专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，山东专用）高二英语上学期

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博·期中）Healthcare organizations face big problems: costs are rising, but income is growing slowly. Cloud technology offers a solution by replacing outdated systems, improving efficiency, and enhancing care. Key benefits include helping doctors make better decisions by giving them faster access to patient information, lowering costs by making operations run smoother — which is crucial when government payments are low — and providing stronger security to protect patient data. As Dr. Michelle Flemmings from Oracle notes, older computer systems often made work harder with repetitive tasks, while the cloud makes accessing data easier and reduces doctors’ workload. Adding AI makes the cloud even more powerful. AI acts like a smart helper for doctors. Flemmings compares it to having a top medical expert by your side. AI helps assess patient risks, suggests best practices, and finds vital information in health records instantly. This teamwork speeds up tasks, like finding patients who qualify for clinical trials during regular visits — opportunities often missed before. Also, AI-powered patient websites offer personalized services like online booking, meeting the high demand for digital options. Cloud uses are growing fast: reducing missed appointments, automating complex data analysis, spotting security risks, and simplifying administration tasks. However, moving to the cloud has challenges, mainly cost and security worries. Flemmings advises starting small with pilot projects to fix specific problems, especially for smaller hospitals. Importantly, cloud security is often better than old systems, with AI boosting threat detection. As Amar Nagaram from IU Health highlights, the cloud simplifies tech systems and improves teamwork. Ultimately, the cloud is changing healthcare’s future. It cuts costs and tech burdens while speeding up innovation. Secure cloud tools let patients access care remotely, beyond the clinic. Nagaram states that without cloud tech, healthcare groups can’t compete. While moving needs careful planning, progress is happening. For example, IU Health uses AI to prioritize urgent patient help requests. Cloud technology is building a foundation for healthcare focused on patients, quality, and constant innovation. 1.What are the primary pressures driving healthcare towards cloud adoption? A. Demand for better patient experiences. B. Shortage of physical data storage space. C. Rising costs and slowing revenue growth. D. Government requirements for new technology. 2.How is AI described when assisting a doctor? A. A clinical support tool. B. A top consultant nearby. C. A real-time data processor. D. An independent advisor. 3.What is the recommended strategy for adopting cloud technology? A. Gradual launch starting small. B. Ignoring cost considerations. C. Taking full-system migration. D. Outsourcing all IT operations. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Rise of Digital Patient Portals. B. The AI Revolution in Medical Diagnosis. C. Cutting Healthcare Costs Through Technology. D. Revolutionizing Healthcare Through Cloud Technology. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍医疗保健机构面临成本上升、收入增长缓慢的问题，而云技术结合人工智能能提供解决方案，同时提及云技术应用的挑战与未来前景。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Healthcare organizations face big problems: costs are rising, but income is growing slowly. Cloud technology offers a solution by replacing outdated systems, improving efficiency, and enhancing care.(医疗保健机构面临着重大问题：成本不断上升，但收入增长缓慢。云技术通过替换过时系统、提高效率和改善护理服务，提供了一个解决方案。)”可知，推动医疗保健行业采用云技术的主要压力是“成本上升且收入增长缓慢”。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AI acts like a smart helper for doctors. Flemmings compares it to having a top medical expert by your side.(人工智能就像医生的智能助手。弗莱明斯将其比作身边有一位顶级医疗专家。)”可知，人工智能在协助医生时被描述为“身边的顶级顾问”。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However, moving to the cloud has challenges, mainly cost and security worries. Flemmings advises starting small with pilot projects to fix specific problems, especially for smaller hospitals.(然而，转向云技术存在挑战，主要是成本和安全担忧。弗莱明斯建议从小型试点项目开始，解决特定问题，尤其是对小型医院而言。)”可知，采用云技术的推荐策略是“从小规模开始逐步推进”。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the cloud is changing healthcare’s future. It cuts costs and tech burdens while speeding up innovation. Secure cloud tools let patients access care remotely, beyond the clinic. Nagaram states that without cloud tech, healthcare groups can’t compete. While moving needs careful planning, progress is happening. For example, IU Health uses AI to prioritize urgent patient help requests. Cloud technology is building a foundation for healthcare focused on patients, quality, and constant innovation.( “归根结底，云技术正在改变医疗保健的未来。它在降低成本、减轻技术负担的同时，还加快了创新步伐。安全的云工具让患者能够突破诊所的限制，远程获取医疗服务。纳加拉姆表示，没有云技术，医疗保健机构就无法参与竞争。尽管向云技术转型需要周密规划，但相关进展已然显现。例如，印第安纳大学健康中心（IU Health）就利用人工智能对患者的紧急求助需求进行优先级排序。云技术正为以患者为中心、注重质量与持续创新的医疗保健体系奠定基础。”)”可知，文章开篇指出医疗保健机构的问题，引出“云技术是解决方案”，随后介绍云技术的好处、结合AI的优势、应用中的挑战与推进策略，最后强调“云技术正在改变医疗保健的未来”，所以短文的标题为“云技术革新医疗保健行业”。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第十九中学·期中）“Look for the gap” “ Move into space” Sound familiar? From the sidelines to the field, no matter the team sport, looking for relevant information in the playing environment can be as important as any other skill if you want to score. Think Allen Iverson, Scott Pendlebury, or Natalie Medhurst, coolly judging all the options before making important decisions. How do these excellent athletes become so great? As well as their physical strengths, their brainpower is an obvious advantage. Regardless of whether an athlete is playing backyard cricket or Olympic basketball, their playing environment holds important information that must be found, explained and then acted on. Research conducted at Western Sydney University finds skilled players are better at looking for and seeing the options and what’s happening around them in the playing environment. They tend to look both at an opponent (对手) and at where they can move next. Less skilled players, however, might watch only one detail but not what is happening around them. Skilled players are also often faster to make decisions compared to less skilled players; their experiences create more stored memories that help speed up their decision-making. Essentially, skilled players know what information is the most relevant to focus on and they act on it quickly. Adding to this picture is new research that explores the negative impact of mental fatigue (疲劳) on physical performance. This work shows that our ability to exercise can be affected negatively after activities requiring long periods of thinking and mental effort, particularly when these activities are boring. It first considers the impact of using the brain so much that it makes you physically tired. This may be particularly relevant for coaches of young players shifting from the school day to training, especially if the day’s lessons have been complex. Coaches should therefore map out appropriate strategies by considering the amount of information they provide for athletes and the complexity of the tasks and instructions. Overall, cognitive (认知的) skills, like physical qualities, are key to high performance and even play a role in identifying future potential. Cognition could be a reliable marker of ability over time and could provide some basis for prediction of talent. 1.Why are some great athletes mentioned in the text? A. To compare different sports. B. To highlight physical training. C. To stress mental skills in sports. D. To honor their achievements in sports. 2.According to paragraph 2, what advantage do skilled athletes tend to have? A. Faster moving speed. B. Wider focus of attention. C. More efficient teamwork. D. Stronger physical endurance. 3.Successful athletes make decisions quickly by _______. A. referring to previous experience B. ignoring all outside distractions C. learning from opponents’ strategies D. understanding coaches’ instructions 4.What does the author suggest coaches do after their players have had a hard school day? A. Lengthen the warm-up for training. B. Set the training intensity adaptively. C. Prioritize physical over cognitive training. D. Refer to their players’ previous performance. 5.What is the text mainly about? A. The quality of sports talent. B. The overall training in sports. C. The cognitive power in sports. D. The variables affecting sports. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. B　5. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在运动中认知技能对运动员的重要性，如技术娴熟的运动员在认知方面的优势以及认知技能对运动员决策等方面的影响等。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Think Allen Iverson, Scott Pendlebury, or Natalie Medhurst, coolly judging all the options before making important decisions. How do these excellent athletes become so great? As well as their physical strengths, their brainpower is an obvious advantage.( 想想艾伦·艾弗森、斯科特·彭德尔伯里或娜塔莉·梅德赫斯特，在做出重要决定之前，他们会冷静地判断所有的选择。这些优秀的运动员是如何变得如此伟大的？和他们的体力一样，他们的脑力也是一个明显的优势)”可知，文章开篇提到一些著名运动员，然后说他们除了身体优势，脑力也是明显优势。后面围绕运动员的认知技能展开论述，所以提到这些运动员是为了强调在运动中的心智技能（mental skills）。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Research conducted at Western Sydney University finds skilled players are better at looking for and seeing the options and what’s happening around them in the playing environment. They tend to look both at an opponent (对手) and at where they can move next. Less skilled players, however, might watch only one detail but not what is happening around them.( 西悉尼大学进行的一项研究发现，熟练的球员更善于寻找和看到选择，以及在比赛环境中他们周围发生的事情。他们倾向于既看对手，又看下一步该往哪里走。然而，技能较差的运动员可能只关注一个细节，而不关注周围发生的事情)”可知，技术娴熟的运动员能更好地寻找和观察比赛环境中的选择以及周围发生的事情，他们会关注对手和自己下一步可以移动的位置，而技术欠佳的运动员可能只关注一个细节。这说明技术娴熟的运动员注意力的关注范围更广。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Skilled players are also often faster to make decisions compared to less skilled players; their experiences create more stored memories that help speed up their decision- making.( 与技能较差的运动员相比，技能娴熟的运动员通常也能更快地做出决定；他们的经历创造了更多的记忆，帮助他们加快决策)”可知，与技术欠佳的运动员相比，技术娴熟的运动员决策也更快，他们的经验创造了更多存储的记忆，有助于加快他们的决策速度。也就是说成功的运动员通过参考以前的经验快速做出决策。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Coaches should therefore map out appropriate strategies by considering the amount of information they provide for athletes and the complexity of the tasks and instructions.( 因此，教练员应考虑他们提供给运动员的信息量以及任务和指示的复杂性，制定出适当的策略)” 可知，在球员经历了辛苦的学校一天后，教练应该通过考虑为运动员提供的信息量以及任务和指令的复杂性来制定合适的策略，也就是适应性地设置训练强度。故选B项。 (5)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合根据第一段中“Think Allen Iverson, Scott Pendlebury, or Natalie Medhurst, coolly judging all the options before making important decisions. How do these excellent athletes become so great? As well as their physical strengths, their brainpower is an obvious advantage.( 想想艾伦·艾弗森、斯科特·彭德尔伯里或娜塔莉·梅德赫斯特，在做出重要决定之前，他们会冷静地判断所有的选择。这些优秀的运动员是如何变得如此伟大的？和他们的体力一样，他们的脑力也是一个明显的优势)”和第二段中“Research conducted at Western Sydney University finds skilled players are better at looking for and seeing the options and what’s happening around them in the playing environment. They tend to look both at an opponent (对手) and at where they can move next. Less skilled players, however, might watch only one detail but not what is happening around them.( 西悉尼大学进行的一项研究发现，熟练的球员更善于寻找和看到选择，以及在比赛环境中他们周围发生的事情。他们倾向于既看对手，又看下一步该往哪里走。然而，技能较差的运动员可能只关注一个细节，而不关注周围发生的事情)”可知，文章主要论述了在运动中认知技能（cognitive skills）对运动员的重要性，如技术娴熟的运动员在认知方面的优势以及认知技能对运动员决策等方面的影响等。由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是运动中的认知能力。故选C项。 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第二中学·期中）Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime. You know you must act soon; but it’s as if something is stopping you. This “freezing”, or tonic immobility in academic terms, is an adaptive defense response to stress or danger. When we freeze, our heart rate drops and our blood pressure changes. Our pupils (瞳孔) might become wider. A flood of hormones (荷尔蒙) spread quickly, readying us for action. It can all happen within seconds. While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that’s going on? Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University. “Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says. “What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision-making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified. Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn’t slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies. But let’s say you’re not a sniper, or don’t spend your weekends as a living statue. What if you’re about to take an exam or lead a big business meeting? Those situations involving social pressure, may not be life or death, but still can cause freezing. The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation. Instead of feeling out of control, you can master it and — sniper or not-take your best shot. 1.What happens in “freezing” according to the text? A. Awareness is lost. B. The heart pounds. C. Senses are sharper. D. The breath quickens. 2.What does the underlined word “petrified” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Confused. B. Occupied. C. Distressed, D. Panicked. 3.Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. To contrast response types. B. To support response training. C. To illustrate freezing causes. D. To criticize stressful professions. 4.How should students manage exam freezing according to the text? A. Try to shoot like a sniper. B. Hold breath to stay still. C. Apply trained breathing. D. Answer questions rhythmically. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在面对压力或危险时，人们会出现“冻结”反应及其作用，还说明了可以通过训练来掌控这种反应。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime.(你是否曾有过极度紧张以至于整个人都僵住的经历？你的身体变得僵硬，感觉不到太多东西，但与此同时，你的感官却在全力运作)”可知，在“僵住”时，感官却在全力工作，说明感官会更加敏锐。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not (僵住就像一种紧急心流状态：警惕，而不是)”和表示转折的“not”可知，僵住时人们虽然警惕但并非吓呆了，而是保持冷静的观察状态，由此可推测“petrified”应与“watchful (警惕的)”形成对比，意为“吓呆了的；目瞪口呆的”，与D项“Panicked (惊慌失措)”意思相近。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this.(重要的是，这种反应是可以训练的。罗尔福斯列举了两个能够控制这种反应的群体：像“活雕像”那样的人物、以及那些在表演中保持极度静止状态的街头艺人，还有狙击手在做决定时需要保持绝对静止状态。实验室研究也证实了这一点)”可知，提到活雕像和狙击手是为了说明僵住反应可以通过训练来控制，从而支持“这种反应可以通过训练来掌控”的观点。故选B。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation.(关键在于通过训练来运用这种反应方式，尤其是要进行有规律的深呼吸：保持缓慢且有节奏的呼气)”可知，学生应该通过训练呼吸来应对考试时的僵住反应。故选C。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊第一中学·期中）In a clinical trial with 80 adults, a team of researchers found that sleep extension reduced energy intake and resulted in a negative energy balance in real-life settings among adults with overweight who habitually reduced their sleep duration (持续时间). The findings appear in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. Obesity is a major public health concern. Much evidence suggests that sleeping less than 7 hours per night on a regular basis is associated with adverse health results. Particularly, insufficient sleep duration has been increasingly recognized as an important factor for obesity. However, it remains unknown whether extending sleep duration can be an effective strategy for preventing obesity. The clinical trial involved 80 adults aged 21 to 40 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 29.9, and habitual sleep duration of less than 6.5 hours per night. The study was conducted from November 1, 2014 to October 30, 2020. The participants were able to increase their sleep duration by an average of 1.2 hours per night after a personalized sleep counseling (咨询) session. Overall, participants who increased their sleep duration were able to reduce their calorie intake by an average of 270 kcal per day — which would translate to roughly 12 kg of weight loss over three years if the effects were maintained over a long term. Ultimately, the researchers hope to examine the underlying (潜在的) mechanisms that may explain these results, and believe their work should encourage new, larger studies on weight control to determine if extending sleep can support weight-loss programs and help prevent or reverse obesity. “In our earlier work, we understood that sleep is important for appetite regulation,” Dr. Tasali said. “Now we’ve shown that in real life, without making any other lifestyle changes, you can extend your sleep and eat fewer calories. This could really help people trying to lose weight.” 1.What’s the new finding of the research? A. Sleep extension can lead to weight problems. B. Extending sleep duration helps reduce caloric intake. C. Controlling energy intake is the key to losing weight. D. Overweight adults often decrease their sleep duration. 2.What’s the probable meaning of the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 2? A. Harmful. B. Unique. C. Lasting. D. Apparent. 3.According to the text, the subject of the study ________. A. usually slept 6.5 hours per night B. were 80 adults of the similar age group C. got advice on sleep tailored to themselves D. were particularly chosen from a certain place 4.What do researchers think of the study? A. Its results are hard to explain clearly. B. It lays a foundation for further studies. C. It’s unreliable with many factors ignored. D. It has solved all the puzzles of researchers. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了一项研究结果，在现实生活中，睡眠延长会减少能量摄入，致使习惯性缩短睡眠时间的超重成年人出现负能量平衡，睡眠时间不足已日益被认为是肥胖的一个重要因素。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“In a clinical trial with 80 adults, a team of researchers found that sleep extension reduced energy intake and resulted in a negative energy balance in real-life settings among adults with overweight who habitually reduced their sleep duration (持续时间). (在一项针对80名成年人的临床试验中，一组研究人员发现，在现实生活中，睡眠延长会减少能量摄入，致使习惯性缩短睡眠时间的超重成年人出现负能量平衡。)”可知，这项研究发现，延长睡眠时间有助于减少热量摄入。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据下文“Particularly, insufficient sleep duration has been increasingly recognized as an important factor for obesity. (特别是，睡眠时间不足已日益被认为是肥胖的一个重要因素。)”可知，睡眠不足对健康有害，故画线词所在句意为“大量证据表明，经常每晚睡眠不足7小时与不良健康结果有关”，由此可知，adverse意为“有害的”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The participants were able to increase their sleep duration by an average of 1.2 hours per night after a personalized sleep counseling (咨询) session. (经过个性化的睡眠咨询后，参与者每晚的睡眠时间平均增加了1.2小时。)”可知，研究对象得到了适合自己的睡眠建议。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Ultimately, the researchers hope to examine the underlying (潜在的) mechanisms that may explain these results, and believe their work should encourage new, larger studies on weight control to determine if extending sleep can support weight-loss programs and help prevent or reverse obesity. (最终，研究人员希望研究出解释这些结果的潜在机制，并相信他们的工作应该鼓励新的、更大规模的体重控制研究，以确定延长睡眠是否可以支持减肥计划，并有助于预防或逆转肥胖。)”可知，研究人员认为这项研究为进一步的研究奠定了基础。故选B。 主题语境04 人与自然-灾害防范 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊第一中学·期中）Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities at large. There’s no doubt that seeing homes wiped away and city infrastructure (基础设施) in a mess right after a disaster would be a severe blow. New research by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that survivors of natural disasters often experience worsening mental health effects many months or years later. Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of emotional highs for a community. It includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义). That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages optimism and bonding within a community. However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources and lack of recognition of the lasting mental health impact of a disaster. That’s when communities enter the “disillusionment phase”. Recovery workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel left alone. Many community members become physically exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems. The study indicates that emergency preparedness plans should find ways to extend mental health services throughout the long-term recovery phase. “These things should come first: focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the awareness of mental health services during expected emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies as well” said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center. Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster survivors get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the natural disaster isn’t just an environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well. 1.What mainly causes the community high spirits after a natural disaster? A. Reconstruction work. B. Rescue efforts and support. C. Thankfulness for surviving. D. Increased community participation. 2.What can be a typical feature of the “disillusionment phase”? A. Resources have run out. B. Recovery workers are not helpful. C. The disaster anniversary is observed. D. Survivors may experience hopelessness. 3.What does Dr. Small suggest regarding the mental health services? A. Supporting poor survivors. B. Focusing on financial supporters. C. Recognizing emotional lows. D. Helping survivors recover quickly. 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A. To promote natural disaster response plans. B. To highlight the shortage of mental health services. C. To call for long-term post-disaster mental health care. D. To emphasize the damaging power of natural disasters. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍自然灾害对幸存者心理健康的长期影响及不同阶段的心理状态，呼吁提供长期心理健康支持。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism（利他主义）. That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages optimism and bonding within a community.(这包括一个“英雄阶段”，此时人们目睹并参与救援，激发利他主义感。随后是“蜜月阶段”，大量援助的到来鼓励社区内的乐观情绪和凝聚力。)”可知，灾后社区情绪高涨主要源于救援行动和外部支持。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Recovery workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel left alone. Many community members become physically exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. (救援人员已经收拾行装离开，人们感到孤独无助。许多社区成员在此期间身体疲惫，物质使用障碍也开始显现，这可以持续几个月甚至是几年)”可知，“幻灭阶段”的典型特征是幸存者可能感到绝望无助。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“These things should come first: focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the awareness of mental health services during expected emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies as well(这些事情应该优先考虑：关注经济资源有限的人，在预期的情绪低落期间提高心理健康服务的意识，以及自杀预防策略)”可知，斯莫尔博士建议心理健康服务应优先支持贫困幸存者。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster survivors get back on their feet and recover from trauma.(无论采用何种策略，提供长期心理健康支持对于帮助灾难幸存者重新站起来并从创伤中恢复至关重要)”可知，作者的主要目的是呼吁为灾后幸存者提供长期心理健康护理。故选C项。 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第十九中学·期中）Saltwater recreational fishing is part of Florida’s tourist economy. Anglers (垂钓者) take 40 million saltwater fishing trips each year in Florida in hopes of hooking a snapper and hogfish. But strict fishing regulations mean that most of the caught fish are safely returned to the water. On Biscayne Bay, Captain Wayne Conn’s 75-foot boat carried twenty anglers. It was not long before one fisherman made a catch. It was a mutton snapper, but it was just 17 inches long. It had to go back in the water. But it couldn’t be just thrown back in. Marine fisheries specialist Angela Collins said, “When reef fish living in deep water are brought to the surface, the gases in their bodies expand, sometimes greatly. They can experience a condition known as barotrauma. That’s when you see the fish’s eyes bulging (鼓胀) out of its head or its stomach popping out of its mouth. That gas expands and has to go somewhere, maybe detrimental to the fish.” Anglers must have special equipment on board to ensure reef fish survive once they’re returned to the water. That includes long needles to pierce the fish’s swim bladder in its body, releasing the pressure. But it’s also important to get the fish back down to its habitat on the bottom, 100 feet or more below the surface. Collins attached a weight to the fish’s lower lip before lowering it slowly back into the water. “This just shoots him down fast,” she said. “It’s closed until this gets to 100 feet. It pops open, letting the fish swim off.” The ship moved to a different spot in deeper water and someone soon got a hit. Collins gave a shout. “Check it out, that fish is special,” he said. It was a 7-or 8-pound mutton snapper. That was a great eating fish. But Lauren Hayes from the University of Miami decided to release it. “I love animals. Fishing is what it is, and the moments waiting for a fish to bite feel more real than having it in the net,” she said. 1.Why was the 17-inch-long fish thrown back? A. It was a special fish. B. It was under the limit. C. Its body expanded greatly. D. Its condition was terrible. 2.What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Harmful. B. Unique. C. Familiar. D. Essential. 3.What is the special equipment used for? A. Protecting the fish’s habitat. B. Making reef fish living well. C. Monitoring the fish’s population. D. Ensuring the released fish’s safety. 4.Which statement may Lauren Hayes agree with? A. Big fish should be kept for eating. B. Strict regulations make fishing less fun. C. The main purpose of fishing is to catch fish. D. The meaning of fishing lies in the experience. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了佛罗里达海水休闲垂钓的情况，因规定多数渔获需放生，还介绍了处理深水鱼减压以存活的方法，以及一位垂钓者选择放生大鱼的故事。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“It was a mutton snapper, but it was just 17 inches long. It had to go back in the water. (那是一条羊鲷，但只有17英寸长。它必须回到水里)”可知，这条鱼被扔回水中是因为它没有达到捕捞的尺寸标准，即它小于规定的尺寸限制。故选B。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段“When reef fish living in deep water are brought to the surface, the gases in their bodies expand, sometimes greatly. They can experience a condition known as barotrauma. That’s when you see the fish’s eyes bulging (鼓胀) out of its head or its stomach popping out of its mouth. That gas expands and has to go somewhere, maybe detrimental to the fish. (当生活在深水中的暗礁鱼被带到水面时，它们体内的气体会膨胀，有时会膨胀得很大。它们会经历一种被称为气压损伤的情况。这时你会看到鱼的眼睛从头部鼓胀出来，或者胃从嘴里弹出来。气体膨胀，必须有个去处，也许对鱼detrimental)”可知，气体膨胀会使得鱼类经历气压损伤，对鱼的身体是有害的，推测划线单词detrimental的意思是“有害的”，与Harmful意义相近。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Anglers must have special equipment on board to ensure reef fish survive once they’re returned to the water. (垂钓者必须在船上配备特殊设备，以确保珊瑚礁鱼在放回水中后能够存活)”可知，特殊设备的作用是确保放生的鱼能够安全存活。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Lauren Hayes from the University of Miami decided to release it. “I love animals. Fishing is what it is, and the moments waiting for a fish to bite feel more real than having it in the net,” she said. (但迈阿密大学的劳伦·海耶斯决定释放它。“我爱动物。钓鱼就是这样，等待鱼上钩的时刻比鱼在网里的感觉更真实，”她说)”可知，劳伦·海耶斯认为钓鱼的真正意义在于体验等待鱼上钩的过程，而不是仅仅为了捕获鱼，因此，她可能会同意“钓鱼的意义在于体验”这一说法。故选D。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·山东济南第一中学·期中）We’ve all experienced the sudden urge to check our phone, and a new study from Duke University might explain why. The research suggests that this isn’t just a bad habit, but rather that our smartphones might be reshaping our brain’s reward system, making us seek information in a way similar to how we seek food or money. The study involved people playing a simple game where they had to choose between different symbols that offered certain chances of receiving a reward. The rewards were either money, the opportunity to learn a random piece of information (like a fun fact), or nothing. Meanwhile, the participants’ brain activity was monitored using FMRI scans. The results were striking. The researchers found that the brain’s dopamine-rich reward centers, particularly the vmPFC (前额叶皮层), became active when participants were expecting both monetary rewards and informational rewards. This suggests that our brains process the opportunity to gain new information as a valuable reward itself. The desire for information followed a classic “law of demand” — the more expensive (in terms of effort or cost) it was to get information, the less people sought it, just like any other product. “This finding helps explain the ‘checking’ behavior we see with smartphones,” said the study’s lead author. “Each time we slide down to refresh our news feed or check updates, we are essentially seeking a small piece of new information. Our brain perceives this information as having potential value, releasing dopamine (多巴胺) that makes the action feel rewarding, even if the information itself is unimportant.” The researchers believe this insight is crucial for understanding modern behaviors. It indicates that the appeal of digital platforms is not merely about social connection but taps into a fundamental biological mechanism. However, they also warn that this cycle, if left unchecked, could contribute to problematic internet use, as the brain gets caught in a continuous circle of seeking minor informational rewards. 1.How does the author introduce his topic? A. By presenting a personal experience. B. By describing a common daily behavior. C. By quoting a famous philosopher’s saying. D. By comparing ancient and modern human behaviors. 2.The author mentions the “FMRI scans” in Paragraph 2 mainly to ________. A. emphasize the high cost of the scientific research B. describe the physical experience of the participants C. provide objective evidence for the study’s conclusions D. explain the complex technology used in modern psychology 3.What does the “law of demand” in Paragraph 3 indicate ? A. The harder it is to get information, the less people want it. B. People always want more information regardless of the cost. C. The value of information decreases as it becomes easier to get. D. Information is the most valuable product in the modern world. 4.What is the potential risk of the brain’s reward system for information? A. It could slow down our thinking process. B. It might end up with too much screen time. C. It can damage our brain’s fundamental structure. D. It will prevent us from learning essential knowledge. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，短文通过杜克大学的一项新研究，解释了人们频繁查看手机的行为原因，揭示智能手机对大脑奖励系统的影响及潜在风险。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“We’ve all experienced the sudden urge to check our phone, and a new study from Duke University might explain why.(我们都有过突然想查看手机的冲动，杜克大学的一项新研究或许能解释原因。)”可知，作者通过描述“频繁查看手机”这一常见日常行为引入主题。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Meanwhile, the participants’brain activity was monitored using FMRI scans.(同时，研究人员通过功能磁共振成像扫描监测参与者的大脑活动。)”及第三段“The results were striking. The researchers found that the brain’s dopamine-rich reward centers, particularly the vmPFC (前额叶皮层), became active when participants were expecting both monetary rewards and informational rewards. This suggests that our brains process the opportunity to gain new information as a valuable reward itself.(研究结果令人震惊。研究人员发现，当参与者期待金钱奖励和信息奖励时，大脑中富含多巴胺的奖励中枢 —— 尤其是腹内侧前额叶皮层（vmPFC）会变得活跃。这表明，我们的大脑会将获取新信息的机会本身视为一种有价值的奖励来处理)”可知，提及FMRI扫描是为了给研究结论提供客观的科学依据。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The desire for information followed a classic “law of demand” — the more expensive (in terms of effort or cost) it was to get information, the less people sought it, just like any other product.(对信息的渴望遵循经典的“需求定律”——获取信息的成本越高（无论是精力还是代价），人们寻求信息的意愿就越低，就像其他任何产品一样。)”可知，需求定律表明获取信息越困难，人们对其渴望度越低。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, they also warn that this cycle, if left unchecked, could contribute to problematic internet use, as the brain gets caught in a continuous circle of seeking minor informational rewards.(然而，他们也警告说，如果不加控制，这种循环可能会导致有问题的互联网使用，因为大脑会陷入持续寻求微小信息奖励的循环中。)”可知，大脑对信息奖励系统的依赖可能导致人们过度使用电子设备，屏幕使用时间过长。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博实验中学·期中）As human species, our big brains and flexible hands have always made us feel special. However, in a study published in the journal Communications Biology, researchers investigated nearly 100 primate species including monkeys, apes and humans and revealed that the creatures with longer thumbs (拇指) usually had larger brains. The researchers assumed that our ancestors first evolved (进化)hand flexibility, which then promoted the development of a larger brain. For instance, as primates’ control of objects improved, their brains would have had to become bigger to use these abilities. Joanna Baker, lead author of the study said. “Ultimately, though, the two needed to go hand in hand,” she adds. While Baker and her colleagues predicted that longer thumbs would be tied to growth of the cerebellum — the part of the brain that influences movement and coordination (协调), the team was surprised to find that they are actually associated with the neocortex, a large region involved in cognition and sensory information. This suggests that longer thumbs are “linked to thinking, not movement.” Later, they tested the idea that the evolution of longer thumbs is associated with tool use, but they didn’t find any correlation. Ultimately, “we’ve always known that our big brains and sharp fingers set us apart, but now we can see they didn’t evolve separately,” Baker says. The study suggests our species is not quite as unique as we once thought, and it also represents the first direct evidence that brain evolution and hand flexibility are associated throughout the primate family tree. Fotos Alexandros Karakostis, a biological anthropologist who was not involved in the study, comments that the research indicates that adaptations to the brain and hand likely evolved together. However, he notes that the brain size and thumb length cannot take only credit for the brain evolution or high level of hand coordination. 1.What was the assumption of the researchers according to paragraph 2? A. Brain evolution determined hand size. B. Bigger brains made humans intelligent. C. Object control was easy for ancestors. D. Hand flexibility drove brain development. 2.Why does the author mention “tool use” in paragraph 3? A. To make a prediction. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a different view. D. To offer supporting evidence. 3.What is Karakostis’ attitude towards the research? A. Favourable. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. The bigger the brain, the longer the thumb. B. Big brains and sharp fingers set humans apart. C. Primate brains and thumbs evolve together. D. Evolution mainly depends on brains and hands. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的科学研究发现，在包括猴子、猿和人类在内的灵长类动物中，更大的脑容量与更长的拇指之间存在关联。这项研究首次提供了直接证据，表明在整个灵长类家族的进化史上，大脑的进化与手的灵活性是协同发展的。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The researchers assumed that our ancestors first evolved (进化) hand flexibility, which then promoted the development of a larger brain.(研究人员认为，我们的祖先首先进化出了手的灵活性，然后促进了更大的大脑的发展。)”可知，是手的灵活性在先，它作为驱动因素促成了更大脑容量的发展。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Later, they tested the idea that the evolution of longer thumbs is associated with tool use, but they didn’t find any correlation.(后来，他们测试了拇指变长与工具使用有关的观点，但他们没有发现任何相关性。)”以及“This suggests that longer thumbs are “linked to thinking, not movement.”(这表明长拇指“与思考有关，而与运动无关”。)”由此可推知，作者在第三段提到“工具使用”是为前一句的结论提供了研究过程中的一个补充的证据点。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Fotos Alexandros Karakostis, a biological anthropologist who was not involved in the study, comments that the research indicates that adaptations to the brain and hand likely evolved together. However, he notes that the brain size and thumb length cannot take only credit for the brain evolution or high level of hand coordination.(没有参与这项研究的生物人类学家Fotos Alexandros Karakostis评论说，这项研究表明，对大脑和手的适应可能是一起进化的。然而，他指出，大脑的大小和拇指的长度不能仅仅是大脑进化或手部高度协调的功劳。)”可推知，Karakostis对这项研究的态度是客观的。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，全文围绕一项研究展开，核心内容包括：研究者发现灵长类动物“拇指较长者通常大脑更大”，推测“手部灵活性与大脑发育相互促进”，后续研究虽否定“拇指与工具使用相关”，但仍确认“大脑与手部进化相关”，且外部专家也认同“大脑和手部适应性可能共同进化”。选项 C“灵长类动物的大脑和拇指共同进化”概括了核心观点。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东淄博·期中）Every runner is unique, and a shoe that works for one might trip up another. Outside of trying on different designs, there’s no quick and easy way to know which shoe best suits a person’s particular running style. MIT engineers are hoping to change that with a new model which integrates a person’s height, weight, and other general dimensions, along with shoe properties such as hardness. With this input, the model then simulates (模拟) a person’s running gait (步法) in a particular shoe. While the model can accurately simulate changes in a person’s running gait when comparing two very different shoe types, it is quite futile when comparing relatively similar designs, including most commercially available running shoes. For this reason, the researchers believe the current model could just be used as a tool for shoe designers looking to push the boundaries of shoe design. The team is planning to improve the model, in hopes that consumers can one day use a similar version to pick shoes that fit their personal running style. “We’ll allow for enough flexibility in the model so that it can be used to understand different individual behaviors,” says Sarah Fay, an MIT researcher. “Way down the road, we imagine that if you send us a video of yourself running, we could 3D print the shoe that's right for you. That would be the moonshot.” Fay and co-workers drew inspiration from Thomas McMahon, who once used a very simple model to simulate a runner’s essential running dynamics. Using this model, he predicted how fast a person could run on various track surfaces. “McMahon’s work showed that, even if we don’t model every single muscle and component of the human body, we still can create valuable insights into how we design for athletic performance,” Fay says. Following McMahon’s lead, the team developed a similar, simplified model of a runner’s dynamics. 1.What do the MIT engineers aim to do? A. Identify the appropriate running style for people. B. Predict a runner’s performance in running races. C. Determine suitable running shoes for individuals. D. Raise the appearance and quality of running shoes. 2.What does the underlined word “futile” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Ineffective. B. Innovative. C. Unnecessary. D. Conservative. 3.What will the team focus on while improving their model? A. Its customization capabilities. B. Its efficiency in mass production. C. Its enhancement of shoes’ appearance. D. Its adaptability to different 3D printers. 4.What does Fay highlight through her words in paragraph 4? A. The significance of comprehensive data collection. B. The value of simplicity in solving complex problems. C. The impact of track surfaces on athletic performance. D. The role of advanced computational models in sports. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍MIT工程师开发的跑鞋适配模型，该模型通过整合用户身体数据（身高、体重）和鞋子属性（硬度）模拟跑步步态，虽目前仅适用于差异大的鞋款设计，但团队计划优化以实现个性化定制，未来或可通过视频3D打印专属跑鞋。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“MIT engineers are hoping to change that with a new model which integrates a person’s height, weight, and other general dimensions, along with shoe properties such as hardness. (麻省理工学院的工程师们希望通过一种新的模型来改变这种情况，这种模型集成了人的身高、体重和其他一般尺寸，以及鞋子的硬度等特性。)”可知，麻省理工学院的工程师希望通过新模型确定适合个人的跑鞋。故选C。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“While the model can accurately simulate changes in a person’s running gait when comparing two very different shoe types, (虽然该模型可以在比较两种非常不同的鞋子时准确地模拟出一个人跑步步态的变化，)”可知，前文说模型在比较两种非常不同的鞋型时能准确模拟变化，while表转折，说明在比较相似设计的鞋时模型效果不好，所以划线词futile意思是“无效的，无用的”。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The team is planning to improve the model, in hopes that consumers can one day use a similar version to pick shoes that fit their personal running style. “We’ ll allow for enough flexibility in the model so that it can be used to understand different individual behaviors,” says Sarah Fay, an MIT researcher. (该团队正计划改进这款跑鞋，希望有一天消费者可以使用类似的版本来挑选适合自己跑步风格的鞋子。麻省理工学院的研究人员Sarah Fay说：“我们将允许模型有足够的灵活性，这样它就可以用来理解不同的个体行为。”)”可知，团队改进模型希望消费者能选择适合自己风格的鞋，让模型有足够灵活性以适应不同个体行为，也就是注重模型的定制能力。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段““McMahon’ s work showed that, even if we don’ t model every single muscle and component of the human body, we still can create valuable insights into how we design for athletic performance,” Fay says. (“McMahon的工作表明，即使我们不能模拟人体的每一块肌肉和组成部分，我们仍然可以为我们如何设计运动表现创造有价值的见解，” Fay说。)”可知，Fay 通过 McMahon 的例子强调即使不模拟人体每一个肌肉和部件，简化模型也能对运动表现设计有价值，即强调简单性在解决复杂问题中的价值。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·山东济南第一中学·期中）Honey is a sweet treat that most people take for granted. But it is more than just a topping for cakes or a sweetener for tea. It’s a miracle of sorts. Honey is the only food product made by an insect that humans eat. Even with all our technical abilities, no one has figured out how to make artificial honey. There’s really no substitute (替代品). A single pound of honey may require a beehive of up to 60,000 bees to visit two million flowers. No wonder some people call it liquid gold! Although amber-colored clover honey tends to be most common, honey comes in a variety of shades and flavors, depending on the flowers that the bees gather nectar (花蜜) from. Honey has been used throughout history in a number of ways. One of the most remarkable things about it is that it never goes bad. It may crystallize, meaning that it becomes solid in parts, but simply warming it slightly will melt the crystals and return the honey to its liquid form. No one knows exactly how long honey has been used by humans, but Spanish cave paintings dated at 7,000BC show early evidence of beckeeping. Honey was also used by the ancient Egyptians as a sweetener, as a gift to the gods, and even as an element used to create mummies. Honey has been found inside the Egyptian pyramids, and although that honey was more than 3,000 years old, it would still taste like honey and be safe to eat. No other food has such lasting power! Besides its many uses as a sweetener, honey has long been used as a medicinal remedy (疗法). Because it’s difficult for any kind of bacteria (细菌) to survive in honey, it makes a perfect barrier on cuts and can prevent infection. Honey is also an effective remedy to relieve a painful throat. It has even been found to be as effective in easing coughs in children. The next time a bee flies through your garden or you spread some honey on a piece of toast, think about the miracle of honey. 1.According to the passage, what makes honey unique among the foods that humans eat? A. Its various shades. B. Its natural creation. C. Its delightful sweetness. D. Its remarkable history. 2.Why does the author mention the honey in the Egyptian pyramids? A. To illustrate that it never goes bad. B. To show the cleverness of Egyptians. C. To compare it with the honey in Spain. D. To inform that it originates from Egypt. 3.What is one of the medicinal uses of honey? A. Promoting bacterial growth. B. Curing throat pain. C. Preventing infection in wounds. D. Resisting common colds. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Honey: a Sweet Miracle of Nature B. Honey: a Timeless Treasure C. Honey: a Natural Medicinal Remedy D. Honey: a Common Sweetener 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了蜂蜜不只是一种常见的甜味剂，更是一种堪称奇迹的自然产物。通过介绍蜂蜜是由昆虫制造的唯一性、获取过程的不易、在历史长河中的多样用途以及在医学方面的诸多功效等内容，突出强调了蜂蜜的独特价值，呼吁人们重新认识并重视蜂蜜这种来自大自然的“甜蜜奇迹”。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题，根据第二段“Honey is the only food product that humans cat that is made by an insect. Even with all our technical abilities, no one has figured out how to make artificial honey. There’s really no substitute (替代品). (蜂蜜是人类食用的唯一一种由昆虫制造的食品。即使我们拥有所有的技术能力，也没有人想出如何制造人造蜂蜜。真的没有替代品。)”可知，蜂蜜是人类食用的唯一由昆虫制造的食物产品，这是它在人类所食用的食物中独一无二的地方，即它的天然形成方式。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Honey was also used by the ancient Egyptians as a sweetener, as a gift to the gods, and even as an element used to create mummies. Honey has been found inside the Egyptian pyramids, and although that honey was more than 3,000 years old, it would still taste like honey and be safe to eat. No other food has such lasting power! (蜂蜜也被古埃及人用作甜味剂、送给神的礼物，甚至用作制作木乃伊的元素。在埃及金字塔内发现了蜂蜜，虽然这种蜂蜜已有3,000多年的历史，但它的味道仍然像蜂蜜，可以安全食用。没有其他食物具有如此持久的力量！)”可知，作者提到埃及金字塔里的蜂蜜是为了说明蜂蜜不会变质的这一特性，即便过了三千多年，它尝起来还是蜂蜜的味道且能安全食用，其他食物没有这种持久的特性。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第六段中“Because it’s difficult for any kind of bacteria (细菌) to survive in honey, it makes a perfect barrier on cuts and can prevent infection. (因为任何种类的细菌都很难在蜂蜜中生存，所以它在切口上形成了完美的屏障，可以防止感染。)”可知，蜂蜜的药用用途之一是它能在伤口上形成一道屏障，防止感染。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Honey is a sweet treat that most people take for granted. But it is more than just a topping for cakes or a sweetener for tea. It’s a miracle of sorts. (蜂蜜是一种大多数人认为理所当然的甜食。但它不仅仅是蛋糕的配料或茶的甜味剂。它在某种程度上是一个奇迹。)”可知，蜂蜜不只是人们习以为常的用于蛋糕或茶的东西，而是一种奇迹般的存在，结合最后一段“The next time a bee flies through your garden or you spread some honey on a piece of toast, think about the miracle of honey. (下次蜜蜂飞过您的花园或您在吐司上涂抹一些蜂蜜时，想想蜂蜜的奇迹。)”再次呼吁人们在看到蜜蜂或食用蜂蜜时思考蜂蜜的奇迹之处。综合全文，都是围绕蜂蜜是大自然赋予的一种甜蜜奇迹来展开叙述的，A项“Honey: a Sweet Miracle of Nature”最能概括文章主旨。故选A项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·山东菏泽第一中学·期中）A pioneering new study links satellite and brain imaging data to identify how environmental factors can affect mental health, cognition (认知) and brain development in young people. The researchers used a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the largest ongoing study on child brain development in the US. They analyzed satellite-based observations, including different types of land cover and land use and the amount of light captured by satellites at night. These data can be combined with neuroimaging (神经影像) and behavioral measures to provide insights. The ABCD dataset provides a unique opportunity for a much deeper understanding of associations between a range of indicators of the complex physical urban environment and their impacts on mental health. This dataset also allows researchers to observe dynamic environmental changes and their impact on mental health over time, and identify specific interventions to boost mental well-being in various communities. The study examined the use of land, considering factors such as light pollution and the number of buildings in an area, in order to understand the social and economic status of the area. The researchers found that places with more light at night and more buildings tended to have lower levels of parental education and household income, while areas with more trees and plants were linked to higher education and income. “The findings highlight the importance of the urban environment to mental health. We see a critical window during childhood and adolescence (青春期) where environmental factors can shape future cognitive and behavioral development,” said Vince Calhoun, the study’s senior author and principal investigator. By combining satellite data and brain imaging, researchers gain a deeper understanding of how environmental factors shape the cognitive and behavioral development of young people, which is of great significance for urban planning and public health policies. 1.How was this research conducted? A. By performing data analysis. B. By referring to previous studies. C. By recording behavior measures. D. By carrying out national surveys. 2.Which of the following will contribute to mental well-being? A. Enhancing city street lighting. B. Promoting community development. C. Creating more green spaces in urban areas. D. Increasing high-rise constructions in urban cores. 3.What can we learn about the study from Vince Calhoun’s words in paragraph 5? A. Its aim. B. Its significance. C. Its future direction. D. Its practical application. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. The use of satellite imaging in urban planning. B. The benefits of reducing light pollution in cities. C. Urban environment’s influence on youth mental growth. D. Parental education’s role in children’s mental well-being 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项通过结合卫星数据与脑成像数据开展的研究，阐明了城市环境因素对青少年心理健康、认知及大脑发育的影响，及其对城市规划和公共卫生政策的意义。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The researchers used a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the largest ongoing study on child brain development in the US. They analyzed satellite-based observations, including different types of land cover and land use and the amount of light captured by satellites at night.(研究人员使用了青少年大脑认知发展研究的数据集，这是美国正在进行的最大的儿童大脑发展研究。他们分析了基于卫星的观测，包括不同类型的土地覆盖和土地利用以及卫星在夜间捕获的光量)”可知，该研究是通过分析数据来进行的。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers found that places with more light at night and more buildings tended to have lower levels of parental education and household income, while areas with more trees and plants were linked to higher education and income.(研究人员发现，夜间光照更充足、建筑物更多的地方，父母受教育程度和家庭收入往往较低，而树木和植物较多的地区则与较高的教育程度和收入相关)”以及第五段“The findings highlight the importance of the urban environment to mental health.(这些研究结果凸显了城市环境对心理健康的重要性)”可知，树木和植物较多的区域与较高的教育水平、收入相关，结合首段“A pioneering new study links satellite and brain imaging data to identify how environmental factors can affect mental health, cognition and brain development in young people.(一项开创性的新研究将卫星数据与脑部成像数据相结合，以确定环境因素如何影响年轻人的心理健康、认知能力和大脑发育)”可知，研究核心是城市环境影响心理健康，可推断绿色空间会促进心理健康。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The findings highlight the importance of the urban environment to mental health. We see a critical window during childhood and adolescence where environmental factors can shape future cognitive and behavioral development,(这些研究结果凸显了城市环境对心理健康的重要性。我们发现，在儿童期和青少年时期存在一个关键时期，在此期间环境因素能够塑造未来的认知和行为发展)”可知，我们可以从Vince Calhoun说的话中领悟该研究的核心意义——不仅凸显了城市环境对心理健康的重要性，还指出了儿童期和青少年期是环境塑造认知与行为发展的关键窗口期。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据首段“A pioneering new study links satellite and brain imaging data to identify how environmental factors can affect mental health, cognition and brain development in young people.(一项开创性的新研究将卫星数据与脑部成像数据相结合，以确定环境因素如何影响年轻人的心理健康、认知能力和大脑发育)”和末段“By combining satellite data and brain imaging, researchers gain a deeper understanding of how environmental factors shape the cognitive and behavioral development of young people, which is of great significance for urban planning and public health policies.(通过结合卫星数据和脑部成像，研究人员对环境因素如何塑造年轻人的认知和行为发展有了更深入的了解，这对城市规划和公共卫生政策具有重要意义)”可知，本文旨在阐述城市环境对青少年心理成长的影响。故选C。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·山东菏泽第一中学·期中）Young children often bother about what foods they want to eat, preferring a small range of foods, and are unwilling to try new meals. Picky eating is often considered a short-term stage, and parents tend to blame themselves when it continues. However, a study published in the Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry found that it’s not a stage — it’s a behavior influenced by specific genes (基因). The team surveyed parents with identical or non-identical twins in England and Wales for their research. Parents filled out questionnaires on their children’s eating behaviors when they were 16 months, three, five, seven, and 13 years old. Studying twins helps researchers determine whether a behavior is because of genes or other environmental factors. Researchers also analyzed the survey results from 2,400 sets of twins enrolled in a larger study examining how genetic and environmental factors affect early growth. To separate genetic and environmental influences, the research team compared the similarity in picky eating between non-identical twin pairs, who share 50% of their genes, and identical twins, who share 100% of their genes. Non-identical twins showed more different eating behaviors than identical twins, suggesting a genetic influence. In fact, researchers say genetic differences accounted for 60% of the variations in pickiness at 16 months of age. For children between the ages of three and 13, genes contributed to 74% of picky eating cases. However, environmental factors became more influential as identical twins grew older. The differences in picky eating habits between seven and 13 were because of unique experiences, such as their number of friends. This means while picky eating is largely genetic, it can be changed. “Parents can continue to support their children to eat a wide variety of foods throughout childhood and into youth, but peers (同龄人) and friends might become a more important influence on children’s diets as they reach their teens,” adds Alison Fildes, a researcher at the University of Leeds. 1.What do people tend to think of picky eating? A. It usually won’t last for long. B. Parents are not to blame for it. C. It may develop into a severe problem. D. Children themselves are usually at fault. 2.What can we know about the twins in the study? A. They all live in England. B. They are of different ages. C. They have the same genes. D. They refused to fill in forms. 3.What did the team conclude through their research? A. Picky eating cannot be passed down. B. Picky eating is largely influenced by genes. C. Twins are more likely to be picky eaters. D. Children’s pickiness increases as they grow older. 4.What do Alison Fildes’ words imply about picky eating? A. It can be caused by peers’ diets. B. Parents have little control over it. C. Friends can play a role in reducing picky eating. D. Teenagers typically don’t experience picky eating. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们对儿童挑食行为的普遍看法、一项关于儿童挑食行为的研究及其结论，以及研究专家对挑食行为的看法和建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Picky eating is often considered a short-term stage, and parents tend to blame themselves when it continues. (挑食通常被认为是一个短期阶段，当它持续下去时，父母往往会责怪自己。)”可知，人们通常认为挑食不会持续很长时间。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The team surveyed parents with identical or non-identical twins in England and Wales for their research. Parents filled out questionnaires on their children’s eating behaviors when they were 16 months, three, five, seven, and 13 years old. (该研究团队在英格兰和威尔士对双胞胎父母进行了调查。父母在孩子16个月大、3岁、5岁、7岁和13岁时填写了关于他们孩子饮食行为的问卷。)”可知，研究中的双胞胎年龄不同。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“In fact, researchers say genetic differences accounted for 60% of the variations in pickiness at 16 months of age. For children between the ages of three and 13, genes contributed to 74% of picky eating cases. (事实上，研究人员表示，基因差异占16个月大时挑食差异的60%。对于3岁至13岁的儿童，基因导致了74%的挑食案例。)”可知，研究团队得出的结论是挑食在很大程度上受基因影响。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Parents can continue to support their children to eat a wide variety of foods throughout childhood and into youth, but peers (同龄人) and friends might become a more important influence on children’s diets as they reach their teens,” adds Alison Fildes, a researcher at the University of Leeds. (利兹大学的研究员艾莉森·菲尔德斯补充说：“父母可以继续支持孩子在童年和青少年时期吃各种各样的食物，但当孩子进入青少年时期时，同龄人和朋友可能会对孩子的饮食产生更重要的影响。”)”可知，艾莉森·菲尔德斯的话暗示朋友可以在减少挑食方面发挥作用。故选C项。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博实验中学·期中）Designers are increasingly using different kinds of materials to produce products that do not harm the environment. Reused plastic bottles, wood, plant fiber, and even seaweed are being used in place of traditional materials for household goods and clothing. Nina Edwards Anker’s electronic lights look like ancient pieces of paper placed around LEDs. But a closer look shows that they are made of algae (海藻). Anker came up with the idea while working on a doctoral research project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. She wants to find ways to mix design ideas with production and supply methods that do not use up resources. Heimtextil is an international trade show for new textiles (纺织品) in Frankfurt, Germany. This year’s show placed attention on making new products that came from reused materials. Olaf Schmidt, vice president of textile technology, said, “We’ll see companies bespeaking how materials like nylon, plastic and metal can be reused—for example, carpet tiles (方块地砖) that can be reused at the end of their life as materials for new tiles.” Fashion industry expert Veronika Lipar described the field’s most important change—a move to sustainability (持续性). She said, “The industry is trying to reduce ‘effect’ on the environment and no longer be the biggest polluter.” Patagonia, North Face and Timberland are among the companies now using natural materials to produce goods. Italian company Frumat has developed a plant-based leather made from the waste created by apple juice makers. Two Mexican developers, Adrian Lopez Velarde and Marte Cazarez, have created a leather using cactus (仙人掌) leaves. Cactuses interest new material developers because they can live in hot climates and poor soil. Meanwhile, Pinatex helps support farms in the Philippines by using waste from the pineapple harvest to create material that is sold to makers of shoes, clothing and other products. 1.Why are Nina Edwards Anker’s electronic lights made of algae? A. To save resources. B. To cut down the costs. C. To improve the lights’ quality. D. To produce more electronic lights. 2.What does the underlined word “bespeaking” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Responding. B. Predicting. C. Refusing. D. Displaying. 3.What do Veronika Lipar’s words suggest? A. Fashion industry is not satisfying people’s demands. B. Fashion industry does great harm to the environment. C. Fashion industry uses lots of environment-friendly materials. D. Fashion industry has been developing too fast over the years. 4.How does the author mainly develop the text? A. By making comparisons. B. By providing examples. C. By listing data and analyzing them. D. By asking questions and answering them. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。设计师们越来越多地使用环保材料来生产产品。回收利用的塑料瓶、木材、植物纤维甚至海藻都被用来代替传统的家庭用品和服装材料。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句话“She wants to find ways to mix design ideas with production and supply methods that do not use up resources.(她希望找到一种方法，将设计理念与不消耗资源的生产和供应方式结合起来)”可知，这位设计师利用海藻来生产电子灯，目的是希望节省资源。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段前两句话“Heimtextil is an international trade show for new textiles (纺织品) in Frankfurt, Germany. This year’s show placed attention on making new products that came from reused materials.(Heimtextil是在德国法兰克福举行的新纺织品国际贸易展。今年的展会把重点放在了用可重复使用的材料制作新产品上)”可推知，在这次新型纺织品国际贸易展览会上，将会有公司展示如何利用可重复利用的材料制造新产品。由此推断，划线单词bespeaking的意思是“展示”。故选D。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Fashion industry expert Veronika Lipar described the field’s most important change—a move to sustainability (持续性). She said, “The industry is trying to reduce ‘effect’ on the environment and no longer be the biggest polluter.”(时尚产业专家Veronika Lipar描述了该领域最重要的变化——向可持续发展的转变。她说：“该行业正在努力减少对环境的‘影响’，不再是最大的污染者。”)”可推知，维罗妮卡·利帕尔的话暗示了时尚产业对环境危害很大。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Designers are increasingly using different kinds of materials to produce products that do not harm the environment. Reused plastic bottles, wood, plant fiber, and even seaweed are being used in place of traditional materials for household goods and clothing. (设计师们越来越多地使用不同种类的材料来生产不损害环境的产品。重复使用的塑料瓶、木材、植物纤维，甚至海藻都被用来代替传统的家居用品和服装材料)”以及接下来文章通过列举了很多事例来阐述这一主题。可推知，作者通过举例子来展开文章。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊·期中）MIAMI BEACH — South Florida is seeing a wave of new cars, but they won’t add to traffic. That’s because the cars are made of marine-grade (海洋级) concrete and were placed underwater. Over several days late last month, 22 life-size cars were lowered into the ocean, several hundred feet off South Beach. The project, called “Concrete Coral”, was organized by the nonprofit REEFLINE, a group known for building underwater sculpture(雕塑) parks as a way to create human-made coral reefs (珊瑚礁). And 2,200 native corals grown in a nearby Miami lab will soon be added to the underwater structure, which will serve as a habitat rich in ocean biodiversity. “I think we are making history here,” said Ximena Caminos, the group’s founder. “It’s a kind of underwater reef that’s teaming up with science, teaming up with art.” Colin Foord, who runs the Miami coral lab, explained that they will soon start the planting process to create a forest of soft corals over the car sculptures. He said, “Nature will take over again, and we’re helping by growing the soft corals.” Foord is confident that the native Gorgon corals will boom because they were grown from survivors of the 2023 marine heat crisis which destroyed vast quantities of Florida corals. Besides the project serving as a testing ground for new coral transplantation, Miami Beach governor Steven Meiner expects it to generate local jobs through ecotourism activities. The nonprofit also offers community education programs, where volunteers can plant corals alongside scientists, and a floating ocean learning center, where participants can gain firsthand experience in coral protection. Caminos acknowledges that the underwater structure won’t fix all the problems — such as climate change and sea level rise — but she said it can serve as a driving force for dialogue about the value of coastal ecosystems. 1.Why were the concrete cars placed underwater? A. To recycle the old cars. B. To promote a new art form. C. To make a home for corals. D. To reduce the traffic pressure. 2.What is the main reason for Foord’s growing the Gorgon corals? A. Its soft nature. B. Its fast reproduction rate. C. Its unique beauty. D. Its strong ability to survive. 3.What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. Future plans of the group. B. Ways to protect corals. C. Chain benefits of the project. D. Solutions to job shortage. 4.What is Caminos’ attitude towards the project? A. Concerned. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了非营利组织REEFLINE在佛罗里达州迈阿密海滩开展的“混凝土珊瑚”项目——将海洋级混凝土制成的汽车雕塑沉入海底，构建人工珊瑚礁。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The project, called “Concrete Coral”, was organized by the nonprofit REEFLINE, a group known for building underwater sculpture parks as a way to create human-made coral reefs. And 2,200 native corals grown in a nearby Miami lab will soon be added to the underwater structure, which will serve as a habitat rich in ocean biodiversity.(这个名为 “混凝土珊瑚”的项目由非营利组织 REEFLINE 发起 —— 该组织以打造水下雕塑公园为特色，通过这种方式构建人工珊瑚礁。不久后，迈阿密附近实验室培育的 2200 株本土珊瑚将被移植到这一水下结构中，这里将成为海洋生物多样性丰富的栖息地)可知，将混凝土汽车沉入海底的核心目的是构建人工珊瑚礁，为珊瑚提供生长家园。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Foord is confident that the native Gorgon corals will boom because they were grown from survivors of the 2023 marine heat crisis which destroyed vast quantities of Florida corals.(福特相信本土的柳珊瑚会大量繁殖，因为它们是从2023年海洋热浪危机的幸存者中培育出来的——那场危机摧毁了佛罗里达州大量的珊瑚)”可知，福特选择培育柳珊瑚的主要原因是它们具有顽强的生存能力，是极端环境的幸存者。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Besides the project serving as a testing ground for new coral transplantation, Miami Beach governor Steven Meiner expects it to generate local jobs through ecotourism activities. The nonprofit also offers community education programs, where volunteers can plant corals alongside scientists, and a floating ocean learning center, where participants can gain firsthand experience in coral protection.(除了作为新型珊瑚移植技术的试验场，迈阿密海滩市长史蒂文・迈纳还期望该项目能通过生态旅游活动创造本地就业机会。该非营利组织还推出了社区教育项目 —— 志愿者可在项目中与科学家一同参与珊瑚种植 —— 以及一座浮动海洋学习中心，参与者能在此获得珊瑚保护方面的第一手实践经验)”可知，第四段主要讲了项目的连锁效益。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“I think we are making history here (我认为我们正在创造历史)”、“It’s a kind of underwater reef that’s teaming up with science, teaming up with art.(这是一种融合了科学与艺术的水下珊瑚礁)”，以及最后一段中的“it can serve as a driving force for dialogue about the value of coastal ecosystems.(它可以成为推动人们讨论海岸生态系统价值的动力)”可知，Caminos认为项目具有开创性意义，能为生态保护带来积极影响，态度积极乐观。故选B项。 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东德州·期中）Social media is full of animal videos that make us smile, like a baby turtle seemingly smiling as its stomach is brushed and a polar bear appearing to pet a dog. These posts go viral as the animals seem likeable and happy. But experts point out that we’re misreading these behaviors. The turtle may be trying to bite in frustration, and the polar bear may not be friendly. This misunderstanding happens because we automatically interpret animal behavior the way we would interpret human behavior, which is called anthropomorphism, the tendency to attribute human qualities to animals. We see the turtle’s open mouth as a smile because it arches upward like we do when we’re happy. The bear’s movements look tender because they mirror how we might pet a dog. For over a century, a principle called Morgan’s Canon, proposed in 1892, suggested that researchers should always assume the simplest explanation for animal behavior—usually meaning animals don’t have complex emotions or thoughts. But recent research shows this approach went too far. Scientists now know that many animals do have emotions, just not always the ones we think we see. The problem isn’t that we’re seeing emotions where none exist—it’s that we’re often seeing the wrong emotions. Take the example of chimps (黑猩猩) and their “smiles”. When chimps have their teeth in what looks like a happy smile, they’re actually showing fear or submission, not joy. Our brains automatically read this as happiness because that’s what the expression means in humans. Understanding this bias is important because how we perceive animals affects how we treat them. When we correctly recognize that an animal is in trouble rather than enjoying itself, we can make better decisions about animal welfare. Our emotional connection to animals is valuable, but it works best when it’s based on accurate understanding rather than misinterpretation. The solution isn’t to stop caring or to deny their emotions. 1.What does the author mainly suggest in paragraph 1? A. People often misinterpret animal behaviors. B. Animal videos offer popular pastime online. C. Animals can express emotions like humans do. D. Social media helps people connect with animals. 2.What does the underlined word “attribute” mean in paragraph 2? A. Display. B. Apply. C. Compare. D. Educate. 3.What can be inferred about Morgan’s Canon? A. It correctly identified animal emotions. B. It was widely accepted by modern scientists. C. It greatly underestimated animal intelligence. D. It successfully prevented anthropomorphism. 4.What does the author suggest in the end? A. Avoiding emotional links with animals. B. Employing human standards to animals. C. Combining care with precise knowledge. D. Trusting first impressions of animal behavior. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们常误解动物行为及应对之策。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“But experts point out that we’re misreading these behaviors. The turtle may be trying to bite in frustration, and the polar bear may not be friendly.(但专家指出，我们误解了这些行为。乌龟可能是出于沮丧而试图咬人，北极熊可能并不友好)”可推知，作者在第一段主要表明人们经常误解动物的行为。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第二段中“This misunderstanding happens because we automatically interpret animal behavior the way we would interpret human behavior, which is called anthropomorphism(这种误解的发生是因为我们自动地用解释人类行为的方式来解释动物行为，这被称为拟人化)”以及“the tendency to attribute human qualities to animals(把人类的品质______给动物的倾向)”可知，拟人化是指把人类的品质赋予给动物，所以attribute意为“归因于、赋予”，与Apply意思相近。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中“For over a century, a principle called Morgan’s Canon, proposed in 1892, suggested that researchers should always assume the simplest explanation for animal behavior—usually meaning animals don’t have complex emotions or thoughts. But recent research shows this approach went too far. Scientists now know that many animals do have emotions, just not always the ones we think we see.(一个多世纪以来，1892年提出的一个名为摩根法则的原则建议，研究人员应该始终假设动物行为的最简单解释——通常意味着动物没有复杂的情绪或思想。但最近的研究表明，这种方法走得太远了。科学家现在知道，许多动物确实有情感，只是并不总是我们认为的那些)”可推断，摩根法则大大低估了动物的智力。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Our emotional connection to animals is valuable, but it works best when it’s based on accurate understanding rather than misinterpretation. The solution isn’t to stop caring or to deny their emotions.(我们与动物的情感联系是有价值的，但当它基于准确的理解而不是误解时，效果最好。解决办法不是停止关心或否认它们的情感)”可推断，作者在最后建议将关心与精确的知识结合起来。故选C。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）For centuries, people thought that fish did not feel pain or emotions. Now research has shown that fish not only have feelings but can also sense one another’s moods. When a human understands and shares the feelings of another person, this is called empathy. Scientists have found that a chemical in the brain called oxytocin is involved in our ability to connect with others in this way. A basic form of empathy, known as emotional contagion, happens when an individual sees someone else displaying an emotion (such as happiness or fear) and reacts by displaying the same type of behavior. An international team of researchers tested zebrafish with a series of experiments. First, they placed the fish in two separate tanks and gave one group a substance that caused them to act fearful — either freezing or swimming irregularly. Even though the fish in the nearby tank had not touched the substance, they also began to freeze in fear. “They respond to other individuals being frightened... just like us.” Ibukun Akinrinade, a co-author of the study, told the Associated Press. The scientists tried the experiment with fish that had been modified so their brains would not produce oxytocin. These fish were much less likely to act anxious when they saw other fish showing fear. If researchers gave them an injection of oxytocin, their ability to empathize returned. Finally, researchers played videos of fearful fish on one side of the tank and relaxed fish on the other side. Normal fish moved closer to the side that showed the fearful fish, which might have been an attempt to comfort them. The modified fish did not move toward either side. Looking at the normal fish’s brains, researchers saw activity in a region similar to the one humans and other mammals use when empathizing with others. This could mean that the ability to have empathy developed more than 350 million years ago, when fish and mammals shared a common ancestor. Next, researchers want to study whether fish also transfer positive emotions to one another. 1.The phrase “emotional contagion” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________. A. the ability to control one’s own emotions when others are emotional B. the process of sharing and reflecting others’ emotions unconsciously C. the tendency to hide one’s true feelings to avoid affecting others D. the capacity to understand the root cause of others’ emotions 2.What is Ibukun Akinrinade’s view on fish empathy? A. Fish empathy is limited to negative emotions like fear. B. Zebrafish are the only fish species capable of empathy. C. Fish empathy is stronger than that of humans and mammals. D. The emotional response of fish is comparable to that of humans. 3.What did the researchers find about the modified zebrafish? A. They could still sense fear in other fish without oxytocin. B. They showed increased anxiety when injected with oxytocin. C. They failed to respond to videos of either fearful or relaxed fish. D. They moved closer to fearful fish to comfort them intentionally. 4.What can be the best title of the text? A. More Than Feelings: How Fish Share Emotions B. From Fear to Comfort: The Social Lives of Fish C. The Ancient Roots of Empathy: Evidence from Fish D. A New Discovery: The Emotional World of Zebrafish 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了关于鱼类具有共情能力的研究，探讨了鱼类共情的表现、相关实验及共情能力的进化根源等内容。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段“A basic form of empathy, known as emotional contagion, happens when an individual sees someone else displaying an emotion (such as happiness or fear) and reacts by displaying the same type of behavior. (一种被称为emotional contagion的基本共情形式，发生在个体看到他人表现出某种情绪，如快乐或恐惧时，会通过表现出相同类型的行为来做出反应)”可知，emotional contagion指个体看到他人情绪后会表现出相同行为反应，揭示了其核心是“情绪的传递与模仿”，即无意识地分享和反映他人的情绪。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段““They respond to other individuals being frightened... just like us.” Ibukun Akinrinade, a co-author of the study, told the Associated Press. (“他们对其他个体感到害怕……就像我们一样。”该研究的合著者Ibukun Akinrinade告诉美联社)”可知，他认为鱼类的情绪反应与人类的情绪反应具有可比性。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“Normal fish moved closer to the side that showed the fearful fish, which might have been an attempt to comfort them. The modified fish did not move toward either side. (正常的鱼会靠近显示恐惧鱼的一侧，这可能是为了安慰它们。经过改造的鱼不会向任何一侧移动)”可知，经过改造的斑马鱼，对展示恐惧或放松鱼类的视频都没有表现出趋近行为，即无明显反应。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Now research has shown that fish not only have feelings but can also sense one another’s moods. (现在研究表明，鱼类不仅有情感，还能感知彼此的情绪)”以及最后一段“Looking at the normal fish’s brains, researchers saw activity in a region similar to the one humans and other mammals use when empathizing with others. This could mean the ability to have empathy developed more than 350 million years ago (观察正常鱼的大脑，研究人员发现其大脑中有一个区域的活动与人类和其他哺乳动物共情时使用的区域相似。这可能意味着，当鱼类和哺乳动物拥有共同的祖先时，共情能力在3.5亿多年前就进化出来了)”可知，文章围绕鱼类的共情能力展开，先定义相关概念，再通过实验验证鱼类的共情表现，最后探讨其进化根源，“不止是情感：鱼类如何分享情绪”最能概括核心内容，应是最佳标题。故选A。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东实验中学·期中）New era requires a new vocabulary. Will we still talk about the “mobile” phone when all phones are mobile, or when they are implanted within us? Technology is everywhere nowadays, especially at work. Some people are really good at using all the cool new tools that keep popping up. They have something called a TQ, or technology quotient. Think of it like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. The examples are common and becoming more and more frequent. For the parent it might be a home-school video class. For the brand manager it might be search engine upgrading. And for the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly welcome future creations. This adoption is critical from a variety of perspectives, from social to business. One trip into the world of ChatGPT and we can see how the dynamics of AI and search are changing for just about everyone. Any Mom or Dad can understand the value of IQ and EQ in projecting the potential for a child’s success. But what about technology? The ability for the child and the teacher to understand, welcome and capitalize on technology will be a defining aspect of their lives as we speed into the future. We are increasingly defined by technology and our active participation in everything from smart phones to social media. It might just be time for the basic human needs of food, water and shelter to incorporate technology too. And when that happens, it just might be a good idea to measure it. While this shift brings challenges, it’s unstoppable. As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn — turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. 1.What is TQ according to the text? A. Speed of learning new languages. B. Skill in fixing high-tech products. C. Ability to apply new technologies. D. Talent for following modern changes. 2.Which of the following people has a high TQ? A. A manager who uses modern search engines. B. A doctor who analyzes medical records with AI. C. A grandparent who finds new-tech devices awkward. D. A mom who watches videos of her child’s school life. 3.What does the underlined phrase “capitalize on” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Take advantage of. B. Pay attention to. C. Come up with. D. Watch out for. 4.What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Why Are IQ and EQ Important for TQ? B. What Makes TQ the New Intelligence? C. Where to Start Adapting to TQ Changes? D. How Has TQ Changed in the Modern Era? 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍新时代下“技术商数（TQ）”的定义、应用场景、重要性，以及其与智商、情商结合对人类生活工作的影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They have something called a TQ, or technology quotient. Think of it like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet.(他们有一种叫做TQ的东西，也就是技术商数。可以把它看作一种超能力，能理解我们曾祖父母会觉得完全不可能的最新科技产品。拥有高TQ意味着你很擅长使用那些还不是所有人都知道的酷炫新事物。)”可知，TQ是理解并运用最新科技的能力，即应用新技术的能力。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And for the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly welcome future creations.(对于临床医生来说，可能是人工智能在辅助CT扫描分析中发挥作用。TQ试图量化我们合理利用现有技术并快速接纳未来创新的能力。)”可知，利用人工智能分析医疗相关内容的医生，是合理运用现有技术的体现，具备高TQ。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“The ability for the child and the teacher to understand, welcome and capitalize on technology will be a defining aspect of their lives as we speed into the future.(随着我们快速迈入未来，孩子和老师理解、接纳并capitalize on技术的能力将成为他们生活的一个决定性方面。)”可知，“capitalize on”与“理解、接纳”并列，结合语境应是对技术的积极运用，“Take advantage of”意为“利用”符合语境。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段“New era requires a new vocabulary.(新时代需要新的词汇。)”、第二段对TQ的定义、第三段的应用场景、第四段的重要性及最后一段“As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn — turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. (随着TQ的提升，它将与智商和情商相结合，重塑我们的生活、工作和学习方式——将技术适应能力转化为可量化的优势。)”可知，文章核心是介绍TQ为何能成为新时代的新型智力指标，所以“什么让技术商数（TQ）成为新型智力指标？”适合作为标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东实验中学·期中）Previously thought to be an exclusively human skill, knowing when a friend could use a clue appears to be a talent we share with our primate (灵长类) cousins. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland observed bonobos (倭黑猩猩) in a recent study point human experimenter in the direction of treats they wished to swallow up. In the study’s experiments, three male bonobos took turns to play a game with an experimenter where treats were hidden under upturned cups—sometimes while the experimenter was watching, and sometimes not. If the experimenter found the treat, it would be given to the bonobo, providing a motivation for the bonobos to share what they knew. The experiments showed the bonobos were more likely to gesture and to point more quickly at the cup hiding the treat when the experimenter didn’t know which cup hid the treat. It seems like a simple action, but it’s actually a new insight into how our closest relatives can think and assess the perspective of others. Previous studies have observed the bonobos warning their companions of danger, but these recent experiments remove elements of group mentality and survival ability, exploring cognitive functions of individuals. “The ability to sense gaps in one another’s knowledge is at the heart of our most advanced social behaviors, central to the ways we cooperate, communicate, and work together strategically,” says psychologist Chris Krupenye. “What we’ve shown here is that bonobos will communicate with a partner to change their behavior, but a key open question for further research is whether they are also pointing to change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs,” says psychologist Luke Townrow. This theory of mind— the capacity to understand that others have mental states of belief or perspective that might be different to one’s own— has typically been thought to distinguish human cognition from that of other animals. 1.What is a task of the experimenter? A. Monitor the treats. B. Signal to the bonobos. C. Hide the treats under a cup. D. Pick out the cup with treats. 2.In the experiments, what change in bonobos was observed? A. The eagerness of their gestures. B. The responses to getting the treats. C. The flexibility of their movements. D. The feelings about the experimenter. 3.What is the finding of the study? A. Bonobos can warn others of danger. B. Bonobos have a sense of community. C. Bonobos are good at using body language. D. Bonobos can judge others’ state of knowledge. 4.What key question will the further study explore about bonobos? A. How they form their perspectives. B. How they communicate with others. C. Whether they can influence others’ mind. D. Whether they can develop mental beliefs. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项研究发现倭黑猩猩能感知他人知识缺口并通过手势沟通，同时提及该研究对进一步探索其心智理论的意义。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the study’s experiments, three male bonobos took turns to play a game with an experimenter where treats were hidden under upturned cups — sometimes while the experimenter was watching, and sometimes not. If the experimenter found the treat, it would be given to the bonobo (在该研究的实验中，三只雄性倭黑猩猩轮流与一名实验者玩游戏，实验者将食物藏在倒扣的杯子下——有时实验者会看着，有时则不会。如果实验者找到了食物，就会把它给倭黑猩猩)”可知，实验者的任务之一是找出藏有食物的杯子。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The experiments showed the bonobos were more likely to gesture and to point more quickly at the cup hiding the treat when the experimenter didn’t know which cup hid the treat. (实验表明，当实验者不知道哪个杯子藏有食物时，倭黑猩猩更有可能做出手势，并且更快地指向藏有食物的杯子。)”可知，观察到的倭黑猩猩的变化是它们手势的急切程度——在实验者不知情时更易手势示意且指向更快。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It seems like a simple action, but it’s actually a new insight into how our closest relatives can think and assess the perspective of others. (这看似是一个简单的动作，但实际上让我们对人类最亲近的亲属如何思考和评估他人的视角有了新的认识。)”及第四段中的““The ability to sense gaps in one another’s knowledge is at the heart of our most advanced social behaviors, central to the ways we cooperate, communicate, and work together strategically,” says psychologist Chris Krupenye. (心理学家克里斯・克鲁佩尼表示：“感知他人知识缺口的能力，是人类最复杂社会行为的核心，也是我们开展合作、进行沟通以及协同制定策略的关键所在。”)”可知，该研究的发现是倭黑猩猩能够判断他人的知识状态。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据尾段中的““What we’ve shown here is that bonobos will communicate with a partner to change their behavior, but a key open question for further research is whether they are also pointing to change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs,” says psychologist Luke Townrow. (心理学家卢克・汤罗表示：“我们在此项研究中发现，倭黑猩猩会通过与同伴交流来改变对方的行为，但未来研究中一个关键的未解问题是，它们做出指向动作，是否也是为了改变同伴的心理状态或认知信念。”)”可知，后续研究将探索倭黑猩猩是否能影响他人的心智。故选C项。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）The human mind is deeply influenced by the collective (集体的). This phenomenon, termed herd mentality, describes the tendency of individuals to adopt the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the groups to which they belong. It shapes our thoughts and decisions, often without conscious awareness. From social media trends to consumer behavior patterns, herd mentality affects how we think and act. But are we truly independent thinkers, or are we simply following the crowd? Herd mentality has evolutionary roots. For early humans, survival depended on group cohesion (凝聚力). Those who stayed with the tribe enjoyed protection and access to resources, while loners faced threats alone. Over generations, this adaptive behavior became a natural part of life. Today, although the physical dangers of being alone have decreased, the psychological pull of the group remains powerful. Human beings are naturally social creatures, driven by a fundamental need for acceptance and a sense of belonging. Our identities are often tied to the groups we belong to, and the fear of rejection drives us to conform, even at the cost of our personal beliefs. This group pressure is strengthened by cognitive biases (认知偏见) that twist judgment. The herd mentality leads individuals to trust the majority opinion without critically evaluating it, while repeated exposure to the same information can make it seem more believable. Social media intensifies these biases by promoting popular content over truth, creating echo chambers that support existing beliefs rather than challenge them. In certain circumstances, herd mentality can have positive effects, particularly in situations where individuals have limited information or expertise. Following the majority can lead to better outcomes, as the collective knowledge of the group surpasses that of any single person. However, excessive herd mentality poses risks, including suppressing independent thought, harming creativity, and facilitating the spread of misinformation. Therefore, developing critical thinking — questioning assumptions, evaluating sources, and exploring diverse perspectives — is essential for both personal independence and collective progress. 1.Which behavior best demonstrates herd mentality? A. Supporting group opinions to fit in with others. B. Improving a solution with individual creativity. C. Selecting a career based on family expectations. D. Accepting expert advice in complicated situations. 2.Why did early humans develop herd mentality? A. To enhance their social status. B. To meet their emotional needs. C. To strengthen their hunting skills. D. To increase their chances of survival. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The link between group pressure and self-identity. B. The effect of herd mentality on human minds. C. The factors contributing to herd mentality. D. The role of social media in shaping personal beliefs. 4.Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. Herd mentality is inevitable in highly connected societies. B. It is important to maintain critical thinking in a trend-following society. C. Misinformation can lead individuals to rely on collective opinions. D. True independence is achieved by rejecting diverse perspectives. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。作者介绍了“从众心理”这一概念，并分析与其相关的几方面内容，比如造成从众心理的原因等。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“This phenomenon, termed herd mentality, describes the tendency of individuals to adopt the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the groups to which they belong. (这种现象被称为从众心理，描述了个体倾向于接受他们所属群体的行为、信仰和态度。)”可知，从众心理体现出来就是个体为所属群体的行为、信仰和态度的接受、采纳。选项A“Supporting group opinions to fit in with others(支持群体意见以融入他人)”体现出的即对所属群体的支持、接受，故该选项最能体现一个人的从众心理。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Herd mentality has evolutionary roots. For early humans, survival depended on group cohesion (凝聚力). (从众心理有进化的根源。对于早期人类来说，生存取决于群体凝聚力。)”可知，从众心理是有源头的，即早期人类的生存取决于群体的凝聚力，而从众心理就是凝聚力的体现，故可以说从众心理是为了生存。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第四段前四句“Human beings are naturally social creatures, driven by a fundamental need for acceptance and a sense of belonging. Our identities are often tied to the groups we belong to, and the fear of rejection drives us to conform, even at the cost of our personal beliefs. This group pressure is strengthened by cognitive biases (认知偏见) that twist judgment. (人类天生就是社会性的生物，受到接受和归属感的基本需求的驱使。我们的身份往往与我们所属的群体有关，对被拒绝的恐惧驱使我们顺从，甚至以牺牲个人信仰为代价。这种群体压力因扭曲判断的认知偏见而加剧。)”可知，人类之所以会有这种从众心理，一方面受到接受和归属感的基本需求的驱使，另一方面，我们害怕被拒绝，所以要顺从、从众，群体压力使得这种认知偏见加剧。由此可见，本段主要分析了导致从众心理的因素。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段后两句“However, excessive herd mentality poses risks, including suppressing independent thought, harming creativity, and facilitating the spread of misinformation. Therefore, developing critical thinking — questioning assumptions, evaluating sources, and exploring diverse perspectives — is essential for both personal independence and collective progress. (然而，过度的从众心理会造成风险，包括抑制独立思考、损害创造力和促进错误信息的传播。因此，培养批判性思维——质疑假设、评估来源和探索不同的观点——对于个人独立和集体进步都是至关重要的。)”可知，作者认为过度的从众是不可取的，建议我们要培养批判性思维。故他可能会赞同第二个观点“It is important to maintain critical thinking in a trend-following society. (在追随潮流的社会中保持批判性思维很重要。)”。故选B项。 主题语境02 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·山东泰安·期中）Primates — the group of mammals that includes apes, humans, lemurs, and monkeys — often help each other raise their young babies. A new study has found that snub-nosed monkeys choose who babysits their young based on who has the most parenting experience. A team of researchers at Southwest Forestry University in China made this discovery by accident. They noticed that during the breeding season at the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys often passed around their newborns. The monkeys took turns cleaning, carrying, and feeding the newborns. This behavior reminded the team of the way humans babysit for one another, so they decided to observe the monkeys more closely. The researchers followed the group every day for six months. They observed more than 400 moments in which a female monkey interacted with a mother and newborn. Some of these interactions included cleaning the newborn or gently pulling them closer. Once the babies were slightly older, the mothers were more likely to allow other females to take care of them. When choosing a babysitter, the mothers seemed to base their decision on how much parenting experience the other female monkeys had. Younger females with less experience would usually be allowed to look after the babies after a more experienced monkey had given up their babysitting duties. Letting other group members help with childcare can make it possible for mothers to get the rest they need. It also has benefits for inexperienced caretakers. Chun-Yan Cui, one of the researchers involved in the study, told New Scientist that caring for others’ young gives the younger females a chance to learn more about parenting, which prepares them for having their own offspring in the future. She said that more research needs to be done to find out whether the monkeys’ social status affects babysitting choices and whether being related to the mother makes a difference. 1.What did the researchers observe about snub-nosed monkeys? A. They cared for newborns in turn. B. They let inexperienced monkeys babysit. C. They kept newborns away from other females. D. They communicated with newborns frequently. 2.What does a mother monkey mainly consider when choosing a babysitter? A. The babysitter’s age and energy level. B. The babysitter’s social rank in the group. C. The babysitter’s previous childcare experience. D. The babysitter’s family relationship with the mother. 3.How do younger female monkeys benefit from their role as babysitters? A. They obtain higher social status. B. They spend less time on other duties. C. They gain practice for future parenting. D. They receive food rewards from the group. 4.What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. How Monkeys Choose a Proper Babysitter B. What Benefits Monkey Babysitting Brings C. What Behaviors Monkeys Show in Babysitting D. How Researchers Observed Monkey Babysitting 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现，鼻猴会根据保姆的育儿经验来选择让谁照顾幼崽，这种互助行为对母猴休息和年轻雌性猴学习育儿都有好处。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The monkeys took turns cleaning, carrying, and feeding the newborns. This behavior reminded the team of the way humans babysit for one another, so they decided to observe the monkeys more closely. (猴子们轮流负责照顾、搬运和喂养新生幼崽。这种行为让研究团队想起了人类之间相互照看孩子的方式，于是他们决定更仔细地观察这些猴子。)”可知，研究人员观察到鼻猴轮流照顾新生儿。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“When choosing a babysitter, the mothers seemed to base their decision on how much parenting experience the other female monkeys had.(在选择保姆时，母猴子似乎是根据其他雌性猴子有多少育儿经验来做决定的。)”可知，母猴子在选择保姆时主要考虑的是保姆之前的育儿经验。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“Caring for others’ young gives the younger females a chance to learn more about parenting, which prepares them for having their own offspring in the future.(照顾其他猴子的幼崽给了年轻雌性猴子更多了解育儿的机会，为它们将来有自己的后代做好准备。)”可知，年轻雌性猴子通过照顾其他猴子的幼崽可以获得未来育儿的实践经验。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“A new study has found that snub-nosed monkeys choose who babysits their young based on who has the most parenting experience.(一项新的研究发现，鼻猴根据谁有最多的育儿经验来选择谁来照顾它们的幼崽。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了鼻猴如何选择合适的保姆来照顾它们的幼崽。选项A“How Monkeys Choose a Proper Babysitter(猴子如何选择合适的保姆)”准确地概括了文章的主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博·期中）Healthcare organizations face big problems: costs are rising, but income is growing slowly. Cloud technology offers a solution by replacing outdated systems, improving efficiency, and enhancing care. Key benefits include helping doctors make better decisions by giving them faster access to patient information, lowering costs by making operations run smoother — which is crucial when government payments are low — and providing stronger security to protect patient data. As Dr. Michelle Flemmings from Oracle notes, older computer systems often made work harder with repetitive tasks, while the cloud makes accessing data easier and reduces doctors’ workload. Adding AI makes the cloud even more powerful. AI acts like a smart helper for doctors. Flemmings compares it to having a top medical expert by your side. AI helps assess patient risks, suggests best practices, and finds vital information in health records instantly. This teamwork speeds up tasks, like finding patients who qualify for clinical trials during regular visits — opportunities often missed before. Also, AI-powered patient websites offer personalized services like online booking, meeting the high demand for digital options. Cloud uses are growing fast: reducing missed appointments, automating complex data analysis, spotting security risks, and simplifying administration tasks. However, moving to the cloud has challenges, mainly cost and security worries. Flemmings advises starting small with pilot projects to fix specific problems, especially for smaller hospitals. Importantly, cloud security is often better than old systems, with AI boosting threat detection. As Amar Nagaram from IU Health highlights, the cloud simplifies tech systems and improves teamwork. Ultimately, the cloud is changing healthcare’s future. It cuts costs and tech burdens while speeding up innovation. Secure cloud tools let patients access care remotely, beyond the clinic. Nagaram states that without cloud tech, healthcare groups can’t compete. While moving needs careful planning, progress is happening. For example, IU Health uses AI to prioritize urgent patient help requests. Cloud technology is building a foundation for healthcare focused on patients, quality, and constant innovation. 1.What are the primary pressures driving healthcare towards cloud adoption? A. Demand for better patient experiences. B. Shortage of physical data storage space. C. Rising costs and slowing revenue growth. D. Government requirements for new technology. 2.How is AI described when assisting a doctor? A. A clinical support tool. B. A top consultant nearby. C. A real-time data processor. D. An independent advisor. 3.What is the recommended strategy for adopting cloud technology? A. Gradual launch starting small. B. Ignoring cost considerations. C. Taking full-system migration. D. Outsourcing all IT operations. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. The Rise of Digital Patient Portals. B. The AI Revolution in Medical Diagnosis. C. Cutting Healthcare Costs Through Technology. D. Revolutionizing Healthcare Through Cloud Technology. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第十九中学·期中）“Look for the gap” “ Move into space” Sound familiar? From the sidelines to the field, no matter the team sport, looking for relevant information in the playing environment can be as important as any other skill if you want to score. Think Allen Iverson, Scott Pendlebury, or Natalie Medhurst, coolly judging all the options before making important decisions. How do these excellent athletes become so great? As well as their physical strengths, their brainpower is an obvious advantage. Regardless of whether an athlete is playing backyard cricket or Olympic basketball, their playing environment holds important information that must be found, explained and then acted on. Research conducted at Western Sydney University finds skilled players are better at looking for and seeing the options and what’s happening around them in the playing environment. They tend to look both at an opponent (对手) and at where they can move next. Less skilled players, however, might watch only one detail but not what is happening around them. Skilled players are also often faster to make decisions compared to less skilled players; their experiences create more stored memories that help speed up their decision-making. Essentially, skilled players know what information is the most relevant to focus on and they act on it quickly. Adding to this picture is new research that explores the negative impact of mental fatigue (疲劳) on physical performance. This work shows that our ability to exercise can be affected negatively after activities requiring long periods of thinking and mental effort, particularly when these activities are boring. It first considers the impact of using the brain so much that it makes you physically tired. This may be particularly relevant for coaches of young players shifting from the school day to training, especially if the day’s lessons have been complex. Coaches should therefore map out appropriate strategies by considering the amount of information they provide for athletes and the complexity of the tasks and instructions. Overall, cognitive (认知的) skills, like physical qualities, are key to high performance and even play a role in identifying future potential. Cognition could be a reliable marker of ability over time and could provide some basis for prediction of talent. 1.Why are some great athletes mentioned in the text? A. To compare different sports. B. To highlight physical training. C. To stress mental skills in sports. D. To honor their achievements in sports. 2.According to paragraph 2, what advantage do skilled athletes tend to have? A. Faster moving speed. B. Wider focus of attention. C. More efficient teamwork. D. Stronger physical endurance. 3.Successful athletes make decisions quickly by _______. A. referring to previous experience B. ignoring all outside distractions C. learning from opponents’ strategies D. understanding coaches’ instructions 4.What does the author suggest coaches do after their players have had a hard school day? A. Lengthen the warm-up for training. B. Set the training intensity adaptively. C. Prioritize physical over cognitive training. D. Refer to their players’ previous performance. 5.What is the text mainly about? A. The quality of sports talent. B. The overall training in sports. C. The cognitive power in sports. D. The variables affecting sports. 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第二中学·期中）Have you ever felt so stressed that you just sort of froze? Your body goes still, you can’t feel much but, at the same time, your senses are working overtime. You know you must act soon; but it’s as if something is stopping you. This “freezing”, or tonic immobility in academic terms, is an adaptive defense response to stress or danger. When we freeze, our heart rate drops and our blood pressure changes. Our pupils (瞳孔) might become wider. A flood of hormones (荷尔蒙) spread quickly, readying us for action. It can all happen within seconds. While fight-or-flight seems logical for survival, freezing appears counterproductive potentially too much to handle, making us incapable of acting or making a decision. But is that really all that’s going on? Not according to Prof Karin Roelofs, a neuroscientist who studies freezing at Radboud University. “Many people think that freezing is a kind of shutdown of the system,” she says. “What we actually find is that in threatening situations, freezing actually helps gain more information, prepare actions, and improve perception and decision-making.” Freezing acts like an emergency flow state: watchful, not petrified. Importantly, this response can be trained. Roelofs highlights two groups controlling freezing: living statues, street performers maintaining extreme stillness and snipers (狙击手) requiring absolute stillness while making decisions. Lab research confirms this. A virtual reality shooting game showed players with stronger freezing responses performed better and decided faster. Freezing doesn’t slow responses. “Brain noise reduces. Perception increases. You make better decisions faster,” Roelofs clarifies. But let’s say you’re not a sniper, or don’t spend your weekends as a living statue. What if you’re about to take an exam or lead a big business meeting? Those situations involving social pressure, may not be life or death, but still can cause freezing. The key is to use this response through training, particularly focused breathing: maintain slow, rhythmic exhalation. Instead of feeling out of control, you can master it and — sniper or not-take your best shot. 1.What happens in “freezing” according to the text? A. Awareness is lost. B. The heart pounds. C. Senses are sharper. D. The breath quickens. 2.What does the underlined word “petrified” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Confused. B. Occupied. C. Distressed, D. Panicked. 3.Why are living statues and snipers mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. To contrast response types. B. To support response training. C. To illustrate freezing causes. D. To criticize stressful professions. 4.How should students manage exam freezing according to the text? A. Try to shoot like a sniper. B. Hold breath to stay still. C. Apply trained breathing. D. Answer questions rhythmically. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊第一中学·期中）In a clinical trial with 80 adults, a team of researchers found that sleep extension reduced energy intake and resulted in a negative energy balance in real-life settings among adults with overweight who habitually reduced their sleep duration (持续时间). The findings appear in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine. Obesity is a major public health concern. Much evidence suggests that sleeping less than 7 hours per night on a regular basis is associated with adverse health results. Particularly, insufficient sleep duration has been increasingly recognized as an important factor for obesity. However, it remains unknown whether extending sleep duration can be an effective strategy for preventing obesity. The clinical trial involved 80 adults aged 21 to 40 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 29.9, and habitual sleep duration of less than 6.5 hours per night. The study was conducted from November 1, 2014 to October 30, 2020. The participants were able to increase their sleep duration by an average of 1.2 hours per night after a personalized sleep counseling (咨询) session. Overall, participants who increased their sleep duration were able to reduce their calorie intake by an average of 270 kcal per day — which would translate to roughly 12 kg of weight loss over three years if the effects were maintained over a long term. Ultimately, the researchers hope to examine the underlying (潜在的) mechanisms that may explain these results, and believe their work should encourage new, larger studies on weight control to determine if extending sleep can support weight-loss programs and help prevent or reverse obesity. “In our earlier work, we understood that sleep is important for appetite regulation,” Dr. Tasali said. “Now we’ve shown that in real life, without making any other lifestyle changes, you can extend your sleep and eat fewer calories. This could really help people trying to lose weight.” 1.What’s the new finding of the research? A. Sleep extension can lead to weight problems. B. Extending sleep duration helps reduce caloric intake. C. Controlling energy intake is the key to losing weight. D. Overweight adults often decrease their sleep duration. 2.What’s the probable meaning of the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 2? A. Harmful. B. Unique. C. Lasting. D. Apparent. 3.According to the text, the subject of the study ________. A. usually slept 6.5 hours per night B. were 80 adults of the similar age group C. got advice on sleep tailored to themselves D. were particularly chosen from a certain place 4.What do researchers think of the study? A. Its results are hard to explain clearly. B. It lays a foundation for further studies. C. It’s unreliable with many factors ignored. D. It has solved all the puzzles of researchers. 主题语境04 人与自然-灾害防范 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊第一中学·期中）Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and their communities at large. There’s no doubt that seeing homes wiped away and city infrastructure (基础设施) in a mess right after a disaster would be a severe blow. New research by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that survivors of natural disasters often experience worsening mental health effects many months or years later. Surprisingly, the first few weeks after a natural disaster can be a time of emotional highs for a community. It includes a “heroic phase”, when people witness and perform rescues that inspire a sense of altruism (利他主义). That’s followed by the “honeymoon phase”, during which the arrival of large amounts of assistance encourages optimism and bonding within a community. However, the support gradually decreases over time due to limited resources and lack of recognition of the lasting mental health impact of a disaster. That’s when communities enter the “disillusionment phase”. Recovery workers have packed up and moved on, and people feel left alone. Many community members become physically exhausted and substance use disorders surface during this period, which can last months or even years. And trigger events, like the anniversary of the disaster, can cause dramatic increases in mental health problems. The study indicates that emergency preparedness plans should find ways to extend mental health services throughout the long-term recovery phase. “These things should come first: focusing on people with limited financial resources, increasing the awareness of mental health services during expected emotional lows, and suicide prevention strategies as well” said Dr Gary Small, chair of psychiatry at Hackensack University Medical Center. Regardless of the strategy used, providing long-term mental health support is critical to helping disaster survivors get back on their feet and recover from trauma (创伤). It’s a reminder that the natural disaster isn’t just an environmental concern — it’s a mental health issue as well. 1.What mainly causes the community high spirits after a natural disaster? A. Reconstruction work. B. Rescue efforts and support. C. Thankfulness for surviving. D. Increased community participation. 2.What can be a typical feature of the “disillusionment phase”? A. Resources have run out. B. Recovery workers are not helpful. C. The disaster anniversary is observed. D. Survivors may experience hopelessness. 3.What does Dr. Small suggest regarding the mental health services? A. Supporting poor survivors. B. Focusing on financial supporters. C. Recognizing emotional lows. D. Helping survivors recover quickly. 4.What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A. To promote natural disaster response plans. B. To highlight the shortage of mental health services. C. To call for long-term post-disaster mental health care. D. To emphasize the damaging power of natural disasters. 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·山东青岛第十九中学·期中）Saltwater recreational fishing is part of Florida’s tourist economy. Anglers (垂钓者) take 40 million saltwater fishing trips each year in Florida in hopes of hooking a snapper and hogfish. But strict fishing regulations mean that most of the caught fish are safely returned to the water. On Biscayne Bay, Captain Wayne Conn’s 75-foot boat carried twenty anglers. It was not long before one fisherman made a catch. It was a mutton snapper, but it was just 17 inches long. It had to go back in the water. But it couldn’t be just thrown back in. Marine fisheries specialist Angela Collins said, “When reef fish living in deep water are brought to the surface, the gases in their bodies expand, sometimes greatly. They can experience a condition known as barotrauma. That’s when you see the fish’s eyes bulging (鼓胀) out of its head or its stomach popping out of its mouth. That gas expands and has to go somewhere, maybe detrimental to the fish.” Anglers must have special equipment on board to ensure reef fish survive once they’re returned to the water. That includes long needles to pierce the fish’s swim bladder in its body, releasing the pressure. But it’s also important to get the fish back down to its habitat on the bottom, 100 feet or more below the surface. Collins attached a weight to the fish’s lower lip before lowering it slowly back into the water. “This just shoots him down fast,” she said. “It’s closed until this gets to 100 feet. It pops open, letting the fish swim off.” The ship moved to a different spot in deeper water and someone soon got a hit. Collins gave a shout. “Check it out, that fish is special,” he said. It was a 7-or 8-pound mutton snapper. That was a great eating fish. But Lauren Hayes from the University of Miami decided to release it. “I love animals. Fishing is what it is, and the moments waiting for a fish to bite feel more real than having it in the net,” she said. 1.Why was the 17-inch-long fish thrown back? A. It was a special fish. B. It was under the limit. C. Its body expanded greatly. D. Its condition was terrible. 2.What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Harmful. B. Unique. C. Familiar. D. Essential. 3.What is the special equipment used for? A. Protecting the fish’s habitat. B. Making reef fish living well. C. Monitoring the fish’s population. D. Ensuring the released fish’s safety. 4.Which statement may Lauren Hayes agree with? A. Big fish should be kept for eating. B. Strict regulations make fishing less fun. C. The main purpose of fishing is to catch fish. D. The meaning of fishing lies in the experience. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·山东济南第一中学·期中）We’ve all experienced the sudden urge to check our phone, and a new study from Duke University might explain why. The research suggests that this isn’t just a bad habit, but rather that our smartphones might be reshaping our brain’s reward system, making us seek information in a way similar to how we seek food or money. The study involved people playing a simple game where they had to choose between different symbols that offered certain chances of receiving a reward. The rewards were either money, the opportunity to learn a random piece of information (like a fun fact), or nothing. Meanwhile, the participants’ brain activity was monitored using FMRI scans. The results were striking. The researchers found that the brain’s dopamine-rich reward centers, particularly the vmPFC (前额叶皮层), became active when participants were expecting both monetary rewards and informational rewards. This suggests that our brains process the opportunity to gain new information as a valuable reward itself. The desire for information followed a classic “law of demand” — the more expensive (in terms of effort or cost) it was to get information, the less people sought it, just like any other product. “This finding helps explain the ‘checking’ behavior we see with smartphones,” said the study’s lead author. “Each time we slide down to refresh our news feed or check updates, we are essentially seeking a small piece of new information. Our brain perceives this information as having potential value, releasing dopamine (多巴胺) that makes the action feel rewarding, even if the information itself is unimportant.” The researchers believe this insight is crucial for understanding modern behaviors. It indicates that the appeal of digital platforms is not merely about social connection but taps into a fundamental biological mechanism. However, they also warn that this cycle, if left unchecked, could contribute to problematic internet use, as the brain gets caught in a continuous circle of seeking minor informational rewards. 1.How does the author introduce his topic? A. By presenting a personal experience. B. By describing a common daily behavior. C. By quoting a famous philosopher’s saying. D. By comparing ancient and modern human behaviors. 2.The author mentions the “FMRI scans” in Paragraph 2 mainly to ________. A. emphasize the high cost of the scientific research B. describe the physical experience of the participants C. provide objective evidence for the study’s conclusions D. explain the complex technology used in modern psychology 3.What does the “law of demand” in Paragraph 3 indicate ? A. The harder it is to get information, the less people want it. B. People always want more information regardless of the cost. C. The value of information decreases as it becomes easier to get. D. Information is the most valuable product in the modern world. 4.What is the potential risk of the brain’s reward system for information? A. It could slow down our thinking process. B. It might end up with too much screen time. C. It can damage our brain’s fundamental structure. D. It will prevent us from learning essential knowledge. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博实验中学·期中）As human species, our big brains and flexible hands have always made us feel special. However, in a study published in the journal Communications Biology, researchers investigated nearly 100 primate species including monkeys, apes and humans and revealed that the creatures with longer thumbs (拇指) usually had larger brains. The researchers assumed that our ancestors first evolved (进化)hand flexibility, which then promoted the development of a larger brain. For instance, as primates’ control of objects improved, their brains would have had to become bigger to use these abilities. Joanna Baker, lead author of the study said. “Ultimately, though, the two needed to go hand in hand,” she adds. While Baker and her colleagues predicted that longer thumbs would be tied to growth of the cerebellum — the part of the brain that influences movement and coordination (协调), the team was surprised to find that they are actually associated with the neocortex, a large region involved in cognition and sensory information. This suggests that longer thumbs are “linked to thinking, not movement.” Later, they tested the idea that the evolution of longer thumbs is associated with tool use, but they didn’t find any correlation. Ultimately, “we’ve always known that our big brains and sharp fingers set us apart, but now we can see they didn’t evolve separately,” Baker says. The study suggests our species is not quite as unique as we once thought, and it also represents the first direct evidence that brain evolution and hand flexibility are associated throughout the primate family tree. Fotos Alexandros Karakostis, a biological anthropologist who was not involved in the study, comments that the research indicates that adaptations to the brain and hand likely evolved together. However, he notes that the brain size and thumb length cannot take only credit for the brain evolution or high level of hand coordination. 1.What was the assumption of the researchers according to paragraph 2? A. Brain evolution determined hand size. B. Bigger brains made humans intelligent. C. Object control was easy for ancestors. D. Hand flexibility drove brain development. 2.Why does the author mention “tool use” in paragraph 3? A. To make a prediction. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a different view. D. To offer supporting evidence. 3.What is Karakostis’ attitude towards the research? A. Favourable. B. Objective. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. The bigger the brain, the longer the thumb. B. Big brains and sharp fingers set humans apart. C. Primate brains and thumbs evolve together. D. Evolution mainly depends on brains and hands. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东淄博·期中）Every runner is unique, and a shoe that works for one might trip up another. Outside of trying on different designs, there’s no quick and easy way to know which shoe best suits a person’s particular running style. MIT engineers are hoping to change that with a new model which integrates a person’s height, weight, and other general dimensions, along with shoe properties such as hardness. With this input, the model then simulates (模拟) a person’s running gait (步法) in a particular shoe. While the model can accurately simulate changes in a person’s running gait when comparing two very different shoe types, it is quite futile when comparing relatively similar designs, including most commercially available running shoes. For this reason, the researchers believe the current model could just be used as a tool for shoe designers looking to push the boundaries of shoe design. The team is planning to improve the model, in hopes that consumers can one day use a similar version to pick shoes that fit their personal running style. “We’ll allow for enough flexibility in the model so that it can be used to understand different individual behaviors,” says Sarah Fay, an MIT researcher. “Way down the road, we imagine that if you send us a video of yourself running, we could 3D print the shoe that's right for you. That would be the moonshot.” Fay and co-workers drew inspiration from Thomas McMahon, who once used a very simple model to simulate a runner’s essential running dynamics. Using this model, he predicted how fast a person could run on various track surfaces. “McMahon’s work showed that, even if we don’t model every single muscle and component of the human body, we still can create valuable insights into how we design for athletic performance,” Fay says. Following McMahon’s lead, the team developed a similar, simplified model of a runner’s dynamics. 1.What do the MIT engineers aim to do? A. Identify the appropriate running style for people. B. Predict a runner’s performance in running races. C. Determine suitable running shoes for individuals. D. Raise the appearance and quality of running shoes. 2.What does the underlined word “futile” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Ineffective. B. Innovative. C. Unnecessary. D. Conservative. 3.What will the team focus on while improving their model? A. Its customization capabilities. B. Its efficiency in mass production. C. Its enhancement of shoes’ appearance. D. Its adaptability to different 3D printers. 4.What does Fay highlight through her words in paragraph 4? A. The significance of comprehensive data collection. B. The value of simplicity in solving complex problems. C. The impact of track surfaces on athletic performance. D. The role of advanced computational models in sports. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·山东济南第一中学·期中）Honey is a sweet treat that most people take for granted. But it is more than just a topping for cakes or a sweetener for tea. It’s a miracle of sorts. Honey is the only food product made by an insect that humans eat. Even with all our technical abilities, no one has figured out how to make artificial honey. There’s really no substitute (替代品). A single pound of honey may require a beehive of up to 60,000 bees to visit two million flowers. No wonder some people call it liquid gold! Although amber-colored clover honey tends to be most common, honey comes in a variety of shades and flavors, depending on the flowers that the bees gather nectar (花蜜) from. Honey has been used throughout history in a number of ways. One of the most remarkable things about it is that it never goes bad. It may crystallize, meaning that it becomes solid in parts, but simply warming it slightly will melt the crystals and return the honey to its liquid form. No one knows exactly how long honey has been used by humans, but Spanish cave paintings dated at 7,000BC show early evidence of beckeeping. Honey was also used by the ancient Egyptians as a sweetener, as a gift to the gods, and even as an element used to create mummies. Honey has been found inside the Egyptian pyramids, and although that honey was more than 3,000 years old, it would still taste like honey and be safe to eat. No other food has such lasting power! Besides its many uses as a sweetener, honey has long been used as a medicinal remedy (疗法). Because it’s difficult for any kind of bacteria (细菌) to survive in honey, it makes a perfect barrier on cuts and can prevent infection. Honey is also an effective remedy to relieve a painful throat. It has even been found to be as effective in easing coughs in children. The next time a bee flies through your garden or you spread some honey on a piece of toast, think about the miracle of honey. 1.According to the passage, what makes honey unique among the foods that humans eat? A. Its various shades. B. Its natural creation. C. Its delightful sweetness. D. Its remarkable history. 2.Why does the author mention the honey in the Egyptian pyramids? A. To illustrate that it never goes bad. B. To show the cleverness of Egyptians. C. To compare it with the honey in Spain. D. To inform that it originates from Egypt. 3.What is one of the medicinal uses of honey? A. Promoting bacterial growth. B. Curing throat pain. C. Preventing infection in wounds. D. Resisting common colds. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Honey: a Sweet Miracle of Nature B. Honey: a Timeless Treasure C. Honey: a Natural Medicinal Remedy D. Honey: a Common Sweetener Passage 4 （25-26高二上·山东菏泽第一中学·期中）A pioneering new study links satellite and brain imaging data to identify how environmental factors can affect mental health, cognition (认知) and brain development in young people. The researchers used a dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the largest ongoing study on child brain development in the US. They analyzed satellite-based observations, including different types of land cover and land use and the amount of light captured by satellites at night. These data can be combined with neuroimaging (神经影像) and behavioral measures to provide insights. The ABCD dataset provides a unique opportunity for a much deeper understanding of associations between a range of indicators of the complex physical urban environment and their impacts on mental health. This dataset also allows researchers to observe dynamic environmental changes and their impact on mental health over time, and identify specific interventions to boost mental well-being in various communities. The study examined the use of land, considering factors such as light pollution and the number of buildings in an area, in order to understand the social and economic status of the area. The researchers found that places with more light at night and more buildings tended to have lower levels of parental education and household income, while areas with more trees and plants were linked to higher education and income. “The findings highlight the importance of the urban environment to mental health. We see a critical window during childhood and adolescence (青春期) where environmental factors can shape future cognitive and behavioral development,” said Vince Calhoun, the study’s senior author and principal investigator. By combining satellite data and brain imaging, researchers gain a deeper understanding of how environmental factors shape the cognitive and behavioral development of young people, which is of great significance for urban planning and public health policies. 1.How was this research conducted? A. By performing data analysis. B. By referring to previous studies. C. By recording behavior measures. D. By carrying out national surveys. 2.Which of the following will contribute to mental well-being? A. Enhancing city street lighting. B. Promoting community development. C. Creating more green spaces in urban areas. D. Increasing high-rise constructions in urban cores. 3.What can we learn about the study from Vince Calhoun’s words in paragraph 5? A. Its aim. B. Its significance. C. Its future direction. D. Its practical application. 4.What does the text mainly talk about? A. The use of satellite imaging in urban planning. B. The benefits of reducing light pollution in cities. C. Urban environment’s influence on youth mental growth. D. Parental education’s role in children’s mental well-being 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·山东菏泽第一中学·期中）Young children often bother about what foods they want to eat, preferring a small range of foods, and are unwilling to try new meals. Picky eating is often considered a short-term stage, and parents tend to blame themselves when it continues. However, a study published in the Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry found that it’s not a stage — it’s a behavior influenced by specific genes (基因). The team surveyed parents with identical or non-identical twins in England and Wales for their research. Parents filled out questionnaires on their children’s eating behaviors when they were 16 months, three, five, seven, and 13 years old. Studying twins helps researchers determine whether a behavior is because of genes or other environmental factors. Researchers also analyzed the survey results from 2,400 sets of twins enrolled in a larger study examining how genetic and environmental factors affect early growth. To separate genetic and environmental influences, the research team compared the similarity in picky eating between non-identical twin pairs, who share 50% of their genes, and identical twins, who share 100% of their genes. Non-identical twins showed more different eating behaviors than identical twins, suggesting a genetic influence. In fact, researchers say genetic differences accounted for 60% of the variations in pickiness at 16 months of age. For children between the ages of three and 13, genes contributed to 74% of picky eating cases. However, environmental factors became more influential as identical twins grew older. The differences in picky eating habits between seven and 13 were because of unique experiences, such as their number of friends. This means while picky eating is largely genetic, it can be changed. “Parents can continue to support their children to eat a wide variety of foods throughout childhood and into youth, but peers (同龄人) and friends might become a more important influence on children’s diets as they reach their teens,” adds Alison Fildes, a researcher at the University of Leeds. 1.What do people tend to think of picky eating? A. It usually won’t last for long. B. Parents are not to blame for it. C. It may develop into a severe problem. D. Children themselves are usually at fault. 2.What can we know about the twins in the study? A. They all live in England. B. They are of different ages. C. They have the same genes. D. They refused to fill in forms. 3.What did the team conclude through their research? A. Picky eating cannot be passed down. B. Picky eating is largely influenced by genes. C. Twins are more likely to be picky eaters. D. Children’s pickiness increases as they grow older. 4.What do Alison Fildes’ words imply about picky eating? A. It can be caused by peers’ diets. B. Parents have little control over it. C. Friends can play a role in reducing picky eating. D. Teenagers typically don’t experience picky eating. 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东淄博实验中学·期中）Designers are increasingly using different kinds of materials to produce products that do not harm the environment. Reused plastic bottles, wood, plant fiber, and even seaweed are being used in place of traditional materials for household goods and clothing. Nina Edwards Anker’s electronic lights look like ancient pieces of paper placed around LEDs. But a closer look shows that they are made of algae (海藻). Anker came up with the idea while working on a doctoral research project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. She wants to find ways to mix design ideas with production and supply methods that do not use up resources. Heimtextil is an international trade show for new textiles (纺织品) in Frankfurt, Germany. This year’s show placed attention on making new products that came from reused materials. Olaf Schmidt, vice president of textile technology, said, “We’ll see companies bespeaking how materials like nylon, plastic and metal can be reused—for example, carpet tiles (方块地砖) that can be reused at the end of their life as materials for new tiles.” Fashion industry expert Veronika Lipar described the field’s most important change—a move to sustainability (持续性). She said, “The industry is trying to reduce ‘effect’ on the environment and no longer be the biggest polluter.” Patagonia, North Face and Timberland are among the companies now using natural materials to produce goods. Italian company Frumat has developed a plant-based leather made from the waste created by apple juice makers. Two Mexican developers, Adrian Lopez Velarde and Marte Cazarez, have created a leather using cactus (仙人掌) leaves. Cactuses interest new material developers because they can live in hot climates and poor soil. Meanwhile, Pinatex helps support farms in the Philippines by using waste from the pineapple harvest to create material that is sold to makers of shoes, clothing and other products. 1.Why are Nina Edwards Anker’s electronic lights made of algae? A. To save resources. B. To cut down the costs. C. To improve the lights’ quality. D. To produce more electronic lights. 2.What does the underlined word “bespeaking” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Responding. B. Predicting. C. Refusing. D. Displaying. 3.What do Veronika Lipar’s words suggest? A. Fashion industry is not satisfying people’s demands. B. Fashion industry does great harm to the environment. C. Fashion industry uses lots of environment-friendly materials. D. Fashion industry has been developing too fast over the years. 4.How does the author mainly develop the text? A. By making comparisons. B. By providing examples. C. By listing data and analyzing them. D. By asking questions and answering them. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东潍坊·期中）MIAMI BEACH — South Florida is seeing a wave of new cars, but they won’t add to traffic. That’s because the cars are made of marine-grade (海洋级) concrete and were placed underwater. Over several days late last month, 22 life-size cars were lowered into the ocean, several hundred feet off South Beach. The project, called “Concrete Coral”, was organized by the nonprofit REEFLINE, a group known for building underwater sculpture(雕塑) parks as a way to create human-made coral reefs (珊瑚礁). And 2,200 native corals grown in a nearby Miami lab will soon be added to the underwater structure, which will serve as a habitat rich in ocean biodiversity. “I think we are making history here,” said Ximena Caminos, the group’s founder. “It’s a kind of underwater reef that’s teaming up with science, teaming up with art.” Colin Foord, who runs the Miami coral lab, explained that they will soon start the planting process to create a forest of soft corals over the car sculptures. He said, “Nature will take over again, and we’re helping by growing the soft corals.” Foord is confident that the native Gorgon corals will boom because they were grown from survivors of the 2023 marine heat crisis which destroyed vast quantities of Florida corals. Besides the project serving as a testing ground for new coral transplantation, Miami Beach governor Steven Meiner expects it to generate local jobs through ecotourism activities. The nonprofit also offers community education programs, where volunteers can plant corals alongside scientists, and a floating ocean learning center, where participants can gain firsthand experience in coral protection. Caminos acknowledges that the underwater structure won’t fix all the problems — such as climate change and sea level rise — but she said it can serve as a driving force for dialogue about the value of coastal ecosystems. 1.Why were the concrete cars placed underwater? A. To recycle the old cars. B. To promote a new art form. C. To make a home for corals. D. To reduce the traffic pressure. 2.What is the main reason for Foord’s growing the Gorgon corals? A. Its soft nature. B. Its fast reproduction rate. C. Its unique beauty. D. Its strong ability to survive. 3.What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. Future plans of the group. B. Ways to protect corals. C. Chain benefits of the project. D. Solutions to job shortage. 4.What is Caminos’ attitude towards the project? A. Concerned. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东德州·期中）Social media is full of animal videos that make us smile, like a baby turtle seemingly smiling as its stomach is brushed and a polar bear appearing to pet a dog. These posts go viral as the animals seem likeable and happy. But experts point out that we’re misreading these behaviors. The turtle may be trying to bite in frustration, and the polar bear may not be friendly. This misunderstanding happens because we automatically interpret animal behavior the way we would interpret human behavior, which is called anthropomorphism, the tendency to attribute human qualities to animals. We see the turtle’s open mouth as a smile because it arches upward like we do when we’re happy. The bear’s movements look tender because they mirror how we might pet a dog. For over a century, a principle called Morgan’s Canon, proposed in 1892, suggested that researchers should always assume the simplest explanation for animal behavior—usually meaning animals don’t have complex emotions or thoughts. But recent research shows this approach went too far. Scientists now know that many animals do have emotions, just not always the ones we think we see. The problem isn’t that we’re seeing emotions where none exist—it’s that we’re often seeing the wrong emotions. Take the example of chimps (黑猩猩) and their “smiles”. When chimps have their teeth in what looks like a happy smile, they’re actually showing fear or submission, not joy. Our brains automatically read this as happiness because that’s what the expression means in humans. Understanding this bias is important because how we perceive animals affects how we treat them. When we correctly recognize that an animal is in trouble rather than enjoying itself, we can make better decisions about animal welfare. Our emotional connection to animals is valuable, but it works best when it’s based on accurate understanding rather than misinterpretation. The solution isn’t to stop caring or to deny their emotions. 1.What does the author mainly suggest in paragraph 1? A. People often misinterpret animal behaviors. B. Animal videos offer popular pastime online. C. Animals can express emotions like humans do. D. Social media helps people connect with animals. 2.What does the underlined word “attribute” mean in paragraph 2? A. Display. B. Apply. C. Compare. D. Educate. 3.What can be inferred about Morgan’s Canon? A. It correctly identified animal emotions. B. It was widely accepted by modern scientists. C. It greatly underestimated animal intelligence. D. It successfully prevented anthropomorphism. 4.What does the author suggest in the end? A. Avoiding emotional links with animals. B. Employing human standards to animals. C. Combining care with precise knowledge. D. Trusting first impressions of animal behavior. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）For centuries, people thought that fish did not feel pain or emotions. Now research has shown that fish not only have feelings but can also sense one another’s moods. When a human understands and shares the feelings of another person, this is called empathy. Scientists have found that a chemical in the brain called oxytocin is involved in our ability to connect with others in this way. A basic form of empathy, known as emotional contagion, happens when an individual sees someone else displaying an emotion (such as happiness or fear) and reacts by displaying the same type of behavior. An international team of researchers tested zebrafish with a series of experiments. First, they placed the fish in two separate tanks and gave one group a substance that caused them to act fearful — either freezing or swimming irregularly. Even though the fish in the nearby tank had not touched the substance, they also began to freeze in fear. “They respond to other individuals being frightened... just like us.” Ibukun Akinrinade, a co-author of the study, told the Associated Press. The scientists tried the experiment with fish that had been modified so their brains would not produce oxytocin. These fish were much less likely to act anxious when they saw other fish showing fear. If researchers gave them an injection of oxytocin, their ability to empathize returned. Finally, researchers played videos of fearful fish on one side of the tank and relaxed fish on the other side. Normal fish moved closer to the side that showed the fearful fish, which might have been an attempt to comfort them. The modified fish did not move toward either side. Looking at the normal fish’s brains, researchers saw activity in a region similar to the one humans and other mammals use when empathizing with others. This could mean that the ability to have empathy developed more than 350 million years ago, when fish and mammals shared a common ancestor. Next, researchers want to study whether fish also transfer positive emotions to one another. 1.The phrase “emotional contagion” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________. A. the ability to control one’s own emotions when others are emotional B. the process of sharing and reflecting others’ emotions unconsciously C. the tendency to hide one’s true feelings to avoid affecting others D. the capacity to understand the root cause of others’ emotions 2.What is Ibukun Akinrinade’s view on fish empathy? A. Fish empathy is limited to negative emotions like fear. B. Zebrafish are the only fish species capable of empathy. C. Fish empathy is stronger than that of humans and mammals. D. The emotional response of fish is comparable to that of humans. 3.What did the researchers find about the modified zebrafish? A. They could still sense fear in other fish without oxytocin. B. They showed increased anxiety when injected with oxytocin. C. They failed to respond to videos of either fearful or relaxed fish. D. They moved closer to fearful fish to comfort them intentionally. 4.What can be the best title of the text? A. More Than Feelings: How Fish Share Emotions B. From Fear to Comfort: The Social Lives of Fish C. The Ancient Roots of Empathy: Evidence from Fish D. A New Discovery: The Emotional World of Zebrafish 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·山东实验中学·期中）New era requires a new vocabulary. Will we still talk about the “mobile” phone when all phones are mobile, or when they are implanted within us? Technology is everywhere nowadays, especially at work. Some people are really good at using all the cool new tools that keep popping up. They have something called a TQ, or technology quotient. Think of it like a superpower for understanding the latest tech stuff that our great-grandparents would have found really impossible. Having a high TQ means you’re awesome at using all the cool new things that not everyone knows about yet. The examples are common and becoming more and more frequent. For the parent it might be a home-school video class. For the brand manager it might be search engine upgrading. And for the clinician, it might be the role of artificial intelligence in supporting the analysis of a CT scan. TQ attempts to quantify our ability to make sensible use of current technologies and to quickly welcome future creations. This adoption is critical from a variety of perspectives, from social to business. One trip into the world of ChatGPT and we can see how the dynamics of AI and search are changing for just about everyone. Any Mom or Dad can understand the value of IQ and EQ in projecting the potential for a child’s success. But what about technology? The ability for the child and the teacher to understand, welcome and capitalize on technology will be a defining aspect of their lives as we speed into the future. We are increasingly defined by technology and our active participation in everything from smart phones to social media. It might just be time for the basic human needs of food, water and shelter to incorporate technology too. And when that happens, it just might be a good idea to measure it. While this shift brings challenges, it’s unstoppable. As TQ rises, it will combine with IQ and EQ, reshaping how we live, work, and learn — turning adaptability with tech into a measurable edge. 1.What is TQ according to the text? A. Speed of learning new languages. B. Skill in fixing high-tech products. C. Ability to apply new technologies. D. Talent for following modern changes. 2.Which of the following people has a high TQ? A. A manager who uses modern search engines. B. A doctor who analyzes medical records with AI. C. A grandparent who finds new-tech devices awkward. D. A mom who watches videos of her child’s school life. 3.What does the underlined phrase “capitalize on” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Take advantage of. B. Pay attention to. C. Come up with. D. Watch out for. 4.What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. Why Are IQ and EQ Important for TQ? B. What Makes TQ the New Intelligence? C. Where to Start Adapting to TQ Changes? D. How Has TQ Changed in the Modern Era? Passage 2 （25-26高二上·山东实验中学·期中）Previously thought to be an exclusively human skill, knowing when a friend could use a clue appears to be a talent we share with our primate (灵长类) cousins. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland observed bonobos (倭黑猩猩) in a recent study point human experimenter in the direction of treats they wished to swallow up. In the study’s experiments, three male bonobos took turns to play a game with an experimenter where treats were hidden under upturned cups—sometimes while the experimenter was watching, and sometimes not. If the experimenter found the treat, it would be given to the bonobo, providing a motivation for the bonobos to share what they knew. The experiments showed the bonobos were more likely to gesture and to point more quickly at the cup hiding the treat when the experimenter didn’t know which cup hid the treat. It seems like a simple action, but it’s actually a new insight into how our closest relatives can think and assess the perspective of others. Previous studies have observed the bonobos warning their companions of danger, but these recent experiments remove elements of group mentality and survival ability, exploring cognitive functions of individuals. “The ability to sense gaps in one another’s knowledge is at the heart of our most advanced social behaviors, central to the ways we cooperate, communicate, and work together strategically,” says psychologist Chris Krupenye. “What we’ve shown here is that bonobos will communicate with a partner to change their behavior, but a key open question for further research is whether they are also pointing to change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs,” says psychologist Luke Townrow. This theory of mind— the capacity to understand that others have mental states of belief or perspective that might be different to one’s own— has typically been thought to distinguish human cognition from that of other animals. 1.What is a task of the experimenter? A. Monitor the treats. B. Signal to the bonobos. C. Hide the treats under a cup. D. Pick out the cup with treats. 2.In the experiments, what change in bonobos was observed? A. The eagerness of their gestures. B. The responses to getting the treats. C. The flexibility of their movements. D. The feelings about the experimenter. 3.What is the finding of the study? A. Bonobos can warn others of danger. B. Bonobos have a sense of community. C. Bonobos are good at using body language. D. Bonobos can judge others’ state of knowledge. 4.What key question will the further study explore about bonobos? A. How they form their perspectives. B. How they communicate with others. C. Whether they can influence others’ mind. D. Whether they can develop mental beliefs. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·山东师范大学附属中学·期中）The human mind is deeply influenced by the collective (集体的). This phenomenon, termed herd mentality, describes the tendency of individuals to adopt the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the groups to which they belong. It shapes our thoughts and decisions, often without conscious awareness. From social media trends to consumer behavior patterns, herd mentality affects how we think and act. But are we truly independent thinkers, or are we simply following the crowd? Herd mentality has evolutionary roots. For early humans, survival depended on group cohesion (凝聚力). Those who stayed with the tribe enjoyed protection and access to resources, while loners faced threats alone. Over generations, this adaptive behavior became a natural part of life. Today, although the physical dangers of being alone have decreased, the psychological pull of the group remains powerful. Human beings are naturally social creatures, driven by a fundamental need for acceptance and a sense of belonging. Our identities are often tied to the groups we belong to, and the fear of rejection drives us to conform, even at the cost of our personal beliefs. This group pressure is strengthened by cognitive biases (认知偏见) that twist judgment. The herd mentality leads individuals to trust the majority opinion without critically evaluating it, while repeated exposure to the same information can make it seem more believable. Social media intensifies these biases by promoting popular content over truth, creating echo chambers that support existing beliefs rather than challenge them. In certain circumstances, herd mentality can have positive effects, particularly in situations where individuals have limited information or expertise. Following the majority can lead to better outcomes, as the collective knowledge of the group surpasses that of any single person. However, excessive herd mentality poses risks, including suppressing independent thought, harming creativity, and facilitating the spread of misinformation. Therefore, developing critical thinking — questioning assumptions, evaluating sources, and exploring diverse perspectives — is essential for both personal independence and collective progress. 1.Which behavior best demonstrates herd mentality? A. Supporting group opinions to fit in with others. B. Improving a solution with individual creativity. C. Selecting a career based on family expectations. D. Accepting expert advice in complicated situations. 2.Why did early humans develop herd mentality? A. To enhance their social status. B. To meet their emotional needs. C. To strengthen their hunting skills. D. To increase their chances of survival. 3.What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A. The link between group pressure and self-identity. B. The effect of herd mentality on human minds. C. The factors contributing to herd mentality. D. The role of social media in shaping personal beliefs. 4.Which statement will the author probably agree with? A. Herd mentality is inevitable in highly connected societies. B. It is important to maintain critical thinking in a trend-following society. C. Misinformation can lead individuals to rely on collective opinions. D. True independence is achieved by rejecting diverse perspectives. 主题语境02 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·山东泰安·期中）Primates — the group of mammals that includes apes, humans, lemurs, and monkeys — often help each other raise their young babies. A new study has found that snub-nosed monkeys choose who babysits their young based on who has the most parenting experience. A team of researchers at Southwest Forestry University in China made this discovery by accident. They noticed that during the breeding season at the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys often passed around their newborns. The monkeys took turns cleaning, carrying, and feeding the newborns. This behavior reminded the team of the way humans babysit for one another, so they decided to observe the monkeys more closely. The researchers followed the group every day for six months. They observed more than 400 moments in which a female monkey interacted with a mother and newborn. Some of these interactions included cleaning the newborn or gently pulling them closer. Once the babies were slightly older, the mothers were more likely to allow other females to take care of them. When choosing a babysitter, the mothers seemed to base their decision on how much parenting experience the other female monkeys had. Younger females with less experience would usually be allowed to look after the babies after a more experienced monkey had given up their babysitting duties. Letting other group members help with childcare can make it possible for mothers to get the rest they need. It also has benefits for inexperienced caretakers. Chun-Yan Cui, one of the researchers involved in the study, told New Scientist that caring for others’ young gives the younger females a chance to learn more about parenting, which prepares them for having their own offspring in the future. She said that more research needs to be done to find out whether the monkeys’ social status affects babysitting choices and whether being related to the mother makes a difference. 1.What did the researchers observe about snub-nosed monkeys? A. They cared for newborns in turn. B. They let inexperienced monkeys babysit. C. They kept newborns away from other females. D. They communicated with newborns frequently. 2.What does a mother monkey mainly consider when choosing a babysitter? A. The babysitter’s age and energy level. B. The babysitter’s social rank in the group. C. The babysitter’s previous childcare experience. D. The babysitter’s family relationship with the mother. 3.How do younger female monkeys benefit from their role as babysitters? A. They obtain higher social status. B. They spend less time on other duties. C. They gain practice for future parenting. D. They receive food rewards from the group. 4.What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. How Monkeys Choose a Proper Babysitter B. What Benefits Monkey Babysitting Brings C. What Behaviors Monkeys Show in Babysitting D. How Researchers Observed Monkey Babysitting / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B5.C 主题语境02人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.C 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.B 主题语境04人与自然-灾害防范 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C 主题语境05人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.D 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.B 1/3 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.A4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.A Passage 4 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.C 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.A2.B3.B4C 主题语境04人与自然-环境 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.D3.B4B Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4.B 主题语境05人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.A 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 213 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.C Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.D3.C4.B 主题语境02人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.A 3/3