考前押题04 六选四6大常考话题（期中专项训练）高二英语上学期沪外版

考前押题04六选四6大常考话题 话题1方法和策略（常考点） 话题2个人经历 话题3科普知识（难点） 话题4社会问题与社会现象（难点） 话题5市场经济 话题6文化与节日 1.读首尾，抓主旨 只读文章首段、每段第一句，搞懂文章讲什么。选项先不细看。 2.看空的位置，判断作用 -段首：大概率是主旨/总起句，概括整段 -段中：细节、过渡句，看前后句逻辑 -段尾：总结、承上启下 3.先易后难，做完通读检查 一眼能确定的先选；纠结的空先跳过，利用后文线索回头做；全部填完读一遍，看语义顺不顺。 话题1方法与策略（共3篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海控江中学・期中） How good are you at saying“no”?For many,it’s surprisingly difficult.1 Consider these scenes: It’s late in the day.That front-page package you’ve been working on is nearly complete;one last edit and it’s finished.Then enters the executive editor,who makes a suggestion requiring a more-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box.You want to scream:“No!It’s done!”What do you do? The first rule of saying no to the boss is“don’t say no.”2 The second rule is“don’t raise the risks by challenging his authority.”That issue is already decided.The third rule is“to be ready to cite options and consequences.”The boss’s suggestions might be appropriate,but there are always consequences.He might not know about the pages backing up that need attention,or about the designer who had to go home sick.Tell him he can have what he wants,but explain the consequences.Understand what he’s trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what you’ve done so far. Here’s another case.Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea.3 If you say no,even politely,you risk holding back further ideas,not just from that reporter,but from others who heard that you turned down the idea.This case is common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter(过滤)story suggestions. Two steps are necessary.First,you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed.Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair hearing.Your natural reaction and strong rejection,even of a worthless idea,might not qualify as systematic or fair. Second,the people you work with need to negotiate a“What if…?”agreement covering“What if my idea is turned down?”How are people expected to react?Is there an appeal process?Can they perfect the idea and resubmit it?4 A．This one should be easy,but it’s not. B．Successful negotiators always look at the situation from the other side’s perspective. C．He probably has something in mind when he makes suggestions,and it’s up to you to find out what. D．This is especially true of editors,who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do. E．Be kind and give him positive feedback before your refusal and be specific about what you do like or appreciate about him. F．By anticipating“What if…?”situations before they happen,you can reach understanding and it will help ease you out of conflicts. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕“如何有效说‘不’”展开，通过职场案例分析拒绝的难点，并提出具体解决策略。 【详解】1．前文“How good are you at saying“no”?For many,it’s surprisingly difficult.(你有多擅长说“不”？对许多人来说，这是非常困难的。)”提到很多人觉得说“不”很难，后文“Consider these scenes(考虑以下场景)”引出围绕编辑的职场场景的案例，此处需要一个过渡句，解释为什么说“不”很难，并引出后面的例子，因此D项“This is especially true of editors,who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do.(对于编辑来说尤其如此，他们天生就热衷于参与他们所做的一切。)”符合语境，指向编辑这一群体，点明其天性难以说“不”，承前启后。故选D。 2．前文“The first rule of saying no to the boss is“don’t say no.”(对老板说“不”的第一条规则是“不要说不”。)”指出拒绝老板的第一条规则，后文“The second rule is“don’t raise the risks by challenging his authority.”That issue is already decided.The third rule is“to be ready to cite options and consequences.”The boss’s suggestions might be appropriate,but there are always consequences.(第二条规则是“不要通过挑战他的权威来增加风险。”这个问题已经决定了。第三条规则是“准备好列举各种选择和后果”。老板的建议可能是恰当的，但总会有后果。)”紧接着给出第二条和第三条规则及对应的理由，此处需要补充说明第一条规则的原因，因此C项“He probably has something in mind when he makes suggestions,and it’s up to you to find out what.(他提建议时可能有自己的想法，而你需要弄清楚他的意图。)”符合语境，解释了为何不要直接拒绝，承接前文，其中的He指代前文的the boss。故选C。 3．前文“Here’s another case.Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea.(这是另一个例子。你最不喜欢的记者提出了一个愚蠢的故事点子。)”引入最讨厌的记者提愚蠢故事点子的场景，后文“If you say no,even politely,you risk holding back further ideas,not just from that reporter,but from others who heard that you turned down the idea.(如果你说“不”，即使是礼貌地说，你也有可能阻止更多的想法，不仅是那个记者，还有那些听说你拒绝了这个想法的人。)”讨论直接拒绝可能扼杀其他记者的想法，此处需要说明拒绝的困难，因此A项“This one should be easy,but it’s not.(这看起来应该很容易，但实际上并非如此。)”符合语境，点明这种情境下拒绝也很难，承前启后。故选A。 4．前文“Second,the people you work with need to negotiate a“What if…?”agreement covering“What if my idea is turned down?”How are people expected to react?Is there an appeal process?Can they perfect the idea and resubmit it?(其次，和你一起工作的人需要协商一个“如果……怎么办？”的协议，包括“如果我的想法被拒绝了怎么办？”人们会有什么反应？有申诉程序吗？他们能否完善创意并重新提交？)”讨论如何协商被拒之后做法的协议，此处需要一个总结句，强调提前规划这些情景的好处，因此F项“By anticipating“What if…?”situations before they happen,you can reach understanding and it will help ease you out of conflicts.(通过在事情发生之前预测“如果……会怎么样？”的情况，你可以达成谅解，这将有助于缓解你的冲突。)”符合语境，总结前文预测的意义，承接前文。故选F。 Passage 2 （2425高二上・上海格致中学・期中） The art of academic writing is not easy to master.5 Academic writing is the skilful exposition and explanation of an argument,which the writer has carefully researched and developed over a sustained period of time.6 But the joy of reading and sharing with others,one’s succinctly composed piece of argument,is incomparable. Before beginning to write,the writer must ask himself a few questions–Why am I writing?What is it that I intend to share with others?What purpose will my writing serve?Have I read enough about the topic or theme about which I am going to write?7 Because academic writing is a serious activity–it makes one part of a shared community of readers and writers who wish to disseminate and learn from well-argued pieces of writing. The structure of an argumentative essay should take the form of–Introduction(which should be around ten percent of the entire essay),Body(it should constitute eighty percent of the piece)and the Conclusion(again,ten per cent of the essay).8 The body should include cogent and coherently linked paragraphs and the conclusion should re-state the argument and offer a substantial ending to the piece. A．These questions may well get clearer and clearer during the process of academic writing. B．The introduction should function as the hook which draws the reader in and holds his attention. C．It is a formal skill,which requires precision and accuracy,and is perfected by continuous and dedicated practice. D．If one is hesitant to answer even one of the aforementioned questions,one had better not write at all! E．It may take one a considerable period of time to know the skills of academic writing,even long after his/her college graduation. F．It is a time-consuming activity and demands patience and perseverance. 【答案】5．C 6．F 7．D 8．B 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何掌握论文写作艺术的几点建议。 【详解】5．根据本空前的“The art of academic writing is not easy to master.”可知，论文写作的艺术很难掌握，此处应该介绍论文写作难以掌握的原因，C项中的It指代的就是academic writing，故C项（它是一种正式的技能，需要精确和准确，并通过持续和专门的时间来完善）符合语境。 6．根据本空前的“which the writer has carefully researched and developed over a sustained period of time.”可知，论文写作需要作者进行长期的认真研究，此处说的应该还是和花费时间有关的内容，的故F项（这是一项耗时的活动，需要耐心和毅力）符合语境。 7．本空前提到了一系列的问题，此处承接上文，讲的还是关于那些问题的内容，D项中的the aforementioned questions正好与前面提到的问题相对应，故D项（如果一个人对回答上述任何一个问题都犹豫不决，他最好不要写）符合语境。 8．根据本空前的“The structure of an argumentative essay should take the form of–Introduction(which should be around ten percent of the entire essay),Body(it should constitute eighty percent of the piece)and the Conclusion(again,ten per cent of the essay).”可知，论文由引言和正文两部分组成，下文介绍了关于正文的内容，此处讲的应该是关于引言的内容，故B项（引言应该起到吸引读者注意力的作用）符合语境。 Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海育才中学・期中） How Can I Fight Laziness? Lazy people will never amount to anything in life.However,laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind. 9.Many people lack sleep constantly,since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work.These people have little motivation once they arrive home.Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things.By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest,you can fight laziness throughout the day. Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active.Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task.Others take a more proactive approach,viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone.10. Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations(诱惑)that surround them.A television in the living room may provide entertainment,but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness.11.Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy,such as a good dinner or a film. Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.Couples and children may all have different energy levels,but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately.12.Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal.Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task.It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people. Finally,taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness.Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle,thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits. A．To fight family laziness,set an example. B．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. C．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. D．With strong determination,you will be able to achieve your goal. E．Laziness sets in when you no longer feel in charge of your own life. F．Create a reward system for yourself,just as parents do for a child. 【答案】9．C 10．E 11．F 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，介绍了如何克服懒惰。首先点明懒惰会让人一事无成，但通过思维转变可以战胜它，随后从“保证充足睡眠、变被动为主动、远离诱惑并建立奖励机制、为家人树立榜样、定期锻炼”五个方面给出具体方法. 【详解】9．下文“Many people lack sleep constantly,since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work.These people have little motivation once they arrive home.Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things.By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest,you can fight laziness throughout the day.(很多人长期睡眠不足，因为他们熬夜太晚，又早起准备工作。这些人一旦到家就没什么动力。懒惰与缺乏动力和拖延倾向密切相关。通过调整作息，多获得几个小时的有效休息，你就能一整天都对抗懒惰。)”围绕“睡眠不足导致懒惰”及“调整作息克服懒惰”展开；结合下文“Another way...”“Some people fight laziness by...”等分点结构，空处需要一句点明“保证睡眠是克服懒惰的一种方法”的总起句。选项C“克服懒惰的一种方法是保证充足的睡眠。”直接点明该段核心主题，下文的“睡眠不足的危害”“调整作息的建议”都是对该方法的具体阐述，逻辑连贯。故选C。 10．上文“Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active.Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task.Others take a more proactive approach,viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone.(另一种克服懒惰的方法是将思维从被动转变为主动。有些人对待生活就像被推着完成一个又一个任务。另一些人则采取更积极主动的态度，将每项任务视为必须独自克服的挑战。)”对比了“被动”与“主动”两种生活态度；空处需要一句承接“被动态度”，说明其与“懒惰”关联的句子。选项E“当你不再觉得自己能掌控自己的生活时，懒惰就会滋生。”解释了“被动态度”（无法掌控生活）会导致懒惰，与上文“被动对待任务”形成逻辑呼应，同时突出了“主动掌控生活”对克服懒惰的重要性，契合段落主题。故选E。 11．上文“Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations（诱惑）that surround them.A television in the living room may provide entertainment,but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness.(有些人通过摆脱周围的诱惑来克服懒惰。客厅里的电视可能能提供娱乐，但看太多电视往往会导致懒惰)”提出“摆脱诱惑”的方法；下文“Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy,such as a good dinner or a film.(完成几项任务后，用你喜欢的东西奖励自己，比如一顿丰盛的晚餐或一部电影。)”则介绍了“奖励自己”的具体做法。空处需要一句衔接“摆脱诱惑”与“自我奖励”，且点明“建立奖励机制”的句子。选项F“就像父母对孩子那样，为自己建立一个奖励机制。”直接点明“自我奖励”的核心，下文的“完成任务后奖励自己”是该机制的具体体现，既补充了“克服诱惑”的辅助方法，又让建议更具操作性，符合逻辑。故选F。 12．上文“Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.Couples and children may all have different energy levels,but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately.(懒惰在家里也可能是一个长期存在的问题。夫妻和孩子的精力水平可能各不相同，但如果不立即处理，懒惰可能会蔓延。)”指出“家庭中的懒惰问题”及危害；下文“Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal.Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task.(饭后主动第一个收拾碗筷。家里的其他人最终可能会以你为榜样，完成自己的任务。)”给出了“主动做事、树立榜样”的具体做法。空处需要一句点明“家庭中克服懒惰需树立榜样”的总起句。选项A“要克服家庭中的懒惰，就要树立榜样。”直接点明该段主题，下文的“主动收拾碗筷”“他人跟随榜样”都是对该方法的具体说明，逻辑连贯且贴合“家庭场景”。故选A。 话题2个人经历（共3篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海吴淞中学・期中） The Best Graduation Speech Ever Given I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today.Who am I?I am Gavin Presgrave,and for the past 39 years,I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians(告别演说者).1 And,at the risk of bragging(吹嘘),I was the first graduation-speech writer to compare life to a book. If I’m know for anything,it’s for starting speeches by saying,“I promise to keep things short,as I’m sure you are all impatient to go forward to the wonderful lives I hope you will live.”I’m as proud of that.But perhaps my most famous work came during a commencement speech at Penn State in the spring of 1977.During that speech,given by someone whose name I forget,I first used the phrase“As I look out into this sea of eager faces…”And that“sea of faces”thing was a real game-changer in the world of graduation-speech writing. 2 In 1997,I won a Herman(our version of Oscar)for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote.That same year,I was nominated for Best Opening Joke,which went like,“Oh,no!We’re all wearing the same gown!How embarrassing!”It was a crowd-pleaser. So what have I learned during my career?3 I’m not sure,but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died.Moments before her passing,she told me life was a book and even the saddest of chapters shall come to an end.If you can read the sad chapters rapidly and the happy chapters slowly,then your life will be a worthwhile one. Most of you have no idea what lies ahead or what course your lives will take—two other ways of saying future.I know this.4 We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows,but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella.As I once said,“Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time.Now is the time to open it.” You are all about to open new chapters of your own books.Shall we turn that page together? A．What should a good graduation speech be like? B．Yes,I’m proud and humbled to say that I’ve won several awards for my graduation speeches. C．But my life path has not always been smooth. D．What important lesson can I pass along? E．For decades,I have come up with new ways to say future. F．The journey you’re about to start will be filled with twists and turns. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．D 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为一位资深的毕业演讲稿撰写者，分享了自己在撰写演讲稿方面的经历、成就以及从中领悟到的人生哲理，并鼓励毕业生勇敢开启人生新篇章。 【详解】1．由上文“I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today.Who am I?I am Gavin Presgrave,and for the past 39 years,I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians(告别演说者).(今天，这所杰出大学的校长邀请我来给大家演讲，我感到十分荣幸。我是谁？我是加文·普雷斯格雷夫，在过去的39年里，我为数百名名人和紧张的告别演说者撰写了毕业演讲稿。)”及下文“And,at the risk of bragging(吹嘘),I was the first graduation-speech writer to compare life to a book.(而且，恕我直言，我是第一个将人生比作一本书的毕业演讲稿撰稿人。)”可知，本空应引出作者在撰写毕业演讲稿方面的丰富经验，承接前文和后文。E选项“For decades,I have come up with new ways to say future.(几十年来，我想出了许多表达“未来”的新方式。)”可知，几十年来作者在毕业演讲中不断探索新的表达方式，能承上启下，符合题意。故选E。 2．由上文“But perhaps my most famous work came during a commencement speech at Penn State in the spring of 1977.During that speech,given by someone whose name I forget,I first used the phrase“As I look out into this sea of eager faces...”And that“sea of faces”thing was a real game-changer in the world of graduation-speed writing.(但也许我最著名的作品是1977年春天在宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一次毕业典礼上的演讲。在那次演讲中，演讲者的名字我忘了，我第一次使用了“当我望向这一片渴望的面孔之海……”这个短语，而“面孔之海”这个短语在毕业演讲写作领域确实是一个改变游戏规则的存在。)”及下文“In 1997,I won a Herman(our version of Oscar)for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote.That same year,I was nominated for Best Opening Joke,which went like,“Oh,no!We’re all wearing the same gown!How embarrassing!”It was a crowd-pleaser.(1997年，我凭借对儿童作家名言的最佳运用获得了赫尔曼奖（我们的奥斯卡奖）。同年，我因最佳开场笑话而获得提名，笑话是这样的：“哦，不！我们都穿着同样的长袍！太尴尬了！”这个笑话很受欢迎。)”可知，本空应强调作者在毕业演讲写作领域获得的成就，承接下文。B选项“Yes,I’m proud and humbled to say that I’ve won several awards for my graduation speeches.(是的，我很自豪也很谦卑地说，我的毕业演讲获得了多个奖项。)”可知，作者因毕业演讲获得了多个奖项，能承上启下，符合题意。故选B。 3．由上文“So what have I learned during my career?(那么，在我的职业生涯中，我学到了什么呢？)”及下文“I’m not sure,but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died.Moments before her passing,she told me life was a book and even the saddest of chapters shall come to an end.If you can read the sad chapters rapidly and the happy chapters slowly,then your life will be a worthwhile one.(我不确定，但我还是想起了母亲去世的那一天。在她去世前的那一刻，她告诉我，生活是一本书，即使是最悲伤的章节也会结束。如果你能快速阅读悲伤的章节，慢慢阅读快乐的章节，那么你的人生将是值得的。)”可知，本空应引出作者从职业生涯中学到的教训或经验。D选项“What important lesson can I pass along?(我能传授什么重要的经验教训呢？)”可知，作者在思考自己能传授什么重要的经验教训，能承上启下，符合题意。故选D。 4．由上文“Most of you have no idea what lies ahead or what course your lives will take—two other ways of saying future.I know this.(你们大多数人都不知道未来会发生什么，也不知道你们的人生会走什么样的路——这是未来的另外两种说法。我知道这一点。)”及下文“We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows,but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella.As I once said,“Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time.Now is the time to open it.”(我们可能不需要天气预报员来知道风吹的方向，但带把伞也无妨。正如我曾经说过的，“明天是时间包裹的礼物。现在是打开它的时候了。”)”可知，本空应强调未来的不确定性。F选项“The journey you’re about to start will be filled with twists and turns.(你们即将开始的旅程将充满曲折。)”可知，作者提醒听众未来的旅程充满未知和挑战，能承上启下，符合题意。故选F。 Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海曹杨第二中学・期中） Friendship Between Marx and Engels The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844.They had met previously,in 1842,in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung(《莱茵报》),then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany,of which Marx was the editor.5 Engels,the son of a leading cotton manufacturer and importer in Rhenish Prussia,had just finished his year in the army as lieutenant(陆军中尉)of the Guard-Artillery(炮兵警卫队).His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx,who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture. In 1844,Marx made his way to Paris,and collaborated with a friend in producing a new review-magazine,The German French Year Book.When he read the article,“Outlines of Political Economy,”from young Frederick Engels away in Manchester,Marx proclaimed it a work of genius and wrote at once,enthusiastically,begging Engels,whenever he had occasion to return to Germany,to make his way there via Paris. Engels was only too delighted to comply.6 For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion:that the bourgeois(资产阶级)social order was,historically,a transitory phenomenon—an order doomed to give place,sooner or later,to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism.The fact that each had reached this conclusion by a different route—Engels by the study of the classic English political economy and of the English Labour Movement,Marx by the study of the great French Revolution and its outcome—made them only the more complementary to each other.The friendship sealed in these ten enthusiastic days—“ten days that shook the world”in a very real sense—lasted unbroken for the remainder of their lives. They fought side by side in the conduct of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung(《新莱茵报》),the most radical journal of the German Revolution of 1848—1849,and were separated only for a time. When Marx,driven from France,took refuge in London,Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism;while he himself,to provide the“sinews of war,”made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester. 7 How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence.They each wrote almost daily,and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible.The range of subjects covered by them is as amazing as their range of languages. 8 Both were big men physically,but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy(肤色黝黑),Engels was tall and blonde.Marx was the more of a wit,Engels the more of a humorist;but both were men of intense feeling,both had a hatred of fuss(小题大做)and parade,and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook. A．Marx and Engels began their friendship shortly afterwards. B．This time,both found that their original negative impression of each other was completely changed. C．Engels made his peace with his father because he wanted to support their cause. D．Thereafter for the rest of their lives they never lost contact. E．Neither was,at this first meeting,much drawn to the other. F．Physically and temperamentally they were very different,and at the same time much alike. 【答案】5．E 6．B 7．D 8．F 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了马克思与恩格斯友谊的起源、发展历程，以及两人在多方面的互补与深厚情谊。 【详解】5．根据上文“The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844.They had met previously,in 1842,in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung(《莱茵报》),then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany,of which Marx was the editor.(马克思和恩格斯的友谊始于1844年。他们此前曾于1842年在《莱茵报》的办公室见过面，该报当时是德国主要的民主共和派期刊，马克思担任其主编)”以及下文“His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx,who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture.(他（恩格斯）在路德教和商业家庭环境中长大，这与马克思在18世纪法国文化环境中长大的情况大不相同)”可知，上文提及两人1842年的初次会面，下文强调成长环境差异，此处需衔接初次会面的感受。E选项“在这次初次会面中，两人都没有对对方产生太多好感。”中的this first meeting对应上文1842年的会面，neither was much drawn to the other呼应下文成长环境差异带来的初始隔阂，符合语境。故选E项。 6．根据上文“Engels was only too delighted to comply.(恩格斯欣然应允)”以及下文“For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion:that the bourgeois(资产阶级)social order was,historically,a transitory phenomenon—an order doomed to give place,sooner or later,to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism.(在十天的时间里，他们交流观点，发现两人各自独立地得出了相同的革命结论：从历史上看，资产阶级的社会秩序是一种暂时的现象——这种秩序迟早注定要让位于无产阶级的统治和共产主义制度)”可知，上文讲恩格斯同意前往巴黎见马克思，下文讲两人会面后的深度交流与共识，此处需体现会面前后态度的转变。B选项“这一次，两人都发现自己对对方原本的负面印象彻底改变了。”中的This time指代1844年的巴黎会面，completely changed为下文的深度交流和友谊建立做铺垫，符合语境。故选B项。 7．根据上文“When Marx,driven from France,took refuge in London,Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism;while he himself,to provide the“sinews of war,”made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester.(当马克思被迫离开法国前往伦敦避难时，恩格斯前去投奔，并忙着为马克思寻找以新闻写作谋生的机会；而他自己为了提供“活动经费”，与父亲和解，回到了曼彻斯特的家族工厂任职)”以及下文“How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence. They each wrote almost daily,and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible.(马克思和恩格斯的关系有多密切，恩格斯的激励和鼓励对马克思的发展及其一生的工作起到了多大的推动作用，这一点从《马克思恩格斯书信》中可以看得很清楚。他们几乎每天都通信，内容涉及他们共同负责的理论的各个方面)”可知，上文讲述两人的相互扶持，下文强调两人通过书信保持紧密联系，此处需衔接出两人此后始终保持联系的状态。D选项“从那以后，在他们的余生中，两人从未失去联系。”中的Thereafter承接上文马克思流亡伦敦后的经历，never lost contact引出下文两人几乎每日通信的内容，符合语境。故选D项。 8．根据下文“Both were big men physically,but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy,Engels was tall and blonde.Marx was the more of a wit,Engels the more of a humorist;but both were men of intense feeling,both had a hatred of fuss(小题大做)and parade,and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook.(两人身材都高大，但马克思身材魁梧、肤色黝黑，恩格斯则高挑金发。马克思更善于言辞风趣，恩格斯则更具幽默感；但两人都情感真挚，两人都讨厌小题大做和炫耀，在他们所从事的每一门学科的研究中，两人都是极其深刻的人。)”可知，下文从外貌和性格两方面对比了两人的异同，此处需作为该段主旨句总领全段。F选项“他们在外形和性格上既有很大差异，同时又有诸多相似之处)”中的Physically and temperamentally对应下文的外貌描写和性格对比，符合语境。故选F项。 Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海嘉定一中、晋元高级中学・期中） “No One Goes Cold!” Washington is home to lots of trees—it is the Evergreen State,after all—and lots of fireplaces and wood-burning stoves too.But what if you lived there and couldn’t chop wood or couldn’t afford to pay someone to do it?Luckily,Shane McDaniel and his twin sons,Harrison and Henry McDaniel,21,are happy to lend an ax.The three men chop truckloads of wood—then donate it to those in need.“9”That’s how Shane explained to heraldnet.com.“Or someone who has a broken shoulder and can’t cut wood.” 10“I had to cut wood along with my dad.He just loved doing it,”says Shane,48,a divorced father of six.He wanted to pass along that feeling,so he and the twins spent the summer of 2018 like a clan of Paul Bunyans.The result was a great wall of wood piled up around their house in Lake Stevens,35 miles outside of Seattle.Technically,it was 40 cords—a cord measures four feet high,four feet wide,and eight feet deep.To buy that much would cost about$10,000. It was too much for the McDaniels to use themselves,and when the weather turned cold that November,Shane started thinking of others.He posted on Facebook:“IF YOU ARE IN NEED OF FIREWOOD AND CANNOT AFFORD IT,PLEASE PM[personal message]ME!...If you know someone who BURNS WOOD,and they’re looking at a cold house this holiday season,please help 11” The response was immediate.One man offered to donate a wood-burning furnace.Others raced over to Norm’s,the mini-mart Shane owns,with more wood for the pile.One woman,noticing the photo of the buff McDaniel men in the Facebook post,started to feel warm in other ways:“12 I don’t need the wood.But truly I appreciate the eye candy!” A．The idea started as a father-son bonding project,he told msn.com. B．It has nothing to do with how well it’s received;it’s about how much it’s needed. C．Please post more pictures of you in sleeveless shirts. D．I want people who are burning cardboard because they’ve got nothing. E．So much stress and anxiety is off my shoulders. F．Please help me and my boys make sure NO ONE GOES COLD IN OUR HOOD． 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．F 12．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Shane和双胞胎儿子大量砍柴并免费送给买不起柴、无法砍柴的人，初衷是传承父子温情。他们的善举得到热烈回应，温暖了整个社区。 9．上文“The three men chop truckloads of wood—then donate it to those in need.(这三个人砍伐了卡车数量的木材——然后将其捐赠给有需要的人。)”说Shane父子砍柴捐赠给有需要的人，下文“Or someone who has a broken shoulder and can’t cut wood.(或者对于那些肩部受伤无法砍伐木材的人来说也是如此。)”说“或者肩膀受伤不能砍柴的人”。D项“I want people who are burning cardboard because they’ve got nothing.(我想帮助那些因为没柴烧、只能烧纸板的人。)”和后面“受伤不能砍柴”并列列举需要帮助的人，逻辑完全通顺。故选D项。 10．下文““I had to cut wood along with my dad.He just loved doing it,”says Shane,48,a divorced father of six.He wanted to pass along that feeling,so he and the twins spent the summer of 2018 like a clan of Paul Bunyans.(“我和我父亲一起得砍木材。他就是喜欢做这件事。”Shane（48岁）说道，他是六个孩子的父亲，已离婚。他想将这种感觉传递下去，所以他和双胞胎兄弟在2018年夏天像Paul Bunyans家族那样生活。)”提到Shane说“我小时候和爸爸一起砍柴”，现在和儿子们一起做。A项“The idea started as a father-son bonding project,he told msn.com.(他告诉msn.com，这个想法最初是作为父子间的一次亲密活动而产生的。)”引出父子传承、一起砍柴的故事背景，符合语境。故选A项。 11．上文“He posted on Facebook:“IF YOU ARE IN NEED OF FIREWOOD AND CANNOT AFFORD IT,PLEASE PM[personal message]ME!...If you know someone who BURNS WOOD,and they’re looking at a cold house this holiday season,please help…(他在脸书上写道：“如果您需要木柴但又买不起，请给我发私信……如果您认识烧木柴的人，并且他们在这个假日季的家中即将面临燃料短缺的情况，请帮忙……”)”提到Shane在脸书发文，呼吁帮助买不起柴火的人。标题“No One Goes Cold!(无人会感到寒冷！)”F项“Please help me and my boys make sure NO ONE GOES COLD IN OUR HOOD.(请帮助我和我的孩子们确保我们所在的街区没有人会挨冻。)”直接呼应标题，是呼吁的收尾句，符合语境。故选F项。 12．上文“One woman,noticing the photo of the buff McDaniel men in the Facebook post(有一位女士看到脸书帖子中那张肌肉发达的McDaniel男子的照片。)”提到女士看到他们的照片，下文“I don’t need the wood.But truly I appreciate the eye candy!(我不需要这些木材。不过说实话，我真的很欣赏这帅气的外表！)”说自己不需要柴，但觉得他们是养眼、好看的。C项“Please post more pictures of you in sleeveless shirts.(请多发几张你们穿无袖上衣的照片。)”对应“觉得养眼”，幽默、符合语境。故选C项。 话题3科普知识（共5篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海闵行中学・期中） Rhythm of Life Choosing the right time to sleep,the correct moment to make decisions the best hour to eat—and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health. Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops,scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills.Man is a prisoner of time. But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work.1 Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical,emotional and intellectual level.Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights. 2 Sleep,blood pressure,hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and,most importantly,light indicators such as dawn are taken away,people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change.Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into“days”lasting about 25 hours. In the real world,light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day.But the best indicator of performance is body temperature.As it falls from a 10 pm.high of 37.2C to a pre-dawn low of 36.1C,mental functions fall too.3 The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US.The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day,evening and night shifts.4 Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve. Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues.The aim is to help us become more efficient.There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works. A．The rhythm of life is a slight best. B．Experts say every aspect of human bodies is influenced by daily rhythms. C．Jenny Hope claims to have tested her body clocks to the limit. D．This is a key reason why shift work can cause so many problems. E．Many people study the state of their bio-rhythms before making their daily plan. F．Such a dangerous combination never gave their bodies’natural rhythms a chance to settle down. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．D 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了打乱生活节律的负面影响。 【详解】1．根据上文“But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work.(但不仅仅是专家们才开始深入了解人体的运作机制)”可知，空前说但并非只有专家才关注我们身体的工作方式，此处承接上文，讲的是我们自己也关注我们身体的工作方式，故E项“许多人在制定每日计划之前会研究自己的生物节律”符合语境。故选E。 2．根据后文“Sleep,blood pressure,hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and,most importantly,light indicators such as dawn are taken away,people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change.Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into“days”lasting about 25 hours.(睡眠、血压、激素水平以及心跳都遵循着各自独立的生物钟，而这些生物钟与我们人为设定的24小时周期可能并无太大关联。研究表明，在实验室实验中，当社会信号以及最重要的是诸如黎明这样的光线信号被去除后，人们会与24小时的生物钟失去联系，从而导致睡眠模式发生变化。体温和心跳的周期会延长，并逐渐稳定在“日周期”上，大约持续25个小时)”可知，空后说睡眠、血压、激素水平和心跳都遵循自己的节律，这是对空处的举例说明，故B项“专家表示，人体的每一个方面都受到日常节律的影响”符合语境。故选B。 3．根据上文“In the real world,light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day.But the best indicator of performance is body temperature.As it falls from a 10 pm.high of 37.2C to a pre-dawn low of 36.1C,mental functions fall too.(在现实世界中，光线和黑暗会促使人体内部的生物钟与24小时的昼夜周期相适应。但衡量身体机能的最佳指标是体温。体温会从晚上10点时的37.2摄氏度的峰值降至清晨时的36.1摄氏度的低点，与此同时，人的思维能力也会随之下降)”可知，空前说当体温从晚上10点的最高值37.2降至黎明前的最低值36.1时，人的心理机能也随之下降，再结合下文介绍的操作员轮流上白班和夜班的例子可知，此处讲的是这种变化对轮班工作的影响，故D项“这是轮班工作会导致诸多问题的关键原因”符合语境。故选D。 4．根据上文“The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US.The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day,evening and night shifts.(最著名的例子就是美国三里岛发生的核事故。控制室里的三名操作员每周轮流进行白天、晚上和夜间的工作班次)”以及后文“Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve.(调查人员认为，这种轮班制度导致操作人员忽视了一个警示灯，并且未能关闭一个打开的阀门)”可知，空前说控制室的三个操作员轮流上几周的白班、晚班和夜班，空后又说调查人员认为，这导致工人忽视了暖灯，未能关闭打开的阀门，因此此处说的是这种倒班工作制对身体节律的影响，故F项“这种危险的组合从未给人体的自然节律留出调整的机会”符合语境。故选F。 Passage 2 （2425高二上・上海青浦高级中学・期中） Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry? I’ve seen such scenes for many times—some cats are not interested in catching mice,and even seem genuinely afraid of mice.How can a natural hunter be like this?Are mice really more aggressive now? 5 Some cats hunt and kill,others play with prey before killing it,and some,like mine,scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow.All cats,like people,have personalities and preferences. Moreover,it has much to do with the environment whether a cat is a qualified mice hunter.When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game,they may ignore mice.While they have natural hunting instincts,most cats are not professional mice hunters.Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun.6 However,cats have lightning-fast reflexes(本能反应)and frequently leap before they realize why,especially if something resembles the way a snake moves.7 The truth is,they may never see one if they’ve always been in the house.Cats are highly alert to other creatures that could damage or kill them.Rats,on the other hand,are even more dangerous.A giant rat is not a prey that a cat would pursue.The rats’bite could injure or infect the cat with a deadly disease. What can we do to naturally keep away from mice?Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice,the cat breed is unimportant.8 Get two of them,but ensure you are feeding them and providing them with medical treatment rather than simply employing them to kill mice and failing to care for them properly. A．A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice. B．Actually,it is mainly dependent on the cat. C．If they’ve never seen one,they’re correct to be suspicious! D．That is to say,if the cat is full,curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature. E．Most of the time,it’s not that the cat is afraid of such creatures. F．Cats are intelligent when deciding which target to follow and which to avoid. 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了猫是否真的是老鼠的天敌这一问题，分析了猫捕鼠行为与其个性、环境以及本能反应的关系，并给出了如何自然驱鼠的建议。 【详解】5．上文“I’ve seen such scenes for many times—some cats are not interested in catching mice,and even seem genuinely afraid of mice.How can a natural hunter be like this?Are mice really more aggressive now?(我见过很多次这样的场景——有些猫对抓老鼠不感兴趣，甚至看起来真的很害怕老鼠。一个天生的猎手怎么会这样呢？现在老鼠真的更具攻击性了吗？)”提出了关于猫不捕鼠的疑问，并询问是否是因为老鼠变得更具攻击性。B选项“Actually,it is mainly dependent on the cat.(实际上，这主要取决于猫)”回答了上文的问题，指出猫是否捕鼠并非由老鼠的攻击性决定，而是主要取决于猫本身，同时引出下文“Some cats hunt and kill,others play with prey before killing it,and some,like mine,scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow.All cats,like people,have personalities and preferences.(有些猫会捕猎并杀死猎物，有些猫在杀死猎物之前会玩弄猎物，还有一些猫，比如我的猫，会冲上楼梯对着自己的影子哀号。所有的猫，就像人一样，都有自己的个性和偏好)”对猫个性差异的详细介绍，上下文语意连贯。故选B项。 6．上文“When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game,they may ignore mice.While they have natural hunting instincts,most cats are not professional mice hunters.Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun.(当猫生活在室内，没有接触过狩猎或游戏时，它们可能会忽略老鼠。虽然它们有天生的狩猎本能，但大多数猫并不是专业的捕鼠者。养在家里的猫通常吃得很好，追逐老鼠只是为了好玩)”说明了室内猫通常不会认真捕鼠，只是出于好玩。D选项“That is to say,if the cat is full,curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature.(也就是说，如果猫吃饱了，好奇心就是它对付活动生物的唯一动力)”进一步解释了室内猫追逐老鼠的动机只是好奇心，与上文语意一致。故选D项。 7．上文“However,cats have lightning-fast reflexes(本能反应)and frequently leap before they realize why,especially if something resembles the way a snake moves.(然而，猫的反应速度极快，经常在意识到为什么之前就跳起来，尤其是当某物像蛇一样移动时)”描述了猫对类似蛇的移动物体的快速反应。C选项“If they’ve never seen one,they’re correct to be suspicious!(如果它们从未见过这样的东西，那么它们产生怀疑是对的！)”承接上文，解释了猫对未知或类似危险物体的警惕和怀疑态度是合理的，因为猫可能从未见过这样的东西。故选C项。 8．上文“What can we do to naturally keep away from mice?Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice,the cat breed is unimportant.(我们能做些什么来自然地远离老鼠呢？关于哪种猫最适合捕鼠，猫的品种并不重要)”提出了如何自然驱鼠的问题，并指出猫的品种不是关键因素。A选项“A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice.(一只以前生活在户外的流浪猫是一个不错的选择)”给出了具体的建议，即选择有过户外生活经历的流浪猫来捕鼠，与上文关于如何驱鼠的话题紧密相关。故选A项。 Passage 3 （2425高二上・上海上海中学・期中） The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth In a world that often confines us within the boundaries of routine and familiarity,inviting in adventure can boost growth and well-being.The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones,facing new challenges,and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation. It propels us into experiences that are not only thrilling but also deeply enriching.9 Instead,it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience,enhancing self-awareness,and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience.Whether navigating the rapids of a river,exploring a new culture,or undertaking a creative endeavor,each adventure carries the potential to reshape our perspectives,improve our mental strength and add a vibrant layer to the carpet of our lives. The true value of adventure lies not just in the excitement of the moment but in the lasting impact it has on our journey towards a resilient self.The COVID-19 pandemic,a period of great global challenge,provided a testing ground for highlighting the intrinsic value of adventure-based activities.When the world faced lockdowns,individuals who regularly engaged in adventure activities demonstrated a unique resilience compared to those who lacked adventure.Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences(e.g.,adaptability,problem-solving under pressure,and emotional regulation)to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic.10 Moreover,venturing into unexplored territories is not merely an escape from the ordinary;science suggests it’s a vital exercise for our brains.Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems.Yes,we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell,but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity(神经可塑性).11 Every new adventure,therefore,contributes to making our minds more agile. 12 When we nurture our awareness that we alone can overcome challenges,this earned internal strength isn’t limited to simply overcoming physical barriers.This skill extends to embracing almost any new role or experience that challenges us mentally and emotionally.Whether solving a complex problem,embarking on a new career path,or engaging in a new social setting,the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives,too.Simply put,adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self. A．By taking adventures,we uncover hidden strengths and develop valuable skills. B．Additionally,the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied. C．Adventure,in its many forms,offers more than mere escapism. D．Adventure can challenge us,push our boundaries,and foster a sense of achievement. E．By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones,we enhance our brain’s health and capacity. F．Accordingly,it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment. 【答案】9．C 10．F 11．E 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是冒险在个人成长中的作用。 【详解】9．由第一段“The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones,facing new challenges,and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation.(冒险的本质——走出舒适区，面对新的挑战，拥抱不确定性——是通往个人转变的大门。)”可知，空格前的一句中的It指代的是adventure，空后“Instead,it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience,enhancing self-awareness,and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience.(相反，它为培养韧性、增强自我意识和重新发现通过经验学习的乐趣提供了一个独特的环境。)”说明了冒险为我们所提供的好的东西，Instead意为“相反”，因此空格处应该说冒险不仅仅提供某物，C选项“Adventure,in its many forms,offers more than mere escapism.(冒险，以其多种形式，提供的不仅仅是逃避现实。)”说明了冒险不仅仅让我们逃避现实，和后文冒险还提供的东西相呼应，因此C选项承上启下，符合语境，故选C。 10．空前“Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences(e.g.,adaptability,problem-solving under pressure,and emotional regulation)to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic.(参与冒险活动的人运用其经历形成的心理框架（例如，适应能力、在压力下解决问题和情绪调节）来应对疫情的不确定性。)”说明了冒险可以让人应对疫情的不确定性，空格处作为本段最后一句，应该对空前所说的冒险带给人的东西做总结，F选项“Accordingly,it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment.(因此，很明显，冒险的好处远远超出了当下的休闲。)”说明了冒险的好处远远超出了当下的休闲，是对前面冒险的好处的总结，因此承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 11．空前“Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems.Yes,we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell,but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity(神经可塑性).(参与冒险可以激发我们的适应能力和解决问题的能力。是的，我们有惊人的记忆，有精彩的故事要讲，但研究表明，我们也在培养神经可塑性。)”说明了冒险可以培养神经可塑性，这是对大脑的影响，空后“Every new adventure,therefore,contributes to making our minds more agile.(因此，每一次新的冒险都有助于使我们的思维更加敏捷。)”也说明的是冒险有利于思维，空格处应该和冒险促进大脑功能有关，E选项“By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones,we enhance our brain’s health and capacity.(通过创造新的神经连接并加强现有的神经连接，我们增强了大脑的健康和能力。)”说明冒险增强大脑的能力，和前后内容都一致，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选E。 12．空格处是本段主旨句，由空后“Whether solving a complex problem,embarking on a new career path,or engaging in a new social setting,the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives,too.Simply put,adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self.(无论是解决一个复杂的问题，开始一条新的职业道路，还是参与一个新的社会环境，从冒险中获得的信心也会渗透到我们生活的各个方面。简单地说，冒险有助于塑造一个更强壮、更自信的自我。)”可知，本段主要讲的是冒险可以培养自信，B选项“Additionally,the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied.(此外，冒险在建立自信中的作用也得到了充分的研究。)”说明了冒险在建立自信中的作用被充分地研究，引出了下文对冒险增强自信的具体描述，是本段的主旨，因此可作为主旨句，故选B。 Passage 4 （2425高二上・上海七宝中学・期中） Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do If you had to save the life of a person or an animal,which would you choose?Most adults say they would pick the person,but almost half of young children would prefer to save the animal,according to a study in Poland. “The finding really surprised us,”says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh,UK.13 For example,a survey of millions of people in 233 countries,most of them in their 20s and 30s,found they largely agreed that self-driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose. However,growing evidence suggests many young children feel differently.Using a toy railway and Lego figures,Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem.The children had to decide whether to direct a runaway rail car down one of two tracks so that it crashed into a Lego person or a Lego animal—either a dog or chimpanzee.14 About 42 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person,compared with just 17 per cent of adults.About 28 per cent of children also prioritized the chimpanzee over the person,compared with 11 per cent of adults. “Children learn from their parents,teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others,but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals,”says Karri Neldner at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.15“However,as they get older,they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people,”says Neldner. 16 When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people,animals,plants and objects according to how much they cared about them,the 4-year-olds tended to care more about dogs,cats and dolphins than about classmates,police officers and sick people,but this was reversed in the 10-year-olds. The reason children value dogs so highly is probably due to familiarity,says Wilks.Her studies have found that children who spent more time with dogs were more likely to say they would save a dog over a person. A．Most adults view human life as especially precious. B．Her research suggests this shift starts by the age of 10. C．Surprisingly,children were more likely to save a dog over a person. D．For comparison,the researchers repeated this with 178 Polish adults aged 18 to 50. E．As a result,they don’t show a strong preference for saving one over the other,she says. F．About 28 per cent of children aged 5 to 9 said they would save a dog over a person,compared with 8 per cent of adults. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．E 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是关于儿童与成年人在面对生命选择时不同态度的研究。 【详解】13．根据上文““The finding really surprised us,”says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh,UK.(“这一发现确实让我们感到惊讶，”英国爱丁堡大学的马蒂·威尔克斯说道。)”和下文“For example,a survey of millions of people in 233 countries,most of them in their 20s and 30s,found they largely agreed that self-driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose.(例如，一项针对233个国家数百万人的调查（其中大多数为20多岁和30多岁的人）发现，他们在很大程度上都认为，如果必须做出选择，自动驾驶汽车应该撞向狗或猫，而不是人。)”可知，空处承上启下，进一步说明上文提出的观点，并通过例子说明成年人认为人的生命比动物珍贵。选项A“大多数成年人认为人的生命尤其珍贵”符合语境。故选A。 14．根据上文“Using a toy railway and Lego figures,Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem.(威尔克斯（Wilks）和她的同事们使用玩具火车和乐高人物，在波兰的一个城市地区向170名6至9岁的儿童展示了基于一个名为“电车问题”的思想实验的场景。)”可知，Wilks和她的同事使用玩具火车和乐高人物，向波兰城市地区的170名6至9岁的儿童展示了基于一个名为电车问题的思想实验的场景。此处提到了对6至9岁的儿童进行了实验，再结合下文“About 42 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person,compared with just 17 per cent of adults.(大约42%的孩子想救狗，让火车撞人，相比之下，只有17%的成年人会这样做。)”可知，此处需要对比儿童和成年人在这一实验中的不同表现，选项D“为了比较，研究人员对18至50岁的178名波兰成年人重复了这项实验”符合语境。故选D。 15．根据上文“Children learn from their parents,teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others,but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals.(孩子们从父母、老师和其他人那里学到，关心他人是非常重要的，但对他们来说，可能更容易将此作为一个既适用于人类也适用于动物的普遍规则来学习。)”可知，此处提到了孩子们更容易把关心他人这一规则当作适用于人类和动物的普遍规则来学习，再结合下文“However,as they get older,they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people.(然而，随着年龄的增长，他们可能会接触到文化叙事，这些叙事告诉我们关心他人是非常重要的。)”可知，孩子们在成长过程中，对于关心人类和动物的态度会有所转变，选项E“因此，她说，他们并没有表现出对拯救一方而非另一方的强烈偏好”符合语境，其中“she”指的是上文提到的Karri Neldner。故选E。 16．根据下文“When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people,animals,plants and objects according to how much they cared about them,the 4-year-olds tended to care more about dogs,cats and dolphins than about classmates,police officers and sick people,but this was reversed in the 10-year-olds.(当她让4至10岁的澳大利亚儿童根据他们关心的程度对人物、动物、植物和物体的图片进行排序时，4岁的孩子往往更关心狗、猫和海豚，而不是同学、警察和病人，但10岁的孩子则相反。)”可知，这一研究关注的是4至10岁的儿童，选项B“她的研究表明这种转变从10岁开始”符合语境，其中“this shift”指的是孩子们对于关心人类和动物态度的转变。故选B。 Passage 5 （2425高二上・上海交大附中・期中） The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now,including what you intend to do in the next few seconds.17 You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted.18 You do this by thinking about them,perhaps repeating them over and over again(“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”).But any distraction-new thought,someone asking you a question,the telephone ringing-can disrupt your short-term memory.Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. 19 I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them.They walk into the wrong classroom;they show up to exams without the prerequisite No.2 pencil;they forget something I had just said two minutes before.These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events,the stories we tell ourselves about them.Twenty-year-olds don’t think,“Oh,dear,this must be early-onset brain damage.”They think,“I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.”The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health.This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments(损伤)are fiction.20 In the absence of brain disease,even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. A．Actually,it is doing some mental calculations. B．But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. C．Some aspects of our memory actually get better with age. D．This is widely understood to be a basic problem of aging. E．It depends on your active attention to the items in the“next thing to do”file in your mind. F．Instead,every lapse(记错)of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. 【答案】17．A 18．E 19．B 20．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了短期记忆的误区，指出年龄并非导致短期记忆错误的主要因素，并探讨了人们对记忆错误的描述和看法。 【详解】17．由上文“Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now,including what you intend to do in the next few seconds.(短时记忆包含你当下的想法，包括你接下来几秒钟打算做的事。)”及下文“You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves.(你可能会思考对话中接下来要说的话，或者走向门厅的壁橱，打算拿一副手套。)”可知，空格处需列举短时记忆的具体例子。A选项“Actually,it is doing some mental calculations.(实际上，它（短时记忆）还包括进行一些心算。)”能承上启下，符合逻辑。故选A。 18．由上文“Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted.(短时记忆很容易被干扰或打断。)”及下文“You do this by thinking about them,perhaps repeating them over and over again(“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”).(你可以通过思考它们来做到这一点，也许可以一遍又一遍地重复它们（“我要去壁橱里拿手套”）。)”可知，空格处应说明维持短时记忆的条件，以引出下文“如何维持”的方法。E选项“It depends on your active attention to the items in the“next thing to do”file in your mind.(它取决于你对大脑中“接下来要做的事”清单里内容的主动关注。)”解释了短时记忆的维持依赖“主动关注”，既承接上文“易被干扰”的特性，又引出下文“重复思考”的维持方式，符合语境。故选E。 19．由下文“I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them.(在我的整个职业生涯中，我一直在教本科生，我可以说，即使是20岁的人也会犯短期记忆错误——很多错误。)”以及“These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.(这些和70岁老人所做的事情类似。)”可知，空格处需提出“年龄并非短时记忆问题的主因”这一观点，以统领下文的举例论证，B选项“But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed.(但年龄并不是人们通常认为的主要因素。)”说明年龄不是导致短期记忆错误的主要因素，引出下文对年轻人和老年人都会犯短期记忆错误的讨论，符合题意。故选B。 20．由上文“The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events,the stories we tell ourselves about them.Twenty-year-olds don’t think,“Oh,dear,this must be early-onset brain damage.”They think,“I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.”The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health.This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments(损伤)are fiction.(相关的区别不在于年龄，而在于我们如何描述这些事件，以及我们对自己讲述的关于这些事件的故事。20岁的人不会想，“哦，天哪，这一定是早期脑损伤。”他们会想，“我真的需要睡四个多小时。”70岁的人观察到同样的事情，会担心自己的大脑健康。这并不是说与脑损伤相关的记忆障碍是虚构的。)”及下文“In the absence of brain disease,even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90.(在没有脑部疾病的情况下，即使是最年长的成年人，在85岁和90岁以后也很少或根本没有记忆力或认知能力下降。)”可知，本空应强调短期记忆错误不一定意味着生物性紊乱。F选项“Instead,every lapse(记错)of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder.(相反，每次短期记忆的失误并不一定表明有生物紊乱。)”能承上启下，符合题意。故选F。 话题4社会问题与社会现象（共4篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海市民办文绮中学・期中） Forget Twitter and Facebook,Google and the Kindle.Television is still the most influential medium around.Indeed,for many of the poorest regions of the world,it remains the next big thing—finally becomes globally available.And that is a good thing,because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better. 1 Across the developing world,around 45%of families had a TV in 1995;by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%.That is some way behind the U.S.,where there are more TVs than people,and where people now easily get access to the Internet.2 Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years.In 2005,after the fall of the Taliban,which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families. Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women.3 In India,researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages,women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl.They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education.4 In the Indian state of Gujarat,Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Hollywood songs with words in Gujarat on the screen.Within six months,viewers had made a small but significant improvement in their reading skills.Too much TV has been associated with violence,overweight and loneliness.However,TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide. A．The spread of TV brings not only entertainment but also social change. B．The number of households with TVs continues to grow rapidly. C．Some people argue that TV does more harm than good to children. D．This growth is not limited to any one region. E．For example,it can help improve literacy among adults. F．In some countries,TV is still considered a luxury item. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，短文介绍了电视仍是全球最具影响力的媒介，尤其在发展中国家迅速普及，且正通过推动社会变革和助力成人教育等方面，对数十亿人的生活产生积极影响。 【详解】1．根据下文“Across the developing world,around 45%of families had a TV in 1995;by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%.(在发展中国家，1995年约45%的家庭拥有电视；到2005年，这一比例已攀升至60%以上)”可知，空格处需总领本段核心内容——拥有电视的家庭数量持续增长。B选项“The number of households with TVs continues to grow rapidly.(拥有电视的家庭数量持续快速增长)”直接点明主题，“grows rapidly”与下文1995年到2005年的比例攀升数据形成呼应，起到引出具体数据的作用。故选B项。 2．根据上文“That is some way behind the U.S.,where there are more TVs than people,and where people now easily get access to the Internet.(这与美国还有一定差距——美国的电视数量比人口还多，且人们现在能轻松上网)”及下文“Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years.In 2005,after the fall of the Taliban,which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.(未来五年，撒哈拉以南非洲地区将有500多万家庭拥有电视。2005年，在宣布电视为非法的塔利班倒台后，每5个阿富汗人中就有1人拥有电视。到2013年，全球总数将再增加1.5亿，使这一数字远远超过三分之二的家庭)”可知，空格处需转折说明电视的增长并非局限于某一地区，而是全球范围内的趋势。D选项“This growth is not limited to any one region.(这种增长并非局限于某一个地区)”中“this growth”指代上文提到的“家庭电视数量增长”，“not limited to any one region”引出下文撒哈拉以南非洲、阿富汗等不同地区的增长数据，逻辑连贯。故选D项。 3．根据上文“Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women.(电视最强大的影响将体现在女性的生活中)”及下文“In India,researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages,women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl(在印度，研究人员罗伯特・詹森和埃米莉・奥斯特发现，当电视进入村庄后，女性更有可能在未经丈夫同意的情况下前往市场，而且更不倾向于重男轻女)”可知，空格处需承接“电视对女性的影响”，并点明这种影响是社会层面的变革。A选项“The spread of TV brings not only entertainment but also social change.(电视的普及不仅带来了娱乐，还带来了社会变革)”既呼应了前文“电视改变生活”的核心观点，又通过“social change”引出下文女性在自主权、生育观念等方面的具体变化，起到承上启下的作用。故选A项。 4．根据上文“TV is also a powerful medium for adult education.(电视也是成人教育的强大媒介)”及下文“In the Indian state of Gujarat,Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Hollywood songs with words in Gujarat on the screen.Within six months,viewers had made a small but significant improvement in their reading skills.(在印度古吉拉特邦，《奇特拉吉特》是一档热门节目，它会播放好莱坞歌曲，并在屏幕上配上古吉拉特语字幕。在六个月内，观众的阅读能力有了微小但显著的提升)”可知，空格处需举例说明电视在成人教育中的具体作用。E选项“For example,it can help improve literacy among adults.(例如，它可以帮助提高成人的识字率)”中“for example”明确表示举例，“improve literacy among adults”与下文“improvement in their reading skills”直接对应，精准支撑了“电视助力成人教育”的观点。故选E项。 Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海复旦附中・期中） What’s your preferred playback speed:1x,1.5x or 2x? Glen Powell,a Hollywood heartthrob,likes 1x listening speed:“I want to hear people talk at a normal human rate.”Bowen Yang,an American comedian,prefers his narration fast and loose—“You can round up to 2x”—though he reckons 1.8x is the perfect“Goldilocks”（恰到好处的）pace. Both men appeared in an advert by Audible,an audiobook platform,earlier this year,which featured various celebrities talking about the speed at which they listen to their chosen titles.It provoked fierce debate online for implying that those who make haste are weird,even psychopathic.One TikTok user said,“5”Some claimed to feel“shamed”by the advert and threatened to cancel their subscriptions. The online debate points to the changing way in which audiences,particularly young ones,engage with digital media.Polling by The Economist and YouGov found that 31%of Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 listen to audio at playback speeds faster than 1x,compared with 8%of people aged 45 and over. 6 Both Apple and Spotify offer users the option to dash through podcasts.Many newspapers offer audio versions of their articles at a variety of tempos.Netflix has a button to switch up videos’speed in its web pages and apps.YouTube has a similar feature and recently rolled out a 4x option for its premium subscribers,apparently by popular demand. The time-saving benefits can be enormous:YouTube claims that its viewers collectively save more than 900 years per day thanks to its fast-playback feature.If you had a ten-hour journey,you could listen to“Persuasion”in eight hours and 13 minutes at 1x speed.But,if you clicked 1.5x,you’d hear all about Anne Elliot’s exploits in five and a half hours,leaving space for“Animal Farm”and“The Little Prince”,with time to spare（they would take 120 and 80 minutes at 1.5x,respectively）. A chattier pace does not seem to affect listeners’ability to concentrate.7 So says Marcus Pearce,a cognitive scientist at Queen Mary University of London.A recent meta-analysis led by academics at the University of Waterloo in Canada looked at the test scores of students who had watched lectures back at varying speeds.They found that up to 1.5x,there was not much of a difference in performance,although scores started to decrease noticeably as playback speeds approached or exceeded 2x. For audio and video platforms,there is no downside to offering different playback options:the more books or episodes a subscriber gets through,the better the advertising and sales revenues.But for listeners,the experience differs greatly between 1x and 2x.“There’s an art of pacing,tone and suspension”to reading aloud,says Kimberly Wetherell,an audiobook narrator.“8 Rhetoric often relies on rhythm and pauses for emphasis and meaning:few actors race through the soliloquies in“Hamlet”,for instance.Yet for many,to speed or not to speed is no longer a question. A．This generational divide is transforming audiences from passive recipients into active controllers of content. B．If you speed that up too much,you’re losing that part of the performance. C．This inherent mental capacity is what people consistently credit for the intensely focused,almost meditative state they achieve when binge-listening to sped-up content. D．You’re missing the entire point if you think the only right speed is 1x. E．This trend is clearly shaping,and being shaped by,the features offered by modern media platforms. F．The average person speaks at a rate of about 150 words per minute,but most brains are capable of processing information faster than that. 【答案】5．D 6．E 7．F 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕数字媒体的播放速度展开，通过名人对播放速度的不同偏好、Audible广告引发的争议，引出年轻人更倾向于高速播放的趋势，随后分析了这一趋势的平台支持、时间节省优势、对注意力的影响，最后探讨了高速播放对内容体验的潜在影响，呈现了“是否高速播放”的争议与现状。 【详解】5．根据上文“It provoked fierce debate online for implying that those who make haste are weird,even psychopathic.(这则广告暗示那些追求速度的人很奇怪，甚至有精神病态，这在网上引发了激烈争论。)”可知，广告将高速播放者定义为“怪异”，引发网友不满，此空应是网友反驳广告观点的言论。D选项“You’re missing the entire point if you think the only right speed is 1x.(如果你认为唯一正确的速度是1倍速，那你就完全没抓住重点。)”直接回应广告的片面观点，表达了对“1倍速才是唯一正确选择”的否定，符合网友因广告感到被羞辱、引发争议的语境。故选D项。 6．根据上文“Polling by The Economist and YouGov found that 31%of Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 listen to audio at playback speeds faster than 1x,compared with 8%of people aged 45 and over.(《经济学人》和舆观调查公司的民调显示，31%的18-29岁美国人听音频时的播放速度超过1倍速，而45岁及以上人群中这一比例仅为8%。)”可知，前文揭示了不同年龄段在播放速度选择上的代沟，空后“Both Apple and Spotify offer users the option to dash through podcasts.Many newspapers offer audio versions of their articles at a variety of tempos.Netflix has a button to switch up videos’speed in its web pages and apps.YouTube has a similar feature(Apple和Spotify均为用户提供了快速播放播客的选项。许多报纸也为其文章的音频版本设置了多种播放语速。Netflix在其网页和应用程序中设有视频加速按钮，YouTube也具备类似功能)”介绍了媒体平台对高速播放的支持。E选项“This trend is clearly shaping,and being shaped by,the features offered by modern media platforms.(这一趋势显然正在塑造现代媒体平台的功能，同时也被这些功能所塑造。)”中的“This trend”指代前文“年轻人偏好高速播放”的现象，且衔接后文平台功能的支持，说明趋势与平台功能的相互影响，符合逻辑。故选E项。 7．根据上文“A chattier pace does not seem to affect listeners’ability to concentrate.(更快的语速似乎并不影响听众的注意力集中能力。)”可知，前文提出“高速播放不影响注意力”的观点，此空应解释背后的原因。F选项“The average person speaks at a rate of about 150 words per minute,but most brains are capable of processing information faster than that.(普通人的语速约为每分钟150个单词，但大多数大脑处理信息的能力比这更快。)”从大脑处理信息的能力角度，解释了为何高速播放不会影响注意力——大脑处理速度远超正常语速，为前文观点提供了科学依据，符合语境。故选F项。 8．根据上文““There’s an art of pacing,tone and suspension”to reading aloud,says Kimberly Wetherell,an audiobook narrator.(有声书旁白金伯利·韦瑟雷尔说，朗读存在“节奏、语气和悬念的艺术”。)”可知，前文强调朗读的艺术感依赖于节奏、语气等，此空应承接上文，说明高速播放对这种艺术感的破坏。B选项“If you speed that up too much,you’re losing that part of the performance.(如果你把速度调得太快，你就会失去表演中的那部分精髓。)”中的“that”指代前文“pacing,tone and suspension”的艺术感，“losing that part of the performance”呼应“艺术感”的丧失，符合语境。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海静安市西中学・期中） A Chicken Cutlet(肉排),with a Side of Stand-up China has no shortage of internet celebrities.But the latest viral star is not a pop idol or a make-up influencer.He is a 48-year-old fried-chicken vendor from Jingdezhen.In less than a week,Li Junyong has attracted more than 300,000 followers on Douyin after videos of his talk-show-style salesmanship spread online. The food itself is unremarkable.His performance is not.Between flipping cutlets,he entertains customers with wisecracks.“The chicken is free,”he declares,“but the plastic bag costs six yuan.”Or:“You can refuse me,but never refuse my chicken.”9 Part of Mr Li’s appeal is consistency.Rain or shine,he appears at his stall,often until late at night.Students,office workers and pensioners alike line up,many returning daily.10 He greets customers as“old friends,”recalls their orders precisely,and even offers schoolchildren a one-yuan discount after 4.30 p.m.“My dream is to ensure every customer has a pleasant experience,”he explains. Success,however,is tiring.Mr Li now sleeps no more than three or four hours a night.11 His sudden popularity has also drawn attention from livestreamers and rival vendors eager to bask in the glow of his fame.He remains unfazed(未受干扰):“Their presence is a way of showing support—for me,for Jingdezhen,and for Jiangxi.” Local officials have also spotted an opportunity.On September 29th the city’s culture bureau named him“Cultural and Tourism Ambassador.”It is a title usually reserved for opera singers or sports stars,but in Mr Li’s case it signals a broader trend.12 Mr Li’s rise also hints at deeper undercurrents in Chinese consumer culture.Social media users,weary of fake influencers and contrived marketing campaigns,are drawn to his unpolished authenticity. A．He admits he is exhausted but insists he is happy:“I can’t let those waiting in line down.” B．Delivered in the rhythm of a seasoned entertainer,his lines have won him the nickname“the chicken cutlet curator”. C．Such calmness,and his refusal to argue about who benefits,only adds to his appeal. D．Cities across China increasingly make use of internet celebrities as living advertisements,hoping to turn their fleeting fame into sustainable tourism. E．Some say his chicken is good,but his warmth is better. F．His success has inspired many young people to start their own businesses. 【答案】9．B 10．E 11．A 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了炸鸡排摊主李俊永因独特的脱口秀式销售风格而走红网络，并成为当地文旅大使的故事。 【详解】9．由上文“Between flipping cutlets,he entertains customers with wisecracks.‘The chicken is free,’he declares,‘but the plastic bag costs six yuan.’Or:‘You can refuse me,but never refuse my chicken.’(在翻炸肉排的间隙，他用俏皮话逗乐顾客。‘鸡肉免费，’他宣称，‘但塑料袋六块钱。’或者：‘你可以拒绝我，但绝不能拒绝我的炸鸡。’)”可知，本空要总结他这种表演风格带来的影响或称号，B选项“Delivered in the rhythm of a seasoned entertainer,his lines have won him the nickname‘the chicken cutlet curator’.(以资深表演者的节奏说出来，他的台词为他赢得了‘鸡排主理人’的绰号。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“his lines”指代上文的“wisecracks”和具体台词，且该选项中的“the chicken cutlet curator”这个昵称，是对他独特销售风格的总结和升华。故选B。 10．由上文“Students,office workers and pensioners alike line up,many returning daily.(学生、上班族和退休老人都在排队，许多人每天都来。)”以及下文“He greets customers as‘old friends,’recalls their orders precisely,and even offers schoolchildren a one-yuan discount after 4.30 p.m.(他把顾客称为‘老朋友’，准确记得他们的订单，甚至在下午4点半后给小学生提供一元折扣。)”可知，本空要说明顾客持续光顾的原因不仅在于食物，更在于摊主本人带来的感受，E选项“Some say his chicken is good,but his warmth is better.(有人说他的炸鸡好，但他的热情更好。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“his chicken is good”承接了顾客排队购买的现象，而“his warmth is better”则引出了下文他对待顾客的温暖细节，形成了过渡。故选E。 11．由上文“Mr Li now sleeps no more than three or four hours a night.(李先生现在每晚睡眠不超过三四个小时。)”以及下文“His sudden popularity has also drawn attention from livestreamers and rival vendors(他突然的走红也吸引了主播和竞争对手摊主的注意)”可知，本空要解释他睡眠不足的原因并表达他的态度，A选项“He admits he is exhausted but insists he is happy:‘I can’t let those waiting in line down.’(他承认自己很累，但坚持表示自己很快乐：‘我不能让那些排队的人失望。’)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“exhausted”与上文“tiring”和“sleeps no more than three or four hours”相呼应。故选A。 12．由上文“It is a title usually reserved for opera singers or sports stars,but in Mr Li’s case it signals a broader trend.(这个头衔通常是为歌剧歌手或体育明星保留的，但在李俊永的案例中，它标志着一个更广泛的趋势。)”以及下文“Mr Li’s rise also hints at deeper undercurrents in Chinese consumer culture.(李俊永的崛起也暗示着中国消费文化中更深层次的暗流。)”可知，本空要具体说明这个“更广泛的趋势”是什么，D选项“Cities across China increasingly make use of internet celebrities as living advertisements,hoping to turn their fleeting fame into sustainable tourism.(中国各地的城市越来越多地利用网络名人作为活广告，希望将他们短暂的名气转化为可持续的旅游业。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“make use of internet celebrities as living advertisements(利用网络名人作为活广告)”具体解释了“broader trend(更广泛的趋势)”的内涵，即网络名人成为城市代言的新现象。故选D。 Passage 4 （2425高二上・上海洋泾中学・期中） Despite the fact that American companies have been“global”for a very long time now,many people today inside companies still misunderstand cultural differences.They misperceive potential foreign-born workers,for example,as too“shy”or not“confident”enough.13 In many cultures,it is just not appropriate to make small talk with someone you don’t know,especially someone above you in the corporate level.14 For example,if you express your loyalty to a particular team without knowing that of your colleagues,you might put them in the uncomfortable position of having to either conceal their own preference or express something that conflicts with yours.So,you can imagine how challenging it can be for someone from a non-small talk culture to try to fit into a US corporate setting. In addition,the US is basically a“straight-shooter(坦率的人)”style culture,where it is cultural valued to tell it like it is.But this isn’t necessarily true worldwide.For example,in Japan,people prefer to communicate indirectly,especially when it comes to a sensitive topic.To avoid accidentally damaging a relationship,people approach problems through subtle hints or general statements.If someone were to directly state a problem,it would make them look ungraceful,immature,and untrustworthy.15 Americans tend to be relatively informal in a business context.16 Many cultures are quite formal,especially when interacting with superiors.In general,Indian culture,for example,is very formal.Indians typically greet their elders and superiors by title(Sir,Mr.,Dr.,Professor)and never by their first name.This is also the case at the university,where students act with extreme levels of respect towards their professors. The above discussion just hits the tip of the iceberg of the different cultural misinterpretations in corporate America.For American employers to succeed in selecting,training,inspiring and keeping their top foreign-born talent,it is high time that they started taking account of these cultural differences in their leadership selection process. A．There is a significant problem in corporate America today with foreign workers. B．In fact,many people are quite surprised at the level of informality in American businesses. C．Someone who avoids making small talk can be seen as unfriendly or not a team player. D．However,in reality,with a moderate amount of training,these high-performing individuals could be corporate leaders of tomorrow. E．It can also be impolite and even dangerous to openly express your opinion. F．But from the perspective of American culture,this more indirect style appears as if someone is“hiding”the truth. 【答案】13．D 14．E 15．F 16．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了美国企业界对不同文化误解。 【详解】13．上文“Despite the fact that American companies have been‘global’for a very long time now,many people today inside companies still misunderstand cultural differences.They misperceive potential foreign-born workers,for example,as too‘shy’or not‘confident’enough.(尽管美国公司已经‘全球化’很长时间了，但今天公司内部的许多人仍然误解了文化差异。例如，他们错误地认为潜在的外国出生的工人太‘害羞’或不够‘自信’。)”说明由于文化差异，美国公司还会错误地认为外国工人不够勇敢自信，选项D“然而，在现实中，经过适度的培训，这些表现优异的人可以成为未来的企业领导者。”承接上文，转折语义，说明外国工人经过培训也可以成为企业领导者。故选D项。 14．下文“For example,if you express your loyalty to a particular team without knowing that of your colleagues,you might put them in the uncomfortable position of having to either conceal their own preference or express something that conflicts with yours.(例如，如果你在不知道你的同事的情况下表达你对一个特定团队的忠诚，你可能会把他们置于一个不舒服的境地，他们要么隐瞒自己的偏好，要么表达与你的偏好相冲突的东西。)”说明公开表达自己的观点可能让人不舒服，甚至可能发生冲突。选项E“公开表达自己的观点也是不礼貌的，甚至是危险的。”引领下文，概括说明下文所举的事例。故选E项。 15．段首“In addition,the US is basically a‘straight-shooter(坦率的人)’style culture,where it is cultural valued to tell it like it is.(此外，美国基本上是一种‘直来直去’式的文化，在那里，如实讲述是有文化价值的。)”以及“For example,in Japan,people prefer to communicate indirectly,especially when it comes to a sensitive topic.To avoid accidentally damaging a relationship,people approach problems through subtle hints or general statements.If someone were to directly state a problem,it would make them look ungraceful,immature,and untrustworthy.(例如，在日本，人们更喜欢间接交流，尤其是在涉及敏感话题时。为了避免不小心破坏关系，人们通过微妙的暗示或笼统的陈述来解决问题。如果有人直接陈述问题，会让他们看起来不优雅、不成熟、不值得信任。)”说明美国文化喜欢直来直去，而日本人更喜欢间接交流，选项F“但从美国文化的角度来看，这种更间接的风格似乎有人在‘隐藏’真相。”承接上文，转折语义，说明美国人对日本这种间接交流风格的不理解，呼应段首。故选F项。 16．上文“Americans tend to be relatively informal in a business context.(美国人在商业环境中往往相对不太正式。)”说明美国人在商业环境中相对不太正式，选项B“事实上，许多人对美国企业中的非正式程度感到非常惊讶。”承接上文，进一步说明美国商业中的不正式程度。选项中informality和上文中informal语义一致，故选B项。 话题5市场经济（共2篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海松江一中・期中） Lego in China Engineers gather around a table-sized model of the China Art Museum,a landmark of Shanghai,adding airports for helicopters,car parks and other improvements with colorful bricks.1 Li Yang,visiting for a few days from Shenzhen,has been waiting for her daughter for two hours.Zhu Yunfei,watching his son,marvels at the variety:“Coming here to play with him is making up for my childhood,”he says.They drop by every week. Lego’s rise in China has been shiningly attractive.In 2017 it overlook Alpha Group,a local giant,to become the country’s leading toy company(not including video games).In the past two years it has opened 89 stores and wants 50 more by December,which will bring it to 30 cities.Its first Chinese factory started making bricks in 2016.The toy industry is growing by 9%annually in the country,but the Danish firm’s Chinese section has won“very strong double digits(两位数)”,says Paul Huang,its boss. 2 In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade.But last year both ticked up again,by 4%each.Lego has thus retained its status as the world’s biggest toy-maker,snatched from Mattel in 2014-even as its American rival last year earned its highest revenues in five years from its Barbie dolls. Newly wealthy parents in China have helped Lego recover.“We have not reached the extreme out there,by far,”says Niels Christiansen,whom Lego brought in as chief executive two years ago.3 Last year 98%of those surveyed by Lego said that play was essential for their child’s well-being,even more than Americans and Danes. Lego has also sensibly managed to meet the demands of local tastes.4 Fans were delighted at the attention to cultural detail.One was a Chinese New Year’s Eve dinner kit,with tiny red envelopes and chunlian,lucky couplets on banners pasted around doorways.A dragon boat race set included a sticky-rice dumpling,a popular festival snack.The high-quality kits are pricey,costing up to 700 yuan($100)a piece. A．It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier. B．It has been sold in great volumes with various kinds of sets and earned the fame as the most suitable toys for children to play with. C．Removing a child from Lego’s vast shop near People’s Square can be like unsticking two stubborn bits of Lego. D．Over the past decades,Lego’s sales volume in China is not as satisfying as it expected. E．As in the West,the educational merits of bricks appeal to Chinese parents. F．This year the firm launched several sets specifically for China,the first time it has done so for any country. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．E 4．F 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了乐高公司在中国的营销发展状况。 【详解】1．上文“Engineers gather around a table-sized model of the China Art Museum,a landmark of Shanghai,adding airports for helicopters,car parks and other improvements with colorful bricks(工程师们聚集在一个桌子大小的中国美术馆(上海的地标性建筑)模型周围，用彩色砖块为直升机增加机场、停车场和其他改进)”。后一句“Li Yang,visiting for a few days from Shenzhen,has been waiting for her daughter for two hours(李阳从深圳来这里旅游几天，她已经等了女儿两个小时了)”则以李阳的女儿为例，表明了孩子们对这些玩具的痴迷程度。因此，该句应该表示“孩子们很喜欢这些玩具”的意思。结合选项，C选项Removing a child from Lego’s vast shop near People’s Square can be like unsticking two stubborn bits of Lego.(让一个孩子离开人民广场附近的乐高商店，就像解开两块顽固的乐高积木)符合语境。故选C。 2．下文“In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade.But last year both ticked up again,by 4%each(2017年，乐高裁员1400人，收入和利润出现十多年来首次下滑。但去年两者都有所回升，分别上涨了4%)”具体陈述了乐高2017年和去年的运营状况。该空位于句首，应该对其运营情况进行概述。结合选项，A选项It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier.(尽管这家制砖商的全球业务看起来不太稳定，但它还是做到了)符合语境。故选A。 3．下文“Last year 98%of those surveyed by Lego said that play was essential for their child’s well-being,even more than Americans and Danes(去年，乐高的调查显示，98%的受访者表示玩耍对孩子的健康至关重要，这一比例甚至超过了美国人和丹麦人)”阐述了中国父母购买乐高玩具的原因。那么该句应该明确“玩乐高玩具有好处”这样的意思。结合选项，E选项As in the West,the educational merits of bricks appeal to Chinese parents.(和西方一样，积木的教育价值也吸引了中国父母)符合语境。故选E。 4．上文“Lego has also sensibly managed to meet the demands of local tastes(乐高还明智地满足了当地口味的需求)”提到乐高满足当地口味需求这种做法。该空承接上文，可以举例来说明这一点。结合选项，F选项This year the firm launched several sets specifically for China,the first time it has done so for any country.(今年，该公司专门为中国推出了几套产品，这是该公司首次为某个国家推出此类产品)符合语境。故选F。 Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海大同中学・期中） In business,there is a speed difference:It’s the difference between how important firm leaders say speed is to their competitive strategy and how fast the company actually moves.5 In our study of 343 businesses,the companies that choose to go,go,go to try to gain an edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.What’s more,the firms that“slowed down to speed up”improved their top and bottom lines,averaging 40%higher sales and 52%higher operating incomes over a three-year period. 6 They thought differently about what“slower”and“faster”mean.Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operation speed(moving quickly)and strategic speed(reducing the time it takes to deliver value).Simply increasing the speed of production,for example,may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference.But that often leads to reduced value over time,in the form of lower-quality products and services. In our study,higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.They became more open to ideas and discussion.7 And they allowed time to look back and learn.By contrast,performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time,paid too much attention to improving efficiency,stuck to tested methods,didn’t develop team spirit among their employees,and had little time thinking about changes. Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.8 That kind of strategy must come from the top. A．How did they disobey the laws of business physics,taking more time than competitors yet performing better? B．Teams that regularly take time to get things right are more successful in meeting their business goals. C．More haste,less speed proves wrong in the study. D．The difference is important regardless of industry and company size. E．They valued efficiency rather than consideration. F．They encouraged new ways of thinking. 【答案】5．D 6．A 7．F 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨企业经营中的战略速度与运营速度差异，论证适时放缓节奏对提升业绩的重要意义。 【详解】5．根据空前的“In business,there is a speed difference:It’s the difference between how important firm leaders say speed is to their competitive strategy and how fast the company actually moves.(在商业领域，存在一种速度差异：这种差异指的是企业领导者口中速度对竞争战略的重要性，与公司实际运营速度之间的差距。)”可知，此空应强调该速度差异的重要性，D选项“The difference is important regardless of industry and company size.(无论行业与公司规模如何，这种差异都至关重要。)”中的the difference指代前文的speed difference，承接前文内容，符合语境。故选D项。 6．根据空前的“In our study of 343 businesses,the companies that choose to go,go,go to try to gain an edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.What’s more,the firms that“slowed down to speed up”improved their top and bottom lines,averaging 40%higher sales and 52%higher operating incomes over a three-year period.(在我们对343家企业的研究中，那些选择一味求快以抢占先机的公司，最终销售额和营业利润均低于那些在关键时刻暂停、确保方向正确的公司。此外，那些“以慢求快”的企业业绩表现持续向好，三年内销售额平均增长40%，营业利润平均增长52%。)”以及空后的“They thought differently about what“slower”and“faster”mean.(它们对“慢”和“快”的定义有着不同的理解。)”可知，此空应提出设问，引出这些高业绩企业的独特之处，A选项“How did they disobey the laws of business physics,taking more time than competitors yet performing better?(它们是如何打破商业物理法则，比竞争对手耗时更久却表现更出色的呢？)”中的they指代前文的the firms that“slowed down to speed up”，衔接前后文逻辑，符合语境。故选A项。 7．根据空前的“In our study,higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.They became more open to ideas and discussion.(在我们的研究中，那些具备战略速度、业绩表现优异的公司总会在必要时做出调整。它们更乐于接纳各类想法，也更愿意开展相关探讨。)”以及空后的“And they allowed time to look back and learn.(同时，它们会留出时间复盘总结、吸取经验。)”可知，此空应说明这些高业绩企业的具体做法，与前后句形成并列，F选项“They encouraged new ways of thinking.(它们鼓励全新的思维方式。)”中的they指代前文的higher-performing companies，承接前文内容，符合语境。故选F项。 8．根据空前的“Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.(战略速度本身就是一种领导力的体现。)”以及空后的“That kind of strategy must come from the top.(这种战略必须自上而下推行。)”可知，此空应强调具备战略速度的团队更容易达成目标，B选项“Teams that regularly take time to get things right are more successful in meeting their business goals.(那些经常花时间把事情做对的团队，更能成功达成商业目标。)”承接前文战略速度的话题，且引出后文战略推行的要求，符合语境。故选B项。 话题6文化与节日（共2篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海崇明中学・期中） Sydney’s Plan to Be the New Year’s Eve Capital of the World Dean Jacobowski stands atop the Sydney Opera House as the first glimmer of the day’s summer sun bounces from the famous white sails.It’s early in the morning,three days before New Year’s Eve.The harbor is Jacobowski’s canvas(画布).1 “It’s the most recognized structure in the world,so just playing a small role in that is amazing,”Jacobowski tells reporters down below.“There are one billion people that tune in to watch the fireworks,so yeah...no pressure to get the fireworks right,”he laughs. After midnight hits,Jacobowski’s crew will outfit the Sydney Opera House with 36,000 shooting effects,13,000 airborne shells,and over 75,000 pyrotechnic effects that will explode across the bay.Sydney’s local government,which calls its city the“New Year’s Eve Capital of the World”has also set 7,000 firework cues on the Sydney Harbour Bridge,wanting it to“dance with color”.While the official New Year’s Eve extravagant(盛会)focuses on the Harbour Bridge and Opera House,Sydney’s big night is felt across the city,lighting up individual streets,homes and businesses with the atmosphere of the evening.2 3 When it opened in 1973,architect Jorn Utzon gave Australia a symbol to proudly display on postage stamps—or launch fireworks from.The House,as it’s lovingly known,has over its half-decade helped to evolve Australian culture.The modern nation of Australia may be young,but it is home to the oldest culture on earth.4“We are calling to our old people for strength in this moment and to also celebrate their achievements and the knowledge they have passed down.I hope to create a memorable event for everyone to take part in.This platform allows us to share our truth,our stories,our voice with the world,”the show’s Creative Director said. The world will be watching. A．He plans to paint it with fireworks. B．Across the water,the Sydney Opera House turned 50 in 2023. C．It is something the Sydneysiders are immensely proud of. D．Australia is one of the first places in the world to ring in the new year. E．Indigenous(本土的，土著的)Australians have inhabited the continent for over 60,000 years. F．We’re such a young country and to have such an iconic place is very special. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了悉尼计划打造“世界跨年夜之都”的相关举措：以悉尼歌剧院和海港大桥为核心的盛大烟花表演、歌剧院的历史意义，以及活动对澳大利亚本土文化的彰显，吸引全球观众关注。 【详解】1．根据上文“The harbor is Jacobowski’s canvas(画布)(海港是雅各布夫斯基的画布。)”可知，此处需延续“画布”的比喻，说明他将如何“创作”。结合下文“After midnight hits,Jacobowski’s crew will outfit the Sydney Opera House with 36,000 shooting effects,13,000 airborne shells,and over 75,000 pyrotechnic effects that will explode across the bay(午夜钟声敲响后，雅各布斯基的团队将为悉尼歌剧院配备36000个射流效果、13000枚空中礼花弹以及超过75000种烟花特效，这些将在海湾上空绽放)”可知，他计划用烟花为海港“作画”。A项“He plans to paint it with fireworks.(他计划用烟花为它上色。)”与上下文逻辑一致，故选A项。 2．根据上文“While the official New Year’s Eve extravagant(盛会)focuses on the Harbour Bridge and Opera House,Sydney’s big night is felt across the city,lighting up individual streets,homes and businesses with the atmosphere of the evening.(虽然官方跨年夜盛会以海港大桥和歌剧院为核心，但整个悉尼都能感受到这个盛大的夜晚，街道、住宅和商铺都被节日氛围点亮)”可知，整个悉尼都能感受到这个盛大的夜晚，街道、住宅和商铺都被节日氛围点亮，可推理出此处需总结悉尼人对这一盛会的情感态度。C项“It is something the Sydneysiders are immensely proud of.(这是悉尼人深感自豪的事情。)”符合语境，It指代前文的跨年夜盛会，体现悉尼人对本土盛会的自豪感，衔接自然，故选C项。 3．根据下文“When it opened in 1973,architect Jorn Utzon gave Australia a symbol to proudly display on postage stamps—or launch fireworks from.The House,as it’s lovingly known,has over its half-decade helped to evolve Australian culture(1973年落成时，建筑师约恩·乌松为澳大利亚打造了一个象征——它既被骄傲地印在邮票上，也成了烟花绽放的舞台。这座被人们亲切称为“贝壳屋”的建筑，在其半个多世纪的岁月中，已然成为推动澳大利亚文化演进的重要力量)”可知，歌剧院已建成50年左右，下文围绕悉尼歌剧院的落成时间、历史意义展开，因此空格处需引出歌剧院的相关话题。B项“Across the water,the Sydney Opera House turned 50 in 2023.(隔水相望的悉尼歌剧院在2023年迎来了50周年华诞)”既点明了歌剧院的身份，又提及50周年的时间背景，为下文介绍其历史意义铺垫，故选B项。 4．根据上文“The modern nation of Australia may be young,but it is home to the oldest culture on earth.(现代澳大利亚或许是一个年轻的国家，但它是地球上最古老文化的发源地)”可知，此处需具体说明这一“最古老文化”的相关信息。E项“Indigenous(本土的，土著的)Australians have inhabited the continent for over 60,000 years.(澳大利亚土著居民已在这片大陆上居住了6万多年。)”承接上文，用具体的居住时间印证“最古老文化”的说法，且与下文Creative Director所说的“calling to our old people(向我们的先辈致敬)”相呼应，故选E项。 Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海同济第一附中・期中） 5 They are church weddings with a great deal of music,weddings on mountaintops with guests who are without shoes and so on.But many weddings,no matter where or how they are performed,include certain traditional customs. Before a couple is married,they become engaged.And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live faraway.6 The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.The wedding ceremony enters the church while the wedding march is played.The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will give her away.The groom enters the church from a side door.When the wedding party is gathered by the altar(圣坛),the bride and groom exchange vows.It is traditional to use the words: “To have and to hold from this day forward,for better for worse,for richer for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part.”7 Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom. After the ceremony there is often a party,called a“reception”,which gives the wedding guests an opportunity to congratulate the newlyweds. The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words“Just Married”are painted on the trunk or back window.8 When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars honking and drawing attention to them.And then the couple go on their honeymoon. A．There are so many kinds of weddings in the United States. B．Following the promises,the couple exchange rings. C．All the Americans hold their weddings in the church. D．The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests. E．American people always play tricks on the“just married”couples. F．When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment. 【答案】5．A 6．F 7．B 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍美国婚礼形式多样，但包含传统习俗，依次讲述了订婚邀请、婚礼仪式（宣誓、交换戒指）、婚宴及新人离场等核心流程。 【详解】5．由下文“They are church weddings with a great deal of music,weddings on mountaintops with guests who are without shoes and so on.(它们包括有大量音乐的教堂婚礼、宾客光脚参加的山顶婚礼等等。)”可知，空格处需总述“美国婚礼种类繁多”。A项“There are so many kinds of weddings in the United States.(美国有各种各样的婚礼。)”符合语境，“so many kinds of weddings”呼应下文列举的教堂婚礼、山顶婚礼等类型，They指代上文提到的“various weddings”，总起全文，承上启下。故选A项。 6．由上文“And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live faraway.(然后会向住在附近的人、亲密的朋友和远方的亲戚发送邀请。)”和下文“The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.(婚礼本身通常持续20到40分钟。)”可知，空格处需衔接“邀请准备完成”与“婚礼开始”。F项“When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment.(当一切准备就绪，最激动人心的时刻就到了。)”符合语境，“everything is ready”指代上文“发送邀请”等筹备工作，“the most exciting moment”对应下文“婚礼本身”，逻辑连贯。故选F项。 7．由上文“To have and to hold from this day forward,for better for worse,for richer for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part(从今而后，执子之手，与子偕老；无论顺境逆境，富贵贫穷，健康疾病，爱汝惜汝，不离不弃，直至死亡将我们分离。)”中西方婚礼中经典的婚姻誓词和下文“Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom.(将婚戒戴在左手无名指上是一项古老的习俗。)”可知，空格处需说明“交换誓言后的环节——交换戒指”。B项“Following the promises,the couple exchange rings.(在许下承诺之后，这对新人交换戒指。)”符合语境，“Following the promises”衔接上文“exchange vows”，“exchange rings”呼应下文“wedding ring”，衔接自然。故选B项。 8．由上文“The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words“Just Married”are painted on the trunk or back window.(这对新人离开教堂时乘坐的汽车会装饰有气球、彩带和剃须膏，车尾或后窗上会涂上“新婚快乐”的字样。)”和下文“When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars honking and drawing attention to them.(当这对新人开车离开教堂时，朋友们常会开车追赶，鸣笛并吸引他人注意。)”可知，空格处需补充“新人上车前的环节”。D项“The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests.(新郎新娘在宾客抛撒的米粒雨中跑向汽车。)”符合语境，“run to the car”衔接上文“装饰汽车”和下文“开车离开”，“shower of rice”是婚礼传统习俗，丰富了场景描述，逻辑清晰。故选D项。 本文是一篇说明文，对青少年提出建议：要树立清晰目标，在目标受挫时不要过度自责，学会调整方法；同时要合理使用智能产品，管控使用时间。 【新素材·青年目标】 Setting goals and using smart products properly are important for modern teenagers.1 However,many of us get discouraged when results do not meet expectations. When you fail to reach your goal,do not blame yourself too much.2 You can analyse what went wrong and make proper changes to your plans.Persistence does not mean repeating the same useless actions again and again.It means adjusting methods while keeping your main aim. Nowadays,all kinds of smart products are widely available.3 They can help us study and organize daily life.Yet they also bring risks if we cannot control ourselves well. 4 For example,set fixed time for using smart devices.Do not let technology take up all your spare time.Remember:smart tools should serve you,not control you. 5 Combine clear personal goals with reasonable use of modern technology.In this way you can make greater progress towards your ambition. A．They bring plenty of convenience to our life. B．It is normal to experience failure on the way to goals. C．It is impossible for teenagers to set meaningful goals. D．We should learn good rules for using smart equipment. E．Many teenagers never meet difficulties in their daily study. F．Having clear goals gives us direction for growth and progress. G．In short,goals and technology should work together for you. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．G 【导语】文章主要讲述了设定目标和使用智能产品的正确方法，强调调整策略、自律及二者结合以促进个人成长。 【详解】1．上文“Setting goals and using smart products properly are important for modern teenagers.(设定目标并合理使用智能产品对现代青少年很重要)”说明目标与智能产品的作用。空处和前文为顺接关系，进一步说明设定目标的意义。下文“However,many of us get discouraged when results do not meet expectations.(然而，当结果不如预期时，我们很多人会气馁)”与前文构成转折。所以F项“拥有清晰的目标为我们提供成长和进步的方向。”符合语境。F项中的“clear goals”与上文“Setting goals”相呼应。 2．上文“When you fail to reach your goal,do not blame yourself too much.(当你未能达到目标时，不要过分自责)”说明面对失败的正确态度。空处和前文为顺接关系，解释失败是正常现象。下文“You can analyse what went wrong and make proper changes to your plans.(你可以分析出错的原因，并对计划做出适当的调整)”给出具体建议。所以B项“在追求目标的过程中经历失败是正常的。”符合语境。B项中的“failure”与上文“fail”相呼应。 3．上文“Nowadays,all kinds of smart products are widely available.(如今，各种智能产品广泛可得)”说明智能产品的普及。空处和前文为顺接关系，介绍智能产品的优点。下文“They can help us study and organize daily life.(它们能帮助我们学习和组织日常生活)”具体说明便利之处。所以A项“它们给我们的生活带来许多便利。”符合语境。A项中的They指代上文“smart products”，“convenience”与下文“help us”相呼应。 4．下文“For example,set fixed time for using smart devices.Do not let technology take up all your spare time.(例如，设定使用智能设备的固定时间。不要让科技占据你所有的空闲时间)”给出使用智能设备的具体规则。空处和下文为总起关系，说明应学习使用智能设备的规则。所以D项“我们应该学习使用智能设备的良好规则。”符合语境。D项中的rules与下文“set fixed time”相呼应。 5．下文“Combine clear personal goals with reasonable use of modern technology.In this way you can make greater progress towards your ambition.(将清晰的个人目标与现代技术的合理使用结合起来。这样你就能朝着你的抱负取得更大的进步)”是全文的总结升华，空处作为段首总起句，对前文内容进行收尾总结，点明目标和科技应当共同为你服务。所以G项“总之，目标和技术应该为你协同工作。”符合语境。G项中的“goals and technology”与下文“Combine clear personal goals with reasonable use of modern technology”相呼应。 本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了地面沉降这一地理现象。 【新素材·地面沉降】 Subsidence(沉降)happens when land sinks because water,soil,rock or other underground materials are removed.It can happen quickly,with the sudden appearance of a sinkhole or an abrupt shift during an earthquake.It can also happen gradually as people remove groundwater from aquifers(含水层).6 Most subsidence occurs where people pump groundwater out of aquifers.7 Rather,they are porous(透水的)rocks that hold water like vast sponges.Water that soaks into the ground after a good rain or snowmelt fills the spaces in the rock. 8 But the more water we remove,the more air pockets we leave behind.Overlying rock and soil collapse into the porous rock,causing the surface to sink.Aquifers can take thousands of years to refill with water.Thus,subsidence is an ongoing issue in many places. Sometimes subsidence happens because people remove other substances from the ground.9 When those materials are removed,land settles into the gaps,leading to subsidence. Subsidence happens around the world,but it is more common in areas with large cities and lots of agriculture.10 Cities face an additional problem if they are built on fine sediments(沉积物)left behind by rivers.These places can sink due to the weight of the buildings above them. A．Coastal cities sink due to subsidence. B．This includes mining for minerals,oil or gas. C．These natural storage areas are not underground lakes. D．When we dig wells,we tap into these groundwater sources. E．Over time,the overlying land sinks down to fill the open space. F．Subsidence happens as farmers use groundwater for their crops. G．Human activity in these places can lead to overuse of groundwater. 【答案】6．E 7．C 8．D 9．B 10．G 【导语】本文介绍了地面沉降的两类发生形式，阐释了抽取地下水、开采地下物质等人为成因，说明沉降多发于大城市与农业区及部分城市的额外沉降风险。 【详解】6．上文“Subsidence(沉降)happens when...It can also happen gradually as people remove groundwater from aquifers(含水层).(当……的时候会出现沉降现象。它也可能因人们从含水层抽取地下水而逐步发生。)”介绍缓慢沉降的成因。E选项“Over time,the overlying land sinks down to fill the open space.(久而久之，上方的土地下沉来填补空隙。)”承接上文，解释抽取地下水后地面沉降的过程。 7．上文“Most subsidence occurs where people pump groundwater out of aquifers.(大多数沉降发生在人们抽取含水层地下水的地方。)”点明沉降多发地点。C选项“These natural storage areas are not underground lakes.(这些天然储水区域并不是地下湖泊。)”中These natural storage areas指上文的“aquifers”；下文“Rather,they are porous(透水的)rocks that hold water like vast sponges.(相反，它们是多孔岩石，像巨大海绵一样储存水。)”和C选项构成“不是……而是……”的对比逻辑。 8．下文“But the more water we remove,the more air pockets we leave behind.(但是我们抽取的水越多，留下的气孔就越多。)”But表转折，介绍过度取水带来的后果。D选项“When we dig wells,we tap into these groundwater sources.(当我们打井时，就会取用这些地下水源。)”说明人类取用地下水的行为，与下文构成转折关系。 9．上文“Sometimes subsidence happens because people remove other substances from the ground.(有时沉降是因为人们从地下开采其他物质。)”引出另一类沉降诱因。B选项“This includes mining for minerals,oil or gas.(这包括开采矿物、石油或天然气。)”中“This”指代上文开采地下其他物质；下文“When those materials are removed(当这些物质被移走)”里“those materials”对应B选项的“minerals,oil or gas”。 10．上文“Subsidence happens around the world,but it is more common in areas with large cities and lots of agriculture.(沉降在世界各地都有发生，但在大城市和农业密集区域更为常见。)”介绍沉降高发区域。G选项“Human activity in these places can lead to overuse of groundwater.(这些地区的人类活动会造成地下水过度开采。)”解释这些区域沉降多发的原因，“these places”指上文“areas with large cities and lots of agriculture”。 2 / 47 1 / 47 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题04六选四6大常考话题 话题1方法和策略（常考点） 话题2个人经历 话题3科普知识（难点） 话题4社会问题与社会现象（难点） 话题5市场经济 话题6文化与节日 1.读首尾，抓主旨 只读文章首段、每段第一句，搞懂文章讲什么。选项先不细看。 2.看空的位置，判断作用 -段首：大概率是主旨/总起句，概括整段 -段中：细节、过渡句，看前后句逻辑 -段尾：总结、承上启下 3.先易后难，做完通读检查 一眼能确定的先选；纠结的空先跳过，利用后文线索回头做；全部填完读一遍，看语义顺不顺。 话题1方法与策略（共3篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海控江中学・期中） How good are you at saying“no”?For many,it’s surprisingly difficult.1 Consider these scenes: It’s late in the day.That front-page package you’ve been working on is nearly complete;one last edit and it’s finished.Then enters the executive editor,who makes a suggestion requiring a more-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box.You want to scream:“No!It’s done!”What do you do? The first rule of saying no to the boss is“don’t say no.”2 The second rule is“don’t raise the risks by challenging his authority.”That issue is already decided.The third rule is“to be ready to cite options and consequences.”The boss’s suggestions might be appropriate,but there are always consequences.He might not know about the pages backing up that need attention,or about the designer who had to go home sick.Tell him he can have what he wants,but explain the consequences.Understand what he’s trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what you’ve done so far. Here’s another case.Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea.3 If you say no,even politely,you risk holding back further ideas,not just from that reporter,but from others who heard that you turned down the idea.This case is common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter(过滤)story suggestions. Two steps are necessary.First,you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed.Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair hearing.Your natural reaction and strong rejection,even of a worthless idea,might not qualify as systematic or fair. Second,the people you work with need to negotiate a“What if…?”agreement covering“What if my idea is turned down?”How are people expected to react?Is there an appeal process?Can they perfect the idea and resubmit it?4 A．This one should be easy,but it’s not. B．Successful negotiators always look at the situation from the other side’s perspective. C．He probably has something in mind when he makes suggestions,and it’s up to you to find out what. D．This is especially true of editors,who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do. E．Be kind and give him positive feedback before your refusal and be specific about what you do like or appreciate about him. F．By anticipating“What if…?”situations before they happen,you can reach understanding and it will help ease you out of conflicts. Passage 2 （2425高二上・上海格致中学・期中） The art of academic writing is not easy to master.5 Academic writing is the skilful exposition and explanation of an argument,which the writer has carefully researched and developed over a sustained period of time.6 But the joy of reading and sharing with others,one’s succinctly composed piece of argument,is incomparable. Before beginning to write,the writer must ask himself a few questions–Why am I writing?What is it that I intend to share with others?What purpose will my writing serve?Have I read enough about the topic or theme about which I am going to write?7 Because academic writing is a serious activity–it makes one part of a shared community of readers and writers who wish to disseminate and learn from well-argued pieces of writing. The structure of an argumentative essay should take the form of–Introduction(which should be around ten percent of the entire essay),Body(it should constitute eighty percent of the piece)and the Conclusion(again,ten per cent of the essay).8 The body should include cogent and coherently linked paragraphs and the conclusion should re-state the argument and offer a substantial ending to the piece. A．These questions may well get clearer and clearer during the process of academic writing. B．The introduction should function as the hook which draws the reader in and holds his attention. C．It is a formal skill,which requires precision and accuracy,and is perfected by continuous and dedicated practice. D．If one is hesitant to answer even one of the aforementioned questions,one had better not write at all! E．It may take one a considerable period of time to know the skills of academic writing,even long after his/her college graduation. F．It is a time-consuming activity and demands patience and perseverance. Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海育才中学・期中） How Can I Fight Laziness? Lazy people will never amount to anything in life.However,laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind. 9.Many people lack sleep constantly,since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work.These people have little motivation once they arrive home.Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things.By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest,you can fight laziness throughout the day. Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active.Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task.Others take a more proactive approach,viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone.10. Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations(诱惑)that surround them.A television in the living room may provide entertainment,but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness.11.Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy,such as a good dinner or a film. Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home.Couples and children may all have different energy levels,but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately.12.Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal.Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task.It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people. Finally,taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness.Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you to develop a healthy lifestyle,thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits. A．To fight family laziness,set an example. B．Knowing how to fight laziness is important. C．One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep. D．With strong determination,you will be able to achieve your goal. E．Laziness sets in when you no longer feel in charge of your own life. F．Create a reward system for yourself,just as parents do for a child. 话题2个人经历（共3篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海吴淞中学・期中） The Best Graduation Speech Ever Given I was humbled and honored to be asked by the president of this outstanding university to speak to you today.Who am I?I am Gavin Presgrave,and for the past 39 years,I have written graduation speeches for hundreds of celebrities and nervous valedictorians(告别演说者).1 And,at the risk of bragging(吹嘘),I was the first graduation-speech writer to compare life to a book. If I’m know for anything,it’s for starting speeches by saying,“I promise to keep things short,as I’m sure you are all impatient to go forward to the wonderful lives I hope you will live.”I’m as proud of that.But perhaps my most famous work came during a commencement speech at Penn State in the spring of 1977.During that speech,given by someone whose name I forget,I first used the phrase“As I look out into this sea of eager faces…”And that“sea of faces”thing was a real game-changer in the world of graduation-speech writing. 2 In 1997,I won a Herman(our version of Oscar)for Best Use of a Children’s Author Quote.That same year,I was nominated for Best Opening Joke,which went like,“Oh,no!We’re all wearing the same gown!How embarrassing!”It was a crowd-pleaser. So what have I learned during my career?3 I’m not sure,but I’m nevertheless reminded of the day my mother died.Moments before her passing,she told me life was a book and even the saddest of chapters shall come to an end.If you can read the sad chapters rapidly and the happy chapters slowly,then your life will be a worthwhile one. Most of you have no idea what lies ahead or what course your lives will take—two other ways of saying future.I know this.4 We may not need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows,but it can’t hurt to carry an umbrella.As I once said,“Tomorrow is a gift wrapped in time.Now is the time to open it.” You are all about to open new chapters of your own books.Shall we turn that page together? A．What should a good graduation speech be like? B．Yes,I’m proud and humbled to say that I’ve won several awards for my graduation speeches. C．But my life path has not always been smooth. D．What important lesson can I pass along? E．For decades,I have come up with new ways to say future. F．The journey you’re about to start will be filled with twists and turns. Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海曹杨第二中学・期中） Friendship Between Marx and Engels The friendship between Marx and Engels began in 1844.They had met previously,in 1842,in the office of the Rheinische Zeitung(《莱茵报》),then the leading Democratic Republican journal in Germany,of which Marx was the editor.5 Engels,the son of a leading cotton manufacturer and importer in Rhenish Prussia,had just finished his year in the army as lieutenant(陆军中尉)of the Guard-Artillery(炮兵警卫队).His upbringing in a Lutheran and commercial home atmosphere had been very different from that of Marx,who had been raised in an atmosphere of eighteenth-century French culture. In 1844,Marx made his way to Paris,and collaborated with a friend in producing a new review-magazine,The German French Year Book.When he read the article,“Outlines of Political Economy,”from young Frederick Engels away in Manchester,Marx proclaimed it a work of genius and wrote at once,enthusiastically,begging Engels,whenever he had occasion to return to Germany,to make his way there via Paris. Engels was only too delighted to comply.6 For ten days they compared views and found that each had independently reached the same revolutionary conclusion:that the bourgeois(资产阶级)social order was,historically,a transitory phenomenon—an order doomed to give place,sooner or later,to the rule of the proletariat and a system of Communism.The fact that each had reached this conclusion by a different route—Engels by the study of the classic English political economy and of the English Labour Movement,Marx by the study of the great French Revolution and its outcome—made them only the more complementary to each other.The friendship sealed in these ten enthusiastic days—“ten days that shook the world”in a very real sense—lasted unbroken for the remainder of their lives. They fought side by side in the conduct of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung(《新莱茵报》),the most radical journal of the German Revolution of 1848—1849,and were separated only for a time. When Marx,driven from France,took refuge in London,Engels joined him and busied himself in finding openings for Marx to make a living by journalism;while he himself,to provide the“sinews of war,”made his peace with his father and resumed his place in the parental factory in Manchester. 7 How close their relationship was and how very much Engels’s stimulus and encouragement counted in promoting the development of Marx and his life-work can best be seen from the Marx-Engels Correspondence.They each wrote almost daily,and on every aspect of the theory for which they were jointly responsible.The range of subjects covered by them is as amazing as their range of languages. 8 Both were big men physically,but whereas Marx was broad and swarthy(肤色黝黑),Engels was tall and blonde.Marx was the more of a wit,Engels the more of a humorist;but both were men of intense feeling,both had a hatred of fuss(小题大做)and parade,and both were men of a radical profundity in the study of every subject they undertook. A．Marx and Engels began their friendship shortly afterwards. B．This time,both found that their original negative impression of each other was completely changed. C．Engels made his peace with his father because he wanted to support their cause. D．Thereafter for the rest of their lives they never lost contact. E．Neither was,at this first meeting,much drawn to the other. F．Physically and temperamentally they were very different,and at the same time much alike. Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海嘉定一中、晋元高级中学・期中） “No One Goes Cold!” Washington is home to lots of trees—it is the Evergreen State,after all—and lots of fireplaces and wood-burning stoves too.But what if you lived there and couldn’t chop wood or couldn’t afford to pay someone to do it?Luckily,Shane McDaniel and his twin sons,Harrison and Henry McDaniel,21,are happy to lend an ax.The three men chop truckloads of wood—then donate it to those in need.“9”That’s how Shane explained to heraldnet.com.“Or someone who has a broken shoulder and can’t cut wood.” 10“I had to cut wood along with my dad.He just loved doing it,”says Shane,48,a divorced father of six.He wanted to pass along that feeling,so he and the twins spent the summer of 2018 like a clan of Paul Bunyans.The result was a great wall of wood piled up around their house in Lake Stevens,35 miles outside of Seattle.Technically,it was 40 cords—a cord measures four feet high,four feet wide,and eight feet deep.To buy that much would cost about$10,000. It was too much for the McDaniels to use themselves,and when the weather turned cold that November,Shane started thinking of others.He posted on Facebook:“IF YOU ARE IN NEED OF FIREWOOD AND CANNOT AFFORD IT,PLEASE PM[personal message]ME!...If you know someone who BURNS WOOD,and they’re looking at a cold house this holiday season,please help 11” The response was immediate.One man offered to donate a wood-burning furnace.Others raced over to Norm’s,the mini-mart Shane owns,with more wood for the pile.One woman,noticing the photo of the buff McDaniel men in the Facebook post,started to feel warm in other ways:“12 I don’t need the wood.But truly I appreciate the eye candy!” A．The idea started as a father-son bonding project,he told msn.com. B．It has nothing to do with how well it’s received;it’s about how much it’s needed. C．Please post more pictures of you in sleeveless shirts. D．I want people who are burning cardboard because they’ve got nothing. E．So much stress and anxiety is off my shoulders. F．Please help me and my boys make sure NO ONE GOES COLD IN OUR HOOD． 话题3科普知识（共5篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海闵行中学・期中） Rhythm of Life Choosing the right time to sleep,the correct moment to make decisions the best hour to eat—and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health. Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops,scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills.Man is a prisoner of time. But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work.1 Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical,emotional and intellectual level.Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights. 2 Sleep,blood pressure,hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and,most importantly,light indicators such as dawn are taken away,people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change.Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into“days”lasting about 25 hours. In the real world,light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day.But the best indicator of performance is body temperature.As it falls from a 10 pm.high of 37.2C to a pre-dawn low of 36.1C,mental functions fall too.3 The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US.The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day,evening and night shifts.4 Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve. Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues.The aim is to help us become more efficient.There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works. A．The rhythm of life is a slight best. B．Experts say every aspect of human bodies is influenced by daily rhythms. C．Jenny Hope claims to have tested her body clocks to the limit. D．This is a key reason why shift work can cause so many problems. E．Many people study the state of their bio-rhythms before making their daily plan. F．Such a dangerous combination never gave their bodies’natural rhythms a chance to settle down. Passage 2 （2425高二上・上海青浦高级中学・期中） Is Tom Really the Natural Enemy of Jerry? I’ve seen such scenes for many times—some cats are not interested in catching mice,and even seem genuinely afraid of mice.How can a natural hunter be like this?Are mice really more aggressive now? 5 Some cats hunt and kill,others play with prey before killing it,and some,like mine,scamper up the stairs wailing at their own shadow.All cats,like people,have personalities and preferences. Moreover,it has much to do with the environment whether a cat is a qualified mice hunter.When cats live indoors and are not exposed to hunting or game,they may ignore mice.While they have natural hunting instincts,most cats are not professional mice hunters.Cats which live in a house are usually well-fed and will only pursue mice for fun.6 However,cats have lightning-fast reflexes(本能反应)and frequently leap before they realize why,especially if something resembles the way a snake moves.7 The truth is,they may never see one if they’ve always been in the house.Cats are highly alert to other creatures that could damage or kill them.Rats,on the other hand,are even more dangerous.A giant rat is not a prey that a cat would pursue.The rats’bite could injure or infect the cat with a deadly disease. What can we do to naturally keep away from mice?Regarding which cat is the best for hunting mice,the cat breed is unimportant.8 Get two of them,but ensure you are feeding them and providing them with medical treatment rather than simply employing them to kill mice and failing to care for them properly. A．A shelter cat which had previously lived outside is a good choice. B．Actually,it is mainly dependent on the cat. C．If they’ve never seen one,they’re correct to be suspicious! D．That is to say,if the cat is full,curiosity is the only motivation to deal with a moving creature. E．Most of the time,it’s not that the cat is afraid of such creatures. F．Cats are intelligent when deciding which target to follow and which to avoid. Passage 3 （2425高二上・上海上海中学・期中） The Role of Adventure in Personal Growth In a world that often confines us within the boundaries of routine and familiarity,inviting in adventure can boost growth and well-being.The very essence of adventure—stepping beyond comfort zones,facing new challenges,and embracing uncertainty—is a gateway accessible to most to personal transformation. It propels us into experiences that are not only thrilling but also deeply enriching.9 Instead,it provides a unique landscape for cultivating resilience,enhancing self-awareness,and rediscovering the joy of learning through experience.Whether navigating the rapids of a river,exploring a new culture,or undertaking a creative endeavor,each adventure carries the potential to reshape our perspectives,improve our mental strength and add a vibrant layer to the carpet of our lives. The true value of adventure lies not just in the excitement of the moment but in the lasting impact it has on our journey towards a resilient self.The COVID-19 pandemic,a period of great global challenge,provided a testing ground for highlighting the intrinsic value of adventure-based activities.When the world faced lockdowns,individuals who regularly engaged in adventure activities demonstrated a unique resilience compared to those who lacked adventure.Those engaged in adventure applied the mental frameworks developed through their experiences(e.g.,adaptability,problem-solving under pressure,and emotional regulation)to deal with the uncertainties of the pandemic.10 Moreover,venturing into unexplored territories is not merely an escape from the ordinary;science suggests it’s a vital exercise for our brains.Engaging in adventures stimulates our ability to be adaptative and to solve problems.Yes,we make amazing memories and have wonderful stories to tell,but research suggests we are also fostering neuroplasticity(神经可塑性).11 Every new adventure,therefore,contributes to making our minds more agile. 12 When we nurture our awareness that we alone can overcome challenges,this earned internal strength isn’t limited to simply overcoming physical barriers.This skill extends to embracing almost any new role or experience that challenges us mentally and emotionally.Whether solving a complex problem,embarking on a new career path,or engaging in a new social setting,the confidence gained from adventures spills over into various aspects of our lives,too.Simply put,adventure is instrumental in shaping a more robust and confident self. A．By taking adventures,we uncover hidden strengths and develop valuable skills. B．Additionally,the role of adventure in building self-confidence is well-studied. C．Adventure,in its many forms,offers more than mere escapism. D．Adventure can challenge us,push our boundaries,and foster a sense of achievement. E．By creating new neural junctions and strengthening existing ones,we enhance our brain’s health and capacity. F．Accordingly,it’s clear that adventure’s benefits extend well beyond leisure of the moment. Passage 4 （2425高二上・上海七宝中学・期中） Young children value the lives of animals more than adults do If you had to save the life of a person or an animal,which would you choose?Most adults say they would pick the person,but almost half of young children would prefer to save the animal,according to a study in Poland. “The finding really surprised us,”says Matti Wilks at the University of Edinburgh,UK.13 For example,a survey of millions of people in 233 countries,most of them in their 20s and 30s,found they largely agreed that self-driving cars should crash into dogs or cats instead of people if they had to choose. However,growing evidence suggests many young children feel differently.Using a toy railway and Lego figures,Wilks and her colleagues presented 170 children aged 6 to 9 in an urban part of Poland with scenarios based on a thought experiment called the trolley problem.The children had to decide whether to direct a runaway rail car down one of two tracks so that it crashed into a Lego person or a Lego animal—either a dog or chimpanzee.14 About 42 per cent of the children wanted to save the dog and make the rail car collide with the person,compared with just 17 per cent of adults.About 28 per cent of children also prioritized the chimpanzee over the person,compared with 11 per cent of adults. “Children learn from their parents,teachers and others that it’s really important to care for others,but it may be easier for them to learn this as a blanket rule that applies to both humans and animals,”says Karri Neldner at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany.15“However,as they get older,they might pick up on cultural narratives that tell us it’s really important to care for other people,”says Neldner. 16 When she asked Australian children aged 4 to 10 to order pictures of people,animals,plants and objects according to how much they cared about them,the 4-year-olds tended to care more about dogs,cats and dolphins than about classmates,police officers and sick people,but this was reversed in the 10-year-olds. The reason children value dogs so highly is probably due to familiarity,says Wilks.Her studies have found that children who spent more time with dogs were more likely to say they would save a dog over a person. A．Most adults view human life as especially precious. B．Her research suggests this shift starts by the age of 10. C．Surprisingly,children were more likely to save a dog over a person. D．For comparison,the researchers repeated this with 178 Polish adults aged 18 to 50. E．As a result,they don’t show a strong preference for saving one over the other,she says. F．About 28 per cent of children aged 5 to 9 said they would save a dog over a person,compared with 8 per cent of adults. Passage 5 （2425高二上・上海交大附中・期中） The Myth of Short-Term Memory Short-term memory contains the contents of your thoughts right now,including what you intend to do in the next few seconds.17 You may think about what you’ll say next in a conversation or walk to the hall closet with the intention of getting a pair of gloves. Short-term memory is easily disturbed or disrupted.18 You do this by thinking about them,perhaps repeating them over and over again(“I’m going to the closet to get gloves”).But any distraction-new thought,someone asking you a question,the telephone ringing-can disrupt your short-term memory.Our ability to automatically restore the contents of our short-term memory declines slightly with every decade after 30. 19 I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can say that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors-loads of them.They walk into the wrong classroom;they show up to exams without the prerequisite No.2 pencil;they forget something I had just said two minutes before.These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do. The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events,the stories we tell ourselves about them.Twenty-year-olds don’t think,“Oh,dear,this must be early-onset brain damage.”They think,“I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.”The 70-year-old observes these same events and worries about her brain health.This is not to say that brain damage-related memory impairments(损伤)are fiction.20 In the absence of brain disease,even the oldest adults show little or no memory or cognitive decline beyond age 85 and 90. A．Actually,it is doing some mental calculations. B．But age is not the major factor so commonly assumed. C．Some aspects of our memory actually get better with age. D．This is widely understood to be a basic problem of aging. E．It depends on your active attention to the items in the“next thing to do”file in your mind. F．Instead,every lapse(记错)of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder. 话题4社会问题与社会现象（共4篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海市民办文绮中学・期中） Forget Twitter and Facebook,Google and the Kindle.Television is still the most influential medium around.Indeed,for many of the poorest regions of the world,it remains the next big thing—finally becomes globally available.And that is a good thing,because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better. 1 Across the developing world,around 45%of families had a TV in 1995;by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%.That is some way behind the U.S.,where there are more TVs than people,and where people now easily get access to the Internet.2 Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years.In 2005,after the fall of the Taliban,which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.The global total is another 150 million by 2013—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families. Television’s most powerful effect will be on the lives of women.3 In India,researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages,women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands’approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl.They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education.4 In the Indian state of Gujarat,Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Hollywood songs with words in Gujarat on the screen.Within six months,viewers had made a small but significant improvement in their reading skills.Too much TV has been associated with violence,overweight and loneliness.However,TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide. A．The spread of TV brings not only entertainment but also social change. B．The number of households with TVs continues to grow rapidly. C．Some people argue that TV does more harm than good to children. D．This growth is not limited to any one region. E．For example,it can help improve literacy among adults. F．In some countries,TV is still considered a luxury item. Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海复旦附中・期中） What’s your preferred playback speed:1x,1.5x or 2x? Glen Powell,a Hollywood heartthrob,likes 1x listening speed:“I want to hear people talk at a normal human rate.”Bowen Yang,an American comedian,prefers his narration fast and loose—“You can round up to 2x”—though he reckons 1.8x is the perfect“Goldilocks”（恰到好处的）pace. Both men appeared in an advert by Audible,an audiobook platform,earlier this year,which featured various celebrities talking about the speed at which they listen to their chosen titles.It provoked fierce debate online for implying that those who make haste are weird,even psychopathic.One TikTok user said,“5”Some claimed to feel“shamed”by the advert and threatened to cancel their subscriptions. The online debate points to the changing way in which audiences,particularly young ones,engage with digital media.Polling by The Economist and YouGov found that 31%of Americans between the ages of 18 and 29 listen to audio at playback speeds faster than 1x,compared with 8%of people aged 45 and over. 6 Both Apple and Spotify offer users the option to dash through podcasts.Many newspapers offer audio versions of their articles at a variety of tempos.Netflix has a button to switch up videos’speed in its web pages and apps.YouTube has a similar feature and recently rolled out a 4x option for its premium subscribers,apparently by popular demand. The time-saving benefits can be enormous:YouTube claims that its viewers collectively save more than 900 years per day thanks to its fast-playback feature.If you had a ten-hour journey,you could listen to“Persuasion”in eight hours and 13 minutes at 1x speed.But,if you clicked 1.5x,you’d hear all about Anne Elliot’s exploits in five and a half hours,leaving space for“Animal Farm”and“The Little Prince”,with time to spare（they would take 120 and 80 minutes at 1.5x,respectively）. A chattier pace does not seem to affect listeners’ability to concentrate.7 So says Marcus Pearce,a cognitive scientist at Queen Mary University of London.A recent meta-analysis led by academics at the University of Waterloo in Canada looked at the test scores of students who had watched lectures back at varying speeds.They found that up to 1.5x,there was not much of a difference in performance,although scores started to decrease noticeably as playback speeds approached or exceeded 2x. For audio and video platforms,there is no downside to offering different playback options:the more books or episodes a subscriber gets through,the better the advertising and sales revenues.But for listeners,the experience differs greatly between 1x and 2x.“There’s an art of pacing,tone and suspension”to reading aloud,says Kimberly Wetherell,an audiobook narrator.“8 Rhetoric often relies on rhythm and pauses for emphasis and meaning:few actors race through the soliloquies in“Hamlet”,for instance.Yet for many,to speed or not to speed is no longer a question. A．This generational divide is transforming audiences from passive recipients into active controllers of content. B．If you speed that up too much,you’re losing that part of the performance. C．This inherent mental capacity is what people consistently credit for the intensely focused,almost meditative state they achieve when binge-listening to sped-up content. D．You’re missing the entire point if you think the only right speed is 1x. E．This trend is clearly shaping,and being shaped by,the features offered by modern media platforms. F．The average person speaks at a rate of about 150 words per minute,but most brains are capable of processing information faster than that. Passage 3 （2526高二上・上海静安市西中学・期中） A Chicken Cutlet(肉排),with a Side of Stand-up China has no shortage of internet celebrities.But the latest viral star is not a pop idol or a make-up influencer.He is a 48-year-old fried-chicken vendor from Jingdezhen.In less than a week,Li Junyong has attracted more than 300,000 followers on Douyin after videos of his talk-show-style salesmanship spread online. The food itself is unremarkable.His performance is not.Between flipping cutlets,he entertains customers with wisecracks.“The chicken is free,”he declares,“but the plastic bag costs six yuan.”Or:“You can refuse me,but never refuse my chicken.”9 Part of Mr Li’s appeal is consistency.Rain or shine,he appears at his stall,often until late at night.Students,office workers and pensioners alike line up,many returning daily.10 He greets customers as“old friends,”recalls their orders precisely,and even offers schoolchildren a one-yuan discount after 4.30 p.m.“My dream is to ensure every customer has a pleasant experience,”he explains. Success,however,is tiring.Mr Li now sleeps no more than three or four hours a night.11 His sudden popularity has also drawn attention from livestreamers and rival vendors eager to bask in the glow of his fame.He remains unfazed(未受干扰):“Their presence is a way of showing support—for me,for Jingdezhen,and for Jiangxi.” Local officials have also spotted an opportunity.On September 29th the city’s culture bureau named him“Cultural and Tourism Ambassador.”It is a title usually reserved for opera singers or sports stars,but in Mr Li’s case it signals a broader trend.12 Mr Li’s rise also hints at deeper undercurrents in Chinese consumer culture.Social media users,weary of fake influencers and contrived marketing campaigns,are drawn to his unpolished authenticity. A．He admits he is exhausted but insists he is happy:“I can’t let those waiting in line down.” B．Delivered in the rhythm of a seasoned entertainer,his lines have won him the nickname“the chicken cutlet curator”. C．Such calmness,and his refusal to argue about who benefits,only adds to his appeal. D．Cities across China increasingly make use of internet celebrities as living advertisements,hoping to turn their fleeting fame into sustainable tourism. E．Some say his chicken is good,but his warmth is better. F．His success has inspired many young people to start their own businesses. Passage 4 （2425高二上・上海洋泾中学・期中） Despite the fact that American companies have been“global”for a very long time now,many people today inside companies still misunderstand cultural differences.They misperceive potential foreign-born workers,for example,as too“shy”or not“confident”enough.13 In many cultures,it is just not appropriate to make small talk with someone you don’t know,especially someone above you in the corporate level.14 For example,if you express your loyalty to a particular team without knowing that of your colleagues,you might put them in the uncomfortable position of having to either conceal their own preference or express something that conflicts with yours.So,you can imagine how challenging it can be for someone from a non-small talk culture to try to fit into a US corporate setting. In addition,the US is basically a“straight-shooter(坦率的人)”style culture,where it is cultural valued to tell it like it is.But this isn’t necessarily true worldwide.For example,in Japan,people prefer to communicate indirectly,especially when it comes to a sensitive topic.To avoid accidentally damaging a relationship,people approach problems through subtle hints or general statements.If someone were to directly state a problem,it would make them look ungraceful,immature,and untrustworthy.15 Americans tend to be relatively informal in a business context.16 Many cultures are quite formal,especially when interacting with superiors.In general,Indian culture,for example,is very formal.Indians typically greet their elders and superiors by title(Sir,Mr.,Dr.,Professor)and never by their first name.This is also the case at the university,where students act with extreme levels of respect towards their professors. The above discussion just hits the tip of the iceberg of the different cultural misinterpretations in corporate America.For American employers to succeed in selecting,training,inspiring and keeping their top foreign-born talent,it is high time that they started taking account of these cultural differences in their leadership selection process. A．There is a significant problem in corporate America today with foreign workers. B．In fact,many people are quite surprised at the level of informality in American businesses. C．Someone who avoids making small talk can be seen as unfriendly or not a team player. D．However,in reality,with a moderate amount of training,these high-performing individuals could be corporate leaders of tomorrow. E．It can also be impolite and even dangerous to openly express your opinion. F．But from the perspective of American culture,this more indirect style appears as if someone is“hiding”the truth. 话题5市场经济（共2篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海松江一中・期中） Lego in China Engineers gather around a table-sized model of the China Art Museum,a landmark of Shanghai,adding airports for helicopters,car parks and other improvements with colorful bricks.1 Li Yang,visiting for a few days from Shenzhen,has been waiting for her daughter for two hours.Zhu Yunfei,watching his son,marvels at the variety:“Coming here to play with him is making up for my childhood,”he says.They drop by every week. Lego’s rise in China has been shiningly attractive.In 2017 it overlook Alpha Group,a local giant,to become the country’s leading toy company(not including video games).In the past two years it has opened 89 stores and wants 50 more by December,which will bring it to 30 cities.Its first Chinese factory started making bricks in 2016.The toy industry is growing by 9%annually in the country,but the Danish firm’s Chinese section has won“very strong double digits(两位数)”,says Paul Huang,its boss. 2 In 2017 Lego cut 1,400 jobs and recorded its first drop in revenues and profits in over a decade.But last year both ticked up again,by 4%each.Lego has thus retained its status as the world’s biggest toy-maker,snatched from Mattel in 2014-even as its American rival last year earned its highest revenues in five years from its Barbie dolls. Newly wealthy parents in China have helped Lego recover.“We have not reached the extreme out there,by far,”says Niels Christiansen,whom Lego brought in as chief executive two years ago.3 Last year 98%of those surveyed by Lego said that play was essential for their child’s well-being,even more than Americans and Danes. Lego has also sensibly managed to meet the demands of local tastes.4 Fans were delighted at the attention to cultural detail.One was a Chinese New Year’s Eve dinner kit,with tiny red envelopes and chunlian,lucky couplets on banners pasted around doorways.A dragon boat race set included a sticky-rice dumpling,a popular festival snack.The high-quality kits are pricey,costing up to 700 yuan($100)a piece. A．It has done so even though the brick-maker’s global business has looked shakier. B．It has been sold in great volumes with various kinds of sets and earned the fame as the most suitable toys for children to play with. C．Removing a child from Lego’s vast shop near People’s Square can be like unsticking two stubborn bits of Lego. D．Over the past decades,Lego’s sales volume in China is not as satisfying as it expected. E．As in the West,the educational merits of bricks appeal to Chinese parents. F．This year the firm launched several sets specifically for China,the first time it has done so for any country. Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海大同中学・期中） In business,there is a speed difference:It’s the difference between how important firm leaders say speed is to their competitive strategy and how fast the company actually moves.5 In our study of 343 businesses,the companies that choose to go,go,go to try to gain an edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.What’s more,the firms that“slowed down to speed up”improved their top and bottom lines,averaging 40%higher sales and 52%higher operating incomes over a three-year period. 6 They thought differently about what“slower”and“faster”mean.Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operation speed(moving quickly)and strategic speed(reducing the time it takes to deliver value).Simply increasing the speed of production,for example,may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference.But that often leads to reduced value over time,in the form of lower-quality products and services. In our study,higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary.They became more open to ideas and discussion.7 And they allowed time to look back and learn.By contrast,performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time,paid too much attention to improving efficiency,stuck to tested methods,didn’t develop team spirit among their employees,and had little time thinking about changes. Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.8 That kind of strategy must come from the top. A．How did they disobey the laws of business physics,taking more time than competitors yet performing better? B．Teams that regularly take time to get things right are more successful in meeting their business goals. C．More haste,less speed proves wrong in the study. D．The difference is important regardless of industry and company size. E．They valued efficiency rather than consideration. F．They encouraged new ways of thinking. 话题6文化与节日（共2篇） Passage 1 （2526高二上・上海崇明中学・期中） Sydney’s Plan to Be the New Year’s Eve Capital of the World Dean Jacobowski stands atop the Sydney Opera House as the first glimmer of the day’s summer sun bounces from the famous white sails.It’s early in the morning,three days before New Year’s Eve.The harbor is Jacobowski’s canvas(画布).1 “It’s the most recognized structure in the world,so just playing a small role in that is amazing,”Jacobowski tells reporters down below.“There are one billion people that tune in to watch the fireworks,so yeah...no pressure to get the fireworks right,”he laughs. After midnight hits,Jacobowski’s crew will outfit the Sydney Opera House with 36,000 shooting effects,13,000 airborne shells,and over 75,000 pyrotechnic effects that will explode across the bay.Sydney’s local government,which calls its city the“New Year’s Eve Capital of the World”has also set 7,000 firework cues on the Sydney Harbour Bridge,wanting it to“dance with color”.While the official New Year’s Eve extravagant(盛会)focuses on the Harbour Bridge and Opera House,Sydney’s big night is felt across the city,lighting up individual streets,homes and businesses with the atmosphere of the evening.2 3 When it opened in 1973,architect Jorn Utzon gave Australia a symbol to proudly display on postage stamps—or launch fireworks from.The House,as it’s lovingly known,has over its half-decade helped to evolve Australian culture.The modern nation of Australia may be young,but it is home to the oldest culture on earth.4“We are calling to our old people for strength in this moment and to also celebrate their achievements and the knowledge they have passed down.I hope to create a memorable event for everyone to take part in.This platform allows us to share our truth,our stories,our voice with the world,”the show’s Creative Director said. The world will be watching. A．He plans to paint it with fireworks. B．Across the water,the Sydney Opera House turned 50 in 2023. C．It is something the Sydneysiders are immensely proud of. D．Australia is one of the first places in the world to ring in the new year. E．Indigenous(本土的，土著的)Australians have inhabited the continent for over 60,000 years. F．We’re such a young country and to have such an iconic place is very special. Passage 2 （2526高二上・上海同济第一附中・期中） 5 They are church weddings with a great deal of music,weddings on mountaintops with guests who are without shoes and so on.But many weddings,no matter where or how they are performed,include certain traditional customs. Before a couple is married,they become engaged.And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live faraway.6 The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.The wedding ceremony enters the church while the wedding march is played.The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will give her away.The groom enters the church from a side door.When the wedding party is gathered by the altar(圣坛),the bride and groom exchange vows.It is traditional to use the words: “To have and to hold from this day forward,for better for worse,for richer for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part.”7 Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom. After the ceremony there is often a party,called a“reception”,which gives the wedding guests an opportunity to congratulate the newlyweds. The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words“Just Married”are painted on the trunk or back window.8 When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars honking and drawing attention to them.And then the couple go on their honeymoon. A．There are so many kinds of weddings in the United States. B．Following the promises,the couple exchange rings. C．All the Americans hold their weddings in the church. D．The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests. E．American people always play tricks on the“just married”couples. F．When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment. 本文是一篇说明文，对青少年提出建议：要树立清晰目标，在目标受挫时不要过度自责，学会调整方法；同时要合理使用智能产品，管控使用时间。 【新素材·青年目标】 Setting goals and using smart products properly are important for modern teenagers.1 However,many of us get discouraged when results do not meet expectations. When you fail to reach your goal,do not blame yourself too much.2 You can analyse what went wrong and make proper changes to your plans.Persistence does not mean repeating the same useless actions again and again.It means adjusting methods while keeping your main aim. Nowadays,all kinds of smart products are widely available.3 They can help us study and organize daily life.Yet they also bring risks if we cannot control ourselves well. 4 For example,set fixed time for using smart devices.Do not let technology take up all your spare time.Remember:smart tools should serve you,not control you. 5 Combine clear personal goals with reasonable use of modern technology.In this way you can make greater progress towards your ambition. A．They bring plenty of convenience to our life. B．It is normal to experience failure on the way to goals. C．It is impossible for teenagers to set meaningful goals. D．We should learn good rules for using smart equipment. E．Many teenagers never meet difficulties in their daily study. F．Having clear goals gives us direction for growth and progress. G．In short,goals and technology should work together for you. 本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了地面沉降这一地理现象。 【新素材·地面沉降】 Subsidence(沉降)happens when land sinks because water,soil,rock or other underground materials are removed.It can happen quickly,with the sudden appearance of a sinkhole or an abrupt shift during an earthquake.It can also happen gradually as people remove groundwater from aquifers(含水层).6 Most subsidence occurs where people pump groundwater out of aquifers.7 Rather,they are porous(透水的)rocks that hold water like vast sponges.Water that soaks into the ground after a good rain or snowmelt fills the spaces in the rock. 8 But the more water we remove,the more air pockets we leave behind.Overlying rock and soil collapse into the porous rock,causing the surface to sink.Aquifers can take thousands of years to refill with water.Thus,subsidence is an ongoing issue in many places. Sometimes subsidence happens because people remove other substances from the ground.9 When those materials are removed,land settles into the gaps,leading to subsidence. Subsidence happens around the world,but it is more common in areas with large cities and lots of agriculture.10 Cities face an additional problem if they are built on fine sediments(沉积物)left behind by rivers.These places can sink due to the weight of the buildings above them. A．Coastal cities sink due to subsidence. B．This includes mining for minerals,oil or gas. C．These natural storage areas are not underground lakes. D．When we dig wells,we tap into these groundwater sources. E．Over time,the overlying land sinks down to fill the open space. F．Subsidence happens as farmers use groundwater for their crops. G．Human activity in these places can lead to overuse of groundwater. 2 / 47 1 / 47 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $