考前押题07 阅读还原4大常考话题20篇（期中专项训练）八年级英语上学期新教材人教版

考前押题07 阅读还原4大常考话题 话题1 假日活动 话题2 家庭生活 话题3 人际交往 话题4 动植物与自然 ① 通读全文，了解文章主旨，理清段落之间逻辑； ② 研读备选句子，圈画代词、转折、因果等逻辑标志词； ③ 精读空格前后句，抓住关键词，匹配语义关联； ④ 留意段首、段尾位置，关注总起句、总结句与过渡句； ⑤ 全部填完后回读全文，检查篇章连贯，排除逻辑冲突。 话题1 假日活动（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·湖南长沙·期中）阅读下面短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。每个选项仅使用一次。 Do you like travelling on your holiday? A good destination (目的地) can make your travel fun and amazing, while a bad one will cause a lot of problems. 1 First, make a list of the top places you want to visit. It doesn’t matter if these places are villages or big cities. 2 If there are other people who will travel with you, ask them to do the same thing. Next, decide why you want to travel. 3 Or maybe you hope to explore ancient buildings and learn history? If you know why you want to leave home, it will be easy to choose a destination. Then, don’t rush into making a decision alone. Instead, bring everyone who will travel with you around a table. Spend some time talking about each place and why it would make a good destination. If you are travelling with old people, you may choose a place that is easy to get to. 4 That way, everyone will have a great time! 5 Search online to see how much you’ll spend on trains or planes, and how much on hotels. This can help you choose the places you can afford (负担得起) . A．At last, make a budget. B．So it’s important to take some time to plan. C．Do you wish for a peaceful day on the beach? D．If there are kids in the group, you may choose a fun park or a museum. E．The important thing is that they catch your interest at first thought. Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·河南安阳·期中）The summer vacation is coming. What can help you to have an interesting vacation? First, you can find a goal for your vacation. 1 Some students want to relax. Another group of students would like to learn some new things. Finding your goals can help you enjoy your vacation. 2 For example, you can learn to cook for your family. It is interesting to eat your special food. You can also learn a language, like Russian or Thai. It’s useful when you travel around the world 3 There is an old saying, “Reading a good book is like making a good friend.” If you want to relax yourself from your study time, you can go outside and do sports. 4 Playing volleyball and basketball is a good way. If you can’t play, don’t be afraid. There are many sports clubs for you. 5 A．Vacation is a good time to learn new things. B．What do you want to get from this summer? C．You can do exercise and make friends there. D．Spending time reading books is a good idea too. E．Doing sports can help you stay healthy and relax your body. Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·山西晋城·期中）请阅读下面语篇，根据其内容，从方框内所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有一项为多余项。 Have you ever seen a temple on a cliff (悬崖)? In Shanxi Province, China, there is a magical building called the Hanging Temple, or Xuankong Si in Chinese. 1 It shows the great skills of ancient Chinese people. The Hanging Temple has a history of more than 1,500 years. It’s amazing that the temple can still stand tall after so many years. Different from most temples on the ground, it hangs in the middle of the mountain. 2 When you look from below, you may find it looks very dangerous! 3 In fact, there are over 40 halls and rooms with walkways and bridges. The whole temple has a very special but strong structure (结构). It is a symbol of ancient Chinese building art. Why did people build a temple in such a dangerous place? There are two main reasons. 4 Second, there is less sunlight. In summer, when the daytime is the longest, the temple only receives about two hours of direct sunlight during the morning. Today, the Hanging Temple is a famous place. 5 If you want to visit Shanxi, don’t miss the magical building! A．But it’s high above the ground. B．It lies on a cliff of Mount Heng. C．This temple is not just one building. D．A large number of tourists visit it every year. E．So people say the Hanging Temple is a “temple in the sky”. F．First, the rocks on the mountain protect it from bad weather. Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·贵州遵义·期中）Traveling is one of the exciting experiences a person can have. It’s not just about visiting new places; it’s about learning, growing, and creating memories. When you travel, you step out of your comfort zone and open the door to a world full of different cultures, foods, and ways of life. 1 Many students like to travel during their holidays. Some go to big cities to see famous buildings and museums. 2 For example, climbing Mount Tai in China can be an amazing experience. Standing on the top and watching the sunrise makes you feel like you’re on top of the world. 3 When we meet people from other countries, we learn to respect their customs and ways of thinking. We might even pick up a few words of a new language! These friendships can last a lifetime and give us a broader view of the world. However, travel isn’t always perfect. Sometimes, the weather can be bad, or you might get lost. But these challenges are part of the adventure. 4 So, the next time you plan a trip, think about what you want to learn and experience. 5 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有一项为多余选项。 A．So it is more than just a journey. B．Good friends enjoy traveling together. C．Traveling also helps us make new friends. D．Every travel experience is a chance to grow. E．Others choose to visit natural wonders like mountains and beaches. F．They teach us to be more independent and solve problems on our own. Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·云南曲靖·期中）In order to take a wonderful trip, you should be fully prepared. 1 Take only what you need. You’d better think about the things you must bring and then write them down. In this way, you won’t forget anything. You can put them in a place and find them easily. 2 A heavy bag will make your trip more difficult. Pay attention to the weather. 3 For example, if it is hot, you can take a pair of sunglasses and some light clothes. If it is rainy, you should take an umbrella so that you will not get wet. 4 Before you visit a new place, you can learn about it on the Internet. When you get there, there won’t be any misunderstanding (误解) Do some things early. You should book some tickets before you get to the place, like the tickets for history museums in the city. 5 By doing these things before setting off, you can have a wonderful trip. A．Learn about the place. B．But don’t put too many things in your bag. C．Listen to the weather report before your trip. D．Your family will always give you a hand. E．Some pictures can help you remember the sights better. F．Here are some things you can do to get ready for your trip. G．In this way, you won’t spend much time waiting for tickets there. 话题2 家庭生活（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·山东济宁·期中）请阅读下面短文，从所给选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺。选项中有两项为多余项。 Have you ever heard the saying “Home, sweet home”? This is just another way of saying that it’s nice to be home! 1 What do you like best when you are at home? Maybe you like to play with your brothers and sisters. Maybe you enjoy staying with your mum and dad. 2 Spending time with them is one thing that makes being at home special. Your bedroom is another thing that makes home special. Your toys, your books, and your favorite things are in your bedroom. 3 Maybe you like to have a quiet place to read a book or to think about your day. 4 Families sit around the table to eat the food Mum or Dad has prepared. It’s a time to share interesting stories about your day. There are a lot of things to do to make home a special place. Who does the chores like cleaning, cooking, and doing yard work? When families work together to do the chores, it makes them easier and more interesting for everyone. 5 Maybe you can pull grass out of the garden. Maybe you can water the vegetables or the houseplants, Think about what you can do, so that when you come home every day, you can say, “Home, sweet home!” A．Family is where life begins and love never ends. B．Think about what you like best about it. C．Mealtime can be a special time at home. D．They are your loved ones. E．Maybe you can help sweep the floor. F．A lot of people and things we love are at home. G．Home is the sweetest place in the world, but leaving it is a part of growing up. Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·江西宜春·期中）请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根据短文内容从下面的七个选项中，选择五个还原到文中，使短文意思通顺、结构完整。 Nowadays, more and more people are interested in labor education (劳动教育). 1 As students, doing housework is the best way of labor. But some people think that students only need to study hard and should not spend much time doing housework. 2 Here are my reasons. 3 That’s because schools don’t just teach knowledge (知识), they also teach us how to adapt to society (适应社会). It’s the same at home. Doing housework shows our duty towards the family. Second, doing housework can help us become hard-working and help us learn some labor skills. In the future, these skills will be helpful to us. Finally, studying at school is to learn the skills we will need in the future. 4 No one wants to be useless (无用的) in society. President Xi Jinping once said, “The people’s life depends on hard work, and hard work brings prosperity (繁荣).” The same is true for students. 5 A．I don’t agree with this idea at all. B．It is interesting to do the housework. C．We should help parents to do the housework. D．The more skills we have, the better we can do in the future. E．It’s important for us to learn some labor skills in our life. F．Labor education is also the first test for us to get into society. G．First, teachers often ask students to clean the classroom at school. Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·海南儋州·期中）Different people have different ideas about doing housework. 1 Many parents think that doing housework is a waste (浪费) of children’s time. 2 Teaching children to do housework is good for their future. Take my sister Melissa and me as an example. When we were little, Melissa thought doing housework was quite boring. Every time my mom asked her to clean our room, she went to do her homework right away. She always said, “Mary, I have too much homework to do. 3 ” I never refused (拒绝) her, so I was always doing housework while (当) my sister was doing her homework. Many years have passed. Now my sister and I are quite different. 4 Every time she gets into trouble, she gets nervous and doesn’t know what to do. Sometimes, she even needs mom’s help to clean her house. 5 One day, your child may thank you for giving him the chance to help. A．In fact, they are wrong. B．Could you do it for me? C．So let your child share the housework with you now. D．I don’t mind cleaning the room. E．I can look after myself well, but she can’t. F．Let me tell you something about doing chores. Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·四川成都·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的A~F选项中，选出5个适当的选项补全短文。 An untidy bedroom may cause some health problems. Keeping rooms clean is good for your health. Here are ways to help teens clean up and feel better. * Talk with your parents and work together. 1 And you might feel uncomfortable and don’t know where to start. Make a plan and ask your parents for help. 2 * 3 The family can help each other, one room at a time. Or each person can clean his or her own room, and then meet in the shared space of the house. * Play music when cleaning. 4 No one can stop cleaning until the music stops. * Take it one step at a time. Give yourself 10 minutes a day to clear out one place of your room. 5 But it can help to build a good habit of tidying up. In a word, untidy rooms, bad feelings, and teens’ worries often go together, so it is important for teens to keep the rooms clean and tidy. A．Each family member can share his or her favorite song to play when tidying up. B．Make cleaning a family activity. C．It might take longer before the mess (杂乱) is gone. D．An untidy room is really out of hand. E．Loud music is bad for the activity. F．You can start by deciding what to do and who will finish the things. Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·湖北省直辖县级单位·期中）阅读短文，从所列选项中，选出最佳选项填入对应空白处，使短文通顺、连贯。(选项中有一项多余) The word “family” has special meanings to everyone. A happy family is what everyone is thirsty for. However, because of different personalities (性格), values, living habits, interests and hobbies, some unhappy things may happen among family members at times. 1 Learn to say thanks and sorry. We are used to saying thanks and sorry to others, but often we don’t do that to our family members. By saying thanks, we can make our family members feel they’re important. And saying sorry makes them feel understood 2 Communication (沟通) can happen in any place at any time. We can talk about our experiences and feelings with our family members in the car, at the dinner table or on the way back home. By talking, we can know we are caring about each other a lot.        3 Helping around the house brings family members much closer. Since we live in one house, we should do our part in keeping it clean and tidy. It’s easy to help do chores, like making the bed or doing the dishes. In this way, we can understand the idea of fairness. 4 We are busy around all day, but nothing is more important than spending time with family members. 5 Not only will this allow us to enjoy the deep love but it can also bring us more sweet memories. A．Share the housework. B．So how can we achieve family happiness? C．Family members should always agree with each other. D．Either eating meals or traveling together is a good choice. E．Spend more time together. F．Talk with each other often. 话题3 人际交往（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·山西大同·期中）根据短文内容，从所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺。选项中有一项为多余项。 Too many people want others to be their friends. But they don’t give friendship back. That is why some friendships don’t last very long. 1 You must learn to treat (对待) your friend the way you want your friend to treat you. Learning to be a good friend means learning three rules: Be true; Be generous (慷慨的); Be understanding. Being true is where a good friendship starts. 2 If you don’t tell the truth, people usually find out. Then you may lose your friend’s trust. Generosity means sharing. You don’t have to give your lunch money or your clothes. But you have to learn how to share things you like, such as your hobbies and interests. 3 These can be meaningful to a friend. They tell your friend what is important to you. Then your friend can know you better. Everyone needs help with a problem. Talking about the problem can make it easier to solve. 4 You must try to put yourself in your friend’s place so you can understand the problem better. 5 But all true friendships have three things in common. If you plan to keep your friendships, you must practice being true, generous and understanding. A．So you must listen and understand. B．Good friends need to trust each other. C．To have a friend, you must learn to be one. D．No two friendships are ever exactly similar. E．You will also want to share your ideas and feelings. F．True friends usually know you better than others. Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·山东德州·期中）Do you have friends? How many friends do you have? Having a good friend can make your school life much more enjoyable. You can talk about things which bring you happiness. 1 But making new friends at school is not so easy, especially if you’re a very shy person. 2 Here are some pieces of advice that might be helpful to you! The easiest thing to do is to smile, and it can make yourself look friendly. If you cross your arms on your breast (胸) and have your headphones on, your body language is saying “Stay away from me!” 3 On the other hand, if you’re feeling confident, you can try to get close to someone. Just say “Hi, do you mind if I sit here?” 4 After that, keep talking, by finding something you have in common. Maybe the person is reading a book you’ve read or has some other good things that interest you. 5 If you follow the advice, you can make a lot of good friends. A．It is a great way to break the ice. B．So how can you make new friends? C．This will give you something interesting to talk about. D．Never fail to be thankful to the friends around you. E．You can also share your problems and support with each other. F．Remember, smile all the time if someone gets close to you. Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·河南许昌·期中）No two leaves are the same in the world. 1 Everybody is different from others. That is why the world is an interesting place to live in. 2 But others are shorter than you. Maybe your hair is the same colour as your friend’s, but it may be longer than his or hers. 3 And some of your friends are as good at sports as you. But there are also some people around you who are not so good at some things as you. 4 Does he or she like to wear the same clothes as you every day? I think that in some ways you are the same, but in many other ways you are different. 5 Though you have so many different things, you truly like doing something interesting together and sharing your thoughts. You know he or she is always your best friend. 根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使文章意思通顺内容完整。 A．Some people are taller than you. B．What does your best friend like to do? C．Nobody in the world is the same as you. D．You can say loudly to the world, “I am special in the world!” E．I am sure some of your friends are smarter than you. Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·陕西渭南·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。 Two friends, Jason and Harry, lived happily on neighbouring farms. They worked together and helped each other for many years. 1 Every time they met each other, they just walked away without any words. One morning, Jason saw an old carpenter (木匠). 2 “I never want to see Harry’s face again!” said Jason. The old carpenter then learned about what happened to the two friends. He thought quietly for a while and said, “I see. “Then Jason went to the city to buy things. 3 He didn’t see any fences, but a bridge over the small river between his farm and Harry’s! 4 He ran across the bridge and hugged Jason. They both said sorry to each other. The carpenter collected his tools and was ready to leave. “Please stay for a few more days. 5 ” said the friends. “I’d love to, sirs,” the carpenter smiled. “But I have many more bridges to build and things to fix in other places.” A．Just then, Harry got out of his house and saw the bridge. B．When he came back in the evening, he was surprised. C．He asked the carpenter to build a high fence (篱笆) around the farm. D．We have more things that need fixing. E．But one day, the two friends had a big fight. Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·云南·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Being outgoing is good for your life. Outgoing people like to meet lots of people and they have more fun in life. Some people are naturally (天生地) outgoing, but other people have to practise to become outgoing. In fact, being outgoing is not as hard as you think. Even shy people can be outgoing. 1 You can start becoming outgoing with your best friend or a group of friends. But the real problem comes when you meet strange people or new friends. 2 And usually they will smile back at you. In this way, you may have some conversations. 3 Just a simple greeting like “Hello!” or “How is it going?” is a good start. If you want to have interesting conversations, you should read some news in newspapers and prepare your views, or surf the Internet for new information and then keep that in mind. 4 This is also the most important step. Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place that you think can be fun, and you may make new friends there. Are you a shy person? Do you want to make more friends? 5 But you can follow the advice above and try to be an outgoing person! A．Start a conversation. B．Here is some advice. C．It is a good way to smile more at other people. D．Usually, it’s not easy for a shy person to make friends. E．The easiest way to become more outgoing is to go out. F．They always feel great after that. G．A shy person can’t make friends with an outgoing person. 话题4 动植物与自然（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·江西南昌·期中）请阅读下面一篇短文，根据短文内容从下面选项中选择适当的句子还原到文中，有两项是多余的。 Tomatoes are very popular in the world. We use them in many dishes and soups. But how much do you really know about them? In this article, we’ve put together some fun facts about tomatoes for you! 1 But in fact, they are fruits because they have seeds (种子) and grow from flowering plants. Tomato plants first grew in the Andes Mountains of South America. 2 There are many kinds of tomatoes around the world. They come in different sizes. 3 But some can be up to more than 20 cm across and weigh a few kilos. And tomatoes aren’t always red. They can be yellow, purple, black and even white! 4 The English word “tomato” came from the Spanish word “tomate”. And the Spanish learned the word from the Aztec language “tomatl”. People not only make tomatoes into different kinds of dishes, but also hold some interesting festivals for the fruit. La Tomatina in Spain is one of the most famous tomato festivals. 5 During the festival, people throw about 150,000 tomatoes at each other. What a mess (混乱)! But it sounds interesting! A．Many people think tomatoes are vegetables. B．Most tomato fruits are the same size as tennis balls. C．Do you know how the fruit got its name? D．Today, they grow in almost every country in the world. E．They thought eating tomatoes could bring them bad luck. F．Eating tomatoes is good for our health. G．The festival takes place on the last Wednesday of August every year. Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·陕西西安·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。 Whether you love them or hate them, there’s no doubt that spiders are amazing animals. In a 2017 study, scientists showed that some people are born with a fear of them. 1 . So what do you think? Should people learn to love spiders? Yes—spiders are helpful to humans. The truth is, spiders work for humans to clear our homes and gardens of all the pests (害虫). Spiders are considered to be the friends to gardeners. 2 . Spiders are amazing animals. They have many talents, including making silk from their bodies, which is among the strongest and most flexible (柔韧的) natural materials on Earth. 3 . In fact, they usually try to get away from people or hide. Spiders are an important part of the ecosystem (生态系统), so people should learn to love them if humans want to protect the environment. No—people fear spiders for good reasons. With their many eyes and eight legs, spiders look scary. 4 . The giant house spider can move at half a metre in a second. Without even knowing them, they may have climbed up your leg. It’s no wonder so many people are scared of spiders, and maybe it’s wise to feel fear. 5 . So we should learn to protect spiders instead of doing harm to them. They are also our friends. But not all spiders are harmless to humans, so you still have to be careful not to get bitten by a spider. A．They also move so fast B．However, others think they are amazing C．Some small spiders are liked by some children D．And spiders teach us how to make a perfect web E．In a word, spiders play an important role in nature F．This is because they eat lots of pests that harm plants G．Spiders may look strange, but they don’t want to harm humans Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·海南省直辖县级单位·期中）根据短文内容，从方框内选出能填入空白处的最佳选项(其中有一项为多余选项)。 When a baby elephant is born, it stands quickly on its feet. It drinks milk from its mother for a few years. The mother elephant is very important to a baby elephant. 1 Elephants travel a lot. Sometimes they have to cross rivers. The water might run too quickly and wash a baby elephant down a river. Or it can fall into a hole. When a baby elephant loses its mother, it becomes an orphan. Sometimes a baby elephant becomes an orphan because its mother is killed. In the wild (野外), a baby elephant can’t live without its mother. Some people, called keepers, look after the orphan elephants in a park. 2 Then, the keepers send the elephants back to the wild. In the wild, a baby elephant will stay under its mother to keep cool from the sun. 3 The keepers need to teach a baby elephant how to feed. To make it more relaxed, they always try many ways. 4 Some people killed Dika’s family, and he ran away. The keepers took Dika to the park. The keeper looked after him very well, but he cried for his mother. It was a long time before Dika was happy again. Dika was ten years old before he could live in the wild again. Many years later, he came back to the park. He had some wire (电线) around his leg. 5 Orphan elephants will never forget their keepers and if they meet trouble, they always think of the people who looked after them. A．The keepers look after them until they are old enough. B．Because she teaches the baby elephant many things. C．Elephants in the wild can’t live without people’s help. D．At the park, the keepers put an umbrella over it. E．One day, the keepers found a baby elephant, Dika, in the wild. F．He needed the keepers to help him. Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·山东青岛·期中）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。 Do you know “glacier mice (冰川老鼠)”? 1 They are a kind of moss, one of the most amazing plants in the world. People call them “glacier mice” because they look like tiny animals moving slowly. They are green and they look like balls. They are not very big. Some are bigger than a golf ball. 2 These soft green balls just sit on the ice, standing out in the white world. 3 On the one hand, they tell us a lot about the climate. The number of glacier mice is dropping. This shows the climate change of our planet. On the other hand, they play an important role in the ecosystem. They provide a safe home for tiny animals. Scientists studied 30 glacier mice for years and discovered: the glacier mice can live at least 5—6 years, and they move together like a group of birds! They can move about 2.5 cm a day. 4 No matter south or west, they move to the same direction, just like they can communicate. That’s strange! 5 Do they move down along the hill? Or do they blow in the wind? But the ideas didn’t work. Even now, no one knows why. These cute glacier mice still have secrets waiting to be discovered! A．In fact, they are not the animal mice. B．Others can reach the size of a small apple. C．Glacier mice are small, but they are important. D．Scientists tried to explain this group movement. E．Two things help the moss become big and round. F．Sometimes they move to the south and sometimes to the west. Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·河南信阳·期中）What is the happiest animal in the world? Many people say it’s the quokka (短尾矮袋鼠). Quokkas are small but cute animals. They have round ears and black noses. The special shape (形状) of their mouths makes them look like they are smiling. 1 ·You can find quokkas in two places in Western Australia— Rottnest Island and Bald Island. 2 ·Quokkas like climbing trees. They can climb up to 2 metres to get leaves. They can live without food for weeks and without water for months. They have much fat in their tails. 3 When there is no water, they get it from the leaves they eat. ·Quokkas love sharing living places. They can live happily with each other. Also, they are friendly to people. 4 ·Although quokkas are friendly to people, they are wild animals. 5 So, just watch these cute animals and take pictures of them. 根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺、内容完整。 A．It helps them when it is hard for them to find food. B．Here are some interesting facts about quokkas. C．You shouldn’t touch them because they can be dangerous! D．People like to visit these places just to take pictures of them. E．Some even jump into shops on Rottnest Island to say hello to people. 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 考前押题07 阅读还原4大常考话题 话题1 假日活动 话题2 家庭生活 话题3 人际交往 话题4 动植物与自然 ① 通读全文，了解文章主旨，理清段落之间逻辑； ② 研读备选句子，圈画代词、转折、因果等逻辑标志词； ③ 精读空格前后句，抓住关键词，匹配语义关联； ④ 留意段首、段尾位置，关注总起句、总结句与过渡句； ⑤ 全部填完后回读全文，检查篇章连贯，排除逻辑冲突。 话题1 假日活动（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·湖南长沙·期中）阅读下面短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。每个选项仅使用一次。 Do you like travelling on your holiday? A good destination (目的地) can make your travel fun and amazing, while a bad one will cause a lot of problems. 1 First, make a list of the top places you want to visit. It doesn’t matter if these places are villages or big cities. 2 If there are other people who will travel with you, ask them to do the same thing. Next, decide why you want to travel. 3 Or maybe you hope to explore ancient buildings and learn history? If you know why you want to leave home, it will be easy to choose a destination. Then, don’t rush into making a decision alone. Instead, bring everyone who will travel with you around a table. Spend some time talking about each place and why it would make a good destination. If you are travelling with old people, you may choose a place that is easy to get to. 4 That way, everyone will have a great time! 5 Search online to see how much you’ll spend on trains or planes, and how much on hotels. This can help you choose the places you can afford (负担得起) . A．At last, make a budget. B．So it’s important to take some time to plan. C．Do you wish for a peaceful day on the beach? D．If there are kids in the group, you may choose a fun park or a museum. E．The important thing is that they catch your interest at first thought. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍挑选旅行目的地的几条实用建议。 1．前文提到好的目的地让旅行愉快，不好的目的地会带来许多麻烦，B选项“So it’s important to take some time to plan.”承接上文，由此引出下文挑选目的地的具体方法，起到总起下文的过渡作用。 2．前文说到列出想去的地点，不管是村庄还是大城市都可以，E选项“The important thing is that they catch your interest at first thought.”承接上文，进一步说明筛选地点的核心要求，语义衔接通顺。 3．前文点明要确定自己旅行的目的，后文用“Or maybe...”引出另一种旅行目的，C选项“Do you wish for a peaceful day on the beach?”提出一种旅行期待，和后文问句构成并列选择，行文逻辑连贯。 4．前文讲到同行有老人时可以选择交通便利的地方，D选项“If there are kids in the group, you may choose a fun park or a museum.”继续举例说明要根据同行人员挑选地点，行文逻辑连贯。 5．后文讲述上网查询交通、酒店花费，挑选自己负担得起的地点，A选项“At last, make a budget.”总括本段内容，开启关于旅行预算的介绍，引出下文具体做法。 Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·河南安阳·期中）The summer vacation is coming. What can help you to have an interesting vacation? First, you can find a goal for your vacation. 1 Some students want to relax. Another group of students would like to learn some new things. Finding your goals can help you enjoy your vacation. 2 For example, you can learn to cook for your family. It is interesting to eat your special food. You can also learn a language, like Russian or Thai. It’s useful when you travel around the world 3 There is an old saying, “Reading a good book is like making a good friend.” If you want to relax yourself from your study time, you can go outside and do sports. 4 Playing volleyball and basketball is a good way. If you can’t play, don’t be afraid. There are many sports clubs for you. 5 A．Vacation is a good time to learn new things. B．What do you want to get from this summer? C．You can do exercise and make friends there. D．Spending time reading books is a good idea too. E．Doing sports can help you stay healthy and relax your body. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．E 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍如何度过有趣的暑假，给出确定假期目标、学习新技能、读书、户外运动等几条建议。 1．后文提到“Some students want to relax. Another group of students would like to learn some new things.”，介绍不同学生有不同的假期想法。B项“What do you want to get from this summer?”承接上文设立假期目标，提出问题，引出下文不同学生的目标。 2．后文举例学习做饭、学习外语，都是学习新事物。A项“Vacation is a good time to learn new things.”总领本段，引出下文学习新技能的例子。 3．后文提到“There is an old saying, ‘Reading a good book is like making a good friend.’”，围绕读书展开。D项“Spending time reading books is a good idea too.”引出读书这个好主意，和后文名言衔接顺畅。 4．前文提到“you can go outside and do sports.”，写可以外出做运动。E项“Doing sports can help you stay healthy and relax your body.”承接上文，说明运动的好处，引出下文排球、篮球等运动。 5．前文提到“There are many sports clubs for you.”，此处提到运动俱乐部。C项“You can do exercise and make friends there.”中there指代sports clubs，说明可以在俱乐部锻炼、交朋友，承接上文。 Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·山西晋城·期中）请阅读下面语篇，根据其内容，从方框内所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有一项为多余项。 Have you ever seen a temple on a cliff (悬崖)? In Shanxi Province, China, there is a magical building called the Hanging Temple, or Xuankong Si in Chinese. 1 It shows the great skills of ancient Chinese people. The Hanging Temple has a history of more than 1,500 years. It’s amazing that the temple can still stand tall after so many years. Different from most temples on the ground, it hangs in the middle of the mountain. 2 When you look from below, you may find it looks very dangerous! 3 In fact, there are over 40 halls and rooms with walkways and bridges. The whole temple has a very special but strong structure (结构). It is a symbol of ancient Chinese building art. Why did people build a temple in such a dangerous place? There are two main reasons. 4 Second, there is less sunlight. In summer, when the daytime is the longest, the temple only receives about two hours of direct sunlight during the morning. Today, the Hanging Temple is a famous place. 5 If you want to visit Shanxi, don’t miss the magical building! A．But it’s high above the ground. B．It lies on a cliff of Mount Heng. C．This temple is not just one building. D．A large number of tourists visit it every year. E．So people say the Hanging Temple is a “temple in the sky”. F．First, the rocks on the mountain protect it from bad weather. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．C 4．F 5．D 【导语】本文介绍山西悬空寺的地理位置、外观特点、建筑规模、建造选址原因以及如今的旅游热度。 1．前文介绍中国山西有一处神奇建筑名为悬空寺，B选项“It lies on a cliff of Mount Heng.”补充说明悬空寺坐落于恒山悬崖之上，交代具体位置，衔接后文赞叹古人精湛技艺的语句。故选B。 2．前文说明悬空寺和普通平地寺庙不同，悬于山间，后文写从下方看会觉得十分危险。E选项“So people say the Hanging Temple is a "temple in the sky".”承接寺庙悬空的特点，引出看起来惊险的观感。故选E。 3．后文“In fact, there are over 40 halls and rooms with walkways and bridges.”介绍寺庙拥有四十多间殿堂、步道与桥梁，C选项“This temple is not just one building.”总起本段，说明寺庙是建筑群，和后文多间房屋的内容对应。故选C。 4．前文提出建造在险峻悬崖的两点原因，后文出现“Second”，F选项“First, the rocks on the mountain protect it from bad weather.”对应分点逻辑，作为第一条原因。故选F。 5．前文点明如今悬空寺是知名景点，后文推荐游客前往山西参观，D选项“A large number of tourists visit it every year.”说明寺庙每年游客众多，承接知名景点的描述。故选D。 Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·贵州遵义·期中）Traveling is one of the exciting experiences a person can have. It’s not just about visiting new places; it’s about learning, growing, and creating memories. When you travel, you step out of your comfort zone and open the door to a world full of different cultures, foods, and ways of life. 1 Many students like to travel during their holidays. Some go to big cities to see famous buildings and museums. 2 For example, climbing Mount Tai in China can be an amazing experience. Standing on the top and watching the sunrise makes you feel like you’re on top of the world. 3 When we meet people from other countries, we learn to respect their customs and ways of thinking. We might even pick up a few words of a new language! These friendships can last a lifetime and give us a broader view of the world. However, travel isn’t always perfect. Sometimes, the weather can be bad, or you might get lost. But these challenges are part of the adventure. 4 So, the next time you plan a trip, think about what you want to learn and experience. 5 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有一项为多余选项。 A．So it is more than just a journey. B．Good friends enjoy traveling together. C．Traveling also helps us make new friends. D．Every travel experience is a chance to grow. E．Others choose to visit natural wonders like mountains and beaches. F．They teach us to be more independent and solve problems on our own. 【答案】1．A 2．E 3．C 4．F 5．D 【导语】本文阐述旅行的意义，介绍学生不同的旅行选择、旅行能结交新朋友、旅行途中的困难带来的成长，最后倡议大家规划旅行并收获成长。 1．前文说明旅行不只是游览新地方，还能学习、成长、创造回忆，见识多元文化与生活方式，A项“So it is more than just a journey.”总结上文，点明旅行的意义不止出行，承接前文内容。 2．前文写部分学生去大城市参观建筑博物馆，E项“Others choose to visit natural wonders like mountains and beaches.”用others对应some，介绍另一类学生选择自然风光类景点，后文举登泰山的例子与之呼应。 3．本段讲述旅行中结识外国人、尊重他国习俗、收获长久友谊，C项“Traveling also helps us make new friends.”总起本段，点明旅行利于结交新朋友的核心观点。 4．前文提到旅行会遇到坏天气、迷路等难题，但这些都是冒险的一部分，F项“They teach us to be more independent and solve problems on our own.”句中They指代前文各类困难，说明困难能锻炼独立与解决问题的能力。 5．前文说明旅途存在挑战但能让人成长，D项“Every travel experience is a chance to grow.”收尾点题，告诉读者每一次旅行都是成长的机会，呼应全文旅行促人成长的主旨。 Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·云南曲靖·期中）In order to take a wonderful trip, you should be fully prepared. 1 Take only what you need. You’d better think about the things you must bring and then write them down. In this way, you won’t forget anything. You can put them in a place and find them easily. 2 A heavy bag will make your trip more difficult. Pay attention to the weather. 3 For example, if it is hot, you can take a pair of sunglasses and some light clothes. If it is rainy, you should take an umbrella so that you will not get wet. 4 Before you visit a new place, you can learn about it on the Internet. When you get there, there won’t be any misunderstanding (误解) Do some things early. You should book some tickets before you get to the place, like the tickets for history museums in the city. 5 By doing these things before setting off, you can have a wonderful trip. A．Learn about the place. B．But don’t put too many things in your bag. C．Listen to the weather report before your trip. D．Your family will always give you a hand. E．Some pictures can help you remember the sights better. F．Here are some things you can do to get ready for your trip. G．In this way, you won’t spend much time waiting for tickets there. 【答案】1．F 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．G 【导语】本文介绍了为愉快旅行做好充分准备的几条建议，包括轻便行李、关注天气、了解目的地及提前订票等。 1．根据“In order to take a wonderful trip, you should be fully prepared.”可知，前文引出旅行要做好准备，空格处应引出具体的准备方法，F选项“这里有一些你可以做的事来为旅行做准备”是对下文建议的总起，故选F。 2．根据“A heavy bag will make your trip more difficult.”可知，前文讲整理行李，此处应是提醒不要往包里放太多东西，B选项“但是不要在你的包里放太多东西”与后文沉重行李会添麻烦的内容相呼应，故选B。 3．根据“Pay attention to the weather.”可知，这一段围绕关注天气展开，空格处应是具体的关注天气的做法，C选项“旅行前听天气预报”符合该段主题，故选C。 4．根据“Before you visit a new place, you can learn about it on the Internet.”可知，这一段讲的是在去一个新地方前要了解当地情况，A选项“了解这个地方”能作为该段的主题句，故选A。 5．根据“You should book some tickets before you get to the place, like the tickets for history museums in the city.”可知，前文讲提前订票，空格处应说明提前订票的好处，G选项“这样，你就不会在那里花很多时间排队买票了”是提前订票的结果，故选G。 话题2 家庭生活（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·山东济宁·期中）请阅读下面短文，从所给选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺。选项中有两项为多余项。 Have you ever heard the saying “Home, sweet home”? This is just another way of saying that it’s nice to be home! 1 What do you like best when you are at home? Maybe you like to play with your brothers and sisters. Maybe you enjoy staying with your mum and dad. 2 Spending time with them is one thing that makes being at home special. Your bedroom is another thing that makes home special. Your toys, your books, and your favorite things are in your bedroom. 3 Maybe you like to have a quiet place to read a book or to think about your day. 4 Families sit around the table to eat the food Mum or Dad has prepared. It’s a time to share interesting stories about your day. There are a lot of things to do to make home a special place. Who does the chores like cleaning, cooking, and doing yard work? When families work together to do the chores, it makes them easier and more interesting for everyone. 5 Maybe you can pull grass out of the garden. Maybe you can water the vegetables or the houseplants, Think about what you can do, so that when you come home every day, you can say, “Home, sweet home!” A．Family is where life begins and love never ends. B．Think about what you like best about it. C．Mealtime can be a special time at home. D．They are your loved ones. E．Maybe you can help sweep the floor. F．A lot of people and things we love are at home. G．Home is the sweetest place in the world, but leaving it is a part of growing up. 【答案】1．F 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．E 【导语】本文围绕“家是温馨的地方”展开，介绍了家之所以特别的原因，包括与家人相处、专属的卧室、温馨的用餐时光以及共同分担家务等。 1．根据前文“it’s nice to be home”及后文“What do you like best when you are at home?”可知，此处句子既可承接“家很温馨”的属性，又能引出后文关于在家喜欢的事物的内容，选项F“我们所爱的许多人和事物都在家里。”符合语境。故选F。 2．根据前文“Maybe you like to play with your brothers and sisters. Maybe you enjoy staying with your mum and dad.”可知，此处提到的“brothers and sisters”“mum and dad”都是我们所爱的家人，选项D“他们是你的亲人。”符合语境。故选D。 3．根据前文“Your toys, your books, and your favorite things are in your bedroom.”及后文“Maybe you like to have a quiet place to read a book or to think about your day.”可知，前文描述了卧室里有自己的玩具、书等喜欢的东西。选项B“想想你最喜欢它的什么。”引导读者去思考关于卧室自己最喜欢的是什么，与后文相呼应。故选B。 4．根据后文“Families sit around the table to eat the food Mum or Dad has prepared. It’s a time to share interesting stories about your day.”可知，此处描述的是用餐时光，选项C“在家里的用餐时光可以很特别。”符合语境。故选C。 5．根据前文“When families work together to do the chores, it makes them easier and more interesting for everyone.”可知，此处讲的是家人共同做家务，选项E“也许你可以帮忙扫地。”符合语境。故选E。 Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·江西宜春·期中）请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根据短文内容从下面的七个选项中，选择五个还原到文中，使短文意思通顺、结构完整。 Nowadays, more and more people are interested in labor education (劳动教育). 1 As students, doing housework is the best way of labor. But some people think that students only need to study hard and should not spend much time doing housework. 2 Here are my reasons. 3 That’s because schools don’t just teach knowledge (知识), they also teach us how to adapt to society (适应社会). It’s the same at home. Doing housework shows our duty towards the family. Second, doing housework can help us become hard-working and help us learn some labor skills. In the future, these skills will be helpful to us. Finally, studying at school is to learn the skills we will need in the future. 4 No one wants to be useless (无用的) in society. President Xi Jinping once said, “The people’s life depends on hard work, and hard work brings prosperity (繁荣).” The same is true for students. 5 A．I don’t agree with this idea at all. B．It is interesting to do the housework. C．We should help parents to do the housework. D．The more skills we have, the better we can do in the future. E．It’s important for us to learn some labor skills in our life. F．Labor education is also the first test for us to get into society. G．First, teachers often ask students to clean the classroom at school. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．G 4．D 5．F 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了劳动教育的重要性，特别是学生参与家务劳动的必要性。 1．根据“Nowadays, more and more people are interested in labor education (劳动教育).”可知，此处应说明越来越多人对劳动教育感兴趣的原因。选项E“在生活中学习一些劳动技能对我们来说是很重要的。”符合语境。故选E。 2．根据“But some people think that students only need to study hard and should not spend much time doing housework.”和“doing housework can help us become hard-working”可知，此处应表示作者不同意前面的说法。选项A“我完全不同意这个想法。”符合语境。故选A。 3．根据“Second, doing housework can help us become hard-working”和“Second, doing housework can help us become hard-working”可知，此处应为第一条理由，且与学校有关。选项G“首先，老师经常要求学生在学校打扫教室。”符合语境。故选G。 4．根据“studying at school is to learn the skills we will need in the future.”可知，此处与学习技能的优势有关。选项D“我们拥有的技能越多，未来就能做得越好。”符合语境。故选D。 5．根据“The people’s life depends on hard work, and hard work brings prosperity”和“The same is true for students.”可知，此处应提到辛勤劳动同样适用于学生。选项F“劳动教育也是我们进入社会的第一个考验。”符合语境。故选F。 Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·海南儋州·期中）Different people have different ideas about doing housework. 1 Many parents think that doing housework is a waste (浪费) of children’s time. 2 Teaching children to do housework is good for their future. Take my sister Melissa and me as an example. When we were little, Melissa thought doing housework was quite boring. Every time my mom asked her to clean our room, she went to do her homework right away. She always said, “Mary, I have too much homework to do. 3 ” I never refused (拒绝) her, so I was always doing housework while (当) my sister was doing her homework. Many years have passed. Now my sister and I are quite different. 4 Every time she gets into trouble, she gets nervous and doesn’t know what to do. Sometimes, she even needs mom’s help to clean her house. 5 One day, your child may thank you for giving him the chance to help. A．In fact, they are wrong. B．Could you do it for me? C．So let your child share the housework with you now. D．I don’t mind cleaning the room. E．I can look after myself well, but she can’t. F．Let me tell you something about doing chores. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．B 4．E 5．C 【导语】本文通过作者和姐姐的亲身经历，反驳了做家务浪费孩子时间的观点，论证做家务有益于孩子成长，建议家长让孩子分担家务。 1．开头提到不同的人对于做家务有不同看法，引出“做家务”这个话题，F项“Let me tell you something about doing chores.”自然承接，开启下文的论述。 2．前一句提到部分家长的错误看法，后一句表达做家务的好处，A项“In fact, they are wrong.”用In fact进行转折，反驳前面的观点，起到承上启下的作用。 3．上文提到Melissa觉得做家务很无聊，一被要求打扫房间就借口写作业。此处是她对玛丽说的话，说明请求玛丽替她打扫房间，B项“Could you do it for me?”与上下文形成完整表达。 4．前句说姐妹二人现在差别很大，后文描述姐姐独立能力差。E项“I can look after myself well, but she can’t.”对比两人的自理能力，自然引出后面姐姐遇到困难的例子。 5．文章结尾，在举例论证之后，向家长提出建议，C项“So let your child share the housework with you now.”，是总结性语句，衔接下文。 Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·四川成都·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的A~F选项中，选出5个适当的选项补全短文。 An untidy bedroom may cause some health problems. Keeping rooms clean is good for your health. Here are ways to help teens clean up and feel better. * Talk with your parents and work together. 1 And you might feel uncomfortable and don’t know where to start. Make a plan and ask your parents for help. 2 * 3 The family can help each other, one room at a time. Or each person can clean his or her own room, and then meet in the shared space of the house. * Play music when cleaning. 4 No one can stop cleaning until the music stops. * Take it one step at a time. Give yourself 10 minutes a day to clear out one place of your room. 5 But it can help to build a good habit of tidying up. In a word, untidy rooms, bad feelings, and teens’ worries often go together, so it is important for teens to keep the rooms clean and tidy. A．Each family member can share his or her favorite song to play when tidying up. B．Make cleaning a family activity. C．It might take longer before the mess (杂乱) is gone. D．An untidy room is really out of hand. E．Loud music is bad for the activity. F．You can start by deciding what to do and who will finish the things. 【答案】1．D 2．F 3．B 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了帮助青少年整理房间、改善状态的几种实用方法，说明保持房间整洁对健康有益。 1．第一空后句提到“And you might feel uncomfortable and don’t know where to start（你可能会感到不舒适，不知道从哪里开始）”，再结合“An untidy room is really out of hand.”可推知，此处描述杂乱房间的状态，引出后续不知道从何开始整理的情况，D“An untidy room is really out of hand.”符合语境。 2．第二空前提到“Make a plan and ask your parents for help.（制定计划并向父母寻求帮助）”，可推知此处承接制定计划的内容，F“You can start by deciding what to do and who will finish the things.”符合语境，说明制定计划的具体着手点。 3．第三空是该段的小标题，后文提到“The family can help each other, one room at a time. Or each person can clean his or her own room, and then meet in the shared space of the house.（家人可以互相帮忙，一次打扫一个房间。或者每个人打扫自己的房间，之后再一起整理公共区域）”，B“Make cleaning a family activity.”符合语境，概括该段核心，号召全家一起参与打扫。 4．第四空前提到“Play music when cleaning.（打扫的时候放音乐）”，可推知此处承接打扫时放音乐的内容，A“Each family member can share his or her favorite song to play when tidying up.”符合语境，给出了具体的音乐选择建议。 5．第五空后句提到“But it can help to build a good habit of tidying up.（但这有助于养成整理的好习惯）”，推知此处和后文构成转折关系，C“It might take longer before the mess (杂乱) is gone.”符合语境，说明每天花10分钟整理的方式虽然耗时久，但益处很大。 Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·湖北省直辖县级单位·期中）阅读短文，从所列选项中，选出最佳选项填入对应空白处，使短文通顺、连贯。(选项中有一项多余) The word “family” has special meanings to everyone. A happy family is what everyone is thirsty for. However, because of different personalities (性格), values, living habits, interests and hobbies, some unhappy things may happen among family members at times. 1 Learn to say thanks and sorry. We are used to saying thanks and sorry to others, but often we don’t do that to our family members. By saying thanks, we can make our family members feel they’re important. And saying sorry makes them feel understood 2 Communication (沟通) can happen in any place at any time. We can talk about our experiences and feelings with our family members in the car, at the dinner table or on the way back home. By talking, we can know we are caring about each other a lot.        3 Helping around the house brings family members much closer. Since we live in one house, we should do our part in keeping it clean and tidy. It’s easy to help do chores, like making the bed or doing the dishes. In this way, we can understand the idea of fairness. 4 We are busy around all day, but nothing is more important than spending time with family members. 5 Not only will this allow us to enjoy the deep love but it can also bring us more sweet memories. A．Share the housework. B．So how can we achieve family happiness? C．Family members should always agree with each other. D．Either eating meals or traveling together is a good choice. E．Spend more time together. F．Talk with each other often. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．A 4．E 5．D 【导语】本文论述了拥有幸福家庭的重要性，并给出了四条实现家庭幸福的建议。      1．前文提到幸福家庭是所有人的追求，但家庭成员间难免会因性格、习惯等差异产生矛盾，后文分段给出了具体的营造家庭幸福的方法，B选项“那么我们如何才能实现家庭幸福呢？”承接上文的问题，引出下文的具体建议，起到承上启下的作用。 2．本段核心内容是沟通的重要性，提到沟通可以随时随地发生，通过交流能感受到彼此的关心，F选项“经常和彼此交谈”准确概括了本段的核心主旨，适合作为本段的小标题。 3．本段核心内容是分担家务能拉近家庭成员的距离，每个人都要为保持家庭整洁出一份力，A选项“分担家务”准确概括了本段的核心主旨，适合作为本段的小标题。 4．本段核心内容是陪伴家人十分重要，没有什么比和家人共度时光更重要，E选项“多花时间陪伴彼此”准确概括了本段的核心主旨，适合作为本段的小标题。 5．前文提到要多花时间陪伴家人，后文提到这样做既能享受深爱，还能留下美好回忆，D选项“一起吃饭或者一起旅行都是很好的选择”具体举例说明了陪伴家人的可行方式，承接上下文逻辑通顺。 话题3 人际交往（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·山西大同·期中）根据短文内容，从所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺。选项中有一项为多余项。 Too many people want others to be their friends. But they don’t give friendship back. That is why some friendships don’t last very long. 1 You must learn to treat (对待) your friend the way you want your friend to treat you. Learning to be a good friend means learning three rules: Be true; Be generous (慷慨的); Be understanding. Being true is where a good friendship starts. 2 If you don’t tell the truth, people usually find out. Then you may lose your friend’s trust. Generosity means sharing. You don’t have to give your lunch money or your clothes. But you have to learn how to share things you like, such as your hobbies and interests. 3 These can be meaningful to a friend. They tell your friend what is important to you. Then your friend can know you better. Everyone needs help with a problem. Talking about the problem can make it easier to solve. 4 You must try to put yourself in your friend’s place so you can understand the problem better. 5 But all true friendships have three things in common. If you plan to keep your friendships, you must practice being true, generous and understanding. A．So you must listen and understand. B．Good friends need to trust each other. C．To have a friend, you must learn to be one. D．No two friendships are ever exactly similar. E．You will also want to share your ideas and feelings. F．True friends usually know you better than others. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．E 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，告诉我们想要拥有长久的友谊，需要做到真诚、学会分享、懂得换位思考理解朋友。 1．上文提到很多人想要朋友却不付出友谊，下文说“You must learn to treat your friend the way you want your friend to treat you. ”，点明了要以希望朋友对待自己的方式去对待朋友，C项“To have a friend, you must learn to be one.”承上启下，符合语境。 2．本段主题是诚实，后文提到“If you don’t tell the truth,”和“Then you may lose your friend’s trust.”说明，如果不诚实会失去信任，B项“Good friends need to trust each other.”与前后文关于真诚和信任的内容紧密相关。 3．本段讲述慷慨意味着分享，根据前文提到“you have to learn how to share things you like, such as your hobbies and interests”可知，交朋友需要学会分享爱好和兴趣，E项“You will also want to share your ideas and feelings.”是对分享内容的补充，且对应后文的“These”。 4．本段讨论帮助朋友解决问题，和后文“try to put yourself in your friend’s place”，强调了换位思考可以更好地理解问题，A项“So you must listen and understand.”是解决问题的合理建议，符合逻辑。 5．后文用But转折指出所有真正的友谊都有三个共同点，因此空白处应指出友谊的不同之处，D项“No two friendships are ever exactly similar.”与后文构成转折关系。 Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·山东德州·期中）Do you have friends? How many friends do you have? Having a good friend can make your school life much more enjoyable. You can talk about things which bring you happiness. 1 But making new friends at school is not so easy, especially if you’re a very shy person. 2 Here are some pieces of advice that might be helpful to you! The easiest thing to do is to smile, and it can make yourself look friendly. If you cross your arms on your breast (胸) and have your headphones on, your body language is saying “Stay away from me!” 3 On the other hand, if you’re feeling confident, you can try to get close to someone. Just say “Hi, do you mind if I sit here?” 4 After that, keep talking, by finding something you have in common. Maybe the person is reading a book you’ve read or has some other good things that interest you. 5 If you follow the advice, you can make a lot of good friends. A．It is a great way to break the ice. B．So how can you make new friends? C．This will give you something interesting to talk about. D．Never fail to be thankful to the friends around you. E．You can also share your problems and support with each other. F．Remember, smile all the time if someone gets close to you. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．F 4．A 5．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了拥有好友的诸多益处，针对在校结交新朋友的难题，从肢体语言、主动开口、寻找共同话题等方面给出了实用的交友建议。 1．根据上文“You can talk about things which bring you happiness.”以及下文“But making new friends at school is not so easy, especially if you’re a very shy person.”可知，前文介绍朋友可以分享快乐，此处补充说明朋友的其他作用。E选项“You can also share your problems and support with each other.”承接上文，补充朋友间可分担烦恼、互相扶持，符合语境。 2．根据上文“But making new friends at school is not so easy, especially if you’re a very shy person.”以及下文“Here are some pieces of advice that might be helpful to you!”可知，前文提出交友困难的问题，后文给出对应建议，此处起到过渡引出建议的作用。B选项“So how can you make new friends?”以问句承接上文的交友难题，自然引出后文的建议，符合语境。 3．根据上文“If you cross your arms on your breast and have your headphones on, your body language is saying ‘Stay away from me!’”可知，前文介绍了会拉远距离的消极肢体语言，此处对应介绍友好的肢体语言。F选项“Remember, smile all the time if someone gets close to you.”介绍了传递善意的肢体语言，与前文的消极表现形成对应，符合语境。 4．根据上文“Just say ‘Hi, do you mind if I sit here?’”可知，前文给出了主动搭话的具体话术，此处说明该做法的作用。A选项“It is a great way to break the ice.”点明主动搭话是打破僵局的好方式，承接上文的具体做法，符合语境。 5．根据上文“Maybe the person is reading a book you’ve read or has some other good things that interest you.”可知，前文介绍了寻找双方共同点的方向，此处说明这样做的好处。C选项“This will give you something interesting to talk about.”中的this指代前文找到的共同话题，说明其能提供聊天内容，承接上文内容，符合语境。 Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·河南许昌·期中）No two leaves are the same in the world. 1 Everybody is different from others. That is why the world is an interesting place to live in. 2 But others are shorter than you. Maybe your hair is the same colour as your friend’s, but it may be longer than his or hers. 3 And some of your friends are as good at sports as you. But there are also some people around you who are not so good at some things as you. 4 Does he or she like to wear the same clothes as you every day? I think that in some ways you are the same, but in many other ways you are different. 5 Though you have so many different things, you truly like doing something interesting together and sharing your thoughts. You know he or she is always your best friend. 根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使文章意思通顺内容完整。 A．Some people are taller than you. B．What does your best friend like to do? C．Nobody in the world is the same as you. D．You can say loudly to the world, “I am special in the world!” E．I am sure some of your friends are smarter than you. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．E 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以世界上没有两片完全相同的树叶开篇，告诉我们每个人都是与众不同的，从身高、外貌、能力等方面举例说明人与人之间存在差异，最后探讨朋友之间既有相同点也有不同点，但依然可以成为挚友。 1．上文提到叶子各不相同，下文指出每个人都不同于他人，C选项“Nobody in the world is the same as you.”承接上文树叶的例子，引出人与人之间的差异，起到承上启下的作用。 2．下文用 But 转折提到“其他人比你矮”，本空需要填入和身高相关、语义相反的句子。A选项“Some people are taller than you.”中，taller和后文shorter形成对比，围绕身高对比展开，符合逻辑对比。 3．前文在讲外貌差异，后文描述能力方面的差异。E选项“I am sure some of your friends are smarter than you.”，属于能力对比，承接前文外貌对比，引出下文能力话题。 4．下文具体询问“他或她是否喜欢穿同样的衣服”，此处开始围绕好朋友展开提问。B选项“What does your best friend like to do?”，引出对好朋友喜好的探讨，和后面问句语境匹配。 5．文章主旨强调个体的独特性，D选项“You can say loudly to the world, ‘I am special in the world!’”承接人与人之间存在差异这一核心主旨，呼应了接受差异的主题。 Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·陕西渭南·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。 Two friends, Jason and Harry, lived happily on neighbouring farms. They worked together and helped each other for many years. 1 Every time they met each other, they just walked away without any words. One morning, Jason saw an old carpenter (木匠). 2 “I never want to see Harry’s face again!” said Jason. The old carpenter then learned about what happened to the two friends. He thought quietly for a while and said, “I see. “Then Jason went to the city to buy things. 3 He didn’t see any fences, but a bridge over the small river between his farm and Harry’s! 4 He ran across the bridge and hugged Jason. They both said sorry to each other. The carpenter collected his tools and was ready to leave. “Please stay for a few more days. 5 ” said the friends. “I’d love to, sirs,” the carpenter smiled. “But I have many more bridges to build and things to fix in other places.” A．Just then, Harry got out of his house and saw the bridge. B．When he came back in the evening, he was surprised. C．He asked the carpenter to build a high fence (篱笆) around the farm. D．We have more things that need fixing. E．But one day, the two friends had a big fight. 【答案】1．E 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Jason和Harry两个好朋友吵架后，Jason请木匠建篱笆，结果木匠建了一座桥，最终两人和好如初的故事。 1．前文提到两人多年来和睦相处，后文说每次见面都默默走开，没有交流。此处需要填入导致关系恶化的原因。E项“But one day, the two friends had a big fight.”（但有一天，两个朋友大吵了一架）中的“big fight”与后文“walked away without any words”构成因果关系，符合逻辑转折。 2．Jason说“我再也不想见到Harry的脸”，说明他想隔绝视线。C项“He asked the carpenter to build a high fence around the farm.”（他请木匠在农场周围建一道高篱笆）中的“high fence”与Jason想隔离对方的意图一致，符合语境。 3．前文提到Jason去城里买东西，后文提到他没看到篱笆却看到了桥。B项“When he came back in the evening, he was surprised.”（当他晚上回来时，他很惊讶）承接了去城里的动作，并引出了看到意外结果的反应，符合语境。 4．后文提到“他跑过桥拥抱Jason”，动作发出者应是Harry。A项“Just then, Harry got out of his house and saw the bridge.”（就在这时，Harry走出房子看到了桥）引入了Harry的出现，与后文动作构成时间顺承，符合逻辑。 5．前文朋友们邀请木匠多待几天，此处应说明邀请的原因。D项“We have more things that need fixing.”（我们有更多东西需要修理）给出了留下的理由，与后文木匠的回答“But I have many more bridges to build”构成呼应，符合语境。 Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·云南·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Being outgoing is good for your life. Outgoing people like to meet lots of people and they have more fun in life. Some people are naturally (天生地) outgoing, but other people have to practise to become outgoing. In fact, being outgoing is not as hard as you think. Even shy people can be outgoing. 1 You can start becoming outgoing with your best friend or a group of friends. But the real problem comes when you meet strange people or new friends. 2 And usually they will smile back at you. In this way, you may have some conversations. 3 Just a simple greeting like “Hello!” or “How is it going?” is a good start. If you want to have interesting conversations, you should read some news in newspapers and prepare your views, or surf the Internet for new information and then keep that in mind. 4 This is also the most important step. Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place that you think can be fun, and you may make new friends there. Are you a shy person? Do you want to make more friends? 5 But you can follow the advice above and try to be an outgoing person! A．Start a conversation. B．Here is some advice. C．It is a good way to smile more at other people. D．Usually, it’s not easy for a shy person to make friends. E．The easiest way to become more outgoing is to go out. F．They always feel great after that. G．A shy person can’t make friends with an outgoing person. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．E 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了如何变得外向，害羞的人也可以练习变得外向，并给出了几条帮助人们变得外向的建议。 1．第一段末尾提出：“Even shy people can be outgoing.”，B选项“Here is some advice.”，起到承上启下，引出下文多条建议的作用。 2．后文说明：“And usually they will smile back at you”，C选项“It is a good way to smile more at other people.”提出多对其他人微笑，和后文别人回以微笑前后呼应。 3．后文说明：“Just a simple greeting like ‘Hello!’ or ‘How is it going?’ is a good start.”，A选项“Start a conversation.”作为本段的主题句，引出用简单问候开启交谈的做法。 4．后文说明：“Go to a park, beach, club, party or any place that you think can be fun”，E选项“The easiest way to become more outgoing is to go out.”点明本段最重要的步骤就是多外出。 5．后文说明：“But you can follow the advice above and try to be an outgoing person!”，D选项“Usually, it’s not easy for a shy person to make friends.”写出害羞的人交朋友并不容易，和后文形成转折逻辑。 话题4 动植物与自然（共5篇） Passage 1 （25-26八年级上·江西南昌·期中）请阅读下面一篇短文，根据短文内容从下面选项中选择适当的句子还原到文中，有两项是多余的。 Tomatoes are very popular in the world. We use them in many dishes and soups. But how much do you really know about them? In this article, we’ve put together some fun facts about tomatoes for you! 1 But in fact, they are fruits because they have seeds (种子) and grow from flowering plants. Tomato plants first grew in the Andes Mountains of South America. 2 There are many kinds of tomatoes around the world. They come in different sizes. 3 But some can be up to more than 20 cm across and weigh a few kilos. And tomatoes aren’t always red. They can be yellow, purple, black and even white! 4 The English word “tomato” came from the Spanish word “tomate”. And the Spanish learned the word from the Aztec language “tomatl”. People not only make tomatoes into different kinds of dishes, but also hold some interesting festivals for the fruit. La Tomatina in Spain is one of the most famous tomato festivals. 5 During the festival, people throw about 150,000 tomatoes at each other. What a mess (混乱)! But it sounds interesting! A．Many people think tomatoes are vegetables. B．Most tomato fruits are the same size as tennis balls. C．Do you know how the fruit got its name? D．Today, they grow in almost every country in the world. E．They thought eating tomatoes could bring them bad luck. F．Eating tomatoes is good for our health. G．The festival takes place on the last Wednesday of August every year. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了关于番茄的一些有趣事实，包括其分类、原产地、大小颜色、名称由来以及相关的番茄节日。 1．空后转折指出西红柿实际是水果，前文应是人们的普遍误解，选项A“Many people think tomatoes are vegetables.”正好与后文的“in fact, they are fruit”构成完美转折。 2．前文介绍西红柿最初的起源地，此处承接说明如今西红柿的种植范围，D选项“Today, they grow in almost every country in the world.”衔接合理，地理范围的延伸，从“原产地”过渡到“现在的分布”。 3．前文提到西红柿有不同大小，空后介绍部分超大西红柿，此处说明多数西红柿的常规大小，B选项“Most tomato fruits are the same size as tennis balls.”符合语境。 4．后文全部围绕单词tomato的词源展开，此处需要一个引出词源话题的问句或过渡句，C选项“Do you know how the fruit got its name?”直接统领下文内容。 5．前文提到西班牙著名的番茄节日番茄大战，后文介绍节日的活动内容，此处补充说明节日的基本信息，G选项“The festival takes place on the last Wednesday of August every year.”衔接正确。 Passage 2 （25-26八年级上·陕西西安·期中）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。 Whether you love them or hate them, there’s no doubt that spiders are amazing animals. In a 2017 study, scientists showed that some people are born with a fear of them. 1 . So what do you think? Should people learn to love spiders? Yes—spiders are helpful to humans. The truth is, spiders work for humans to clear our homes and gardens of all the pests (害虫). Spiders are considered to be the friends to gardeners. 2 . Spiders are amazing animals. They have many talents, including making silk from their bodies, which is among the strongest and most flexible (柔韧的) natural materials on Earth. 3 . In fact, they usually try to get away from people or hide. Spiders are an important part of the ecosystem (生态系统), so people should learn to love them if humans want to protect the environment. No—people fear spiders for good reasons. With their many eyes and eight legs, spiders look scary. 4 . The giant house spider can move at half a metre in a second. Without even knowing them, they may have climbed up your leg. It’s no wonder so many people are scared of spiders, and maybe it’s wise to feel fear. 5 . So we should learn to protect spiders instead of doing harm to them. They are also our friends. But not all spiders are harmless to humans, so you still have to be careful not to get bitten by a spider. A．They also move so fast B．However, others think they are amazing C．Some small spiders are liked by some children D．And spiders teach us how to make a perfect web E．In a word, spiders play an important role in nature F．This is because they eat lots of pests that harm plants G．Spiders may look strange, but they don’t want to harm humans 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．G 4．A 5．E 【导语】本文主要介绍了蜘蛛。 1．根据“In a 2017 study, scientists showed that some people are born with a fear of them.”可知，上文提到有些人天生怕蜘蛛，此处应是另外一些人有不同看法，承接下文的“你觉得呢？”。选项B“然而，其他人认为它们很神奇”符合语境。故选B。 2．根据“Spiders are considered to be the friends to gardeners.”可知，蜘蛛被认为是园丁的朋友，此处应是解释原因。选项F“这是因为它们吃了很多危害植物的害虫”符合语境。故选F。 3．根据“They have many talents, including making silk from their bodies”“In fact, they usually try to get away from people or hide.”可知，上文讲蜘蛛能力，下文说蜘蛛会避开人，此处需要一个句子承上启下。选项G“蜘蛛可能看起来很奇怪，但它们不想伤害人类”符合语境。故选G。 4．根据“The giant house spider can move at half a metre in a second.”可知，巨大的家蜘蛛每秒可以移动半米。选项A“它们也移动得很快”符合语境。故选A。 5．根据“So we should learn to protect spiders instead of doing harm to them. They are also our friends.”可知，此处总结概括蜘蛛的作用。选项E“总之，蜘蛛在自然界中起着重要作用”符合语境。故选E。 Passage 3 （25-26八年级上·海南省直辖县级单位·期中）根据短文内容，从方框内选出能填入空白处的最佳选项(其中有一项为多余选项)。 When a baby elephant is born, it stands quickly on its feet. It drinks milk from its mother for a few years. The mother elephant is very important to a baby elephant. 1 Elephants travel a lot. Sometimes they have to cross rivers. The water might run too quickly and wash a baby elephant down a river. Or it can fall into a hole. When a baby elephant loses its mother, it becomes an orphan. Sometimes a baby elephant becomes an orphan because its mother is killed. In the wild (野外), a baby elephant can’t live without its mother. Some people, called keepers, look after the orphan elephants in a park. 2 Then, the keepers send the elephants back to the wild. In the wild, a baby elephant will stay under its mother to keep cool from the sun. 3 The keepers need to teach a baby elephant how to feed. To make it more relaxed, they always try many ways. 4 Some people killed Dika’s family, and he ran away. The keepers took Dika to the park. The keeper looked after him very well, but he cried for his mother. It was a long time before Dika was happy again. Dika was ten years old before he could live in the wild again. Many years later, he came back to the park. He had some wire (电线) around his leg. 5 Orphan elephants will never forget their keepers and if they meet trouble, they always think of the people who looked after them. A．The keepers look after them until they are old enough. B．Because she teaches the baby elephant many things. C．Elephants in the wild can’t live without people’s help. D．At the park, the keepers put an umbrella over it. E．One day, the keepers found a baby elephant, Dika, in the wild. F．He needed the keepers to help him. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．E 5．F 【导语】本文介绍了母象对于小象的重要性，野外失去母亲的小象会成为孤儿象；饲养员会在公园照料这些孤儿象，教它们生存本领，等它们长大之后送回野外。文章还通过小象Dika的事例，说明孤儿象不会忘记照顾过自己的饲养员，遇到麻烦时会想起这些帮助过自己的人。 1．前句提到母象对小象很重要，B项“Because she teaches the baby elephant many things.”以Because开头解释原因，说明母象教会小象很多本领，引出下文小象需要学习生存技能（过河、避险），逻辑通顺。 2．前句提到饲养员在公园里照顾孤儿象，A项“The keepers look after them until they are old enough.”说明照顾的时间终点，引出后文“然后把它们送回野外”，逻辑通顺。 3．前句提到“在野外，小象会待在母象身边以躲避阳光的暴晒并保持凉爽”，后句提到饲养员需要教小象如何进食、想方设法让它放松，D项“At the park, the keepers put an umbrella over it.”说明在公园里的小象的遮阳降温方式，和前文呼应，自然引出后文。 4．后句提到有人杀死Dika的家人、他逃跑、饲养员把他带到公园，E项“One day, the keepers found a baby elephant, Dika, in the wild.”引出人物Dika，开启段落叙事，符合语境。 5．前句提到Dika腿上缠着电线，再次回到公园，F项“He needed the keepers to help him.”说明他需要帮助，与后文“遇到困难想起饲养员”相呼应。 Passage 4 （25-26八年级上·山东青岛·期中）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余选项。 Do you know “glacier mice (冰川老鼠)”? 1 They are a kind of moss, one of the most amazing plants in the world. People call them “glacier mice” because they look like tiny animals moving slowly. They are green and they look like balls. They are not very big. Some are bigger than a golf ball. 2 These soft green balls just sit on the ice, standing out in the white world. 3 On the one hand, they tell us a lot about the climate. The number of glacier mice is dropping. This shows the climate change of our planet. On the other hand, they play an important role in the ecosystem. They provide a safe home for tiny animals. Scientists studied 30 glacier mice for years and discovered: the glacier mice can live at least 5—6 years, and they move together like a group of birds! They can move about 2.5 cm a day. 4 No matter south or west, they move to the same direction, just like they can communicate. That’s strange! 5 Do they move down along the hill? Or do they blow in the wind? But the ideas didn’t work. Even now, no one knows why. These cute glacier mice still have secrets waiting to be discovered! A．In fact, they are not the animal mice. B．Others can reach the size of a small apple. C．Glacier mice are small, but they are important. D．Scientists tried to explain this group movement. E．Two things help the moss become big and round. F．Sometimes they move to the south and sometimes to the west. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．F 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“冰川老鼠”并非真正的老鼠而是一种苔藓，描述了其外观大小，阐述了其在气候监测和生态系统中的重要性，并探讨了其神秘移动方向及科学家的研究尝试。 1．根据前文“Do you know ‘glacier mice’?”，后文“They are a kind of moss”说明它不是动物，选项A“In fact, they are not the animal mice.”衔接上下文，符合语境。 2．根据前文“Some are bigger than a golf ball.”，介绍冰川老鼠的尺寸，选项B“Others can reach the size of a small apple.”承接上文，补充不同大小的冰川老鼠。 3．根据后文“On the one hand... On the other hand, they play an important role in the ecosystem.”，从两方面讲述冰川老鼠的重要意义，选项C“Glacier mice are small, but they are important.”为本段总起句。 4．根据后文“No matter south or west, they move to the same direction”，提到向南、向西移动，选项F“Sometimes they move to the south and sometimes to the west.”对应后文方位描述。 5．根据后文“Do they move down along the hill? Or do they blow in the wind? But the ideas didn’t work.”，是科学家提出的两种猜想，选项D“Scientists tried to explain this group movement.”引出后文猜想。 Passage 5 （25-26八年级上·河南信阳·期中）What is the happiest animal in the world? Many people say it’s the quokka (短尾矮袋鼠). Quokkas are small but cute animals. They have round ears and black noses. The special shape (形状) of their mouths makes them look like they are smiling. 1 ·You can find quokkas in two places in Western Australia— Rottnest Island and Bald Island. 2 ·Quokkas like climbing trees. They can climb up to 2 metres to get leaves. They can live without food for weeks and without water for months. They have much fat in their tails. 3 When there is no water, they get it from the leaves they eat. ·Quokkas love sharing living places. They can live happily with each other. Also, they are friendly to people. 4 ·Although quokkas are friendly to people, they are wild animals. 5 So, just watch these cute animals and take pictures of them. 根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺、内容完整。 A．It helps them when it is hard for them to find food. B．Here are some interesting facts about quokkas. C．You shouldn’t touch them because they can be dangerous! D．People like to visit these places just to take pictures of them. E．Some even jump into shops on Rottnest Island to say hello to people. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．E 5．C 【导语】本文是说明文，介绍被称为世界上最快乐的动物短尾矮袋鼠的外形、栖息地、生活习性以及注意事项。 1．空前“The special shape of their mouths makes them look like they are smiling.”介绍外形，下文分段介绍短尾矮袋鼠各类知识。选项B“Here are some interesting facts about quokkas.”符合总起下文的语境。 2．空前“You can find quokkas in two places in Western Australia — Rottnest Island and Bald Island.”介绍栖息地。选项D“People like to visit these places just to take pictures of them.”中的these places和上文两个地点呼应，衔接合理。 3．空前“They have much fat in their tails.”提到尾巴储存脂肪，选项A“It helps them when it is hard for them to find food.”解释脂肪的作用，“It”指代尾巴里的脂肪，衔接合理。 4．空前“Also, they are friendly to people.”说明短尾矮袋鼠对人类友好。选项E“Some even jump into shops on Rottnest Island to say hello to people.”举例进一步体现它们亲近人类，符合语境。 5．空前“Although quokkas are friendly to people, they are wild animals.”说明虽然它们友好，但仍是野生动物；空后“So, just watch these cute animals and take pictures of them.”建议只观赏拍照。选项C“You shouldn’t touch them because they can be dangerous!”提醒不要触摸，存在危险性，承接上文，引出下文只观赏拍照。 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $