Unit 4 History and Traditions Reading and Thinking 语言点精讲讲义-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第二册

必修二 Unit 4　History and Traditions 语言点精讲讲义 （人教版 2019 必修二） 教学说明 教材：人教版（2019）必修二 Unit 4 History and Traditions — Reading and Thinking 课文（WHAT’S IN A NAME? 英国名称的由来与历史）。 课时：建议 2 课时。第 1 课时讲课文词汇与短语；第 2 课时讲长难句、语法与练习。 教学目标： 1. 掌握 puzzle, join, belong, surround, defence, achievement, evidence, conquer 等核心词的搭配、派生与用法； 2. 能在语篇中识别并运用动名词（短语）作主语、过去分词短语作定语和非限制性定语从句； 3. 通过梳理英国名称的由来与四大民族的历史贡献，认识名称背后的文化内涵，提升跨文化阅读理解能力。 教学重点：核心词搭配（join...to..., break away from, belong to, be surrounded by, in defence of, a sense of achievement, date back to, be known as）与动名词作主语、非限制性定语从句。 教学难点：belong to 无被动语态、无进行时；过去分词短语作定语与非限制性定语从句的相互转换；which 引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句。 一、课文主旨与结构 本文为说明文，围绕“英国的不同名称”展开，按名称形成的历史顺序，先介绍联合王国的组建过程，再说明四个构成国的异同，接着追溯罗马人、盎格鲁—撒克逊人、维京人、诺曼人四批民族的历史贡献，最后建议游客通过了解历史去发现英国的过去与现在。 部分 内容 作用 第 1 段 由 the United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England 几个易混名称提出疑问，指出了解英国历史可解开这一谜题。 设疑导入，引出话题 第 2 段 按时间顺序介绍威尔士、苏格兰、爱尔兰先后并入及爱尔兰南部脱离，说明英国全称的由来与简称。 叙述名称的历史形成 第 3 段 介绍四个构成国在国旗、货币、国防等方面的共同之处，以及教育、法律制度、传统节日美食、足球队等方面的差异。 说明四国的同与异 第 4 段 介绍罗马人、盎格鲁—撒克逊人、维京人、诺曼人在不同历史时期的占领及其留下的贡献。 追溯历史，列举民族贡献 第 5 段 建议游客研究英国历史、从首都伦敦入手，留心观察就能同时看到英国的过去与现在。 总结建议，升华主题 二、核心词汇精讲 以下 8 个词为本单元高频考点，逐个讲清搭配、派生与易错点。 ★ puzzle　n. 谜；疑问；智力游戏　vt. 使困惑；使迷惑 课文原句：Getting to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle. · 搭配：be in a puzzle 感到困惑；be a puzzle to sb. 对某人来说是个谜；puzzle about/over 对……苦苦思索；solve a puzzle 解谜。 · 派生：puzzled adj. 困惑的；迷惑不解的（多修饰人或表情 look/expression）；puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的（多修饰事物）。 · 易错：a puzzled look 意为“困惑的表情”，修饰带有拟人色彩的 look/expression 用 puzzled，不能说 a puzzling look。 例句：What puzzled me was how the accident could have happened.（令我感到困惑的是这场事故是怎么发生的。） ★ join　vt./vi. 连接；联结；加入；参加 课文原句：In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. · 搭配：join...to... 把……和……连接/联结起来；be joined to 与……连接；join in 参加（活动）；join the army/club 参军/加入俱乐部。 · 辨析：join 指加入党派、组织、团体并成为其中一员；join in 指参加小规模的游戏、讨论等活动；take part in 指参加会议、比赛等群众性活动并发挥作用；attend 指出席会议、婚礼、典礼或听课、听报告。 例句：The island, joined to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.（这个岛由一座桥与大陆相连，很容易到达。） ★ belong　vi. 属于；应在（某处）（常与介词 to 连用） 课文原句：The four countries that belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. · 搭配：belong to 属于；是……的成员；belong to the Third World 属于第三世界。 · 派生：belongings n. 所有物；财产；行李（常用复数）。 · 易错：belong to 既无被动语态，也不用于进行时，不能说 is belonged to / is belonging to；其现在分词 belonging to 可作后置定语，如 the house belonging to my grandfather（属于我爷爷的房子）。 例句：As is known to us, China is a country belonging to the Third World.（众所周知，中国是一个属于第三世界的国家。） ★ surround　vt. 包围；围绕 课文原句：Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people... · 搭配：surround...with... 用……包围……；be surrounded by/with 被……围绕/包围。 · 派生：surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的（如 the surrounding villages 周围的村庄）；surroundings n. 环境；周边事物（常用复数）。 · 考点：surroundings 指周围的环境、周边事物，须用复数；surrounding 是形容词，二者不可混淆。 例句：Surrounded by the forest, the village looks very beautiful.（被森林环绕，这个村庄看起来非常美丽。） ★ defence　n. 防御；保卫；辩护 课文原句：They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. · 搭配：in defence of 为了保卫；为……辩护；in sb.’s defence 为某人辩护；defend...from/against... 保护……免受……；保卫……抵御……。 · 派生：defend vt. 防守；保卫；辩护；defenceless adj. 无防御的。 · 易错：defence 为英式拼写（美式作 defense），是名词；in defence of 中 defence 前不加冠词 the。 例句：Their duty is to defend the country against its enemies.（他们的职责就是保卫国家、抵御敌人。） ★ achievement　n. 成就；成绩；达到 课文原句：Some of their great achievements included building towns and roads. · 搭配：a sense of achievement 成就感；make an achievement 取得成就；great achievements 伟大成就。 · 派生：achieve vt. 完成；达到；实现；achieve one’s goal/dream 达到目标/实现梦想。 · 考点：achievement 指具体的“成就”时为可数名词，指“完成、达到”这一抽象意义时为不可数名词。 例句：Even a small success can give you a sense of achievement.（即便小小的成功也能给你一种成就感。） ★ evidence　n. 证据；证明；痕迹 课文原句：...you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history. · 搭配：evidence of/for ……的证据；there is evidence that... 有证据表明……；be in evidence 显眼；显而易见。 · 派生：evident adj. 明显的；明白的；It is evident that... 显然……。 · 易错：evidence 通常作不可数名词，“许多证据”要说 much evidence / a lot of evidence，不能说 many evidences；“一项证据”用 a piece of evidence。 例句：There is now convincing evidence that smoking is linked to lung cancer.（现在有令人信服的证据表明吸烟与肺癌有关。） ★ conquer　vt. 征服；占领；攻克；克服 课文原句：They conquered England after the well-known Battle of Hastings in the 11th century. · 搭配：conquer a country/city 征服一个国家/城市；conquer one’s fear 克服恐惧。 · 派生：conqueror n. 征服者；胜利者；conquest n. 征服；攻占。 · 考点：conquer 除表示“以武力征服”外，还可指“克服、战胜（困难、恐惧、疾病等）”，如 conquer the disease 战胜疾病。 例句：The Normans conquered England in 1066 and built many castles.（诺曼人于 1066 年征服英格兰，修建了许多城堡。） 三、识记词汇速查 以下词汇要求见词知义、能读懂课文，不必逐个造句；括号内为本单元须掌握的关键搭配或派生。 词汇 词性与释义 关键搭配 / 提示 kingdom n. 王国 the United Kingdom 联合王国 confuse vt. 使困惑；使混淆 be confused by/about 对……感到困惑 nearby adj. 附近的 adv. 在附近 the nearby country of Wales 附近的威尔士 Wales n. 威尔士 Wales was joined to England 威尔士并入英格兰 Scotland n. 苏格兰 Scotland was joined to create... 苏格兰加入 Ireland n. 爱尔兰 the southern part of Ireland 爱尔兰南部 create vt. 创造；创建 create the Kingdom of Great Britain 创建大不列颠王国 add vt. 添加；增补 add A to B 把 A 添加到 B；be added to 被增补到 result vi. 导致 n. 结果 result in 导致；result from 因……引起 shorten vt. 缩短 the shortened name 简称 refer vi. 提到；参考 refer to 提到；指的是；查阅；refer to...as 把……称为 area n. 地区；领域 in some areas 在某些领域 currency n. 货币；通货 share the same currency 共用同样的货币 military adj. 军事的；军队的 military defence 国防 legal adj. 法律的；合法的 legal system 法律制度 system n. 体系；制度 education/legal systems 教育/法律制度 national adj. 国家的；民族的 national days/dishes 国庆日/民族菜肴 competition n. 比赛；竞争 football teams for competitions 参赛的足球队 explore vt. 探索；探险 explore history and culture 探索历史文化 throughout prep. 遍及；贯穿 throughout history 贯穿整个历史 Roman n. 罗马人 adj. 罗马的 the Romans came in the first century 罗马人 1 世纪到来 Anglo-Saxon n. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人 arrived in the fifth century 5 世纪到来 Viking n. 维京人 came in the eighth century 8 世纪到来 Norman n. 诺曼人 the Normans were French 诺曼人是法国人 battle n. 战役；战斗 the Battle of Hastings 黑斯廷斯战役 castle n. 城堡 have castles built 让人修建城堡 port n. 港口 an ancient port city 古老的港口城市 date vi. 追溯 n. 日期 date back to 追溯到（不用于被动） site n. 地点；遗址 countless historic sites 数不清的历史遗迹 relic n. 遗物；遗迹 ancient relics 古代文物 fascinating adj. 迷人的；极有吸引力的 a fascinating mix 迷人的融合 mix n. 混合；结合 v. 混合 a mix of history and modern culture 历史与现代文化的融合 puzzle n./vt. 谜；使困惑 见核心词精讲 join vt./vi. 连接；加入 见核心词精讲 belong vi. 属于 见核心词精讲 surround vt. 包围；围绕 见核心词精讲 defence n. 防御；保卫 见核心词精讲 achievement n. 成就；成绩 见核心词精讲 evidence n. 证据；证明 见核心词精讲 conquer vt. 征服；占领 见核心词精讲 四、重点短语 （一）课文原句中的核心短语 短语 含义 课文例句 join...to... 把……和……连接/联结起来 Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. break away from 脱离；背叛；逃脱 the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK result in 导致；形成；造成 which resulted in the full name we have today belong to 属于；是……的成员 the four countries that belong to the United Kingdom be known as 被称为；以……著称 the same flag, known as the Union Jack as well as 同……一样也；以及；还有 as well as share the same currency and military defence be surrounded by 被……围绕/包围 you will be surrounded by evidence of four groups take over 接管；占领；接任 four groups of people who took over at different times military defence 国防；军事防御 share the same currency and military defence date back to 追溯到；始于 a history dating all the way back to Roman times （二）拓展高频短语 短语 含义 例句 / 提示 be confused by/about 对……感到困惑 many people are confused by what these names mean. refer to...as... 把……称为/当作…… the UK is also referred to as Britain. leave behind 留下；遗留；把……抛在后面 the Vikings left behind lots of new vocabulary. make changes to 对……做出修改 the Normans made changes to the legal system. a sense of achievement 成就感 small success gives you a sense of achievement. keep your eyes open 留心；留意；睁大眼睛 if you keep your eyes open, you will be surprised. add...to... 把……添加到…… the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the UK. break down 出故障；垮掉；分解 the car broke down on the way. break out （战争、火灾等）爆发 a fire broke out in the hotel last night. all the way 一直；自始至终 dating all the way back to Roman times. 五、长难句精讲 句1　Getting to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle. 【结构分析】主干为 Getting to know...will help you solve this puzzle；Getting to know a little bit about British history 为动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 will help；help sb. (to) do sth. 结构中 you 为宾语，solve this puzzle 为省略 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。 【考点】动名词（短语）作主语时谓语动词用单数；help sb. do sth. 中作宾补的不定式省略 to。 句2　Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 【结构分析】主干为 the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK；which resulted in... 为非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语；we have today 为省略关系代词 that/which 的限制性定语从句，修饰 the full name，关系代词在从句中作 have 的宾语；冒号后为 the full name 的同位语，对其进行解释。 【考点】which 引导非限制性定语从句可指代整个主句；限制性定语从句中关系代词作宾语时可省略；冒号后常接同位语作解释说明。 句3　They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. 【结构分析】主干为 They use the same flag...as well as share...；known as the Union Jack 为过去分词短语作后置定语（非限制性），修饰 flag，相当于非限制性定语从句 which is known as the Union Jack；as well as 连接两个并列谓语 use 和 share，意为“同……一样也；以及”。 【考点】过去分词短语作后置定语可改写为相应的定语从句；as well as 连接并列成分时语义上强调前者。 句4　Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history. 【结构分析】Almost everywhere you go in the UK 为 everywhere 引导的地点状语从句，相当于 wherever you go...，其中 you go 为省略关系副词的定语从句修饰 everywhere；主句为 you will be surrounded by evidence，用一般将来时的被动语态；of four different groups of people 为介词短语作后置定语；who took over... 为定语从句修饰先行词 people，who 在从句中作主语。 【考点】everywhere 可引导地点状语从句；一般将来时被动语态为 will be done；who 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，不可省略。 句5　The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times. 【结构分析】主干为 The capital city London is a great place；to start 为不定式作后置定语修饰 place；as 引导原因状语从句，从句中 it 为主语，is 为系动词，an ancient port city 为表语；that has a history... 为定语从句修饰 city，that 在从句中作主语；dating all the way back to Roman times 为现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 history。 【考点】as 可引导原因状语从句，意为“因为；由于”；date back to 意为“追溯到”，常用一般现在时且无被动；现在分词短语可作后置定语。 六、单元语法聚焦 （一）核心：动名词（短语）作主语 动名词由“动词 + -ing”构成，兼具动词与名词的性质，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。 结构 用法 例句 动名词（短语）直接作主语 表示一般性、习惯性的动作 Reading aloud is very important in learning English. It is no use/no good doing it 作形式主语，动名词后置 It is no use crying over spilt milk. It is a waste of time doing 表示“做某事是浪费时间” It is a waste of time arguing with him. There is no doing... 表示“不可能做某事” There is no knowing what may happen. 难点一：单个动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数；两个动名词短语并列表示两个不同动作时，谓语用复数，如 Swimming and walking are good exercise. 难点二：常用 it 作形式主语的结构有 It is no use / no good / a waste of time / fun / worthwhile doing sth.。 语篇作用：动名词作主语可使表达简洁、书面化，常出现在文章标题和段落主题句中。 （二）过去分词（短语）作定语 单个过去分词作定语通常前置，过去分词短语作定语通常后置，其作用相当于定语从句；过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动或完成的关系。 形式 例句 相当于定语从句 单个过去分词前置 fallen leaves 落叶 leaves that have fallen 过去分词短语后置 the flag known as the Union Jack the flag which is known as the Union Jack 修饰不定代词/those 时后置 the money collected for the poor the money which is collected for the poor 易错：现在分词作定语表示主动、进行（the boiling water 正在沸腾的水）；过去分词作定语表示被动、完成（the boiled water 凉开水）。 （三）非限制性定语从句（which / as） 非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，与主句之间用逗号隔开，关系词不可省略；which 可指代主句中的名词或整个主句，as 常构成“正如”的固定表达。 关系词 用法 例句 which（作主语） 指代前面整个主句 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. which（作主语） 指代整件事并加以评价 He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy. as 意为“正如；正像”，可置句首 As is known to all, China is a developing country. as 固定搭配 as is often the case, as we expected She came late again, as is often the case. 难点：as 引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前、之中或之后，意为“正如”；which 引导的从句只能位于主句之后。 （四）拓展：as well as 的用法 as well as 连接两个并列成分，意为“同……一样也；和；还有”，语义上强调前者；连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致（就远原则）。 例句：She as well as you is very friendly to me.（她和你一样对我很友好，谓语与 she 一致用 is。） 例句：He gave me money as well as advice.（他既给了我建议，又给了我钱，连接两个宾语。） 七、课堂巩固练习 （一）单句语法填空 1. ________ (get) to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle. 2. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales was joined ________ the Kingdom of England. 3. The four countries that belong ________ the United Kingdom work together in some areas. 4. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be ________ (surround) by evidence of four different groups of people. 5. They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military ________ (defend). 6. Some of their great ________ (achieve) included building towns and roads. 7. The last group were the Normans, who ________ (conquer) England after the well-known Battle of Hastings. 8. London is an ancient port city that has a history ________ (date) back to Roman times. 9. The Anglo-Saxons arrived in ________ fifth century and introduced the beginnings of the English language. 10. Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, ________ resulted in the full name we have today. （二）完成句子 1. 稍微了解一点英国历史将有助于你解开这个谜题。 ________ to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle. 2. 16 世纪，附近的威尔士并入了英格兰王国。 In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales ________ ________ ________ the Kingdom of England. 3. 属于英国的四个国家在某些领域进行合作。 The four countries ________ ________ ________ the United Kingdom work together in some areas. 4. 在英国，无论你走到哪里，都会被四批不同民族的遗迹所包围。 Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will ________ ________ ________ evidence of four different groups of people. 5. 研究这个国家的历史会使你的旅行更加愉快。 Studying the history of the country will make your ________ much more ________. （三）语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England — many people are confused by what these different names mean. In the 16th century, Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later, in the 18th century, Scotland was joined 1.________ (create) the Kingdom of Great Britain. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom. Finally, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, 2.________ resulted in the full name we have today. The four countries 3.________ belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. They use the same flag, 4.________ (know) as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. Almost everywhere you go, you 5.________ (surround) by evidence of four groups of people who took 6.________ at different times throughout history. The first group, the Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great 7.________ (achieve) included building towns and roads. The Vikings came in the eighth century, leaving behind lots of new vocabulary. The last group were the Normans, 8.________ conquered England after the Battle of Hastings. They had castles 9.________ (build) all around England. London is an ancient port city with a history dating back to Roman times. If you keep your eyes open, you 10.________ (find) that you can see both its past and its present. （四）用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空 join...to...　break away from　belong to　be known as　as well as　be surrounded by　take over　date back to　result in　in defence of 1. The southern part of Ireland wanted to ________ ________ ________ the UK and become independent. 2. The four countries that ________ ________ the United Kingdom work together in some areas. 3. You will ________ ________ ________ evidence of four different groups wherever you go in the UK. 4. They use the same flag, ________ ________ the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency. 5. In history, four different groups of people ________ ________ the country at different times. 6. The southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which ________ ________ the full name we have today. 7. Throughout history, the British people have fought ________ ________ ________ their country against foreign invasions. 8. The old castles built by the Normans are said to ________ ________ ________ the 11th century. 9. Wales was ________ ________ the Kingdom of England in the 16th century. 10. They use the same flag ________ ________ ________ share the same currency and military defence. 八、参考答案与解析 （一）单句语法填空 1. Getting　动名词短语作主语，谓语 will help 用单数，get 需双写 t 再加 -ing。别填 Get（动词原形不能作主语）。 2. to　join...to... 固定搭配，意为“把……和……连接起来”，此处为被动 be joined to。别填 in（join in 参加活动，不合句意）。 3. to　belong to 固定短语，意为“属于”，to 为介词。别填 in（不与 belong 搭配）。 4. surrounded　be surrounded by 被……包围，will be 后接过去分词构成一般将来时被动。别填 surrounding（现在分词表主动，不合逻辑）。 5. defence　military defence 国防，形容词 military 后接名词。别填 defend（动词，不能被 military 修饰）。 6. achievements　some of + 复数名词，achievement 作“成就”讲为可数名词，用复数。别填 achievement（单数，不符 some of 结构）。 7. conquered　诺曼人征服英格兰发生在 11 世纪，用一般过去时，conquer 的过去式为 conquered。别填 conquer（时态不对）。 8. dating　现在分词短语作后置定语，history 与 date 是主动关系；date back to 不用于被动。别填 dated（date back to 无被动）。 9. the　in the fifth century 在 5 世纪，序数词前须加定冠词 the。别填 a（序数词表顺序用 the）。 10. which　which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句并在从句中作主语，其前有逗号。别填 that（that 不能引导非限制性定语从句）。 （二）完成句子 1. Getting　动名词短语作主语，get 双写 t 加 -ing，句首首字母大写。 2. was joined to　join...to... 把……连接起来，Wales 与 join 是被动关系，16 世纪用一般过去时被动。 3. that/which belong to　先行词 countries 为物，限制性定语从句中关系词作主语，that 与 which 均可，不可省略；课文原句。 4. be surrounded by　被……包围，will 后接动词原形，用被动语态。 5. visit; enjoyable　make your visit enjoyable 构成“make + 宾语 + 形容词宾补”，意为“使你的旅行愉快”。 （三）语法填空 1. to create　不定式作结果状语，苏格兰加入后“从而创建”了大不列颠王国。别填 creating（此处表随后产生的结果，用不定式）。 2. which　非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面整个主句并在从句中作主语。别填 that（that 不能引导非限制性定语从句）。 3. that/which　限制性定语从句修饰先行词 countries，关系词在从句中作主语，不可省略。别填 who（先行词 countries 不指人）。 4. known　过去分词短语作后置定语，be known as 被称为，flag 与 know 是被动关系。别填 knowing（现在分词表主动，不合逻辑）。 5. will be surrounded　you 与 surround 是被动关系，“你将被……包围”，用一般将来时被动。别填 surround（主动，不合逻辑）。 6. over　take over 固定短语，意为“接管；占领”。别填 away（take away 带走，不合句意）。 7. achievements　some of + 复数名词，achievement 作“成就”讲为可数名词，用复数。别填 achievement（单数，不符 some of 结构）。 8. who　非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 the Normans（人），who 在从句中作主语。别填 which（先行词指人，用 who）。 9. built　have sth. done 结构，“让人修建城堡”，castles 与 build 是被动关系，用过去分词作宾补。别填 building（have sb. doing 表示让某人一直做，不合句意）。 10. will find　if 引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”，主句用一般将来时 will find。别填 find（主句不可用一般现在时表将来）。 （四）用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空 1. break away from　脱离；逃脱，want to 后接动词原形。 2. belong to　属于，that 引导定语从句，先行词 countries 为复数，用 belong。 3. be surrounded by　被……包围，will 后接动词原形。 4. known as　被称为，过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 flag，课文原句。 5. took over　接管；占领，in history 提示用一般过去时。 6. resulted in　导致；形成，爱尔兰南部脱离英国已发生，用一般过去时。 7. in defence of　为了保卫，固定短语，与课文 military defence（国防）主题呼应。 8. date back to　追溯到，to 后接动词原形，与课文诺曼人修建城堡呼应。 9. joined to　join...to... 把……连接起来，此处为被动语态 be joined to。 10. as well as　同……一样也；以及，连接两个并列的谓语部分，课文原句。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $