高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （十四）-2027届高考英语一轮复习专项

高三 一轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 Passage 1 话题：古生物学｜科罗拉多化石群揭秘恐龙灭绝之后哺乳动物的复苏 Passage 2 话题：古海洋气候｜微体化石揭示远古海洋酸化大灭绝事件 Passage 3 话题：海洋生态学｜海洋微光带温度控制全球海洋碳循环 Passage 4 话题：仿生材料科学｜科学家借鉴珊瑚骨骼研发低碳新型建筑水泥 Passage 1 话题：古生物学｜科罗拉多化石群揭秘恐龙灭绝之后哺乳动物的复苏 Sixty‑six million years ago, a huge asteroid hit our planet, wiping out nearly three‑quarters of earth’s species, including most dinosaurs. For more than a century, scientists have been puzzled about how mammals survived the global disaster and gradually multiplied in the following millions of years. Most available evidence only came from scattered single teeth or broken jaw bones, which could not offer a complete picture of early mammal recovery. Recently, American geologists discovered an extraordinary fossil treasure trove in Colorado. Buried in fine‑grained sedimentary rock, abundant well‑preserved mammal skulls, bones and plant remains were unearthed. These fossils date back to the first one million years right after the asteroid strike, recording real‑life scenes of the post‑disaster world. By carefully analyzing the fossil samples, the research team drew clear conclusions. Immediately after the mass extinction, mammals were small‑sized. They fed mainly on insects and plant seeds. As plants recovered step by step, mammals gained more food choices. Within several hundred thousand years, their body sizes grew noticeably, and new species appeared one after another. Nevertheless, researchers remind us not to over‑estimate the speed of this progress. The whole recovery process was far from rapid. It went through repeated ups and downs, closely tied to the rebound of local plant communities. Without the revival of global vegetation, mammals could hardly expand their populations on a large scale. 28. What confused scientists for a long time? A. Why the asteroid crashed into the earth. B. How mammals recovered after dinosaurs died out. C. What caused dinosaurs’ huge body size. D. Where ancient mammals built their homes. 29. What was the disadvantage of the former fossil evidence? A. It was incomplete and scattered. B. It was completely destroyed by rocks. C. It belonged to plant remains only. D. It could not be dated by modern equipment. 30. What does the underlined word “treasure trove” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. a hidden collection of valuable items B. a high‑mountain wildlife reserve C. an ancient animal migration route D. a deep underground water system 31. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Mammals recovered at an amazingly high speed. B. Plant revival greatly influenced mammal population growth. C. Mammals grew into huge sizes right after the disaster. D. Climate change slowed down the disappearance of dinosaurs. Passage 2 话题：古海洋气候｜微体化石揭示远古海洋酸化大灭绝事件 For ordinary people, tiny shell‑building ocean organisms called foraminifera are barely noticeable. Yet for geologists, these micro‑fossils serve as reliable archives of ancient ocean conditions. Their shells keep chemical information of seawater from millions of years ago, making it possible for scientists to rebuild ancient marine environments. A research team from Northwestern University carried out in‑depth research on 113‑million‑year‑old micro‑fossils collected from the southern Indian Ocean. The study showed that massive volcanic eruptions released huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As seawater took in extra carbon dioxide, ocean acidification became increasingly serious. Under such harsh conditions, countless foraminifera failed to build solid calcium‑carbonate shells. Their population dropped sharply, bringing about one of the biggest extinction waves of these tiny creatures in the Cretaceous period. In the past, scientists only guessed this chain of events in theory. The chemical data inside micro‑shells now supplies solid real‑world proof for the volcanic‑driven ocean‑acidification theory. The research carries practical modern‑day value as well. Nowadays, human activities are still pumping large quantities of carbon dioxide into the air. Learning lessons from this ancient extinction case helps scientists predict how modern marine life will respond to ongoing ocean acidification. 28. Why do scientists study foraminifera micro‑fossils? A. To find out new species of modern ocean creatures. B. To get chemical information of ancient seawater. C. To measure the depth of present‑day oceans. D. To work out the exact age of volcanic mountains. 29. What directly caused the ancient foraminifera extinction? A. Frequent ocean earthquakes. B. Sharp fall of seawater temperature. C. Serious ocean acidification. D. Massive disappearance of sea grass. 30. What was the previous situation of the relevant theory? A. It lacked real‑world factual evidence. B. It had already been widely accepted by the public. C. It was proved by many large animal fossils. D. It was completely denied by geologists. 31. What is the modern‑day value of the study? A. It guides people to reduce volcanic activities. B. It helps judge influences of present‑day ocean acidification. C. It offers new methods to raise marine creatures in labs. D. It predicts when the next volcanic eruption will take place. Passage 3 话题：海洋生态学｜海洋微光带温度控制全球海洋碳循环 The ocean’s twilight zone lies roughly 200‑1000 meters below the sea surface. Sunlight can only partly reach this underwater layer. Huge numbers of plankton live in this special zone, forming a key link of the global marine biological carbon pump. Surface plankton take in carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. When they die, their remains sink down to deep waters, carrying carbon away from the atmosphere. European ocean scientists spent 15 million‑year climate records analyzing the operating rules of this carbon pump. They found that water temperature plays a decisive part. At higher temperatures, bacteria break down sinking organic remains much faster. Most carbon gets released back into seawater before it reaches the deep sea. When ocean temperature drops, decomposition slows down greatly. More carbon can be permanently locked in deep‑sea sediments. Over millions of years, global ocean cooling greatly improved the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. More food was delivered to deep‑water living things. This change gave rise to brand‑new ecological niches, driving the rapid evolution of various deep‑sea plankton species. Today, global ocean temperatures are rising again due to human‑caused global warming. If seawater keeps getting warmer, the ocean’s carbon‑locking ability may weaken. As a result, less carbon will be stored at the bottom of the ocean, and more carbon dioxide will stay in the atmosphere, further speeding up climate warming. 28. What is the main function of the ocean twilight‑zone biological carbon pump? A. To transport seawater from the deep sea to the surface. B. To move carbon from the atmosphere toward deep‑sea layers. C. To produce large amounts of oxygen for sea‑surface fish. D. To prevent plankton from sinking into deep waters. 29. What will happen when seawater temperature goes up? A. Organic remains break down at a faster rate. B. More carbon is locked in deep‑sea sediments. C. Deep‑sea plankton species multiply immediately. D. The twilight zone becomes much deeper. 30. What does the discovery of the 15‑million‑year records indicate? A. Ocean cooling improved the carbon pump’s efficiency. B. Plankton hardly changed during long‑term cooling. C. Temperature has little influence on ocean carbon movement. D. All deep‑sea species disappeared in cold periods. 31. What is the author’s attitude toward the future carbon‑locking ability of oceans? A. Fully optimistic B. Unconcerned C. Warned and objective D. Completely hopeless Passage 4 话题：仿生材料科学｜科学家借鉴珊瑚骨骼研发低碳新型建筑水泥 Traditional cement production serves as the foundation of modern construction industry. However, the high‑temperature manufacturing process releases massive carbon dioxide. Statistics show that cement‑making alone accounts for roughly 8 percent of global human‑caused carbon emissions. For decades, material scientists have been searching for greener, low‑carbon substitutes. Observing natural coral reefs gives researchers fresh inspiration. Corals build hard solid skeletons at normal sea‑water temperature, without high‑temperature burning. They draw calcium and carbonate elements directly out of surrounding seawater, and turn these dissolved chemicals into firm solid structures. The whole biological mineral‑forming process hardly produces extra greenhouse gases. Research teams in Switzerland copied this natural biological mechanism. They created a brand‑new bio‑inspired cement material. Unlike traditional cement, the new material can harden under normal‑temperature conditions, with carbon‑emission levels sharply cut down. In lab tests, its strength is close to that of ordinary commercial building cement. Even so, the new material still faces real‑world challenges. At present, its production speed is relatively slow, and mass‑manufacturing technology has not been fully worked out. Scientists point out that it cannot completely replace traditional cement in the short run. Still, the coral‑mimicking method opens up a promising direction for low‑carbon building‑material development in the long run. 28. What is the major environmental shortcoming of traditional cement production? A. It consumes too much fresh water resource. B. It releases large amounts of carbon dioxide. C. It requires rare minerals which are hard to get. D. It produces poisonous waste gas all year round. 29. Where do corals get raw materials to build their skeletons? A. From sand on the seabed. B. From chemical elements in seawater. C. From dead ocean plankton. D. From volcanic ash under the ocean floor. 30. What advantage does the bio‑inspired new material have? A. It hardens at normal temperature. B. It has already been mass‑produced worldwide. C. It is far stronger than any other building material. D. It costs nothing during the whole production. 31. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Coral Reefs: The Most Famous Under‑water Scenic Spot B. Traditional Cement: History of Global Construction Industry C. Drawing Nature’s Lessons to Develop Low‑carbon Building Material D. How Marine Organisms Survive Changing Ocean Temperatures 参考答案与详细解析 Passage 1 28. B 细节理解题。根据第一段“Scientists have been puzzled about how mammals survived the global disaster and gradually multiplied”可知，长期困扰科学家的问题是恐龙灭绝之后哺乳动物如何复苏繁衍。A小行星撞击原因、C恐龙体型成因、D哺乳动物栖息地，原文均未提及。 29. A 细节理解题。第一段“Most available evidence only came from scattered single teeth or broken jaw bones”，以往的化石证据零散、不完整。B已全部损毁、C只有植物化石、D设备无法测定年代，与原文信息不符。 30. A 词义猜测题。treasure trove本义为“宝库、大量珍藏”，此处指一大批保存完好的化石富集地，对应“一批珍贵藏品”。B野生动物保护区、C动物迁徙通道、D地下水系统，均与语境无关。 31. B 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The whole recovery process … closely tied to the rebound of local plant communities”可推知，植物的恢复极大影响哺乳动物种群扩张。A哺乳动物恢复速度极快，与原文“far from rapid”相反；C灾难之后立刻长成巨型动物，原文未提到；D气候变化加速恐龙灭亡，无依据。 Passage 2 28. B 细节理解题。第一段“Their shells keep chemical information of seawater from millions of years ago”，科学家研究微体化石，目的是获取远古海水的化学信息。A寻找现代海洋新物种、C测量现代海洋深度、D测定火山年代，均非研究目的。 29. C 细节理解题。第二段‑第三段，火山排放大量二氧化碳，海水酸化，导致有孔虫大规模灭绝，直接诱因是海洋酸化。A海洋地震、B海水骤冷、D海草大量消失，文中没有相关信息。 30. A 细节理解题。第三段“In the past, scientists only guessed this chain of events in theory”，过去该链条仅仅停留在理论猜测层面，缺少真实实物证据。B早已被公众广泛接受、C已经被大型动物化石证实、D被地质学家完全否定，与原文相悖。 31. B 细节理解题。末段“Learning lessons from this ancient extinction case helps scientists predict how modern marine life will respond to ongoing ocean acidification”，这项研究的现代价值，是帮助判断当代海洋酸化带来的影响。A指导人类减少火山活动、C实验室养殖海洋生物新方法、D预测下一次火山爆发时间，属于无中生有。 Passage 3 28. B 细节理解题。第一段“carrying carbon away from the atmosphere”，海洋微光带生物碳泵，把大气中的碳输送到深海储存。A把深层海水输送到海面、C为表层鱼类制造氧气、D阻止浮游生物下沉，与原文概念不符。 29. A 细节理解题。第二段“At higher temperatures, bacteria break down sinking organic remains much faster”，海水温度升高，有机质分解速度加快。B更多碳封存深海，是水温降低时的现象；C深海浮游生物立刻大量繁殖、D微光带深度大幅增加，原文没有提及。 30. A 细节理解题。第三段“global ocean cooling greatly improved the efficiency of the biological carbon pump”，千万年的气候记录表明海洋变冷会提升碳泵工作效率。B变冷期间浮游生物几乎无变化；C温度对海洋碳循环几乎无影响；D寒冷时期所有深海物种消失，表述明显错误。 31. C 观点态度题。末段说明如果持续变暖，海洋固碳能力会减弱，进一步加剧气候变暖。作者客观陈述风险，态度带有警示意味，客观理性。A完全乐观、B漠不关心、D彻底绝望，均不符合行文基调。 Passage 4 28. B 细节理解题。第一段“the high‑temperature manufacturing process releases massive carbon dioxide”，传统水泥生产最大环境弊端是排放大量二氧化碳。A消耗大量淡水、C稀有原料难以获取、D常年释放有毒废气，文中并未提到。 29. B 细节理解题。第二段“They draw calcium and carbonate elements directly out of surrounding seawater”，珊瑚直接从海水中汲取化学元素构建骨骼。A海底沙子、C死亡浮游生物、D海底火山灰，均不是原料来源。 30. A 细节理解题。第三段“the new material can harden under normal‑temperature conditions”，仿生新材料可以常温固化。B已经实现全球量产，与文末“mass‑manufacturing technology has not been fully worked out”相反；C强度超过所有建筑材料，文中只说接近普通水泥；D生产过程零成本，原文没有相关表述。 31. C 主旨大意题。全文以珊瑚造骨为灵感，介绍一种低碳新型建筑材料。A珊瑚礁观光景点，偏离主题；B传统水泥建筑工业史，只是引子；D海洋生物如何适应温度变化，与文章无关。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $