内容正文:
Unit 4 Life is beautiful- Grammar
动词-ing用法
动词-ing 有两大称谓:动名词(名词性质)、现在分词(形容词/进行时态动词性质)。
一、动名词(名词性质,可充当名词能做的成分:主/宾/表/定等)
◆ 动词-ing用作主语。如:
Smoking is not allowed in the museum. 博物馆里不允许抽烟。
Learning how to eat healthily is quite important. 学会如何健康饮食相当重要。
Hiking is a popular outdoor activity among young people.徒步旅行是一项深受年轻人喜爱的户外活动。
◆ 动词-ing用作宾语。如:
She likes helping others. 她喜欢帮助别人。
Do you mind showing me how to use the app?你介意教我如何使用这个应用软件吗?
Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party. 谢谢你邀请我参加你的生日聚会。
Are you for or against keeping pets? 你赞成还是反对养宠物?
◆ 动词-ing用作定语。如:
Amy thinks honesty is an amazing quality. 埃米认为诚实是了不起的品质。
He may be in the reading room, but I'm not sure. 他可能在阅览室,但我不确定。
◆ 动词-ing用作表语,用于连系动词(如be动词)之后。如:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
Her hobby is collecting stamps. 她的爱好是集邮。
二、现在分词(adj./adv. 性质,核心特点:表主动、进行)
1.作定语(修饰名词,放在名词前/后),如:
前置:a running river 奔流的河(现在分词,表动作)
后置:The girl standing there is my sister. 站在那儿的女孩是我妹妹。
(名词“女孩”能主动发出“站”这个动作)
2.作表语(adj.多形容“事物令人……”),如:
The movie is exciting. 这部电影令人激动。
3.作宾语补足语(see/watch/hear/keep/find/ catch/feel/notice等词后),如:
When I walked past his house, I heard him playing the piano.当我经过他的房子时,听到他正在弹钢琴。
Did you notice somebody knocking at the door just now? 你刚才注意到有人在敲门吗?
4.作状语(时间、原因、伴随、条件,逻辑主语和主句主语一致),如:
Walking along the road, I saw a cat.(伴随/时间)沿着路走时,我看见了一只猫。
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(原因)因为生病了,他没来上学。
5.作时态:现在进行时 / 过去进行时(谓语动词)
结构:be (am/is/are/was/were) + doing;含义:正在做某事;如:
I am reading now. 我现在正在看书。
They were playing at 5 p.m. yesterday. 昨天下午五点钟时他们正在玩。
注意:这里的 doing 是谓语的一部分,不能单独作谓语。
三、易混小要点
1. 否定式:not + doing;如:
Not knowing the answer, he kept quiet. 不知道答案,他保持沉默。
2. 复合结构(物主代词/名词所有格 + doing,动名词);如:
Do you mind my opening the window? 介意我开窗吗?
动词-ed用法
动词-ed 有两种核心身份:形容词;过去分词。
一、形容词
动词-ed可以用作形容词,放在名词之前或连系动词(如be动词)之后。如:
The stranger had a surprised look on his face and went away.这个陌生人面露惊讶的神色,走开了。
The washing machine is broken. 这台洗衣机坏了。
Are you satisfied with the robot? 你对这个机器人满意吗?
注意:动词-ing和动词-ed都可以用作形容词,但是含义不同。动词-ing表达主动含义;描述事物本身的特质。而动词-ed表达被动含义;描述人对事物的感受。如:
The students are all interested in the interesting film.学生们都对这部有趣的电影感兴趣。
The exciting news made us all excited. 这个令人兴奋的消息使得我们都很激动。
You should try not to be annoyed by some people when you find their behaviour annoying.
当你发现有些人的行为令人讨厌时,你应该试着不去为此感到恼怒。
二、过去分词(非谓语动词,核心特点:表被动、完成)
1.作定语(修饰名词,前置/后置)
前置:一般是短的-ed形容词,表“被……的、感到……的”;如:
a broken cup 碎了的杯子(被打碎)/a surprised look 惊讶的表情(内心感到惊讶)
后置:较长,相当于定语从句(被……的);如:
The book written by Lu Xun is popular. 鲁迅写的那本书很受欢迎。
= The book that was written by Lu Xun is popular.
2.作表语(常用来描述人的感受);如:
I am interested in history. 我对历史感兴趣。
She felt tired after work. 她下班后觉得疲惫。
3.作宾语补足语(keep / have / get / find / make 后);如:
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天剪了头发(头发被剪)。
He found the door locked. 他发现门被锁上了。
4.作状语(时间、原因、条件,逻辑主语和主句主语一致,表被动/完成);如:
Seen from the hill, the town looks small.
(= When it is seen…)从山上看,这座城镇很小。
Encouraged by the teacher, I worked harder.
(= Because I was encouraged…)受到老师鼓励,我更加努力。
5.否定式:Not + done
Not invited, he didn’t come. 因为没被邀请,他没来。
6. 作谓语(和助动词搭配,构成时态/语态);
1).被动语态:be + done(ed形式), 表“被……”;如:
-The letter was sent yesterday. 这封信昨天被寄出了。
-The room is cleaned every day. 房间每天被打扫。
2).完成时态:have / has / had + done,表动作已经完成;如:
-I have finished my homework. 我已经做完作业。
-He had left before I arrived. 我到之前他已经离开了。
注意:这里的 done或(-ed) 是谓语的一部分,不能单独作谓语!
★重要注意点:
1.不是所有-ed都是过去分词/形容词!如:
规则动词过去式和过去分词拼写一样(work → worked),但过去式是单独谓语:
He worked hard.(worked:过去式,谓语动词)
He has worked hard.(worked:过去分词,和have构成完成时)
2.不规则动词没有-ed!如:
eat → eaten;see → seen;do → done(属于过去分词,但不以ed结尾,用法一样)
3. 固定搭配,如:
spend time/money (in) doing 花费时间/金钱做;
have fun / have a good time (in) doing 开心地做;
It’s no use / no good doing … 做……没用;
can’t help doing 忍不住做……
be busy doing 忙于做……
get + -ed(变得……);
get worried 担心;get excited 变得兴奋
巩固练习:用括号内动词的 -ing 或 -ed 形式填空:
1. The ________ (tire) work made me ________ (tire).
2. We were ________ (shock) at the ________ (shock) accident.
3. ________ (Excite) about the trip, she couldn’t sleep.
4. The ________ (disappoint) result made all of us ________ (disappoint).
5. I find the movie very ________ (interest). I am really ________ (interest) in it.
6. ________ (Puzzle) by the question, he asked the teacher for help.
7. The ________ (relax) music makes me feel ________ (relax).
8. The ________ (worry) mother looked ________ (worry).
9. It’s no use ________ (cry) over the spilt milk.
10. Not ________ (know) the way, she asked a policeman.
答案:
1. tiring;tired;
2. shocked;shocking;
3. Excited;
4. disappointing;disappointed;
5. interesting;interested;
6. Puzzled;
7. relaxing;relaxed;
8. worried;worried;
9. crying;
10. knowing;
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