高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （十） -2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

高三 一轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 Passage 1话题：资源循环｜新技术将废弃塑料转化为燃料 Passage 2话题：太空农业｜真菌助力火星农作物种植 Passage 3话题：生物进化｜最新基因组研究改写蝙蝠起源史 Passage 4话题：气候科学｜海洋微生物调节全球气温 Passage 1话题：资源循环｜新技术将废弃塑料转化为燃料 Plastic pollution has long been a global environmental challenge. Polyethylene, one of the most widely-used plastics, can be found in daily products ranging from supermarket shopping bags to kitchen containers. Due to its stable molecular structure, this common plastic takes hundreds of years to break down naturally, causing serious white pollution on land and in oceans. Traditional plastic‑recycling methods are often limited by low efficiency and high costs, so they cannot deal with huge amounts of waste polyethylene satisfactorily. Recently, researchers at America’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed an eco‑friendly chemical technology to tackle this headache. Unlike traditional high-temperature decomposition that consumes massive energy, the new method uses low‑cost aluminum‑based molten salt as its catalyst. Under mild reaction conditions, it breaks the long‑chain molecules of polyethylene without huge and complicated equipment. According to experimental records, roughly 60 percent of the treated plastic can be turned into gasoline‑like components, while the rest can be made into diesel fuel. In other words, thrown‑away plastic goods may be reused as liquid energy resources. Researchers mention that the technique achieves waste recycling. It can ease the pressure of plastic pollution and offer a fresh idea for the development of renewable energy. Even so, the technology remains at the laboratory stage. Scientists are still working to cut costs further. Only after continuous optimization can it be widely put into practical use in industry. 28. What is the main shortcoming of traditional polyethylene recycling? A. It produces poisonous fuel. B. It is inefficient and expensive. C. It needs extremely rare catalysts. D. It damages plastic molecules completely. 29. What advantage does the new technology have? A. It requires no chemical catalyst. B. It works under mild conditions. C. It turns all plastic into gasoline. D. It adopts simple solar‑powered equipment. 30. What does the underlined word “tackle” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Work out B. Bring about C. Give up D. Show off 31. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. The technology has been applied in factories. B. More improvements are needed for the technique. C. Plastic pollution has been well solved already. D. Renewable energy mainly comes from waste plastic. Passage 2话题：太空农业｜真菌助力火星农作物种植 Human plans to build long‑term bases on Mars have raised a practical question: can people grow crops on the red planet? Martian surface soil, known as regolith, creates huge trouble for agriculture. It is short of necessary nutrients and contains various harmful ions. Under natural circumstances, ordinary crops cannot get enough nutrition and are unlikely to survive in such tough soil, which has puzzled space scientists for years. An international planetary research team has recently found a promising answer — symbiotic fungi. Such fungi can build close partnerships with plant roots and form a win‑win biological system. The thread‑like hyphae of the fungi are able to break down hard mineral particles inside Martian soil. In this way, minerals that plants cannot reach on their own get released and become available for crop growth. Besides making soil nutrition richer, the fungi can also improve plants’ ability to stand drought and harmful substances. Crop survival rates will rise greatly with the help of these tiny organisms. Compared with huge engineering projects meant to remake Martian soil, this biological solution costs far less and is much easier to carry out. Scientists believe that future Mars farms may skip those complex soil‑changing projects. People only need to add beneficial fungi near seeds before planting. This microbial method opens up new possibilities for long‑distance deep‑space exploration for mankind. 28. Why is natural crop‑growing hard on Mars? A. There is not enough fresh water. B. Martian soil is poor and poisonous. C. The planet has no natural sunlight. D. Seeds cannot land safely on Mars. 29. What is the key role played by symbiotic fungi? A. Turning large rocks directly into farmland soil. B. Drawing underground water for plant roots. C. Making soil minerals accessible to plants. D. Removing all harmful ions from Mars. 30. Which of the following is the strength of the fungi‑based method? A. Low cost and easy operation. B. Zero requirement for later care. C. Fit for every kind of farm crop. D. Already tested on the Martian surface. 31. What is the main idea of the text? A. Difficulties facing Mars exploration B. Various ways to change Martian soil C. A biological helper for Mars farming D. Future living conditions on Mars bases Passage 3话题：生物进化｜最新基因组研究改写蝙蝠起源史 Bats are the only mammals on Earth capable of true flight. They play vital parts in nature: some take charge of flower pollination, while large numbers feed on harmful insects and keep ecological balance. For a very long time, scientific circles have held different opinions about where bats first appeared. Researchers once placed their birthplace in Asia, Africa or America, yet solid evidence was lacking, leaving bat origins a long‑standing mystery. An international genome team has recently made new progress on this puzzle. The research group collected high‑quality genome samples from 103 different bat species across the globe. At the same time, they compared the genetic information with records from 44 ancient bat fossils discovered worldwide. By combining gene data with paleontological findings, the group managed to draw a relatively reliable evolutionary map. According to their analysis, the earliest ancestors of modern bats lived in western Asia roughly 50 million years ago. From there, bat groups gradually spread to every continent except Antarctica. The study also suggests that the ability to fly took shape earlier than the special echo‑location system many bats depend on for night activities. This conclusion differs from several former viewpoints. Researchers admit that new fossil discoveries in the future may still bring adjustments to the evolutionary story. Even so, the present study offers a clearer framework for follow‑up biological research. 28. What has confused scientists for decades? A. Why bats can fly at night. B. Where bats originally came from. C. How bats developed echo‑location. D. What food early bat ancestors ate. 29. What did the research team do to reach its conclusion? A. They carried out field observation in western Asia. B. They raised over one hundred kinds of bats in labs. C. They combined genome data with fossil evidence. D. They rebuilt living environments of ancient bats. 30. What does the new study indicate? A. Bats’ flight ability came earlier than echo‑location. B. Bats first spread from Africa to other continents. C. Most ancient bats lived on plant pollen. D. Bats once existed on Antarctica. 31. What is the author’s attitude toward the new research? A. Doubtful B. Objective C. Uncaring D. Negative Passage 4话题：气候科学｜海洋微生物调节全球气温 When people talk about climate change, they usually pay attention to human activities such as carbon‑burning industries and vehicle exhaust. Yet few realize that countless tiny ocean microbes also perform an invisible job in regulating the Earth’s temperature. These micro‑organisms are too small for human eyes to see, but they exist in nearly every corner of the world’s oceans. Marine cyanobacteria serve as a typical example. As one of the most common ocean microbes, they take in carbon dioxide from seawater through photosynthesis, just as green plants do on land. After their death, part of their carbon‑rich bodies sink down to the deep ocean. In this way, carbon gets locked away on the seabed instead of floating in the atmosphere as greenhouse gas. Apart from carbon absorption, certain microbes can produce special chemical particles. When such particles rise into the air, they help form cloud drops. Thick clouds reflect sunlight back into space and prevent too much heat from reaching the planet surface. This cooling effect cannot be ignored in the global climate system. Nevertheless, rising ocean temperatures caused by global warming have begun to influence these tiny creatures. Some microbe groups are decreasing in quantity. If their populations keep dropping, the natural cooling power from oceans will become weaker, which may speed up climate change. Scientists remind the public to value the climate function of these often‑overlooked ocean living things. 28. What do most people ignore about climate regulation? A. The influence of ocean tiny living things. B. The cooling function of high‑altitude clouds. C. Carbon release from deep‑sea seabed. D. Photosynthesis of coastal water plants. 29. How do cyanobacteria help store carbon? A. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen only. B. Their remains sink and trap carbon in deep sea. C. They break down greenhouse gases in the air. D. They speed up carbon flow among seawater layers. 30. What is the cooling function of those chemical particles? A. They stop greenhouse‑gas production directly. B. They absorb heat from the ocean surface quickly. C. They assist cloud formation to reflect sunlight. D. They lower the temperature of ocean currents. 31. What risk may global warming bring? A. Ocean microbes may lose their cooling effect. B. Cyanobacteria may disappear from all oceans. C. Clouds over oceans will disappear completely. D. Seabed‑stored carbon will escape into space. 参考答案与详细解析 Passage 1 28. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Traditional plastic‑recycling methods are often limited by low efficiency and high costs”可知传统回收方式效率低、成本高。 29. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。第二段“Under mild reaction conditions”说明新技术反应条件温和；A错，仍然使用催化剂；C错，并非全部变成汽油；D错，不需要复杂设备。 30. 答案：A 解析：词义猜测题。tackle this headache 意为“解决这一难题”，work out（解决）含义与之匹配。bring about“导致”，give up“放弃”，show off“炫耀”均不符合语境。 31. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。最后一段“Even so, the technology remains at the laboratory stage…still working to cut costs further”表明该技术仍需要进一步改良；A尚未工业应用；C塑料污染并未被解决；D并未说可再生能源主要来自塑料。 Passage 2 28. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。第一段“It is short of necessary nutrients and contains various harmful ions”火星土壤养分匮乏并且含有有害离子。 29. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。第二段“In this way, minerals that plants cannot reach on their own get released and become available for crop growth”真菌可以把土壤中植物无法利用的矿物质释放出来。A直接把岩石变成农田，夸大原文；B文中未提及供水；Dall过于绝对。 30. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。第三段“this biological solution costs far less and is much easier to carry out”该方法成本低、易实施；B零后期维护文中无依据；Cevery kind过于绝对；D还没有在火星实地测试。 31. 答案：C 解析：主旨大意题。整篇文章介绍共生真菌这一生物帮手有望解决火星农业难题。A只讲困难，偏离重点；B只是次要信息；D火星基地未来生活，范围过大。 Passage 3 28. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。第一段“yet solid evidence was lacking, leaving bat origins a long‑standing mystery”几十年来科学界争论蝙蝠起源地究竟在哪里。 29. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。第二段“they compared the genetic information with records from 44 ancient bat fossils…combining gene data with paleontological findings”该研究把基因组数据与化石证据相结合。 30. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。第三段“The study also suggests that the ability to fly took shape earlier than the special echo‑location system”飞行能力形成早于回声定位系统。B发源地是西亚，不是非洲；C文中没有说远古蝙蝠以花粉为食；D蝙蝠除南极洲之外遍布各大洲。 31. 答案：B 解析：观点态度题。文章客观陈述研究成果，同时也提到未来新化石仍有可能修正结论，作者态度客观（objective），并非怀疑、漠视或者否定。 Passage 4 28. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。第一段“Yet few realize that countless tiny ocean microbes also perform an invisible job in regulating the Earth’s temperature”大多数人忽视海洋微生物对气候的调节作用。 29. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。第二段“After their death, part of their carbon‑rich bodies sink down to the deep ocean. In this way, carbon gets locked away on the seabed”蓝细菌死亡后遗骸下沉，将碳封存在深海。 30. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。第三段“When such particles rise into the air, they help form cloud drops. Thick clouds reflect sunlight back into space”化学微粒帮助形成云层，反射太阳光，实现降温。 31. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。最后一段“If their populations keep dropping, the natural cooling power from oceans will become weaker”全球变暖会导致海洋微生物的降温能力减弱；Bmay disappear completely过于绝对；C、D属于无中生有。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $