud samples. They could hardly gather biological samples sticking firmly onto steep rock surfaces. New improved sampling tools made this breakthrough possible. The finding reminds researchers that deep‑sea ecosystems are more complicated than previously imagined. Even under crushing water pressure and total darkness, hard‑rock habitats can shelter unique lives. Further studies will focus on how these tiny creatures survive extreme surroundings and what roles they play in deep‑sea material circulation. Such researches will reshape human knowledge about the limit of life on Earth. 28. What was scientists’ former understanding of deep‑sea trenches? A. Rocky walls held various unknown creatures. B. Soft mud made up most of the trench bottom. C. Rich lives existed widely on steep rock surfaces. D. Creature density in trenches was constantly rising. 29. Why was the new‑group creature not found in earlier researches? A. Researchers paid no attention to ocean‑trench projects. B. Sea water pressure destroyed most living samples quickly. C. Old equipment failed to collect samples from hard rock walls. D. These creatures only multiplied in recent decades. 30. The underlined word “crushing” in Paragraph 4 means ____. A. mild B. slight C. powerful D. changeable 31. What does the text mainly talk about? A. A new deep‑sea biological discovery made by Chinese scientists B. Different sampling methods used in worldwide ocean research C. The living habits of common deep‑sea creatures D. Environmental protection measures for ocean trenches Passage 3 话题：能源｜交流电海水直接电解制氢实现技术突破 Producing green hydrogen directly from seawater has long been an attractive goal for clean‑energy researchers. Yet a tough technical barrier has limited its practical application. When traditional direct‑current equipment works with seawater, various impurities in seawater tend to settle on electrodes. The accumulated deposits will lower efficiency and finally damage devices. Chinese researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have come up with a creative solution. Instead of using direct current, they apply alternating‑current power to drive seawater electrolysis. This new method can prevent impurity deposits from forming on electrodes from the source. Therefore, seawater can be turned into green hydrogen without complex pre‑treatment processes. The technology is still being improved from laboratory experiments toward large‑scale real‑world use. Researchers expect coastal factories to make good use of leftover industrial heat together with this technique. It will greatly cut down the production cost of green hydrogen. Green hydrogen is regarded as a promising part of the future low‑carbon energy system. It can store clean energy and serve heavy‑industry demands. Still, scientists remind the public not to overestimate present performance. Plenty of engineering challenges remain before massive commercial spread of this seawater‑hydrogen technology. 28. What is the main trouble for traditional seawater‑to‑hydrogen equipment? A. Seawater lacks necessary chemical elements for hydrogen production. B. Impurities form deposits and harm working electrodes. C. Direct‑current power cannot produce any hydrogen gas. D. Coastal areas cannot supply enough cooling water. 29. What can we learn about the alternating‑current seawater‑electrolysis technique? A. It requires complex pre‑treatment for raw seawater. B. It has already achieved large‑scale commercial application. C. It avoids electrode deposits through new power‑supply mode. D. It totally depends on solar energy from coastal power stations. 30. The underlined word “promising” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ____. A. hopeless B. potential C. permanent D. primitive 31. What is the best title for the passage? A. A new technical breakthrough in seawater direct hydrogen production B. Different ways of storing clean energy in modern industries C. Advantages of direct‑current power in energy research D. Future difficulties of global low‑carbon economic development Passage 4 话题：航天生理｜地星三号地面卧床模拟登月失重实验 Real space‑flight experiments cost huge resources and carry safety risks. To collect human‑body data under low‑gravity conditions, Chinese space medical researchers carry out ground‑simulation projects. The Dixing‑3 long‑term bed‑rest simulation experiment has recently been finished in China, preparing data support for future manned moon‑landing missions. Volunteers took part in long‑term strict bed‑rest tests. Lying in special positions, their physical conditions imitated human responses under lunar low gravity. Researchers recorded continuous changes of volunteers’ bones, muscles and cardiovascular systems. In space‑flight environment, weightlessness will cause bone loss and muscle decline, which threaten astronauts’ health during long‑time lunar stays. Based on data collected from Dixing‑3, experts test and optimize physical protection plans for astronauts. These protective measures aim to reduce body damage caused by low‑gravity surroundings. It should be noted that ground‑simulation experiments cannot copy space conditions completely. Certain differences exist between bed‑rest results and real‑space performance. Even with such limits, ground‑based simulation remains a vital tool for manned deep‑space exploration. It helps researchers get large amounts of human‑subject data without sending numerous volunteers into space. The experiment’s output will offer solid reference for China’s following lunar‑surface residence tasks. 28. What is the purpose of the Dixing‑3 bed‑rest experiment? A. To train astronauts for long‑distance space walking B. To gain human‑body data under simulated low‑gravity conditions C. To test new living equipment on the surface of the moon D. To study mental pressure from long‑term space travel 29. What warning do researchers give about ground‑simulation tests? A. They cannot fully copy real‑space physical surroundings. B. Volunteers suffer the same bone loss as real‑world astronauts. C. Such experiments will replace most future space‑flight tests. D. They consume more resources than actual space missions. 30. The underlined word “vital” in the last paragraph means ____. A. optional B. original C. essential D. ordinary 31. What is the main theme of the text? A. Health risks faced by astronauts in real‑space flights B. How ground‑simulation experiments support China’s lunar‑exploration plans C. Different ways to treat bone loss for ordinary patients D. Major achievements of China’s historical manned‑space programs 参考答案与详细解析 Passage 1（智能化火星地质图） 答案：28.B 29.C 30.A 31.B 解析 28.【细节理解】定位第二段“This newly collected on‑site information will serve as important raw material”。祝融号提供来自火星地表实地探测一手证据。A人类历史记录无；C轨道设备不是祝融号产出；D小行星运动数据未提及。故选B。 29.【推理判断】定位第三段“provide a useful template for geological mapping of the Moon and minor planets”，该火星地质图可为月球、小行星制图提供参考。A只关注地表景观错误；B天问三号着陆后才完成，时序颠倒；D人工智能单独完成，与尾段“human experts still play an irreplaceable role”相反。故选C。 30.【词义猜测】reconstruct 此处意为“还原、重现”，对应restore。replace替换；restrict限制；reject拒绝。故选A。 31.【主旨大意】全文介绍中国编制新一代智能化全球火星地质图的项目、方法与科研价值。A只讲祝融号，片面；C各国标准竞争无原文；D深空探测困难不是文章中心。故选B。 Passage 2（万米海沟新生物类群“石茸”） 答案：28.B 29.C 30.C 31.A 解析 28.【细节理解】定位第一段“scientists held the belief that the deepest ocean trenches were covered mainly with soft muddy deposits”，过去科学界认为海沟底部大多为软泥。A、C是新发现，不是旧认知；D生物密度持续上升无依据。故选B。 29.【细节理解】定位第三段“Most traditional deep‑sea sampling devices…could hardly gather biological samples sticking firmly onto steep rock surfaces”。老式设备无法采集坚硬岩壁附着物样本。A科研人员不关注海沟、B水压快速摧毁样本、D生物近几十年才繁衍，原文均不支持。故选C。 30.【词义猜测】crushing water pressure 指海洋深处巨大水压，crushing意为“强大的、压倒性的”，对应powerful。mild温和的；slight轻微的；changeable多变的。故选C。 31.【主旨大意】文章介绍中国科研团队在万米海沟发现全新生物类群这一海洋科研突破。B采样方法、C普通深海生物习性、D海沟保护措施均为局部信息，不是主旨。故选A。 Passage 3（交流电海水直接电解制氢） 答案：28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 解析 28.【细节理解】定位第一段“When traditional direct‑current equipment works with seawater, various impurities in seawater tend to settle on electrodes. The accumulated deposits will lower efficiency and finally damage devices”。传统设备痛点：海水中杂质沉淀，损坏电极。A海水缺少制氢元素错误；C直流电完全不能产氢过于绝对；D缺少冷却水无依据。故选B。 29.【细节理解】定位第二段“they apply alternating‑current power to drive seawater electrolysis. This new method can prevent impurity deposits from forming on electrodes from the source”。交流电新模式从根源避免电极沉淀。A需要复杂预处理，与原文“without complex pre‑treatment”相反；B已经大规模商用，和第四段“still being improved from laboratory experiments”矛盾；D完全依靠沿海太阳能无原文支撑。故选C。 30.【词义猜测】promising 意为“有前景的、有潜力的”，对应potential。hopeless无望的；permanent永久的；primitive原始的。故选B。 31.【主旨标题】全文围绕海水直接制氢的新技术突破展开。B储能方式、C直流电优势、D低碳发展困难，都偏离文章核心对象。故选A。 Passage 4（地星三号地面卧床模拟登月失重实验） 答案：28.B 29.A 30.C 31.B 解析 28.【细节理解】定位第一段“To collect human‑body data under low‑gravity conditions, Chinese space medical researchers carry out ground‑simulation projects. The Dixing‑3 long‑term bed‑rest simulation experiment has recently been finished”。实验目的是采集模拟低重力环境下人体数据。A太空行走训练、C月球表面设备测试、D太空心理压力研究，均不是实验目的。故选B。 29.【细节理解】定位第三段“It should be noted that ground‑simulation experiments cannot copy space conditions completely”。地面模拟不能完全复刻真实太空环境。B志愿者骨骼损耗和航天员完全一致无依据；C将取代大部分太空实验，D消耗资源高于真实太空任务，原文未提及。故选A。 30.【词义猜测】vital意为“至关重要的”，对应essential。optional可选择的；original原始的；ordinary普通的。故选C。 31.【主旨大意】文章说明地面卧床模拟实验如何为中国月球探测计划提供人体生理数据支撑。A航天员真实太空健康风险只是背景；C普通病人骨流失治疗、D中国载人航天历史成就，不是文章主题。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $