高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （八） -2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

**基本信息** 聚焦科普说明文高频题型，通过外刊改编语篇系统训练细节定位、词义猜测、主旨归纳等解题方法，强化语言能力与逻辑思维。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |细节理解|8题|关键词定位+干扰项排除（如无中生有、张冠李戴）|依托文章具体信息，培养精准获取事实的语言能力| |词义猜测|2题|上下文语境分析（如主题关联、同义替换）|通过语境逻辑推导词义，提升思维品质| |主旨大意|2题|行文脉络梳理（提出问题-分析-结论）|整体把握语篇结构，强化逻辑思维| |推理判断/观点态度|2题|作者语气/实验数据推断|基于文本信息合理推断，发展批判性思维|

高三 一轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇·科普说明文 Passage 1 话题：[外刊改编] 城市夜间人工光污染阻碍昆虫授粉 Passage 2 话题：[外刊改编] 智能可穿戴设备监测人体呼吸健康 Passage 3 话题：[外刊改编] 低温海水浸泡可延长生鲜海鲜保鲜期 Passage 4 话题：[外刊改编] 森林苔藓层调节局部气温、锁住碳排放 Passage 1 话题：[外刊改编] 城市夜间人工光污染阻碍昆虫授粉 In recent decades, global insect populations have been dropping sharply, threatening natural pollination and ecological balance. While pesticide use and habitat loss are well‑known causes, scientists have found another hidden threat: urban artificial light pollution at night. Pollinating insects such as bees and moths rely on natural light cycles to guide their daily activities. Darkness at night signals rest time and helps stabilize their biological clocks. However, bright streetlights, building spotlights and neon signs turn urban nights into permanent dim daylight. This abnormal lighting confuses nocturnal insects and changes their behavioral patterns. A two‑year field study monitored insect activity in urban and suburban green spaces. The result proved that areas with high night light levels had 60 percent fewer night pollinators. Bright lights prevent insects from searching for flower nectar normally and make them unable to identify plant signals. Worse still, many flying insects circle lights repeatedly until they are exhausted, reducing their energy for reproduction and pollination. Researchers suggest practical solutions to ease the crisis. City governments can adopt warm‑colored low‑brightness streetlights and turn off unnecessary decorative lights after midnight. Proper dark protection in urban green belts can effectively protect pollinator insects and maintain urban biodiversity. 1. What is the newly discovered threat to insect pollinators? A. Overuse of chemical pesticides. B. Severe urban night light pollution. C. Rapid loss of living habitats. D. Extreme change of daytime climate. 2. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Active at night B. Sensitive to wind C. Fond of bright colors D. Good at flying long distances 3. What negative effect does artificial light have on insects? A. It speeds up their reproduction speed. B. It helps them locate flower nectar faster. C. It disturbs their normal activity and energy. D. It completely changes their feeding targets. 4. What is the main idea of the text? A. The importance of insect pollination for urban plants. B. Different causes of global insect population decline. C. How city light pollution harms night pollinating insects. D. Practical ways to improve urban ecological environment. Passage 2 话题：[外刊改编] 智能可穿戴设备监测人体呼吸健康 With the popularity of wearable fitness trackers, people can easily record heart rate and daily steps. Now scientists have developed a new generation of wearable sensors capable of real‑time breath monitoring, bringing breakthroughs in daily health management. Traditional breathing detection mostly relies on large hospital instruments. Patients with respiratory diseases need professional tests in medical centers, making long‑term continuous monitoring impossible. The newly designed wearable sensor is lightweight, flexible and skin‑friendly. Fixed on people’s chest or throat, it can capture tiny muscle and airflow changes during breathing, recording breathing frequency, depth and stability throughout the day. The device has unique advantages in early disease warning. Minor breathing abnormalities are often the earliest signs of lung infections, asthma and other respiratory problems. Unlike obvious pain or fever, slight breathing changes are usually ignored by people. The wearable sensor can spot subtle abnormal data instantly and remind users to seek medical checkups early. Currently, the wearable breath sensor is still in trial stages. Its accuracy may be affected by intense exercise and loud noise. Researchers are upgrading sensor algorithms to eliminate interference factors. They believe popular breath‑monitoring wearables will become essential household health tools in the near future. 1. What is the limitation of traditional breathing detection? A. It is too portable for daily use. B. It fails to achieve long‑term continuous monitoring. C. It can only detect serious heart diseases. D. Its data is less accurate than wearable sensors. 2. What can the new wearable sensor do? A. Cure mild respiratory infections instantly. B. Capture tiny breathing‑related physical changes. C. Help users avoid intense physical exercise. D. Replace all professional hospital medical equipment. 3. What affects the current accuracy of the new sensor? A. Long‑time medical use B. Complex algorithm system C. Strenuous exercise and noise D. Continuous daily wear 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of the device? A. Negative B. Doubtful C. Uncertain D. Hopeful Passage 3 话题：[外刊改编] 低温海水浸泡可延长生鲜海鲜保鲜期 Seafood is easy to spoil due to rich protein and active microorganisms, bringing huge challenges to storage and transportation. Traditional preservation methods, such as freezing and chemical antiseptics, will damage the original taste and nutritional value of fresh seafood. A new marine food study has found a natural low‑temperature seawater preservation method to solve the problem. Different from ordinary fresh water, natural seawater contains natural mineral elements and antibacterial substances. These ingredients can slow down the reproduction of spoilage bacteria on the surface of seafood. Researchers discovered that soaking fresh seafood in flowing low‑temperature seawater can maintain its cell activity and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria In comparative experiments, fresh fish preserved with traditional freezing methods lost elasticity and part of protein nutrition after three days. By contrast, samples kept in low‑temperature flowing seawater remained fresh in taste and complete in nutrition. This technology requires no chemical additives, making it safer and healthier for consumers. The new preservation method is especially suitable for coastal seafood processing bases. However, it also has shortcomings. It demands strict constant low temperature and continuous flowing seawater supply, which increases equipment costs. Scientists are now simplifying the device structure to promote large‑scale commercial application. 1. What is the disadvantage of traditional seafood preservation ways? A. They cost too much equipment money. B. They damage taste and nutrition of seafood. C. They cannot store seafood for more than one day. D. They rely heavily on flowing fresh water. 2. Why can low‑temperature seawater keep seafood fresh? A. It contains natural antibacterial components. B. It completely kills all bacteria in seafood. C. It adds artificial nutrition to sea creatures. D. It freezes seafood cells into solid state. 3. What can we infer about the new preservation technology? A. It has been widely used in inland markets. B. It needs strict operation conditions at present. C. It costs less money than traditional methods. D. It uses chemical additives to assist preservation. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. Common ways to store daily fresh food. B. Nutritional differences between fish and other seafood. C. A new natural seawater method for seafood preservation. D. The development history of food preservation technology. Passage 4 话题：[外刊改编] 森林苔藓层调节局部气温、锁住碳排放 When talking about forest carbon absorption, people usually focus on tall trees. Latest ecological research shows that forest moss layers, often ignored by people, play a vital role in local climate regulation and carbon storage. Mosses are small, green plants covering forest ground and tree surfaces. They grow densely and form thick layered coverage. First, moss layers can stabilize ground temperature. In hot summer, dense moss shades the soil and reduces ground heat absorption; in cold winter, it forms a protective layer to prevent underground heat loss, narrowing local temperature differences. More importantly, forest moss communities are powerful carbon sinks. Moss can absorb carbon dioxide from air and soil environment. Though single moss plant is tiny, the total coverage of moss in global forests is huge. Their long‑term stable growth enables them to store massive carbon for decades. Besides, moss layers protect soil structure, preventing soil carbon from being released into the air due to erosion. Experts point out that current forest protection policies rarely include moss ecosystem conservation. People’s blind trampling and forest litter cleaning often destroy moss layers. To increase forest carbon sink capacity, future ecological protection should attach equal importance to arbor trees and ground moss vegetation. 1. What is people’s previous attitude toward forest moss? A. Overvalued B. Neglected C. Doubtful D. Popularized 2. What function does forest moss have? A. It greatly increases forest tree growth speed. B. It balances local ground temperature conditions. C. It absorbs all harmful gas in the forest. D. It prevents forest soil from absorbing carbon. 3. The underlined phrase “carbon sinks” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______. A. systems storing carbon elements B. tools releasing carbon dioxide C. ways to reduce forest plants D. methods to clean forest litter 4. What do experts advise for future forest protection? A. Focus only on the growth of tall arbor trees. B. Remove all moss layers on forest ground. C. Value moss ecosystem conservation as well as trees. D. Prevent tourists from entering forest areas. 参考答案与解析 Passage 1 1. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】文章第一段交代，昆虫数量锐减已知诱因是杀虫剂滥用与栖息地流失。科学家一项新研究发现了另一项隐藏威胁——城市夜间人工光污染。题干关键词“newly‑discovered threat（新发现的威胁）”，A选项农药、C选项栖息地减少，是早已被熟知的两大原因；D选项白天气候剧变，原文完全没有相关信息，属于无中生有。因此B项城市严重的夜间光污染为正确答案。 2. 答案：A 【考点】词义猜测题 【详细解析】单词出现在第二段。本段围绕夜间灯光打乱昆虫作息展开，夜间的亮光干扰这类昆虫的日常行为。根据上下文语境，夜间的灯光影响到这类昆虫，由此推断nocturnal的含义是“夜间活动的”。B对风敏感、C喜爱亮色、D擅长长途飞行，原文均没有线索支撑，与夜晚灯光这一核心话题无关。 3. 答案：C 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】定位到文章第三段。夜间强光会阻碍昆虫正常采蜜，大量飞虫不断绕光源飞行直至筋疲力尽，消耗自身用于繁衍与授粉的能量。A选项，灯光加快昆虫繁殖，与原文信息相悖；B灯光帮助昆虫更快找到花蜜，原文说明强光干扰昆虫识别花朵信号；D灯光彻底改变昆虫觅食对象，文中只说干扰觅食行为，“completely（完全）”属于程度夸大。所以C项，人工光源扰乱昆虫正常活动、损耗自身能量正确。 4. 答案：C 【考点】主旨大意题 【详细解析】全文行文脉络：提出夜间光污染威胁授粉昆虫→阐释灯光如何干扰昆虫行为→展示实验数据→给出城市整改方案。文章核心议题是城市灯光污染对夜间授粉昆虫的伤害。A只谈及昆虫授粉对城市植物的重要性，只是背景信息，并非文章主体；B昆虫减少的各类原因，文章仅重点讲解光污染这一项，范围过大；D改善城市环境的方法，仅仅是文末提出的对策，不能概括全篇。因此C为正确选项。 Passage 2 1. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】答案信息出自原文第二段。传统呼吸检测大多依靠医院大型设备，呼吸道疾病患者需要前往医疗机构完成专业检测，无法做到长期不间断监测。A它便于日常携带，传统设备体积庞大，表述错误；C它仅能检测严重心脏疾病，设备用于检测呼吸系统，偷换对象；D相较于可穿戴设备，传统设备数据准确度更低，文章没有对比二者数据精准度，属于主观臆断。故选B。 2. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】第二段写明，该新型可穿戴传感器质地轻薄，可以佩戴在胸口或咽喉部位，捕捉呼吸过程中细微的肌肉震动、气流变化，全天候记录呼吸频率、深浅以及稳定性。A可以立刻治愈轻度呼吸道感染，设备仅起到监测预警作用，没有治疗功能；C帮助使用者避免剧烈运动，原文没有提出该建议；D能够完全替代医院专业医疗仪器，all表述过于绝对。答案选B。 3. 答案：C 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】定位文章最后一段。现阶段呼吸监测传感器仍处于试验阶段，剧烈运动以及嘈杂噪音，都会对设备数据准确度造成干扰。A长时间医用、B复杂算法体系、D全天日常佩戴，原文均没有指出这些因素会降低设备精度。因此C正确。 4. 答案：D 【考点】观点态度题 【详细解析】作者在文末客观陈述产品现存短板，同时表明研发人员正在优化算法，并且预判该可穿戴设备未来会成为家庭必备健康工具。字里行间能够看出作者对这款设备的前景满怀期待。Negative消极否定、Doubtful怀疑、Uninterested漠不关心，均和文本基调不符。Hopeful（抱有希望的），D为正确选项。 Passage 3 1. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】原文第一段指出海鲜富含蛋白质，极易变质。冷冻、化学防腐剂等传统保鲜手段，会破坏生鲜海鲜原本的风味以及营养成分。A传统保鲜设备成本高昂，文末是新技术设备成本高，张冠李戴；C保鲜时长不足一天，原文无对应信息；D高度依赖流动淡水，文章保鲜介质是海水，概念混淆。B项它们损害海鲜口感与营养，是传统保鲜方式的弊端。 2. 答案：A 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】依据第二段内容，天然海水当中含有天然矿物元素以及抑菌物质，能够延缓海鲜表面腐败细菌的繁殖速度。B彻底杀灭海鲜内部全部细菌，completely过于绝对，技术只能抑制细菌增殖，而非杀光所有细菌；C向海产品中添加人工营养，原文并未提及；D将海鲜细胞冷冻固化，低温海水保鲜不等同于冷冻。A正确。 3. 答案：B 【考点】推理判断题 【详细解析】文章末尾说明，这项保鲜技术，需要稳定的低温环境以及源源不断流动海水，运行条件十分严苛。A它已经在内陆市场大规模普及，现阶段设备成本高，多用于沿海基地；C相比传统保鲜，成本更低，新技术设备投入更大；D依靠化学保鲜剂保鲜，新技术完全不使用化学添加剂。由此推出B，当下新技术需要严苛的操作条件。 4. 答案：C 【考点】主旨大意题 【详细解析】整篇文章，首先抛出传统保鲜方式的短板，随后介绍低温流动海水保鲜这项食品科学新技术，讲解保鲜原理、对比实验效果、现存短板以及研发方向。A日常食材通用储存方式，话题局限于海鲜；B各类海鲜之间营养差别，文中没有对比；D食品保鲜技术发展史，文章并非梳理历史脉络。C项一项利用天然海水保鲜海鲜的新技术，精准概括全文。 Passage 4 1. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】原文第一段 “forest moss layers, often ignored by people”，可以得知，谈及森林固碳，人们的目光通常集中于高大乔木，地表苔藓长期被大众忽视。Overvalued 被高估；Doubtful 受到质疑；Popularized 得到普及，三项都与原文事实相悖。Neglected（被忽略的），选B。 2. 答案：B 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】第二段介绍苔藓的温控作用：夏季苔藓层遮挡土壤，减少地面吸热；冬季起到保温作用，减少地热散失，缩小局部温差，调节地表温度。A大幅加快林木生长速度，原文无信息；C吸收森林里全部有害气体，all属于绝对化表述；D阻碍土壤固碳，苔藓层保护土壤，避免土壤碳流失。B它平衡局部地表温度条件，表述准确。 3. 答案：A 【考点】词义猜测题 【详细解析】短语出现在第三段。后文做出解释，苔藓能够吸收空气、土壤当中的二氧化碳，长期储存大量碳元素。由此判断carbon sinks的含义为碳汇，也就是储存碳的系统。B释放二氧化碳的工具，含义完全相反；C削减森林植被的手段、D清理森林垃圾的方法，脱离固碳这一主题。A为正确答案。 4. 答案：C 【考点】细节理解题 【详细解析】文章最后一段专家提出建议，现行森林保护政策常常忽略苔藓生态系统，未来保护工作，既要保护高大乔木，同样重视地表苔藓植被。A仅仅保护乔木，与建议相反；B清除地表苔藓，违背生态保护观点；D禁止游客进入林区，原文并未提出该方案。C同等重视苔藓生态系统与林木保护，符合原文。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $