专题02 易错点、语法点归纳及专项训练-2026-2027学年八年级英语期中复习精讲精练（新教材外研版）

专题02 易错点、语法点归纳及专项训练 1.What do/does sb. think of...？某人认为……怎么样？ 常用句式，相当于“How do/does sb. like/find...?”,用于询问某人对某人或某事物的看法。其中of是介词，其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。 （1）—What does Jim think of the movie?吉姆认为这部电影怎么样？ —He thinks it’s exciting.他认为它很刺激。 （2）—What do you think of learning Chinese, David? 戴维，你认为学汉语怎么样？ —Actually, I find it hard to learn Chinese well in a short time.事实上，我认为短期内学好汉语非常困难。 （3）—How do you like/find my songs?你觉得我的歌怎么样？ —Pretty good. I like them.非常好，我喜欢它们。 2.crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ adj.挤满人（物）的；拥挤的 常用短语：be crowded with挤满…… The old town square was crowded with people.古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。 拓展 3.feel like感觉像，有……感觉 后常接名词（短语）或从句等。 The interview only took ten minutes, but it felt like hours. 面试只用了十分钟，但感觉像几个小时似的。（接名词） I felt like I was a fish in the pool.我感觉自己就像池塘里的一条鱼。（接从句） 拓展 feel like还可意为“想要”，常见用法有： feel like sth.想要某物 feel like doing sth.（=want/would like to do sth.）想要做某事 I feel like a drink.我想要一杯饮料。 I don’t feel like saying anything now.我现在什么都不想说。 4.instead of代替……；而不是…… instead与instead of两者都有“代替”的含义，区别如下： instead 副词 常位于句首或句末，位于句首时常用逗号与后面的内容隔开。 instead of 短语介词 位于句首或句中，后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。 He didn’t reply. Instead, he left the room.他没有回答，反而离开了房间。 Kids should spend more time exercising instead of playing with mobile phones.儿童应该花更多的时间做锻炼而不是玩手机。 4.although /ɔ:lˈðəʊ/ conj.虽然，尽管 相当于though，引导让步状语从句。 Although sleep is so important, many people these days are not getting enough. 尽管睡眠如此重要，现在仍有很多人睡眠不足。 【特别提醒】 在英语中,表示“虽然……但是……”时, although/though不能和but在同一个句子中使用。 Although the machine is old, it still runs well.=The machine is old, but it still runs well.尽管这台机器老旧了,但是它依然运行良好。 5.difference /ˈdɪfərəns/ n.差别，差异 make a difference/make some difference（to...）（对……）有/有些影响；（对……）有/有些作用 There is very little difference between the two books.这两本书差别很小。（不可数名词） The two sweaters look the same but there is a big difference in price.这两件毛衣看起来一样,但是价格大不相同。（可数名词） Small actions make a difference. Each of us can play a part.小行动也会产生影响。我们每个人都可以发挥作用。 拓展 语境串记 Please look at the two different pictures, and circle the differences between them.请看这两幅不同的图片,并圈出它们之间的不同之处。 6.wise /waɪz/ adj.明智的，明断的 I think you were wise to be a doctor after graduation.我认为你毕业后当医生是明智的。 You have made a wise decision.你做了一个明智的决定。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.——Benjamin Franklin 早睡早起使人健康、富有又聪明。——本杰明·富兰克林 拓展 【语境串记】 My aunt is a wise lady. She always makes decisions wisely. Her great wisdom comes from her rich experiences.我姨妈是一位有智慧的女士。她总是明智地做出决定。她的大智慧来自她丰富的经历。 7.willing /ˈwɪlɪŋ/ adj.愿意（乐意）（做某事）的 常用结构：be willing to do sth.愿意做某事 My brother and I are willing to help my mother do the housework.我和我哥哥乐意帮助妈妈做家务。 Many consumers are willing to pay more for organic food.许多消费者愿意为有机食品支付更高的价格。 8.value /ˈvælju:/ n.价值 be of great value有很大价值/重大意义 be of little value没什么价值 Remember, the value of you is not decided by your appearance, but by who you are as a person.要记住，你的价值不是由你的外表决定的，而是由你的为人决定的。 The Book of Songs, the earliest collection of poems and songs in Chinese history, is of great value.《诗经》是中国历史上最早的诗歌总集，具有重要价值。 拓展 （1）［动词］重视；珍视 value sb./sth. （for...） （因……）而重视/珍视某人或某物 I hope all of you will value music and make it a part of your life.我希望你们都能重视音乐，让它成为生活的一部分。 Mr Li valued Jane for her hard work.李先生因简工作努力而看重她。 【语境串记】 We prove the value of life by doing meaningful and valuable things.我们通过做有意义和有价值的事情来证明生命的价值。 9.realise /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ v.知道，明白 ［及物动词］不用于进行时，其后可接名词、代词或从句作宾语。 He didn’t realise his mistake.他没认识到自己的错误。 We should realise that not sleeping enough is a serious problem.我们应该知道睡眠不足是一个严重的问题。 拓展 ［及物动词］实现 主语一般是人，后面常接dream、goal等名词作宾语。 Could Bill realise his dream of being an “all-school” runner?比尔能实现成为一名“校级”赛跑运动员的梦想吗？ 10.nothing /ˈnʌθɪŋ/ pron.没有任何东西；没有事 作不定代词，表示否定意义，相当于not...anything。 nothing在句中作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 I have nothing to worry about.=I don’t have anything to worry about.我没有什么可担心的。 There is nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.今天的报纸上没什么有趣的事情。 impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbəl/ adj.不可能发生的；办不到的 由“im-（否定前缀）+possible（adj.可能的）”构成。 It’s impossible for me to get such great success without their help.没有他们的帮助，我不可能获得如此大的成功。 Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 拓展 11.doubt /daʊt/ n. & v.怀疑 （1）［名词］疑惑；疑问（①句用法） without doubt毫无疑问；的确 no doubt无疑；很可能 there is no doubt that...毫无疑问…… No doubt winter is a good time to make snowmen.冬天无疑是堆雪人的好时节。 There is no doubt that Yuan Longping is a great hero.（=Yuan Longping is without doubt a great hero.）毫无疑问，袁隆平是一个伟大的英雄。 （2）［动词］怀疑（②句用法） 其后接名词、代词或从句作宾语。 You shouldn’t doubt him. He is an honest man.你不应该怀疑他。他是一个诚实的人。 I doubt whether the plan will work.我怀疑这个计划是否可行。 12.succeed /səkˈsi:d/ v.成功，达成 ［不及物动词］其后不能直接跟宾语。 succeed in （doing） sth.在（做）某事上取得成功 Don’t lose heart. If you keep working hard, you will succeed some day.不要灰心。如果你继续努力，总有一天你会成功的。 In the end, they succeeded in climbing to the top of the mountain.最后，他们成功登上了山顶。 拓展 succeed的相关词： 13.as long as只要 引导条件状语从句。当主句为一般将来时或主句谓语含有情态动词时，as long as引导的条件状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来，即“主将从现”。 As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 你只要小心开车,就会很安全。 We can go for a picnic as long as the weather is fine.只要天气晴朗，我们就能去野餐。 拓展 as long as的用法还有： （1）和……一样长（属于as...as结构） The red ruler is as long as the blue one.这把红色的尺子和那把蓝色的一样长。 （2）长达……，达……之久 I’ve lived here for as long as 20 years.我在此居住达20年之久。 14.stick to坚持；遵守，信守 stick to doing sth.坚持做某事 You are on the way to success as long as you stick to your dreams.只要你坚持自己的梦想，你就在通往成功的路上。 She stuck to staying in the desert place and made an effort to devote her youth. 她坚守在沙漠之地，努力奉献自己的青春。 语法 现在完成时（1） 知识点1 现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film It's OK? 你看过《我，许可》那部电影吗？ —Yes. I have watched it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they given a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗？ —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的，他们举办过了。/不，他们没有。 知识点2 动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词，在词尾直接加-ed visit→visited enjoy→enjoyed 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，在词尾加-d love→loved move→moved 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先将y变为i，再加-ed carry→carried cry→cried 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed stop→stopped drop→dropped (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记，常见的不规则变化形式见下表： 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be was/were been cut cut cut do did done eat ate eaten find found found go went gone have had had let let let make made made see saw seen 知识点3 just、already和yet 现在完成时常与just、already或yet等副词连用。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”，通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中，谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 知识点4 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 因此，同一个发生在过去的动作，如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果，或只是说明从前有过这么一回事，而不指明具体发生的时间，就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻，而不强调它的现在结果和影响，就用一般过去时。试比较： I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。（说明已了解其内容） I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。（只说明上星期看了电影） (2)现在完成时说明的是目前情况，所以它属于现在时态范畴，而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last year，last week，in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用，如already，always，ever，for two years，never，many times，now，often，this week/year，today，up to now，up to the present等。 He has always studied hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already sent the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I have been to the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 Unit 2 Getting along 1.get along with sb.与某人和睦相处 相当于get on with sb.。 It’s important to learn how to get along/on with your classmates at school.在学校学习如何与同班同学和睦相处是很重要的。 拓展 get along/on with sth.（谈及或问及某人）进展，进步 I’m not getting on very fast with this job.我这个工作进展不太快。 2.shout /ʃaʊt/ v.大声说，喊叫，呼喊 shout for help 呼救 shout at…冲……大声叫嚷（有愤怒的语气） shout to…对……大声喊叫（因距离远而呼喊） I shouted for help but nobody came.我大声呼救，但没人来。 He ran into his brother’s room and started shouting at him in anger.他跑进他弟弟的房间，开始愤怒地对他大喊大叫。 Mary shouted to us to come in and help her.玛丽大声喊我们进来帮助她。 3.since /sɪns/ prep.自从……以来；自从……之后 后接表示时间点的词或短语，常与现在完成时连用。since then从那以后 Since thousands of years ago, Chinese people have dreamed of going to the moon. 几千年来，中国人就梦想着去月球。 Since then, no one has seen the bear.从那以后，没有人看见过这只熊。 拓展 （1）［连词］从……以后；自……以来 引导时间状语从句，从句常用一般过去时，对应的主句多用现在完成时。 Since I was five years old, I have learned embroidery from my mother and sister. 从五岁开始，我就跟妈妈和姐姐学刺绣。 （2）［连词］因为；既然 引导原因状语从句，常位于句首。 Since we knew little about each other, we shared our stories. 因为我们对彼此知之甚少，所以我们分享了自己的故事。 4.whenever /wenˈevə/ conj.每当 ［连词］引导时间状语从句，相当于every time。 Whenever I see the photo, it reminds me of the happy days we spent together.每当我看到这张照片，它就使我想起我们一起度过的快乐时光。 拓展 （1）［连词］无论何时 引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter when。 Help whenever and wherever you can.无论何时何地，尽你所能提供帮助。 （2）类似的词还有： however（=no matter how）无论何时 whoever（=no matter who）无论谁 whatever（=no matter what）无论什么 wherever（=no matter where）无论在哪里 whichever（=no matter which）无论哪个 5.辨析hear sb./sth. doing sth.与hear sb./sth. do sth. hear sb./sth.doing sth. “听到某人/某物正在做某事”，强调听到的动作正在进行。 hear sb./sth. do sth. “听到某人/某物做了某事或经常做某事”，强调听到某个动作发生的整个过程或某个动作经常发生。 I hear him singing in the room.我听见他正在房间里唱歌。 I often hear him sing.我经常听到他唱歌。 I noticed them come in.我注意到他们进来了。 I saw him reading on the e-reader.我看见他正在电子书阅读器上读书。 6.so...that...如此……以至于…… so后接形容词或副词，that后的句子表示结果。 Kelly was so surprised that she could hardly answer.凯莉惊讶得几乎说不出话来。 拓展 (1) such...that...如此……以至于…… such后接名词（短语），that后的句子表示结果。 Mr Wang is such a good teacher that all the students like him.王老师是一位如此好的老师，以至于所有的学生都喜欢他。 （2）so that有两个含义：一是“以便，为了”，其后的句 子表示目的；二是“所以”，其后的句子表示结果。 He also told Tom not to eat too many sweet things so that his teeth would be healthy.他还告诉汤姆不要吃太多甜食，这样他的牙齿才会健康。（表示目的） I hurried so that I got there on time.我行动迅速，因此我按时到达了那里。（表示结果） 7.give away赠送；捐赠 为“动词+副词”型短语。 give away+名词=give+名词+away give+人称代词（只能放中间）+away I decide to give away the toys（=give the toys away to a children’s hospital.我决定把这些玩具捐赠给一所儿童医院。 I don’t need these books. I plan to give them away to the library.我不需要这些书。我打算把它们捐给图书馆。 与give相关的其他短语： 8.辨析attend, take part in, join与join in attend “出席；参加”，为正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、葬礼、典礼等。 take part in 指参加某个会议或某项群众性的活动等，重在说明参加该项活动并在其中发挥一定的作用。 join 指加入某党派、团体、组织、俱乐部等并成为其中的一员。表示短暂性的动作，不与表示一 段时间的状语连用。 join in 一般指参加竞赛、娱乐、游戏等活动，其后一般接名词或动词-ing形式。 Jenny was so busy that she didn’t attend the meeting yesterday.珍妮昨天太忙了，所以没去参加会议。 How many countries will take part in the World Cup？有多少个国家要参加世界杯？ I joined the club when I was 10.我10岁时加入了这个俱乐部。 Can I join in the game?我可以参加这个游戏吗？ 9.辨析suggestion与advice As long as you follow these suggestions, you will be sure to improve your spoken English.只要你遵循这些建议，你一定会提高你的英语口语。 My teacher gave me two pieces of advice on English learning.我的老师给了我两条学英语的建议。 10.What if...？要是……会怎么样呢？ 用于提出假设性问题或表达担忧、建议等。 What if the train is late?火车要是晚点会怎么样呢？ What if we moved the sofa over here? Would that look better?我们把沙发挪到这边怎么样？那样看起来会好些吗？ 11.agreement /əˈɡri:mənt/ n.协议；（意见的）一致，相合 （1）［不可数名词］（意见的）一致，相合 be in agreement（意见或看法）一致 Mr Zhang nodded in agreement.张老师点了点头表示同意。 Are we in agreement about the price?对这个价格我们是否意见一致？ （2）［可数名词］协议，协定 reach/come to an agreement达成协议 After a two-hour discussion, they finally came to an agreement.经过两个小时的讨论，他们终于达成了协议。 相关词形变化： 12.keep...in mind把……放在心里，把……记在心上 相当于bear...in mind。 keep in mind that...记住…… It’s a good idea — I’ll keep/bear it in mind.这是个好主意——我会放在心上的。 We’re supposed to keep in mind that it is important to tell the truth.我们应该记住说真话是很重要的。 拓展 与mind相关的其他短语： on one’s mind挂在心上；惦念 change one’s mind改变主意 make up one’s mind下定决心 bring/call...to mind想起…… 语法 现在完成时（2） 现在完成时可以表达某一行为或状态从过去某时间一直持续到现在。 知识点1 for和since在现在完成时中的应用 （1）在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间，如for five years;而since后多接时间点，如since January 2020。 They have had the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They have been married for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 “since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 （2）对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时，常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了？ How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了？ 知识点2非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 （1）在现在完成时的句子中，表示持续的动作或状态时，常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 （2）与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时，应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have kept this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 （3）常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: ① 用与其意义相对应的“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词等”结构。 非延续性动词 结构 leave be away begin/start be on join be in/a member (of) die be dead open be open I joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。 →I have been in/a member of the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 ②用与其意义相对应的延续性动词。 非延续性动词 延续性动词 buy have borrow keep put on wear I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。 →I have had this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 Unit 3 Make it happen! 1.out of 由……制成，用……做成 We built the hen house out of wood.我们用木头搭建了这个鸡舍。 The necklace is made out of gold.这条项链是金制的。 拓展 out of构成的相关短语： out of business停业；歇业 out of work失业 out of breath喘不上气 out of order出故障 out of sight看不见 2.辨析 spend, take, pay与cost spend 主语通常是人 sb. spends time/money doing sth.某人花费时间/金钱做某事 sb. spends time/money on sth.某人在某事/某物上花费时间/金钱 take 通常用it作形式主语 it takes（sb.）some time to do sth.做某事花费（某人）多长时间 pay 主语通常是人 sb. pays some money for sth.某人为某物花费多少钱 cost 主语通常是物 sth. costs sb. some money某物花费某人多少钱 I spent 100 yuan on the present.我花了100元买这件礼物。 I am planning to pick up the new hobby in the summer holiday. I won’t spend my spare time on my mobile phone all day long. 我打算在暑假里培养新的爱好。我不会把业余时间都花在手机上。 It took me 20 minutes to get to school.我花了20分钟到达学校。 We paid 150 yuan for the meal.这顿饭我们花了150元。 The schoolbag cost me 50 yuan.这个书包花了我50元。 3.what’s worse 更糟糕的是 用来引出一个更加糟糕或严重的情况，通常用来加重语气，强调比较。 I left my wallet at home, and what’s worse, my phone is out of power.我把钱包忘在家里了，更糟糕的是，我的手机没电了。 It’s raining, and what’s worse, I left my umbrella at home.天下起了雨，更糟糕的是，我把伞忘在家里了。 4.lend /lend/ v. 帮助（某人）做事（尤指需要体力的事）；（给某人）搭把手 lend sb. a（helping）hand/ lend a（helping）hand to sb.帮助某人，向某人伸出援手 He was always glad to lend a helping hand.他总是乐于施以援手。 拓展 ［动词］借给；借出 对应词为borrow “借入；借来”。 lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人 I lent my favourite book to Mary. = I lent Mary my favourite book.我把自己最喜欢的书借给了玛丽。 5.weigh /weɪ/ v. 重，重量是…… 对重量提问常用“How much do/does...weigh?” “What do/does...weigh?”或“How heavy is/are...?”。 What do you weigh?/How heavy are you? 你的体重是多少？ When Ya Ya was born in the Beijing Zoo, she weighed about 0.14 kilos.丫丫在北京动物园出生时大约140克重。 拓展 （1）weigh［动词］认真考虑；权衡 Laura spoke very slowly to people to weigh what she would say. 劳拉和人们说话非常慢，以便权衡她要说什么。 （2）weight［名词］重量；分量 put on/gain weight增加体重 lose weight减重 【语境串记】 She weighed 60 kilos months ago. Unsatisfied with that number, she decided to lose weight. 几个月前，她重60 千克。由于对那个数字不满意，她决定减肥。 6.invention /ɪnˈvenʃən/ n.发明（物）（如机器、工具、仪器等） Necessity is the mother of invention.需求是发明之母。 【语境串记】 Edison invented a lot of things. He is a great inventor and he is famous for his inventions. 爱迪生发明了许多东西。他是一位伟大的发明家，他因他的发明物而闻名。 7.what引导的感叹句 本句结构为：What+a/an（+形容词）+单数名词！ What a beautiful garden!多么漂亮的花园啊！ What a surprise！真是没料到的事！ 拓展 what型感叹句的其他结构： （1）What+形容词+可数名词复数（+主语+谓语）！ What interesting movies（they are）!（它们是）多么有趣的电影啊！ （2）What+形容词+不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！ What delicious food!多么美味的食物啊！ 8.warn /wɔ:n/ v.警告，告诫；提醒 I warned her not to go near the dog.我警告她不要靠近那条狗。 The message warned us of/about possible danger.这条信息警告我们注意潜在的危险。 He warned me against going there at night.他告诫我不要晚上去那儿。 Experts warn that eating too much chocolate is bad for health.专家警告说吃太多巧克力对健康有害。 9.trouble /ˈtrʌbəl/ v. 使忧虑，使苦恼 This latest news troubled him deeply.这个最新消息使他深为烦恼。 拓展 （1）［及物动词］麻烦 trouble sb. to do sth.麻烦某人做某事 trouble sb. with sth.因某事麻烦某人 Could I trouble you to open the window?麻烦你把窗户打开好吗？ I don’t want to trouble the doctor with such a small problem.我不想因为这个小毛病麻烦医生。 （2）［不可数名词］麻烦；困境 be in trouble 遇到麻烦;处于困难中 get/run into trouble陷入困境 be out of trouble摆脱困境 have trouble with sth.在某事上有困难 have trouble（in）doing sth. 做某事有麻烦/困难 When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you.当你在学校遇到麻烦时，你的朋友会帮你。 If I don’t get this finished on time, I’ll get into trouble.我如果不把此事按时完成，就会陷入困境。 We have trouble working out the problem.我们解出这道题有困难。 【语境串记】 Don’t trouble（v.） trouble（n.） until trouble（n.） troubles（v.） you. 不要自寻烦恼。 10.talent /ˈtælənt/ n.天资，天赋，才能 ［可数名词］&［不可数名词］ have/show a talent/gift for...在……方面有天赋 Mike, a 7-year-old boy，has a great talent/gift for art. 迈克，一个7岁的男孩，很有艺术天赋。 All the students are looking forward to the talent show on Friday.所有的学生都期待着周五的才艺表演。 拓展 （1）talent ［名词］有才能的人；天才 He was such a creative talent and not just an artist.他是个极具创造力的天才，而不仅仅是个艺术家。 （2）talented ［形容词］有才能的;天才的 He is a talented player.他是一位天才运动员。 11.be curious about对……感到好奇 后可接名词、代词、动词-ing或从句。其中curious为形容词，意为“好奇的”，其名词形式为curiosity“好奇心”。 As a child, I’m curious about the UFO.作为一个小孩，我对不明飞行物感到好奇。 He was curious about how she would react.他很好奇她会有什么反应。 Children show curiosity about everything.儿童对一切事物都显露出好奇心。 12.failure /ˈfeɪljə/ n.失败 其反义词为success“成功”。 Don’t be afraid of failure.不要害怕失败。 His efforts ended in failure.他的努力以失败告终。 拓展 fail［动词］失败，未能做到 其反义词为succeed。 Edison failed 1,000 times before he invented the light bulb.爱迪生发明灯泡之前失败了1 000次。 You will have to work hard if you are to succeed.要想有所作为，你必须苦干。 13.risk /rɪsk/ n.冒险举动 take risks/take a risk冒险 the risk of...……的风险 at risk处境危险,受到威胁 take/run the risk of doing sth.冒险做某事 cut down the risk of...降低……的风险 We do not expect untrained people to take risks.我们不希望未经培训的人员去冒险。 We don’t want to run the risk of losing their business.我们不想冒失去他们的生意的风险。 拓展 ［动词］冒……的危险；冒险做；使冒风险 risk one’s life冒着生命危险 risk doing sth.冒险做某事 He who risks nothing, gains nothing. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 It takes lots of love and courage to risk their own lives to save someone else’s.冒着他们自己的生命危险去救别人需要很多爱和勇气。（长沙中考） Don’t risk running the machine yourself.不要冒险自己去操作机器。 语法 动词不定式和动名词作宾语 知识点1动词不定式作宾语 动词不定式作宾语时，一般表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。 (1)动词不定式（短语）作及物动词的宾语 结构：vt.+to do sth 常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有agree、apply、ask、begin、choose（宁愿）、continue、decide、expect、fail、forget、hate、help、hope、learn、like、mean、need、offer（愿意）、plan、prepare（准备）、prefer、promise（承诺）、refuse、remember、start、try、want、wish等。 They plan to arrive some time after three o'clock this Sunday afternoon. 他们预计在这周日下午三点以后的某个时候到达。 She is hoping to win the gold medal. 她希望获得金牌。 注意：help跟不定式作宾语时，〖=Z(〗可带to，也可不带to。 She helped (to) organise the party. 她协助筹备了聚会。 (2)以it作形式宾语，动词不定式（短语）作真正宾语 结构：vt.+it+宾语补足语（+for sb）+to do sth（真正宾语） 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如果宾语后边带有宾语补足语，这时就要用it作形式宾语，将作真正宾语的不定式（短语）移到宾语补足语之后。常用it作形式宾语的动词有believe、consider、feel、find、make、realise、suppose、think、understand等。 They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 他们发现要及时做好一切准备是不可能的。 We consider it our duty to do so. 我们认为这样做是我们的责任。 I have made it a rule of my life never to look back.我已把永不向后看定为我的生活准则。 I think it better for you to do the work another way. 我认为你最好用另一种方法做这工作。 知识点2动名词作宾语 动名词作宾语表示一般的、习惯的、抽象的、经常性的行为。 (1)动名词（短语）作及物动词的宾语 结构：vt.+doing 常跟动名词（短语）作宾语的及物动词有advise、allow、avoid、complete、consider、enjoy、excuse、fail、finish、imagine、keep、mind、miss、practise、risk、stop、suggest、support、understand等和大量动介型短语动词，如feel like、give up、look forward to等。 He advised taking a house in the country for the summer. 他建议在乡下租一所房子度夏。 He suggests calling a meeting and letting the workers decide the matter themselves. 他建议召开一次会议，让工人们自己决定此事。 (2)动名词（短语）作宾语时，以it作形式宾语 当动名词（短语）作宾语且后跟宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，将作宾语的动名词（短语）移至宾语补足语之后。 We think it useless learning a theory without practice. 我们认为学习理论而不实践是没有用的。 He did not think it meaningful doing such an experiment. 他认为做这样的实验没有意义。 I took it my duty helping her to get better. 我认为帮她康复起来是我的义务。 易错警示（1）begin和start用于进行时的时候，其后只能跟动词不定式，不能跟动名词。 He is beginning to see his mistakes. 他开始认识到自己的错误。 （2）begin、start后跟feel、realise、see、think、understand作宾语时，只能用不定式形式。 He began to realise /to understand /to see the importance of learning foreign languages. 他开始意识到/理解/懂得学习外语的重要性。 （3）有些及物动词既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟动词不定式作宾语，但意义不一样。这类词主要有forget、learn、mean、regret、remember、try、want等。 learn doing sth 学习做某事(不一定学会): She has learned typing. 她学过打字。 learn to do sth学会做某事: She has learned to type. 她已学会打字。 专题训练 一、单项选择（15题） 1. —What do you think of this new film? —It is too ________. There are too many people in the cinema. A. wise B. crowded C. willing D. real 【答案】B 【解析】crowded adj. 拥挤的；wise明智的；willing愿意的；real真实的。根据后文“电影院人很多”，选crowded。 2. You will ________ if you keep working hard and never give up. A. succeed B. realise C. doubt D. shout 【答案】A 【解析】succeed v.成功；realise明白，意识到；doubt怀疑；shout大喊。句意：如果你坚持努力永不放弃，你将会成功。 3. I don’t ________ if he can finish the task, because I believe him. A. realise B. doubt C. weigh D. warn 【答案】B 【解析】doubt v.怀疑；realise意识到；weigh重量为；warn警告。句意：我不怀疑他能完成任务，我相信他。 4. You can go to the picnic ________ you finish your homework on time. A. as long as B. what if C. so that D. instead of 【答案】A 【解析】as long as 只要，引导条件状语从句；what if要是……怎么办；so that为了；instead of而不是。句意：只要你按时写完作业，就可以去野餐。 5. He decided to stick ________ his plan no matter what difficulties he would meet. A. do B. doing C. to do D. to doing 【答案】D 【解析】固定搭配stick to “坚持”，此处to是介词，后面接名词或者动名词doing。 6. —Did you hear him ________ just now? —Yes, he shouted loudly outside the room. A. shout B. to shout C. shouting D. shouted 【答案】C 【解析】hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事；hear sb. do sth.听见某人做了某事（强调全过程）。句中just now强调当时正在大喊，用doing。 7. My grandpa ________ most of his old books to the village library last week. A. gave away B. gave up C. gave out D. gave in 【答案】A 【解析】give away捐赠、赠送；give up放弃；give out分发；give in屈服。句意：爷爷上周把大部分旧书捐赠给乡村图书馆。 8. It’s a good ________ to ask your teacher for help when you are in trouble. A. suggestion B. advice C. talent D. failure 【答案】A 【解析】suggestion可数名词“建议”；advice不可数名词，不能用a修饰；talent天赋；failure失败。前面有a，所以选可数名词suggestion。 9. We should keep the useful knowledge ________ in mind all the time. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken 【答案】B 【解析】固定短语keep…in mind 牢记；keep sth. doing 让某事持续处于某种状态。 10. —How much did the new bike ________ you? —Three hundred yuan. A. spend B. take C. pay D. cost 【答案】D 【解析】辨析：cost主语是物，物+cost sb.+钱；spend主语是人；take一般花费时间；pay主语是人，常搭配pay for。主语the new bike是物，选cost。 11. ________, we missed the last bus and had to walk home. A. What’s worse B. As long as C. To my surprise D. At last 【答案】A 【解析】what’s worse 更糟糕的是；句意：更糟的是，我们错过了末班车只能走路回家。 12. The scientist is curious ________ the secrets of nature and keeps doing research. A. for B. about C. with D. to 【答案】B 【解析】固定短语be curious about 对……感到好奇。 13. He has great ________ in music and he can play the piano well. A. risk B. failure C. talent D. invention 【答案】C 【解析】talent n.天赋；risk冒险；failure失败；invention发明物。have talent in…在……方面有天赋。 14. My mother warns me ________ too much time playing computer games. A. not spend B. don’t spend C. not to spend D. not spending 【答案】C 【解析】warn sb. not to do sth. 警告某人不要做某事，不定式作宾语补足语。 15. I ________ the English book since last month. I have learned a lot from it. A. have B. have had C. had D. will have 【答案】B 【解析】标志词since last month（自从上个月），是现在完成时标志，结构have/has +过去分词。主语I，have的过去分词had。 二、用所给词的正确形式填空 1.It is ________ (wise) to ask for help when you meet problems. 2.The street is ________ (crowd) with visitors during holidays. 3.He will keep ________ (try) until he succeeds. 4.I find some ________ (different) between the two plans. 5.She is willing ________ (help) others in her free time. 6.There is nothing ________ (real) important in this letter. 7.I have no ________ (doubt) that he can pass the exam. 8.The great ________ (invent) changed people’s life a lot. 9.Don’t trouble ________ (he) when he is busy. 10.Everyone has different ________ (value) of life. 11.He ________ (realise) his mistake after the teacher talked to him. 12.________ (weigh) over 100 kilos, the box is hard to carry. 13.What a wonderful ________ (talented) the young girl has! 14.We should learn from ________ (fail) and never give up. 15.He doesn’t mind ________ (lend) me his notebook. 16.Whenever I ________ (shout) at him, he never gets angry. 17.We reached an ________ (agree) at the end of the meeting. 18.He keeps ________ (keep) these words in mind. 19.She ________ (give) away her toys to poor kids last year. 20.I ________ (not hear) from him since last summer. 【答案】1.wise 2.crowded 3.trying 4.differences 5.to help 6.really 7.doubt 8.invention 9.him 10.values 11.realised 12.Weighing 13.talent 14.failure 15.lending 16.shout 17.agreement 18.keeping 19.gave 20.haven’t heard 三、根据汉语提示完成句子 1.你认为这部新的纪录片怎么样？________ do you ________ ________ the new documentary? 2.只要你坚持练习，你就可以成功。You can succeed ________ ________ ________ you keep practising. 3.他选择骑自行车而不是坐公交。He chose to ride a bike ________ ________ taking the bus. 4.我们应当和同学们和睦相处。We should ________ ________ ________ our classmates. 5.自从去年，他就对科学很感兴趣。________ last year, he ________ ________ interested in science. 6.每当我遇到困难，我都会向老师寻求建议。________ I meet difficulties, I will ask teachers for advice. 7.不要忘记把这些重要规则记在心里。Don’t forget to ________ these rules ________ ________. 8.更糟糕的是，他弄丢了自己的学生证。________ ________ ________, he lost his student ID card. 9.这个机器是由金属制成的。The machine is ________ ________ metal. 10.我愿意帮助你解决这个难题。I am ________ ________ help you work out this hard problem. 11.他警告孩子们不要在河边玩耍。He ________ the children ________ ________ play by the river. 12.这个发明家的作品对世界有很大价值。The inventor’s works have great ________ to the world. 13.要是明天下雨，我们的野餐怎么办？________ ________ it rains tomorrow? What about our picnic? 14.我听见她正在房间里面唱歌。I ________ her ________ in the room just now. 15.你参加过志愿者活动吗？Have you ever ________ ________ volunteer activities? 16.他有绘画方面的天赋。He has a ________ ________ painting. 17.没有人怀疑他会取得成功。Nobody ________ that he will ________. 18.这个盒子重大约十公斤。The box ________ about ten kilos. 19.他捐赠了很多书籍给乡村学校。He ________ ________ lots of books to the village school. 20.我还没有意识到这个问题的重要性。I haven’t ________ the importance of the problem yet. 【答案】1.What; think of 2.as long as 3.instead of 4.get along with 5.Since; has been 6.Whenever 7.keep; in mind 8.What’s worse 9.out of 10.willing to 11.warns/warned; not to 12.value 13.What if 14.heard; singing 15.taken part in 16.talent in 17.doubts; succeed 18.weighs 19.gave away 20.realised 四、句子翻译 1.只要你永不放弃，你终将会成功。 2.我们应该对大自然保持好奇心。 3.他宁愿走路，而不是坐出租车。 4.自从那以后，我就坚持每天读英语。 5.老师警告我们不要冒险独自下河游泳。 6.你和你的同班同学相处得好吗？ 7.记住：不要怀疑你自己的能力。 8.更糟糕的是，他把他的钢笔捐赠出去了。 9.我听见他在大声呼喊他朋友的名字。 10.他已经意识到坚持梦想的重要性。 【答案】1.You will succeed as long as you never give up. 2.We should be curious about nature. 3.He prefers to walk instead of taking a taxi. 4.Since then, I have stuck to reading English every day. 5.The teacher warns us not to take risks swimming in the river alone. 6.Do you get along well with your classmates? 7.Keep it in mind: don’t doubt your own ability. 8.What’s worse, he gave away his pen. 9.I heard him shouting his friend’s name. 10.He has realised the importance of sticking to his dream. 五、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。 My name is Tom. I 1. (be) interested in science since I was ten years old. I am curious 2. many new inventions. Last week, I met a great inventor. He told me that he stuck to 3. (work) on his projects even when he met many 4. (difficult). He said, “Don’t doubt 5. you can make it. As long as you keep 6. (try), you may succeed. What’s 7. (bad), many people give up too early.” I kept his words 8._______ mind. He also warned me 9. (not take) dangerous risks when I do experiments. I hope I can have a great 10. (talented) in science like him one day. 【答案】1.have been 2.about 3.working 4.difficulties 5.whether 6.trying 7.worse 8.in 9.not to take 10.talent 1.【答案】have been 【解析】时间标志 since I was ten years old（自从我十岁起），为现在完成时；固定搭配 be interested in 对……感兴趣；主语I，助动词用have，be的过去分词为been。 2.【答案】about 【解析】固定短语 be curious about 对……感到好奇。 3.【答案】working 解析：stick to 意为“坚持”，短语中的to是介词，介词后需要接动名词形式，所以work变为working。 4.【答案】difficulties 【解析】many 后面要接可数名词复数；difficult是形容词，名词形式difficulty，复数difficulties（困难）。 5.【答案】whether 【解析】doubt引导宾语从句，表达“是否”，用whether（if也可以，但doubt后用whether更稳妥）。句意：不要怀疑你是否能做到。 6.【答案】trying 【解析】固定搭配 keep doing sth. 持续/一直做某事，keep后面接动名词。 7.【答案】worse 【解析】固定短语 what’s worse 更糟糕的是，要用bad的比较级worse。 8.【答案】in 【解析】固定短语 keep … in mind 把……记在心里。 9.【答案】not to take 【解析】固定结构 warn sb. not to do sth. 警告某人不要做某事，不定式作宾补。 10.【答案】talent 【解析】形容词great后接名词；talented是形容词“有天赋的”，名词talent表示“天赋，才能”。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 易错点、语法点归纳及专项训练 1.What do/does sb. think of...？某人认为……怎么样？ 常用句式，相当于“How do/does sb. like/find...?”,用于询问某人对某人或某事物的看法。其中of是介词，其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。 （1）— the movie?吉姆认为这部电影怎么样？ —He thinks it’s exciting.他认为它很刺激。 （2）— Chinese, David? 戴维，你认为学汉语怎么样？ —Actually, I find it hard to learn Chinese well in a short time.事实上，我认为短期内学好汉语非常困难。 （3）— my songs?你觉得我的歌怎么样？ —Pretty good. I like them.非常好，我喜欢它们。 2.crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/ adj.挤满人（物）的；拥挤的 常用短语：be crowded with挤满…… The old town square people.古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。 拓展 3.feel like感觉像，有……感觉 后常接名词（短语）或从句等。 The interview only took ten minutes, but it hours. 面试只用了十分钟，但感觉像几个小时似的。（接名词） I I was a fish in the pool.我感觉自己就像池塘里的一条鱼。（接从句） 拓展 feel like还可意为“想要”，常见用法有： feel like sth.想要某物 feel like doing sth.（=want/would like to do sth.）想要做某事 I feel like a drink.我想要一杯饮料。 I don’t feel like anything now.我现在什么都不想说。 4.instead of代替……；而不是…… instead与instead of两者都有“代替”的含义，区别如下： instead 副词 常位于句首或句末，位于句首时常用逗号与后面的内容隔开。 instead of 短语介词 位于句首或句中，后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。 He didn’t reply. , he left the room.他没有回答，反而离开了房间。 Kids should spend more time exercising instead of with mobile phones.儿童应该花更多的时间做锻炼而不是玩手机。 4.although /ɔ:lˈðəʊ/ conj.虽然，尽管 相当于though，引导让步状语从句。 sleep is so important, many people these days are not getting enough. 尽管睡眠如此重要，现在仍有很多人睡眠不足。 【特别提醒】 在英语中,表示“虽然……但是……”时, although/though不能和but在同一个句子中使用。 the machine is old, it still runs well.=The machine is old, but it still runs well.尽管这台机器老旧了,但是它依然运行良好。 5.difference /ˈdɪfərəns/ n.差别，差异 make a difference/make some difference（to...）（对……）有/有些影响；（对……）有/有些作用 There is very little between the two books.这两本书差别很小。（不可数名词） The two sweaters look the same but there is a big in price.这两件毛衣看起来一样,但是价格大不相同。（可数名词） Small actions . Each of us can play a part.小行动也会产生影响。我们每个人都可以发挥作用。 拓展 语境串记 Please look at the two pictures, and circle the between them.请看这两幅不同的图片,并圈出它们之间的不同之处。 6.wise /waɪz/ adj.明智的，明断的 I think you were wise a doctor after graduation.我认为你毕业后当医生是明智的。 You have 你做了一个明智的决定。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man .——Benjamin Franklin 早睡早起使人健康、富有又聪明。——本杰明·富兰克林 拓展 【语境串记】 My aunt is a lady. She always makes decisions . Her great comes from her rich experiences.我姨妈是一位有智慧的女士。她总是明智地做出决定。她的大智慧来自她丰富的经历。 7.willing /ˈwɪlɪŋ/ adj.愿意（乐意）（做某事）的 常用结构：be willing to do sth.愿意做某事 My brother and I help my mother do the housework.我和我哥哥乐意帮助妈妈做家务。 Many consumers are willing to more for organic food.许多消费者愿意为有机食品支付更高的价格。 8.value /ˈvælju:/ n.价值 be of great value有很大价值/重大意义 be of little value没什么价值 Remember, you is not decided by your appearance, but by who you are as a person.要记住，你的价值不是由你的外表决定的，而是由你的为人决定的。 The Book of Songs, the earliest collection of poems and songs in Chinese history, .《诗经》是中国历史上最早的诗歌总集，具有重要价值。 拓展 （1）［动词］重视；珍视 value sb./sth. （for...） （因……）而重视/珍视某人或某物 I hope all of you will music and make it a part of your life.我希望你们都能重视音乐，让它成为生活的一部分。 Mr Li Jane her hard work.李先生因简工作努力而看重她。 【语境串记】 We prove the of life by doing meaningful and things.我们通过做有意义和有价值的事情来证明生命的价值。 9.realise /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ v.知道，明白 ［及物动词］不用于进行时，其后可接名词、代词或从句作宾语。 He didn’t his mistake.他没认识到自己的错误。 We should that not sleeping enough is a serious problem.我们应该知道睡眠不足是一个严重的问题。 拓展 ［及物动词］实现 主语一般是人，后面常接dream、goal等名词作宾语。 Could Bill his dream of being an “all-school” runner?比尔能实现成为一名“校级”赛跑运动员的梦想吗？ 10.nothing /ˈnʌθɪŋ/ pron.没有任何东西；没有事 作不定代词，表示否定意义，相当于not...anything。 nothing在句中作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 I have to worry about.=I don’t have anything to worry about.我没有什么可担心的。 There is in today’s newspaper.今天的报纸上没什么有趣的事情。 impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbəl/ adj.不可能发生的；办不到的 由“im-（否定前缀）+possible（adj.可能的）”构成。 It’s for me to get such great success without their help.没有他们的帮助，我不可能获得如此大的成功。 Nothing is if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 拓展 11.doubt /daʊt/ n. & v.怀疑 （1）［名词］疑惑；疑问（①句用法） without doubt毫无疑问；的确 no doubt无疑；很可能 there is no doubt that...毫无疑问…… winter is a good time to make snowmen.冬天无疑是堆雪人的好时节。 that Yuan Longping is a great hero.（=Yuan Longping is without doubt a great hero.）毫无疑问，袁隆平是一个伟大的英雄。 （2）［动词］怀疑（②句用法） 其后接名词、代词或从句作宾语。 You shouldn’t him. He is an honest man.你不应该怀疑他。他是一个诚实的人。 I whether the plan will work.我怀疑这个计划是否可行。 12.succeed /səkˈsi:d/ v.成功，达成 ［不及物动词］其后不能直接跟宾语。 succeed in （doing） sth.在（做）某事上取得成功 Don’t lose heart. If you keep working hard, you will some day.不要灰心。如果你继续努力，总有一天你会成功的。 In the end, they climbing to the top of the mountain.最后，他们成功登上了山顶。 拓展 succeed的相关词： 13.as long as只要 引导条件状语从句。当主句为一般将来时或主句谓语含有情态动词时，as long as引导的条件状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来，即“主将从现”。 you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 你只要小心开车,就会很安全。 We can go for a picnic the weather is fine.只要天气晴朗，我们就能去野餐。 拓展 as long as的用法还有： （1）和……一样长（属于as...as结构） The red ruler is as long as the blue one.这把红色的尺子和那把蓝色的一样长。 （2）长达……，达……之久 I’ve lived here for 20 years.我在此居住达20年之久。 14.stick to坚持；遵守，信守 stick to doing sth.坚持做某事 You are on the way to success as long as you your dreams.只要你坚持自己的梦想，你就在通往成功的路上。 She stuck to in the desert place and made an effort to devote her youth. 她坚守在沙漠之地，努力奉献自己的青春。 语法 现在完成时（1） 知识点1 现在完成时的用法及结构 —Have you watched the film It's OK? 你看过《我，许可》那部电影吗？ —Yes. I it twice. 看过。我已经看了两遍。 —Have they a concert in Europe? 他们在欧洲举办过演唱会了吗？ —Yes, they have./No, they have not (haven't). 是的，他们举办过了。/不，他们没有。 知识点2 动词的过去分词 (1)规则变化 方法 例词 大多数动词，在词尾直接加 visit→ enjoy→ 以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，在词尾加 love→ move→ 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词， carry→ cry→ 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时， stop→ drop→ (2)不规则变化 动词过去分词的不规则变化需逐一熟记，常见的不规则变化形式见下表： 动词原形 过去式 过去分词 be cut do eat find go have let make see 知识点3 just、already和yet 现在完成时常与just、already或yet等副词连用。 单词 用法 例句 just 意为“刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。 I've just been out shopping.我刚才出去买东西了。 already 意为“已经”，通常用于现在完成时的肯定句中。 You have already told me that.你已经告诉我那件事了。 yet 常用于现在完成时的否定句或疑问句中，谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事。 He hasn't come yet.他还没有来。 Have you finished your homework yet?你做完家庭作业了吗? 知识点4 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 (1)二者都表示过去发生的动作或情况。 时态 区别 现在完成时 强调动作的现在结果,与“现在情况”有联系 一般过去时 仅表示过去的事情,与“现在情况”没有联系 因此，同一个发生在过去的动作，如果要说明对目前留下的影响和结果，或只是说明从前有过这么一回事，而不指明具体发生的时间，就用现在完成时。如果要指明这件事发生在过去某一时刻，而不强调它的现在结果和影响，就用一般过去时。试比较： I have the film. 我看过这部电影。（说明已了解其内容） I the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。（只说明上星期看了电影） (2)现在完成时说明的是目前情况，所以它属于现在时态范畴，而不能和表示确定的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last year，last week，in 1949等。它只能与包括“此刻”在内的时间状语或不表示一个明确时间的状语连用，如already，always，ever，for two years，never，many times，now，often，this week/year，today，up to now，up to the present等。 He has always hard.他学习一贯努力。 We have already the book to her.我们已经将书给她寄去了。 I the dentist's today.今天我去看过牙医。 Unit 2 Getting along 1.get along with sb.与某人和睦相处 相当于get on with sb.。 It’s important to learn how to your classmates at school.在学校学习如何与同班同学和睦相处是很重要的。 拓展 get along/on with sth.（谈及或问及某人）进展，进步 I very fast with this job.我这个工作进展不太快。 2.shout /ʃaʊt/ v.大声说，喊叫，呼喊 shout for help 呼救 shout at…冲……大声叫嚷（有愤怒的语气） shout to…对……大声喊叫（因距离远而呼喊） I help but nobody came.我大声呼救，但没人来。 He ran into his brother’s room and started him in anger.他跑进他弟弟的房间，开始愤怒地对他大喊大叫。 Mary us to come in and help her.玛丽大声喊我们进来帮助她。 3.since /sɪns/ prep.自从……以来；自从……之后 后接表示时间点的词或短语，常与现在完成时连用。since then从那以后 thousands of years ago, Chinese people have dreamed of going to the moon. 几千年来，中国人就梦想着去月球。 , no one has seen the bear.从那以后，没有人看见过这只熊。 拓展 （1）［连词］从……以后；自……以来 引导时间状语从句，从句常用一般过去时，对应的主句多用现在完成时。 Since I was five years old, I embroidery from my mother and sister. 从五岁开始，我就跟妈妈和姐姐学刺绣。 （2）［连词］因为；既然 引导原因状语从句，常位于句首。 we knew little about each other, we shared our stories. 因为我们对彼此知之甚少，所以我们分享了自己的故事。 4.whenever /wenˈevə/ conj.每当 ［连词］引导时间状语从句，相当于every time。 I see the photo, it reminds me of the happy days we spent together.每当我看到这张照片，它就使我想起我们一起度过的快乐时光。 拓展 （1）［连词］无论何时 引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter when。 Help and you can.无论何时何地，尽你所能提供帮助。 （2）类似的词还有： however（=no matter how）无论何时 whoever（=no matter who）无论谁 whatever（=no matter what）无论什么 wherever（=no matter where）无论在哪里 whichever（=no matter which）无论哪个 5.辨析hear sb./sth. doing sth.与hear sb./sth. do sth. hear sb./sth.doing sth. “听到某人/某物正在做某事”，强调听到的动作正在进行。 hear sb./sth. do sth. “听到某人/某物做了某事或经常做某事”，强调听到某个动作发生的整个过程或某个动作经常发生。 I hear him in the room.我听见他正在房间里唱歌。 I often hear him .我经常听到他唱歌。 I noticed them in.我注意到他们进来了。 I saw him on the e-reader.我看见他正在电子书阅读器上读书。 6.so...that...如此……以至于…… so后接形容词或副词，that后的句子表示结果。 Kelly was she could hardly answer.凯莉惊讶得几乎说不出话来。 拓展 (1) such...that...如此……以至于…… such后接名词（短语），that后的句子表示结果。 Mr Wang is all the students like him.王老师是一位如此好的老师，以至于所有的学生都喜欢他。 （2）so that有两个含义：一是“以便，为了”，其后的句 子表示目的；二是“所以”，其后的句子表示结果。 He also told Tom not to eat too many sweet things his teeth would be healthy.他还告诉汤姆不要吃太多甜食，这样他的牙齿才会健康。（表示目的） I hurried I got there on time.我行动迅速，因此我按时到达了那里。（表示结果） 7.give away赠送；捐赠 为“动词+副词”型短语。 give away+名词=give+名词+away give+人称代词（只能放中间）+away I decide to the toys（=give the toys away to a children’s hospital.我决定把这些玩具捐赠给一所儿童医院。 I don’t need these books. I plan to to the library.我不需要这些书。我打算把它们捐给图书馆。 与give相关的其他短语： 8.辨析attend, take part in, join与join in attend “出席；参加”，为正式用语，指参加会议、婚礼、葬礼、典礼等。 take part in 指参加某个会议或某项群众性的活动等，重在说明参加该项活动并在其中发挥一定的作用。 join 指加入某党派、团体、组织、俱乐部等并成为其中的一员。表示短暂性的动作，不与表示一 段时间的状语连用。 join in 一般指参加竞赛、娱乐、游戏等活动，其后一般接名词或动词-ing形式。 Jenny was so busy that she didn’t the meeting yesterday.珍妮昨天太忙了，所以没去参加会议。 How many countries will the World Cup？有多少个国家要参加世界杯？ I the club when I was 10.我10岁时加入了这个俱乐部。 Can I the game?我可以参加这个游戏吗？ 9.辨析suggestion与advice As long as you follow these , you will be sure to improve your spoken English.只要你遵循这些建议，你一定会提高你的英语口语。 My teacher gave me two pieces of on English learning.我的老师给了我两条学英语的建议。 10.What if...？要是……会怎么样呢？ 用于提出假设性问题或表达担忧、建议等。 the train is late?火车要是晚点会怎么样呢？ we moved the sofa over here? Would that look better?我们把沙发挪到这边怎么样？那样看起来会好些吗？ 11.agreement /əˈɡri:mənt/ n.协议；（意见的）一致，相合 （1）［不可数名词］（意见的）一致，相合 be in agreement（意见或看法）一致 Mr Zhang nodded in .张老师点了点头表示同意。 Are we in about the price?对这个价格我们是否意见一致？ （2）［可数名词］协议，协定 reach/come to an agreement达成协议 After a two-hour discussion, they finally came to an .经过两个小时的讨论，他们终于达成了协议。 相关词形变化： 12.keep...in mind把……放在心里，把……记在心上 相当于bear...in mind。 keep in mind that...记住…… It’s a good idea — I’ll .这是个好主意——我会放在心上的。 We’re supposed to that it is important to tell the truth.我们应该记住说真话是很重要的。 拓展 与mind相关的其他短语： on one’s mind挂在心上；惦念 change one’s mind改变主意 make up one’s mind下定决心 bring/call...to mind想起…… 语法 现在完成时（2） 现在完成时可以表达某一行为或状态从过去某时间一直持续到现在。 知识点1 for和since在现在完成时中的应用 （1）在表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,通常要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这类状语通常由for或since引导。for后接一段时间，如for five years;而since后多接时间点，如since January 2020。 They the cat since they got married. 他们自结婚以来就一直养着这只猫。 They for twenty years. 他们已经结婚二十年了。 “since+时间点”和“for+时间段”常作现在完成时的标志。两者之间常可以进行同义转换。 Chen Xiao has dreamed of being a biologist since eight years ago.=Chen Xiao being a biologist for eight years.陈笑八年前就梦想成为一名生物学家。 （2）对现在完成时的时间状语进行提问时，常用how long。 How long have you been like this? 你这个样子有多久了？ How long have you played tennis? 你打网球打了多长时间了？ 知识点2非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换 （1）在现在完成时的句子中，表示持续的动作或状态时，常用延续性动词与表示时间段的时间状语连用。 It has rained for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。 （2）与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时，应将非延续性动词转换为延续性动词或表示状态的短语等。 I borrowed this magazine three months ago. 我三个月前借了这本杂志。 →I have this magazine for three months.这本杂志我已经借来三个月了。 （3）常见的非延续性动词转换为延续性动词的情况: ① 用与其意义相对应的“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词等”结构。 非延续性动词 结构 leave begin/start join die open I joined the club two years ago. 我两年前加入的这个俱乐部。 →I the club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部两年了。 ②用与其意义相对应的延续性动词。 非延续性动词 延续性动词 buy borrow put on I bought this pop-up book about the Palace Museum one week ago. 我一周前买了这本关于故宫博物院的立体书。 →I this pop-up book about the Palace Museum for one week. 我买来这本关于故宫博物院的立体书已经一周了。 Unit 3 Make it happen! 1.out of 由……制成，用……做成 We built the hen house 我们用木头搭建了这个鸡舍。 The necklace .这条项链是金制的。 拓展 out of构成的相关短语： out of business停业；歇业 out of work失业 out of breath喘不上气 out of order出故障 out of sight看不见 2.辨析 spend, take, pay与cost spend 主语通常是人 sb. spends time/money doing sth.某人花费时间/金钱做某事 sb. spends time/money on sth.某人在某事/某物上花费时间/金钱 take 通常用it作形式主语 it takes（sb.）some time to do sth.做某事花费（某人）多长时间 pay 主语通常是人 sb. pays some money for sth.某人为某物花费多少钱 cost 主语通常是物 sth. costs sb. some money某物花费某人多少钱 I 100 yuan on the present.我花了100元买这件礼物。 I am planning to pick up the new hobby in the summer holiday. I won’t spend my spare time on my mobile phone all day long. 我打算在暑假里培养新的爱好。我不会把业余时间都花在手机上。 It me 20 minutes to get to school.我花了20分钟到达学校。 We 150 yuan for the meal.这顿饭我们花了150元。 The schoolbag me 50 yuan.这个书包花了我50元。 3.what’s worse 更糟糕的是 用来引出一个更加糟糕或严重的情况，通常用来加重语气，强调比较。 I left my wallet at home, and , my phone is out of power.我把钱包忘在家里了，更糟糕的是，我的手机没电了。 It’s raining, and , I left my umbrella at home.天下起了雨，更糟糕的是，我把伞忘在家里了。 4.lend /lend/ v. 帮助（某人）做事（尤指需要体力的事）；（给某人）搭把手 lend sb. a（helping）hand/ lend a（helping）hand to sb.帮助某人，向某人伸出援手 He was always glad to .他总是乐于施以援手。 拓展 ［动词］借给；借出 对应词为borrow “借入；借来”。 lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人 I lent my favourite book Mary. = I lent Mary my favourite book.我把自己最喜欢的书借给了玛丽。 5.weigh /weɪ/ v. 重，重量是…… 对重量提问常用“How much do/does...weigh?” “What do/does...weigh?”或“How heavy is/are...?”。 What do you ?/How are you? 你的体重是多少？ When Ya Ya was born in the Beijing Zoo, she about 0.14 kilos.丫丫在北京动物园出生时大约140克重。 拓展 （1）weigh［动词］认真考虑；权衡 Laura spoke very slowly to people to what she would say. 劳拉和人们说话非常慢，以便权衡她要说什么。 （2）weight［名词］重量；分量 put on/gain weight增加体重 lose weight减重 【语境串记】 She 60 kilos months ago. Unsatisfied with that number, she decided to lose . 几个月前，她重60 千克。由于对那个数字不满意，她决定减肥。 6.invention /ɪnˈvenʃən/ n.发明（物）（如机器、工具、仪器等） Necessity is the mother of .需求是发明之母。 【语境串记】 Edison a lot of things. He is a great and he is famous for his . 爱迪生发明了许多东西。他是一位伟大的发明家，他因他的发明物而闻名。 7.what引导的感叹句 本句结构为：What+a/an（+形容词）+单数名词！ beautiful garden!多么漂亮的花园啊！ surprise！真是没料到的事！ 拓展 what型感叹句的其他结构： （1）What+形容词+可数名词复数（+主语+谓语）！ movies（they are）!（它们是）多么有趣的电影啊！ （2）What+形容词+不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！ food!多么美味的食物啊！ 8.warn /wɔ:n/ v.警告，告诫；提醒 I warned her go near the dog.我警告她不要靠近那条狗。 The message warned us possible danger.这条信息警告我们注意潜在的危险。 He warned me against there at night.他告诫我不要晚上去那儿。 Experts that eating too much chocolate is bad for health.专家警告说吃太多巧克力对健康有害。 9.trouble /ˈtrʌbəl/ v. 使忧虑，使苦恼 This latest news troubled him deeply.这个最新消息使他深为烦恼。 拓展 （1）［及物动词］麻烦 trouble sb. to do sth.麻烦某人做某事 trouble sb. with sth.因某事麻烦某人 Could I trouble you open the window?麻烦你把窗户打开好吗？ I don’t want to trouble the doctor such a small problem.我不想因为这个小毛病麻烦医生。 （2）［不可数名词］麻烦；困境 be in trouble 遇到麻烦;处于困难中 get/run into trouble陷入困境 be out of trouble摆脱困境 have trouble with sth.在某事上有困难 have trouble（in）doing sth. 做某事有麻烦/困难 When you are at school, your friends will help you.当你在学校遇到麻烦时，你的朋友会帮你。 If I don’t get this finished on time, I’ll .我如果不把此事按时完成，就会陷入困境。 We have trouble out the problem.我们解出这道题有困难。 【语境串记】 Don’t trouble（v.） trouble（n.） until trouble（n.） troubles（v.） you. 不要自寻烦恼。 10.talent /ˈtælənt/ n.天资，天赋，才能 ［可数名词］&［不可数名词］ have/show a talent/gift for...在……方面有天赋 Mike, a 7-year-old boy， for art. 迈克，一个7岁的男孩，很有艺术天赋。 All the students are looking forward to the on Friday.所有的学生都期待着周五的才艺表演。 拓展 （1）talent ［名词］有才能的人；天才 He was such a creative and not just an artist.他是个极具创造力的天才，而不仅仅是个艺术家。 （2）talented ［形容词］有才能的;天才的 He is a player.他是一位天才运动员。 11.be curious about对……感到好奇 后可接名词、代词、动词-ing或从句。其中curious为形容词，意为“好奇的”，其名词形式为curiosity“好奇心”。 As a child, I’m the UFO.作为一个小孩，我对不明飞行物感到好奇。 He was how she would react.他很好奇她会有什么反应。 Children show about everything.儿童对一切事物都显露出好奇心。 12.failure /ˈfeɪljə/ n.失败 其反义词为success“成功”。 Don’t be afraid of .不要害怕失败。 His efforts ended in .他的努力以失败告终。 拓展 fail［动词］失败，未能做到 其反义词为succeed。 Edison 1,000 times before he invented the light bulb.爱迪生发明灯泡之前失败了1 000次。 You will have to work hard if you are to .要想有所作为，你必须苦干。 13.risk /rɪsk/ n.冒险举动 take risks/take a risk冒险 the risk of...……的风险 at risk处境危险,受到威胁 take/run the risk of doing sth.冒险做某事 cut down the risk of...降低……的风险 We do not expect untrained people to .我们不希望未经培训的人员去冒险。 We don’t want to run losing their business.我们不想冒失去他们的生意的风险。 拓展 ［动词］冒……的危险；冒险做；使冒风险 risk one’s life冒着生命危险 risk doing sth.冒险做某事 He who nothing, gains nothing. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 It takes lots of love and courage to to save someone else’s.冒着他们自己的生命危险去救别人需要很多爱和勇气。（长沙中考） Don’t risk the machine yourself.不要冒险自己去操作机器。 语法 动词不定式和动名词作宾语 知识点1动词不定式作宾语 动词不定式作宾语时，一般表示特殊的、具体的、一次性的行为。 (1)动词不定式（短语）作及物动词的宾语 结构：vt.+to do sth 常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有agree、apply、ask、begin、choose（宁愿）、continue、decide、expect、fail、forget、hate、help、hope、learn、like、mean、need、offer（愿意）、plan、prepare（准备）、prefer、promise（承诺）、refuse、remember、start、try、want、wish等。 They plan to arrive some time after three o'clock this Sunday afternoon. 他们预计在这周日下午三点以后的某个时候到达。 She is hoping win the gold medal. 她希望获得金牌。 注意：help跟不定式作宾语时，〖=Z(〗可带to，也可不带to。 She helped (to) the party. 她协助筹备了聚会。 (2)以it作形式宾语，动词不定式（短语）作真正宾语 结构：vt.+it+宾语补足语（+for sb）+to do sth（真正宾语） 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如果宾语后边带有宾语补足语，这时就要用it作形式宾语，将作真正宾语的不定式（短语）移到宾语补足语之后。常用it作形式宾语的动词有believe、consider、feel、find、make、realise、suppose、think、understand等。 They found impossible to get everything ready in time. 他们发现要及时做好一切准备是不可能的。 We consider it our duty so. 我们认为这样做是我们的责任。 I have made a rule of my life never to look back.我已把永不向后看定为我的生活准则。 I think it better for you the work another way. 我认为你最好用另一种方法做这工作。 知识点2动名词作宾语 动名词作宾语表示一般的、习惯的、抽象的、经常性的行为。 (1)动名词（短语）作及物动词的宾语 结构：vt.+doing 常跟动名词（短语）作宾语的及物动词有advise、allow、avoid、complete、consider、enjoy、excuse、fail、finish、imagine、keep、mind、miss、practise、risk、stop、suggest、support、understand等和大量动介型短语动词，如feel like、give up、look forward to等。 He advised a house in the country for the summer. 他建议在乡下租一所房子度夏。 He suggests a meeting and letting the workers decide the matter themselves. 他建议召开一次会议，让工人们自己决定此事。 (2)动名词（短语）作宾语时，以it作形式宾语 当动名词（短语）作宾语且后跟宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语，将作宾语的动名词（短语）移至宾语补足语之后。 We think it useless a theory without practice. 我们认为学习理论而不实践是没有用的。 He did not think it doing such an experiment. 他认为做这样的实验没有意义。 I took it my duty her to get better. 我认为帮她康复起来是我的义务。 易错警示（1）begin和start用于进行时的时候，其后只能跟动词不定式，不能跟动名词。 He is beginning to see his mistakes. 他开始认识到自己的错误。 （2）begin、start后跟feel、realise、see、think、understand作宾语时，只能用不定式形式。 He began to realise /to understand /to see the importance of learning foreign languages. 他开始意识到/理解/懂得学习外语的重要性。 （3）有些及物动词既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟动词不定式作宾语，但意义不一样。这类词主要有forget、learn、mean、regret、remember、try、want等。 learn doing sth 学习做某事(不一定学会): She has learned typing. 她学过打字。 learn to do sth学会做某事: She has learned to type. 她已学会打字。 专题训练 一、单项选择（15题） 1. —What do you think of this new film? —It is too ________. There are too many people in the cinema. A. wise B. crowded C. willing D. real 2. You will ________ if you keep working hard and never give up. A. succeed B. realise C. doubt D. shout 3. I don’t ________ if he can finish the task, because I believe him. A. realise B. doubt C. weigh D. warn 4. You can go to the picnic ________ you finish your homework on time. A. as long as B. what if C. so that D. instead of 5. He decided to stick ________ his plan no matter what difficulties he would meet. A. do B. doing C. to do D. to doing 6. —Did you hear him ________ just now? —Yes, he shouted loudly outside the room. A. shout B. to shout C. shouting D. shouted 7. My grandpa ________ most of his old books to the village library last week. A. gave away B. gave up C. gave out D. gave in 8. It’s a good ________ to ask your teacher for help when you are in trouble. A. suggestion B. advice C. talent D. failure 9. We should keep the useful knowledge ________ in mind all the time. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken 10. —How much did the new bike ________ you? —Three hundred yuan. A. spend B. take C. pay D. cost 11. ________, we missed the last bus and had to walk home. A. What’s worse B. As long as C. To my surprise D. At last 12. The scientist is curious ________ the secrets of nature and keeps doing research. A. for B. about C. with D. to 13. He has great ________ in music and he can play the piano well. A. risk B. failure C. talent D. invention 14. My mother warns me ________ too much time playing computer games. A. not spend B. don’t spend C. not to spend D. not spending 15. I ________ the English book since last month. I have learned a lot from it. A. have B. have had C. had D. will have 二、用所给词的正确形式填空 1.It is ________ (wise) to ask for help when you meet problems. 2.The street is ________ (crowd) with visitors during holidays. 3.He will keep ________ (try) until he succeeds. 4.I find some ________ (different) between the two plans. 5.She is willing ________ (help) others in her free time. 6.There is nothing ________ (real) important in this letter. 7.I have no ________ (doubt) that he can pass the exam. 8.The great ________ (invent) changed people’s life a lot. 9.Don’t trouble ________ (he) when he is busy. 10.Everyone has different ________ (value) of life. 11.He ________ (realise) his mistake after the teacher talked to him. 12.________ (weigh) over 100 kilos, the box is hard to carry. 13.What a wonderful ________ (talented) the young girl has! 14.We should learn from ________ (fail) and never give up. 15.He doesn’t mind ________ (lend) me his notebook. 16.Whenever I ________ (shout) at him, he never gets angry. 17.We reached an ________ (agree) at the end of the meeting. 18.He keeps ________ (keep) these words in mind. 19.She ________ (give) away her toys to poor kids last year. 20.I ________ (not hear) from him since last summer. 三、根据汉语提示完成句子 1.你认为这部新的纪录片怎么样？________ do you ________ ________ the new documentary? 2.只要你坚持练习，你就可以成功。You can succeed ________ ________ ________ you keep practising. 3.他选择骑自行车而不是坐公交。He chose to ride a bike ________ ________ taking the bus. 4.我们应当和同学们和睦相处。We should ________ ________ ________ our classmates. 5.自从去年，他就对科学很感兴趣。________ last year, he ________ ________ interested in science. 6.每当我遇到困难，我都会向老师寻求建议。________ I meet difficulties, I will ask teachers for advice. 7.不要忘记把这些重要规则记在心里。Don’t forget to ________ these rules ________ ________. 8.更糟糕的是，他弄丢了自己的学生证。________ ________ ________, he lost his student ID card. 9.这个机器是由金属制成的。The machine is ________ ________ metal. 10.我愿意帮助你解决这个难题。I am ________ ________ help you work out this hard problem. 11.他警告孩子们不要在河边玩耍。He ________ the children ________ ________ play by the river. 12.这个发明家的作品对世界有很大价值。The inventor’s works have great ________ to the world. 13.要是明天下雨，我们的野餐怎么办？________ ________ it rains tomorrow? What about our picnic? 14.我听见她正在房间里面唱歌。I ________ her ________ in the room just now. 15.你参加过志愿者活动吗？Have you ever ________ ________ volunteer activities? 16.他有绘画方面的天赋。He has a ________ ________ painting. 17.没有人怀疑他会取得成功。Nobody ________ that he will ________. 18.这个盒子重大约十公斤。The box ________ about ten kilos. 19.他捐赠了很多书籍给乡村学校。He ________ ________ lots of books to the village school. 20.我还没有意识到这个问题的重要性。I haven’t ________ the importance of the problem yet. 四、句子翻译 1.只要你永不放弃，你终将会成功。 2.我们应该对大自然保持好奇心。 3.他宁愿走路，而不是坐出租车。 4.自从那以后，我就坚持每天读英语。 5.老师警告我们不要冒险独自下河游泳。 6.你和你的同班同学相处得好吗？ 7.记住：不要怀疑你自己的能力。 8.更糟糕的是，他把他的钢笔捐赠出去了。 9.我听见他在大声呼喊他朋友的名字。 10.他已经意识到坚持梦想的重要性。 五、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。 My name is Tom. I 1. (be) interested in science since I was ten years old. I am curious 2. many new inventions. Last week, I met a great inventor. He told me that he stuck to 3. (work) on his projects even when he met many 4. (difficult). He said, “Don’t doubt 5. you can make it. As long as you keep 6. (try), you may succeed. What’s 7. (bad), many people give up too early.” I kept his words 8._______ mind. He also warned me 9. (not take) dangerous risks when I do experiments. I hope I can have a great 10. (talented) in science like him one day. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $