专题04 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高三英语上学期

专题04 完形填空 （一） （25-26高三上·上海晋元高级中学·期中）“Sometimes, people say things they don’t mean out of anger,” explains Travis Atkinson, a licensed clinical social worker. “99% of the time, they are the 1 of an intense emotion: anger, which is brought about by stress from work, frustrations in life, and even hunger.” This is based, in part, on the theory of emotional hijacking, which suggests that intense emotions — like anger — can temporarily affect our ability to think 2 and make sensible decisions. The amygdala — the brain’s “integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation” — is involved too. More 3 , a process called “amygdala hijack” comes into play: when the amygdala becomes overactivated it sets off the fight-or-flight response, leading to narrowed focus. This in turn causes a(n) 4 of good judgment, leading to a flash of anger. It results in 5 that are driven more by emotional intensity than by genuine thoughts or beliefs. This indicates that the 6 of the person’s outburst might not even be at the root of their anger. Perhaps, they were angry about the way their boss treated them at work. They may not have been able to fight back then, but the anger they’ve held on to since can 7 at the slightest disagreement with the friend they were catching up with at dinner. Letting out anger can help people feel emotionally 8 , many psychologists argue. Others, however, believe an outburst can actually intensify our emotions and end up being 9 . “You have the sense of immediate improvement, but it’s only a(n) 10 ,” says Jeffrey Lohr, a professor of psychology at the University of Arkansas-Fayetteville. “But the point is, it might be the search for that short-lived relief — even if it brings further harm — that drives a person to 11 angrily.” Lohr doesn’t see angry outbursts as a healthy way to release anger, yet he also warns against bottling up 12 feelings. His 13 : releasing anger without using hurtful words. But managing emotions isn’t easy, and not everyone can control their feelings well. Sometimes 14 slip out before we even realize what we’re saying. We only 15 it when the other person looks hurt or after we understand what we’ve said. 1. A. cause B. development C. expression D. perception 2. A. logically B. creatively C. subjectively D. instinctively 3. A. hopefully B. specifically C. thoroughly D. doubtfully 4. A. loss B. display C. sense D. act 5. A. statements B. conflicts C. improvements D. symptoms 6. A. duration B. impact C. tone D. source 7. A. build up B. die down C. show off D. spill out 8. A. distressed B. relieved C. trapped D. weakened 9. A. productive B. uninteresting C. unhelpful D. challenging 10. A. sense B. fix C. change D. emotion 11. A. interrupt B. react C. gesture D. shake 12. A. mixed B. hidden C. negative D. honest 13. A. reason B. outburst C. consequence D. solution 14. A. secrets B. emotions C. words D. behaviours 15. A. experience B. notice C. accept D. review 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. A　5. A　6. D　7. D　8. B　9. C　10. A　11. B　12. C　13. D　14. C　15. B 【解析】【导语】 文章借助情绪劫持理论，解释人们愤怒时说出违心话语的缘由，介绍了关于发泄愤怒的两种不同观点，并提出宣泄愤怒但不说伤人话语的处理办法。 (1)题解析： 考查名词。句意：“在99%的情况下，这些话都是强烈情绪的一种表达：愤怒，这种情绪由工作压力、生活挫折甚至饥饿所引发。”A. cause原因；B. development发展；C. expression表达；D. perception感知。根据前文“Sometimes, people say things they don’t mean out of anger”可知，有时人们会在愤怒时说出违心的话，这些气头上说的话大多数都是在表达一种强烈的情绪。 (2)题解析： 考查副词。句意：这在一定程度上基于情绪劫持理论，该理论认为诸如愤怒这类强烈情绪会暂时影响我们逻辑思考以及做出理智决定的能力。A. logically逻辑地；B. creatively创造性地；C. subjectively主观地；D. instinctively本能地。根据空后的“and make sensible decisions”可知，and表示并列，和“做出理智的决定”相对应的是逻辑地思考。 (3)题解析： 考查副词。句意：更具体地说，一种叫作“杏仁核劫持”的机制就会开始起作用：当杏仁核过度激活时，就会触发战斗或逃跑反应，造成注意力变得狭隘。A. hopefully满怀希望地；B. specifically具体地；C. thoroughly彻底地；D. doubtfully怀疑地。根据前文第二段“This is based, in part, on the theory of emotional hijacking, which suggests that intense emotions — like anger — can temporarily affect our ability to think ________ and make sensible decisions. The amygdala — the brain’s ‘integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation’ — is involved too.”可知，第二段总述了情绪劫持理论，此处引出“杏仁核劫持”这一具体过程，more specifically为固定过渡短语，意为“更具体地说”，用于进一步细化解释。 (4)题解析： 考查名词。句意：这继而会造成良好判断力的丧失，引发怒火的瞬间爆发。A. loss丧失；B. display展示；C. sense感觉；D. act行动。根据前文“a process called ‘amygdala hijack’ comes into play: when the amygdala becomes overactivated it sets off the fight-or-flight response, leading to narrowed focus.”可知，杏仁核过度激活会触发战斗或逃跑反应，注意力变得狭隘，由此会造成丧失良好判断力。 (5)题解析： 考查名词。句意：这就会产生更多受情绪强度驱使，而非源于真实想法或信念的言辞。A. statements言辞；B. conflicts冲突；C. improvements改善；D. symptoms症状。根据文章首句“Sometimes, people say things they don’t mean out of anger”可知，人们在愤怒时会说出违心的话，此处表示人在愤怒爆发之时会说出一些非真实想法或信念驱动的言辞。 (6)题解析： 考查名词。句意：这表明，一个人当场发火的由头甚至可能并不是其愤怒情绪的真正根源。A. duration持续时间；B. impact影响；C. tone语气；D. source来源。根据后文“Perhaps, they were angry about the way their boss treated them at work. They may not have been able to fight back then, but the anger they’ve held on to since can ________ at the slightest disagreement with the friend they were catching up with at dinner.”可知，后文举例说明人可能把对老板的不满积压下来，最后在无辜朋友身上爆发愤怒，由此可看出，当场发火的由头可能并不是愤怒的真正根源。 (7)题解析： 考查动词短语。句意：他们当时或许无力反击，但自那时起积压在心中的愤怒，会在和共进晚餐叙旧的朋友产生一点点分歧时就宣泄迸发出来。A. build up逐步积累；B. die down逐渐平息；C. show off炫耀；D. spill out迸发，涌出。根据空前的“They may not have been able to fight back then, but the anger they’ve held on to since can”可知，把愤怒压抑在心中，遇到小小的分歧，积压的怒火就会迸发、宣泄出来。 (8)题解析： 考查形容词。句意：许多心理学家认为，发泄愤怒能够帮助人们在情绪上感到宽慰。A. distressed痛苦的；B. relieved宽慰的；C. trapped受困的；D. weakened被削弱的。根据后文“You have the sense of immediate improvement”及“it might be the search for that short-lived relief”可知，发泄愤怒，会让人有瞬间好转的感觉，让人的内心得到释放，感到宽慰。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词。句意：然而另一些人认为，情绪爆发实际上会加剧我们的情绪，最终起到无益的效果。A. productive富有成效的；B. uninteresting无趣的；C. unhelpful无益的；D. challenging有挑战性的。根据上一段中“Letting out anger can help people feel emotionally ________, many psychologists argue.”及本句的“however”可知，前文说发泄愤怒对人们的帮助，此处转折引出反对观点，认为爆发怒火会加剧情绪，最终是无益的。 (10)题解析： 考查名词。句意：阿肯色大学费耶特维尔分校的心理学教授杰弗里·洛尔说道：“你会有种立刻好转的感觉，但这仅仅只是一种感觉。”A. sense感觉；B. fix修复；C. change改变；D. emotion情绪。根据空前的“You have the sense of immediate improvement, but it’s only”可知，愤怒爆发看似能带来立刻好转的感受，but表转折，否定这种感受的真实性，说明这仅仅是主观上的感觉，并不是真正的好转。 (11)题解析： 考查动词。句意：“但关键在于，即便是会带来更多伤害，对那种短暂解脱感的渴求，也可能驱使一个人做出愤怒的反应。”A. interrupt打断；B. react作出反应；C. gesture做手势；D. shake摇晃。根据前文“it might be the search for that short-lived relief — even if it brings further harm”可知，人们追求短暂的情绪释放，即便会造成伤害，也会在情绪驱动下做出愤怒的反应。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词。句意：洛尔并不把愤怒爆发看作释放怒火的健康方式，但他同时也警示不要压抑负面情绪。A. mixed复杂的；B. hidden隐藏的；C. negative负面的；D. honest诚实的。根据空前的“Lohr doesn’t see angry outbursts as a healthy way to release anger, yet he also warns against bottling up”可知，yet表转折，既不支持发火爆发，也不建议压抑负面的情绪。 (13)题解析： 考查名词。句意：他的解决办法：宣泄愤怒，但不使用伤人的话语。A. reason理由；B. outburst爆发；C. consequence后果；D. solution解决办法。根据空后的“releasing anger without using hurtful words.”可知，冒号后面给出具体可行的应对情绪的解决办法：不用伤人的话语来释放愤怒。 (14)题解析： 考查名词。句意：有时候，话语会在我们甚至还没意识到自己在说什么的时候就脱口而出。A. secrets秘密；B. emotions情绪；C. words话语；D. behaviours行为。根据文章首句“Sometimes, people say things they don’t mean out of anger”及空后的“slip out before we even realize what we’re saying.”可知，人们在愤怒时会说出违心的话，此处表示有时候话语不经思考脱口而出。 (15)题解析： 考查动词。句意：只有当对方面露受伤神情，或是在我们明白自己说了什么之后，我们才会察觉到这件事。A. experience经历；B. notice察觉到；C. accept接受；D. review回顾。根据前文“slip out before we even realize what we’re saying.”可知，话说出口时毫无察觉，直到看到对方受伤或自己知道所说的话后，我们才察觉到自己失言了。 （二） （25-26高三上·上海普陀区曹杨第二中学·期中）Waiting in line is a suffering of modernity. According to David Andrews’s book, Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster? , it wasn’t 1 until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings. Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines, it’s no wonder that some people try to cut, and others 2 hate them. Yet jumping the queue without 3 violence is possible. First, pick the right queue. It’s virtually impossible to cut the line for a once-in-a-lifetime event — the Cubs playing the World Series, say. But in a 4 scenario (场景) like a security line, people are more likely to let you in, perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday. Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially 5 , researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting. But when the queue comes again, people let in intruders (入侵者) who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time. An excuse for cutting helps, but it needn’t be bulletproof. In one much-cited study, experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations. A small, polite request without 6 — “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?” — enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time. Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time. And “May I use the Xerox machine, because I need to make copies?” was almost as 7 , despite its weakness. The person 8 behind an intrusion usually gets to decide whether to allow it, according to a study co-authored by the psychologist Stanley Milgram. If that person doesn’t 9 , other queuers tend to stay quiet. The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one — so if you’re going to line-jump, travel 10 . Keep in mind that 11 for line-cutting varies across cultures. One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter... I’m ready to 12 .” Back in America the worst of line-cutting is 13 you’re not doing it. Like members of any community, queuers want their customs 14 . So if you must cut, just ask nicely. Doing so enhances the social contract, and it 15 . 1. A. difficult B. necessary C. common D. unusual 2. A. bitterly B. illogically C. casually D. surprisingly 3. A. rejecting B. understanding C. inviting D. continuing 4. A. realistic B. violent C. repeating D. complicated 5. A. permissible B. visible C. inflexible D. indefensible 6. A. prediction B. opposition C. recognition D. justification 7. A. neutral B. effective C. relevant D. variable 8. A. randomly B. distantly C. fortunately D. directly 9. A. agree B. object C. leave D. stay 10. A. extensively B. alone C. far D. happily 11. A. demand B. potential C. foundation D. tolerance 12. A. struggle B. believe C. explode D. respond 13. A. pretending B. confessing C. remembering D. confirming 14. A. recorded B. observed C. evaluated D. standardized 15. A. fails B. stops C. begins D. works 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. C　5. A　6. D　7. B　8. D　9. B　10. B　11. D　12. C　13. A　14. B　15. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了排队现象自工业革命后变得普遍，人们厌恶排队，同时探讨了在不引发冲突的情况下插队的可行方法，包括选择合适队伍、找合理借口、注意插队人数以及了解不同文化对插队的容忍度等，且礼貌请求插队往往会奏效。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据大卫·安德鲁斯的书《为什么另一条队伍总是走得更快？》，直到工业革命使工人的日程同步，导致午餐时间和晚上出现排队现象，排队才变得常见。A. difficult困难的；B. necessary必要的；C. common常见的；D. unusual不寻常的。根据后文“until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings”可知，工业革命后排队才开始常见，common符合语境，故选C。 (2)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：鉴于据估计美国人每年总共会在排队上浪费数百亿小时，难怪有些人试图插队，而另一些人则极其厌恶插队。A. bitterly极其，强烈地；B. illogically不合逻辑地；C. casually随意地；D. surprisingly令人惊讶地。根据前文“it’s no wonder that some people try to cut”以及后文“hate them.”可知，这里表示人们对插队极其厌恶，故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，在不引发暴力的情况下插队是有可能的。A. rejecting拒绝；B. understanding理解；C. inviting引发，招致；D. continuing继续。根据前文“others hate them”和后文“possible”可知，这里指插队不引发暴力，故选C。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但在像安检排队这样重复发生的场景中，人们更有可能让你插队，也许是因为他们预期有一天自己也需要类似的帮助。A. realistic现实的；B. violent暴力的；C. repeating重复的；D. complicated复杂的。根据后文“when the queue comes again”可知，是重复发生的场景，repeating符合语境，故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员利用博弈论来确定在什么条件下插队在社会上是可允许的，他们发现只排一次队的人对插队几乎没有容忍度。A. permissible可允许的；B. visible可见的；C. inflexible不灵活的；D. indefensible站不住脚的。根据前文“Using game theory to determine what conditions”可知，这里研究的是插队在什么情况下可被允许，permissible符合语境，故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个没有理由的小而礼貌的请求——“打扰一下，我有五页纸。我可以用一下复印机吗？”——有60%的成功率让他们插队。A. prediction预测；B. opposition反对；C. recognition认可；D. justification理由。根据后文“Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time.”可知，之前的请求没有给出理由，justification符合语境，故选D。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“我可以用一下复印机吗，因为我需要复印？”几乎同样有效，尽管这个理由很薄弱。A. neutral中立的；B. effective有效的；C. relevant相关的；D. variable可变的。根据前文“almost as”以及后文“despite its weakness”可知，这个理由和前面给出匆忙理由一样有效，故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：根据心理学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆共同撰写的一项研究，直接排在插队者后面的人通常有权决定是否允许插队。A. randomly随机地；B. distantly遥远地；C. fortunately幸运地；D. directly直接地。根据后文“behind an intrusion”可知，这里指直接排在后面的人决定是否允许插队，故选D。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果那个人不反对，其他排队者往往会保持安静。A. agree同意；B. object反对；C. leave离开；D. stay停留。根据后文“other queuers tend to stay quiet”可知，前面的人不反对，其他人就安静，故选B。 (10)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：实验还发现，两个插队者比一个插队者更容易引起愤怒——所以如果你要插队，最好独自行动。A. extensively广泛地；B. alone独自地；C. far远地；D. happily快乐地。根据前文“The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one”可知，因为两个插队者更易引发愤怒，所以最好独自插队，alone符合语境，故选B。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：要记住，不同文化对插队的容忍度各不相同。A. demand要求；B. potential潜力；C. foundation基础；D. tolerance容忍度。根据后文“One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter”可知，不同国家对插队的不同态度，所以这里说的是容忍度，故选D。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一位爱尔兰受访者非常生气，“他们说‘我只想问一个小问题’，然后就直接走到柜台前……我都要气炸了。”A. struggle挣扎；B. believe相信；C. explode气炸，爆发；D. respond回应。根据前文“very angry”可知，这个人非常生气，几乎要气炸了，explode符合语境，故选C。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：回到美国，最糟糕的插队情况是假装你没有在插队。A. pretending假装；B. confessing承认；C. remembering记得；D. confirming确认。根据后文“you’re not doing it”可知，这里说最糟糕的是假装没插队，故选A。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：和任何群体的成员一样，排队的人希望他们的习惯得到遵守。A. recorded记录；B. observed遵守，观察；C. evaluated评估；D. standardized使标准化。根据前文“queuers want their customs”可知，这里指排队习惯被遵守，observed符合语境，故选B。 (15)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样做会加强社会契约，而且会奏效。A. fails失败；B. stops停止；C. begins开始；D. works奏效。根据前文“Doing so enhances the social contract”可知，说礼貌请求插队，这里表示这样做会有效，works符合语境，故选D。 （三） （25-26高三上·上海南洋模范中学·期中）The Moon meant a great deal to medieval (中世纪的) people around the world. It was believed to have an enormous impact on Earth, affecting the tides, the trees, animals and human minds and bodies. But it also had many symbolic associations, whether in the realms of love, 1 or religion—as I explore in my new book, The Medieval Moon: A History of Haunting and Blessing. In fact, I suggest we can talk about medieval moons in the plural, because the Moon was seen in such a wide variety of contexts and guises. The book travels across multiple regions and cultures to seek these medieval moons, 2 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Polynesian and Welsh traditions, among others. In many ways, the Moon was like a riddle for medieval people. As a symbol, it did not have an easily decipherable (可解读的) meaning, which encouraged viewers to read it in playful ways. 3 , many Old English and Old Norse riddles appropriately have the 4 “Moon”. The Moon was also seen as place of travel and 5 . Japanese, Italian, English, German and Dutch sources all testify to stories of travel to and from the Moon, long before the age of 6 space travel. The Moon was also 7 in many kinds of prophetic activity. In the 8 of the period, sorcerers (巫师) and kings studied the Moon to find out about the future. The legendary sorcerer Merlin, for example, made prophecies involving the Moon in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain. The Moon was also a rich symbol in 9 contexts. In medieval Christian and Islamic sources, the Moon could 10 everything from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad to the Christian Church as an 11 . Despite this freight of negative meanings, the Moon was also 12 with love. Medieval Sufis — 13 known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties”. For these poets, the moon beauty was not an earthly lover but the divine (天赐的，神的) — Allah. As it shimmered for medieval audiences, the Moon 14 at deep emotions and complex thoughts, pervading people’s lives in moments of 15 and moments of tenderness. 1. A. illusion B. hatred C. illustration D. sympathy 2. A. taking in B. taking out C. taking over D. taking away 3. A. Nevertheless B. Namely C. Unfortunately D. Consequently 4. A. solution B. evolution C. revolution D. illusion 5. A. adventure B. torture C. route D. routine 6. A. fantastic B. real C. supposed D. rare 7. A. involved B. intended C. concerned D. cornered 8. A. society B. literature C. association D. realm 9. A. religious B. scientific C. academic D. rational 10. A. explain B. announce C. describe D. represent 11. A. institution B. family C. term D. crowd 12. A. dotted B. associated C. directed D. lined 13. A. commonly B. usually C. recently D. extremely 14. A. ignored B. grasped C. doubted D. insured 15. A. excitement B. impatience C. harshness D. existence 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. A　5. A　6. B　7. A　8. B　9. A　10. D　11. A　12. B　13. A　14. B　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍中世纪时期月亮对全球人们的重要意义、多元象征及文化内涵。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但它也有许多象征意义，无论是在爱情、仇恨还是宗教领域——正如我在新书《中世纪的月亮：一段萦绕与祝福的历史》中所探讨的那样。A. illusion错觉；B. hatred仇恨；C. illustration插图；D. sympathy同情。根据前文“love”和后文“religion”可知，此处需填与“love”情感色彩相反的词，hatred符合语境。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这本书跨越多个地区和文化，探寻这些中世纪的月亮意象，涵盖了阿拉伯、中国、英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔士等诸多文化传统。A. taking in涵盖、包含；B. taking out取出；C. taking over接管；D. taking away拿走。根据前文“across multiple regions and cultures”以及后文列举的众多文化传统可知，涵盖了阿拉伯、中国、英国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、韩国、拉丁、玛雅、挪威、波斯、波利尼西亚和威尔士等诸多文化传统。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作为谜底。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Namely也就是说；C. Unfortunately不幸的是；D. Consequently因此。前文提到月亮对中世纪人来说像谜语，象征意义难以解读，后文说相关谜语以月亮为谜底，是因果关系。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，许多古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语的谜语都恰如其分地以“月亮”作为谜底。A. solution谜底、答案；B. evolution进化；C. revolution革命；D. illusion错觉。根据前文“riddles”可知，此处指谜语的答案。故选A项。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方。A. adventure冒险；B. torture折磨；C. route路线；D. routine惯例。根据前文“place of travel”以及后文“stories of travel to and from the Moon”可知，月亮也被视为一个充满旅行与冒险的地方。故选A项。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：早在真正的太空旅行时代到来之前，日本、意大利、英国、德国和荷兰的文献中就有许多关于往返月球的故事记载。A. fantastic奇妙的；B. real真实的；C. supposed假定的；D. rare稀有的。根据前文“long before”可知，中世纪的月球旅行故事发生在真实太空旅行之前。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮也与许多预言活动息息相关。A. involved相关的；B. intended有意的；C. concerned关心的；D. cornered走投无路的。根据后文“many kinds of prophetic activity”可知，月亮也与许多预言活动息息相关。be involved in为固定搭配，意为“参与、与……相关”。故选A项。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那个时代的文学作品中，巫师和国王会通过观察月亮来预测未来。A. society社会；B. literature文学；C. association协会；D. realm领域。根据后文“Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain”这一文学作品可知，此处指文学范畴。故选B项。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：月亮在宗教语境中也是一个内涵丰富的象征符号。A. religious宗教的；B. scientific科学的；C. academic学术的；D. rational理性的。根据后文“medieval Christian and Islamic sources”可知，此处指宗教相关内容。故选A项。 (10)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德到基督教教会等各种事物。A. explain解释；B. announce宣布；C. describe描述；D. represent代表。根据前文“a rich symbol”可知，月亮作为象征符号，代表不同的对象。故选D项。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪基督教和伊斯兰教的文献中，月亮可以代表从伊斯兰教先知穆罕默德到基督教教会等各种机构性质的事物。A. institution机构；B. family家庭；C. term术语；D. crowd人群。根据前文“the Christian Church”可知，教会属于机构范畴。故选A项。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管月亮承载着诸多负面含义，但它也与爱情紧密相连。A. dotted点缀；B. associated联系；C. directed指导；D. lined排列。根据前文“Despite this freight of negative meanings”以及后文“with love”可知，但月亮也与爱情紧密相连。be associated with为固定搭配，意为“与……相关联”。故选B项。 (13)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：中世纪的苏菲派信徒——通常被称为伊斯兰教神秘主义者——曾写下关于“月光美人”的诗篇。A. commonly通常、普遍地；B. usually通常（侧重习惯性）；C. recently最近；D. extremely极其。根据后文“known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties””可知，此处是对“Sufis”的普遍定义。故选A项。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. ignored忽视；B. grasped抓住、触动；C. doubted怀疑；D. insured投保。根据后文“deep emotions and complex thoughts”可知，月亮能触动人们的情感与思绪。故选B项。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在中世纪人们的眼中，月亮熠熠生辉，它触动着人们内心深处的情感与复杂思绪，在残酷的时刻与温柔的瞬间中渗透在人们的生活里。A. excitement兴奋；B. impatience不耐烦；C. harshness残酷、严厉；D. existence存在。根据后文“moments of tenderness”可知，此处需填与“tenderness”情感色彩相反的词。故选C项。 （四） （25-26高三上·上海格致中学·期中）At the end of a busy month, a friend told me about her endless schedule. She had been rushing from one meeting to another, always putting on her best face. By the end, she was completely 1 . “I want to hug my family,” she said, “have a good cry, and then everything will feel better.” And she was right. Crying can act like a 2 button. Music, in particular, helps us let out feelings we normally hold back. A single sad pop song can push us into 3 when life feels too heavy. I even keep a playlist ready for those moments when I feel stressed out. In real life, I have a very low 4 for crying. Tears in the office, for example, feel awkward and out of place. My own crying is private, quick, and ideally exercised in contexts that do not affect me 5 — perhaps a moving documentary, or a film where an old man dies alone. No one has ever really solved the mystery of why humans cry, nor the 6 of tears. Charles Darwin considered emotional tears “purposeless”, and there remains little agreement on their meaning even now. In the 1980s, William H. Frey suggested that crying helps remove toxins (毒素) built up from stress. It’s a(n) 7 idea, but it never gained strong scientific support. Another psychologist, Ad Vingerhoets, has said that crying often 8 helplessness, hopelessness, or separation from loved ones. Death, divorce, or homesickness are among the most common causes. Yet even his studies show 9 results: only about half the people surveyed felt better after crying. Much depends on how others react to our tears. For me, 10 , crying is not something to be shared. Perhaps I am marked by that keep-it-in culture that still sees crying as something that should be 11 . My grandmother lived through enormous loss, but I never once saw her cry. Perhaps she, too, had her own secret way of releasing 12 — maybe with music, alone in a darkened room. And perhaps this explains why so many people find themselves 13 on long flights. At 30,000 feet, surrounded by strangers, normal rules seem to 14 . You can cry through a sad film without embarrassment. In no way are these moments social, nor do we seek observers to justify our tears. But, man, it feels 15 to cry. 1. A. relaxed B. exhausted C. embarrassed D. motivated 2. A. record B. panic C. reset D. play 3. A. action B. conflicts C. reflection D. tears 4. A. requirement B. tolerance C. competence D. concern 5. A. socially B. physically C. emotionally D. personally 6. A. silence B. point C. trace D. memory 7. A. dangerous B. strange C. appealing D. basic 8. A. comes from B. results in C. depends upon D. protects against 9. A. mixed B. consistent C. expected D. notable 10. A. shortly B. moreover C. otherwise D. though 11. A. treasured B. judged C. communicated D. shamed 12. A. doubts B. emotions C. fear D. joy 13. A. weeping B. sleeping C. arguing D. exercising 14. A. matter B. evolve C. disappear D. emerge 15. A. tiring B. heavy C. good D. awkward 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D　4. B　5. D　6. B　7. C　8. A　9. A　10. D　11. D　12. B　13. A　14. C　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“哭泣 这一话题展开，结合作者自身经历及相关研究，探讨了哭泣的作用、原因及社会文化对哭泣的看法。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，她完全筋疲力尽了。A. relaxed放松的；B. exhausted筋疲力尽的；C. embarrassed尴尬的；D. motivated有动力的。根据前文“She had been rushing from one meeting to another, always putting on her best face.”可知，朋友接连参加会议、强撑状态，最终会“筋疲力尽”。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：哭泣就像一个重置按钮。A. record记录；B. panic恐慌；C. reset重置；D. play播放。根据前文“have a good cry, and then everything will feel better”可知，哭泣后一切会变好，如同“重置”了情绪状态。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当生活让人不堪重负时，一首悲伤的流行歌曲就能让我们落泪。A. action行动；B. conflicts冲突；C. reflection反思；D. tears眼泪。根据后文“when life feels too heavy.”可知，生活不堪重负时，悲伤的歌曲会触发“哭泣”。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在现实生活中，我对哭泣的容忍度很低。A. requirement要求；B. tolerance容忍度；C. competence能力；D. concern关心。根据后文“Tears in the office, for example, feel awkward and out of place.”可知，作者认为在办公室哭泣很尴尬，说明对哭泣的“容忍度”低。故选B项。 (5)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我自己哭泣的时刻很私密，转瞬即逝，而且最好是在那些不会对我个人产生影响的情境中落泪——比如一部感人的纪录片，或者是一部有老人孤独离世情节的电影。A. socially社会地；B. physically身体地；C. emotionally情感地；D. personally个人地。前文提到“My own crying is private”以及“Tears in the office, for example, feel awkward and out of place”，说明作者倾向于在私人场合（如独自看电影）哭泣，避免对自己的个人生活或状态产生影响。故选D项。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：没有人真正解开人类为什么哭泣的奥秘，也没有人解开眼泪的意义。A. silence沉默；B. point意义；C. trace痕迹；D. memory记忆。根据前文“why humans cry”以及后文“Charles Darwin considered emotional tears ‘purposeless’, and there remains little agreement on their meaning even now.”可知，此处讨论的是眼泪的“意义”。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个有吸引力的想法，但从未获得强有力的科学支持。A. dangerous危险的；B. strange奇怪的；C. appealing有吸引力的；D. basic基础的。根据后文“but it never gained strong scientific support.”可知，“but”转折说明该理论虽appealing（吸引人）但未被证实。故选C项。 (8)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：另一位心理学家阿德·温格霍茨说，哭泣通常源于无助、绝望或与亲人分离。 A. comes from源于；B. results in导致；C. depends upon取决于；D. protects against保护免受。根据后文“helplessness, hopelessness, or separation from loved ones. Death, divorce, or homesickness are among the most common causes.”可知，此处指哭泣的“原因”，“源于”符合语境。故选A项。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，即使是他的研究也显示出混合的结果：只有大约一半的受访者在哭泣后感觉更好。A. mixed混合的；B. consistent一致的；C. expected预期的；D. notable显著的。根据后文“only about half the people surveyed felt better after crying. Much depends on how others react to our tears. ”可知，研究结果并非统一的，而是“混合的”，即部分人感觉好，部分人可能不然。故选A项。 (10)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：不过，对我来说，哭泣不是一件可以分享的事情。A. shortly不久；B. moreover此外；C. otherwise否则；D. though不过。前文提到“Much depends on how others react to our tears.”，说明他人的反应会影响哭泣后的感受，后文转而说明自己的态度“crying is not something to be shared.”，“though”表示转折，符合逻辑。故选D项。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许我深受那种“隐忍”文化的影响，这种文化仍然认为哭泣是应该感到羞愧的事情。A. treasured珍视；B. judged评判；C. communicated交流；D. shamed使羞耻。根据“keep-it-in culture”（隐忍文化）及作者偏爱私下哭泣可知，这种文化认为哭泣是不光彩、应“感到羞愧”的。故选D项。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：也许她也有自己释放情绪的秘密方式——也许是在黑暗的房间里，独自听着音乐。A. doubts怀疑；B. emotions情绪；C. fear恐惧；D. joy喜悦。根据前文“My grandmother lived through enormous loss”和“had her own secret way of releasing”以及后文“maybe with music”可知，祖母经历巨大损失可知，作者推测可能有她自己的释放“情绪”的秘密方式，或许是通过音乐。故选B项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许这也解释了为什么很多人会在长途飞行中哭泣。A. weeping哭泣；B. sleeping睡觉；C. arguing争论；D. exercising锻炼。根据后文“You can cry through a sad film without embarrassment”可知，此处指在长途飞行中“哭泣”。故选A项。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在3万英尺的高空，周围都是陌生人，常规规则似乎消失了。A. matter重要；B. evolve进化；C. disappear消失；D. emerge出现。根据后文“You can cry through a sad film without embarrassment”可知，在长途飞行中，平时的社交规则不再适用，即“消失”了。故选C项。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是，天啊，哭泣的感觉真好。A. tiring累人的；B. heavy沉重的；C. good好的；D. awkward尴尬的。根据前文“without embarrassment”可知，在高空不会感到尴尬，所以哭后感觉“好”（good）。故选C项。 （五） （25-26高三上·上海南洋中学·期中）In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing (大声吼叫的) street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs. Living in Mumbai requires a huge 1 for noise. When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago, friends, acquaintances and even her lawyers insisted it was 2 . “People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,” she says. “We’re a noisy country.” But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to 3 environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival. 4 , the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship. And she has since won more than a dozen other actions both on her own and via the Awaaz Foundation (awaaz means “noise” in Hindi), which she launched in 2006. The World Health Organization warns that noise is a top threat to human 5 , affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health. Abdulali claims Mumbai is the world’s 6 city. A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits. In recent years, the battle against noise has become increasingly 7 , with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth. With increasing 8 , ever more people are exposed to continuous noise. In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules 9 development plans. Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive, so developers 10 installing them. Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels (分贝) — a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Luckily, 11 can help in the fight, Vijay says. He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer 12 drivers rewards like deductions (扣除) on car insurance. Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and 13 the urge to resort to horns, he says. Local government also 14 . Mumbai decreed (颁布) India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1,000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists. Far more important is the longer-term impact of the day-to-day noise, so that’s where Vijay believes activists should focus their energy. “In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,” he says. “But our 15 noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.” 1. A. talent B. potential C. demand D. tolerance 2. A. encouraging B. reasonable C. ridiculous D. depressing 3.A. take advantage of B. put an end to C. lay emphasis on D. throw light on 4. A. Therefore B. Similarly C. Subsequently D. However 5. A. well-being B. intelligence C. interaction D. behavior 6. A. largest B. busiest C. loudest D. richest 7. A. difficult B. successful C. diverse D. easy 8. A. availability B. capitalization C. urbanization D. convenience 9. A. in pace with B. in contact with C. in league with D. in conflict with 10. A. recommend B. justify C. resist D. advocate 11. A. government B. technology C. finance D. psychology 12. A. quiet B. brave C. safe D. alert 13. A. trigger B. satisfy C. reduce D. maintain 14. A. steps in B. takes over C. cuts in D. takes off 15. A. traffic B. construction C. ceremony D. background 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. C　5. A　6. C　7. A　8. C　9. D　10. C　11. B　12. A　13. C　14. A　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孟买的噪音非常大，人们开始采取措施减少噪音污染。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：住在孟买需要对噪音有极大的容忍度。A. talent天赋；B. potential潜力；C. demand需求；D. tolerance容忍。根据上文“In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs.”可知，孟买的噪音很多，所以住在孟买需要对噪音有极大的容忍度。故选D。 (2)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：20年前，当Sumaira Abdulali开始在印度金融首都开展反对噪音污染的运动时，朋友、熟人甚至她的律师都坚称这很愚蠢。A. encouraging令人鼓舞的；B. reasonable合理的；C. ridiculous愚蠢的；D. depressing令人沮丧的。根据下文“People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,”可知，此处表示Abdulali的朋友、熟人甚至律师都认为Abdulali反对噪音污染的运动是愚蠢的。故选C。 (3)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但在2003年，Abdulali赢得了一场诉讼，该诉讼旨在结束允许音乐节期间大声播放到深夜的环境规定。A. take advantage of利用；B. put an end to结束；C. lay emphasis on强调；D. throw light on阐明。根据上文“When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago,”以及下文“environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival.”可知，Abdulali反对噪音污染，所以这场诉讼是为了结束允许音乐节期间大声播放到深夜的环境规定。故选B。 (4)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：随后，她凭借自己和2006年成立的Awaaz基金会（Awaaz在印地语中的意思是“噪音”）赢得了十几项其他行动。A. Therefore因此；B. Similarly类似地；C. Subsequently随后；D. However然而。根据上文“But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to ___3___ environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival.”以及下文“the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship.”可知，Abdulali赢得了一场诉讼，随后又赢得了十几项其他运动。故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界卫生组织警告说，噪音是对人类健康的最大威胁，不仅影响听力，还影响睡眠、大脑发育和心血管健康。A. well-being健康；B. intelligence智力；C. interaction相互作用；D. behavior行为。根据下文“affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health.”可知，此处表示噪音是人类健康的最大威胁。故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Abdulali声称孟买是世界上声音最大的城市。A. largest最大的；B. busiest最繁忙的；C. loudest最大声的；D. richest最富有的。根据下文“A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits.”可知，孟买及周边地区的噪音水平大大超过了法律限制，所以此处表示Abdulali称孟买是世界上声音最大的城市。故选C。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，与噪音的斗争变得越来越困难，Abdulali经常面临强大的利益集团，他们认为噪音是经济发展的必然副产品。A. difficult困难的；B. successful成功的；C. diverse多样的；D. easy容易的。根据下文“with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth.”可知，强大的利益集团认为噪音是经济发展的必然副产品，所以与噪音的斗争会变得越来越困难。故选A。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着城市化程度的提高，越来越多的人暴露在持续的噪音中。A. availability可利用性；B. capitalization资本化；C. urbanization城市化；D. convenience方便。根据下文“In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules ___9___ development plans.”可知，此处表示城市化的程度的提高。故选C。 (9)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：在孟买这样一个人口超过1200万的快速扩张城市，对住房的需求使噪音规定与发展计划相冲突。A. in pace with与……步调一致；B. in contact with与……保持联系；C. in league with与……勾结；D. in conflict with与……冲突。根据上文“In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules”以及语境可知，对住房的需求使得噪音的规定和发展计划冲突。故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管建筑项目需要隔音屏障，但它们价格昂贵，因此开发商拒绝安装。A. recommend推荐；B. justify证明……是正当的；C. resist抵制；D. advocate提倡。根据上文“Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive,”可知，隔音屏障价格昂贵，所以开发商会拒绝安装。故选C。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，技术可以帮助对抗，Vijay说。A. government政府；B. technology技术；C. finance金融；D. psychology心理学。根据下文“He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer ___12___ drivers rewards like deductions on car insurance.”以及“Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and ___13___ the urge to resort to horns, he says.”可知，使用设备测量喇叭使用情况，与红绿灯相连的传感器检测交通密度的动态信号改善车辆流量，即技术可以帮助对抗道路上的噪音。故选B。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他建议使用测量喇叭使用情况的设备，让官员为安静的司机提供奖励，比如汽车保险扣减。A. quiet安静的；B. brave勇敢的；C. safe安全；D. alert警觉的。根据上文“Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels(分贝)—a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure,”以及语境可知，此处表示测量司机的喇叭的使用情况，使用喇叭较少的司机产生的噪音少，即安静的司机。故选A。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说，与红绿灯相连的传感器检测交通密度的动态信号将改善车辆流量，减少使用喇叭的冲动。A. trigger触发；B. satisfy满足；C. reduce减少；D. maintain维持。根据上文“Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow”以及常识可知，车辆流量被改善之后，司机按喇叭的冲动会减少。故选C。 (14)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：当地政府也采取了行动。A. steps in介入；B. takes over接管；C. cuts in打断；D. takes off起飞。根据下文“Mumbai decreed India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1, 000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists.”可知，当地政府也介入，采取了行动。故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们的仪式噪音本身就超出了允许的范围。A. traffic交通；B. construction建设；C. ceremony典礼，仪式；D. background背景。根据上文“In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,”以及下文“noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.”可知，此处表示庆祝活动的噪音本身就超出了被允许的范围。故选C。 （一） （25-26高三上·上海卢湾高级中学·期中）Although competition is a fact of life, it makes business difficult, contributing to an ever-downward pressure on prices, ever-rising costs (such as the funding of new product development and marketing), and an urgent need to outsmart competitors. 1 , the benefits of finding a market gap — a small part of a market that is free of competition — are obvious: greater control over prices, lower costs, and improved profits. The identification of a market gap is often all that is needed to 2 a new business. In 2006, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey combined short-form communication with social media, providing a service that no one else had 3 . Free to most users, revenue (收入) comes from companies who 4 promotional tweets and profiles: Twitter earned advertising revenues of $582 million in 2013. Not all gaps are profitable, 5 . The Amphicar, for instance, was a car produced in the 1960s for US consumers who wanted to drive on roads and rivers. It was a totally new idea, but the market was too small to be profitable. This was also true for bottled water for pets — launched in the US in 1994, Thirsty Cat! And Thirsty Dog! failed to 6 pet owners. Snapple, the manufacturer of healthy tea and juice drinks, is a company that has 7 found a sustainable and profitable market gap. A glance at the beverage (饮料) counter of any supermarket reveals that dozens of brands 8 for sales. Many companies have failed in this highly competitive market: for example, Pepsi tried to capture a (n) 9 market for morning cola with its short-lived, high-caffeine drink, AM. Success for Snapple came from positioning the product as a unique brand — Snapple was one of the first companies to manufacture juices and drinks made completely from natural ingredients. Its founders ran a health store in Manhattan, and the company used the slogan: “100% Natural.” Snapple 10 students, commuters (通勤者), and lunch-time office workers with a new healthy “snack” drink. Distribution was through small, inner-city stores where customers could “grab-and-go.” These 11 helped to secure a profitable and sustainable market gap, distinguishing Snapple from its competitors in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1994 sales peaked at $674 million. Unoccupied market territory can present major opportunities for companies but the challenge lies in identifying which gaps are profitable and which are 12 . During the 1990s, many companies became 13 about the potential of the “green” market, across a whole range of goods. But this market has failed to materialize in any profitable way. This marks one of the potential problems in identifying market gaps based on market research: sometimes consumers have strong attitudes or opinions on trends or issues — such as ecology — that they are 14 to consider when purchasing products, especially if they affect cost. Many market gaps, it seems, are 15 , but unrealistic. 1.A. On the whole B. What’s more C. In contrast D. As a matter of fact 2. A. launch B. purchase C. investigate D. defeat 3. A. helped B. enjoyed C. spotted D. permitted 4. A. care about B. rely on C. look after D. pay for 5. A. otherwise B. consequently C. however D. instead 6. A. think about B. appeal to C. point at D. learn from 7. A. successfully B. instantly C. unfortunately D. insecurely 8. A. wait B. compete C. search D. exchange 9. A. non-existent B. non-productive C. non-profit D. non-random 10. A. equipped B. charged C. bothered D. targeted 11. A. analyses B. strategies C. prospects D. perspectives 12. A. directions B. traps C. objections D. events 13. A. guilty B. particular C. concerned D. excited 14. A. pleased B. disappointed C. unwilling D. grateful 15. A. tempting B. tremendous C. revealable D. different 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. D　5. C　6. B　7. A　8. B　9. A　10. D　11. B　12. B　13. D　14. C　15. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨市场空白的利弊，通过多个案例说明企业如何成功识别并利用市场空白实现盈利。 (1)题解析： 考查短语辨析。句意：相比之下，找到市场空白——一个没有竞争的小众市场的好处是显而易见的：能更好地控制价格、降低成本并提高利润。A. On the whole总体而言；B. What’s more此外；C. In contrast相比之下；D. As a matter of fact事实上。前文提及竞争带来的难题，后文讲市场空白的好处，存在对比关系，故选C。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：识别市场空白往往是创办新企业所需的全部条件。A. launch创办；B. purchase购买；C. investigate调查；D. defeat击败。根据后文“a new business. In 2006, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey combined short-form communication with social media, providing a service”可知，此处指利用市场空白创办新企业，故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2006年，推特创始人杰克・多尔西将短形式交流与社交媒体结合，提供了一项无人发现的服务。A. helped帮助；B. enjoyed 享受；C. spotted发现；D. permitted允许。结合“a market gap”核心话题可知，此处指这项服务是此前未被他人发现的机会，故选C。 (4)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：大多数用户可免费使用，收入来自那些为推广推文和个人资料付费的公司：推特2013年的广告收入达 5.82 亿美元。A. care about关心；B. rely on依赖；C. look after照顾；D. pay for为……付费。根据上文“revenue comes from companies”可知，企业通过付费获得推广服务，故选D。 (5)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，并非所有的市场空白都能盈利。A. otherwise否则；B. consequently因此；C. however然而；D. instead相反。前文讲市场空白的好处，后文举Amphicar失败案例，存在转折关系，故选C。 (6)题解析： 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：1994年在美国推出的宠物瓶装水“口渴的猫！”和“口渴的狗！”也未能吸引宠物主人。A. think about 思考；B. appeal to 吸引；C. point at 指向；D. learn from 向……学习。根据上文“failed”可知，产品未得到宠物主人的青睐，故选B。 (7)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：健康茶和果汁饮料制造商Snapple是一家成功找到可持续且盈利的市场空白的公司。A. successfully成功地；B. instantly立即；C. unfortunately不幸地；D. insecurely不安全地。根据下文“Success for Snapple came from”可知，其成功利用了市场空白，故选A。 (8)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随便看一眼任何超市的饮料柜台，就会发现几十个品牌在争夺销量。A. wait等待；B. compete竞争；C. search寻找；D. exchange交换。根据下文“highly competitive market”可知饮料市场竞争激烈，品牌争夺销量，故选B。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，百事公司曾试图用其昙花一现的高咖啡因饮料“AM”抢占一个不存在的晨间可乐市场。A. non-existent不存在的；B. non-productive非生产性的；C. non-profit非营利的；D. non-random非随机的。根据下文“short-lived”可知，该市场需求并未真实存在，故选A。 (10)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Snapple将学生、通勤者和午餐时间的上班族作为目标客户，向他们提供一种新的健康“零食”饮料。A. equipped配备；B. charged收费；C. bothered打扰；D. targeted以……为目标。根据下文“students, commuters, and lunch-time office workers”可知，公司明确了产品的目标人群，故选D。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些策略帮助其获得了盈利且可持续的市场空白，使Snapple在20世纪80年代和90年代区别于竞争对手。A. analyses分析；B. strategies策略；C. prospects前景；D. perspectives观点。根据上文“Its founders ran a health store in Manhattan, and the company used the slogan: “100% Natural.” Snapple 10 students, commuters, and lunch-time office workers with a new healthy “snack” drink. Distribution was through small, inner-city stores where customers could “grab-and-go.” ”可知，这些均属于市场策略，故选B。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：未被占据的市场领域能为企业带来重大机遇，但挑战在于识别哪些空白是盈利的，哪些是陷阱。A. directions方向；B. traps陷阱；C. objections反对；D. events事件。根据上文“identifying which gaps are profitable and which are”可知，此处与profitable相对，指哪些空白是陷阱。故选B。 (13)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：20世纪90年代，许多公司对各类商品的“绿色”市场潜力感到兴奋。A. guilty内疚的；B. particular特别的；C. concerned关心的；D. excited兴奋的。结合下文“potential of the ‘green’ market”，可知企业对新兴市场潜力充满期待，感到兴奋。故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这标志着基于市场研究识别市场空白的潜在问题之一：有时消费者对趋势或问题（如生态）有强烈的态度或观点，但在购买产品时却不愿考虑，尤其是当这些因素影响成本时。A. pleased高兴的；B. disappointed失望的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. grateful感激的。根据下文“to consider when purchasing products, especially if they affect cost. ”可知，消费者虽关注生态，但不愿因环保因素增加购买成本，故选C。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：似乎许多市场空白都很诱人，但并不现实。A. tempting诱人的；B. tremendous巨大的；C. revealable可显示的；D. different不同的。根据下文“but unrealistic”可知，市场空白看似有吸引力，但并不现实，故选A。 （二） （25-26高三上·上海进华中学·期中）You can actually catch a good mood or a bad mood from your friends, according to a recent study in the journal Royal Society Open Science.But that shouldn't stop you from 1 with pals who are down in the dumps,say the study authors: 2 ,the effect isn't large enough to push you into depression. The new study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that happiness and sadness-as well as lifestyle and behavioral factors like smoking,drinking,obesity,fitness habits and even the ability to concentrate-can 3 across social networks, both online and in real life.But while many 4 studies have only looked at friendship data at one point in time, this is one of the few that measured social and mood changes over time. The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in 5 screenings(筛查） and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study. In total,2,194 students were included in the 6 ,which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks. Overall,kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more 7 to report bad moods themselves- and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, 8 ,their moods were more likely to improve over time. Some symptoms related to depression-like helplessness,tiredness and loss of interest-also seemed to follow this 9 ,which scientists call “social contagion.”But this isn't something that people need to 10 ,says lead author Robert Eyre,a doctoral student at the University of Warwick. Rather, it's likely just a “ 11 empathetic response that we're all familiar with, and something we recognize by common sense,"he says. In other words,when a friend is going through a rough patch, it makes sense that you'll feel some of their 12 ,and it's certainly not a reason to stay away. The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not 13 participants' risk of becoming depressed themselves. “Your friends do not put you at risk of illness," says Eyre,"so a good course of action is simply to 14 them."To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both 15 -and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings,too.” 1. A. keeping up B. making off C. hanging out D. getting away 2. A. Thankfully B. Particularly C. Hopefully D. Totally 3. A. increase B. generate C. delay D. spread 4. A. growing B. previous C. real D. large-scale 5. A. depression B. anxiety C. anger D. friendship 6. A. assessment B. examination C. analysis D. exercise 7. A. willing B. reluctant C. able D. likely 8.A. what's worse B. as a result C. on the other hand D. in one word 9. A. prediction B. pattern C. report D. improvement 10. A. worry about B. look for C. rely on D. put forward 11. A. social B. normal C. rough D. certain 12. A. symptoms B. responses C. recognition D. pain 13. A. eliminate B. conceal C. increase D. sugarcoat 14. A. enlighten B. entertain C. empower D. support 15. A. enjoy B. understand C. advise D. permit 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B　5. A　6. C　7. D　8. C　9. B　10. A　11. B　12. D　13. C　14. D　15. A 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。根据最近发表在《皇家学会开放科学》杂志上的一项研究，你实际上可以从你的朋友那里获得好心情或坏心情。但研究报告的作者说，这不应该阻止你和垂头丧气的朋友出去玩。值得庆幸的是，这种影响还没有大到把你推向抑郁的地步。越来越多的研究表明，快乐和悲伤——以及生活方式和行为因素，如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身习惯，甚至集中注意力的能力——会在社交网络中传播，无论是在网上还是在现实生活中，这项研究是为数不多的测量社交和情绪随时间变化的研究之一。 (1)题解析： 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但研究报告的作者说，这不应该阻止你和垂头丧气的朋友出去玩。值得庆幸的是，这种影响还没有大到把你推向抑郁的地步。A.keeping up保持；B.making off逃走；离开；匆忙离开；C.hanging out闲逛；D.getting away离开；逃脱；出发。根据后文“…who are down in the dumps” 垂头丧气的朋友们。可知是不能阻止和垂头丧气的朋友一起出去玩。故答案为C (2)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意见上题解析。A.Thankfully感谢地；B.Particularly特别地；C.Hopefully有希望地；D.Totally完全地。根据后文“the effect isn't large enough to push you into depression.” 这种影响还不足以让你陷入抑郁。可知这种影响还不足以让你陷入抑郁，是值得庆幸的。故答案为A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：行为因素如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身习惯，甚至集中注意力的能力，都可以在社交网络中传播，无论是在网上还是在现实生活中。A.increase增加； B.generate产生；C.delay推迟；D.spread增加。根据常识可知，行为因素如吸烟、饮酒、肥胖、健身习惯，甚至集中注意力的能力，都可以在社交网络中传播的。故答案为D。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管之前的许多研究都只是在某个时间点上查看友情数据，但这项研究是为数不多的测量社交和情绪随时间变化的研究之一。A.growing增加的；B.previous之前的；C.real真的；D.large-scale大规模地。根据后文“The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in ________ screenings(筛查） and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study.” 这项新研究的对象是一些初高中学生，他们参加了抑郁症筛查，并回答了有关他们最好朋友的问题，其中许多人也参与了这项研究。此处“new”和上文的“previous”翻反义对应。故答案为B。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项新研究的对象是一些初高中学生，他们参加了抑郁症筛查，并回答了有关他们最好朋友的问题，其中许多人也参与了这项研究。A.depression沮丧、忧郁；B.anxiety焦虑；C.anger生气地；D. friendship友谊。根据下文的“The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not ________ participants' risk of becoming depressed themselves. ”得知这是在做抑郁症筛查。故答案为A。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：共有2194名学生参与了这项评估，该评估使用了一个数学模型来寻找好友网络之间的联系。 A. assessment评估；B. examination考试；C. analysis分析；D. exercise练习。根据后文“which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks.” 它使用一个数学模型来寻找好友网络之间的联系。可知在研究当中是用使用一个数学模型来评估寻找好友网络之间的联系。故选C。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：总的来说，如果孩子的朋友心情不好，那么他们自己也更有可能心情不好。 A.willing愿意的；B.reluctant不情愿的；C.able有能力的；D.likely可能的。根据后文“…and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. ” 当他们在6个月到一年后再次接受检查时，改善的可能性更小。可知如果孩子的朋友心情不好，那么他们自己也更有可能心情不好。此处均表示研究的结果，故用be likely to do…（可能做某事）表示可能性。故答案为D。 (8)题解析： 考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：另一方面，当人们有更多快乐的朋友时，他们的情绪更有可能随着时间的推移而改善。A.what's worse更糟糕的是；B.as a result结果；C.on the other hand另一方面；D.in one word总之。根据上文“Overall,kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more likely to report bad moods themselves- and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, on the other hand ,their moods were more likely to improve over time. ” 总的来说，那些朋友心情不好的孩子更有可能报告自己心情不好——而且当他们在6个月到一年后再次接受检查时，改善的可能性更小。另一方面，当人们有更多快乐的朋友时，他们的情绪更有可能随着时间的推移而改善。可知此处为研究结果的两个方面。故答案为C。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些与抑郁相关的症状——比如无助、疲倦和兴趣的丧失——似乎也遵循这种模式，科学家称之为社会传染。A.prediction预测；B.pattern模式；C.report报告；D.improvement提高。根据后文“…which scientists call “social contagion.”” 科学家称之为社会传染。此处非限性定语从句当中which指代设空处，“social contagion”（社会传染）是指的是模式。故答案为B。 (10)题解析： 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但这不是人们需要担心的事情，该研究的主要作者，华威大学的博士生罗伯特·爱说。A.worry about担忧；B.look for寻找；C.rely on依靠；D.put forward提出。根据后文“相反，它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是我们通过很熟悉的东西。” 可知它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是不需要担心的。故答案为A。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，它可能只是一种我们都熟悉的同理心反应，是我们通过很熟悉的东西。A.social社会的；B.normal正常的；C.rough粗略的；D.certain特定的。根据后文“…that we're all familiar with”这是我们都很熟悉的。可知是常见的。故答案为B。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，当朋友遇到困难时，你会感受到他们的一些痛苦，这是合理的，这当然不是远离他们的理由。A.symptoms症状；B.responses回应；C.recognition识别；D.pain痛苦。根据上文“…In other words,when a friend is going through a rough patch,…”换句话说，当一个朋友遇到困难的时候。可知当朋友遇到困难的时候，你会感受到他们的痛苦。故答案为D。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究还发现，有临床诊断为抑郁症的朋友并不会增加参与者自己患上抑郁症的风险。A.eliminate消除；B.conceal隐藏；C.increase增加；D.sugarcoat粉饰。根据后文“"Your friends do not put you at risk of illness," says Eyre,” 你的朋友不会把你置于疾病的危险之中，”艾尔说。可知有临床诊断为抑郁症的朋友并不会增加参与者自己患上抑郁症的风险。故答案为C。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以一个好的做法就是支持他们。A.enlighten启蒙、启发；B.entertain娱乐、交代；C.empower授权；D.support支持。根据后文“To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both ________ -and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings,too.”” 为了提升你们的情绪，他建议大家一起做一些你们都喜欢的事情——也可以带着其他的朋友一起来进一步传播这些美好的感觉。可知做这些事情是来支持朋友的。故选D。 (15)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了提升你们的情绪，他建议大家一起做一些你们都喜欢的事情——也可以带着其他的朋友一起来进一步传播这些美好的感觉。可知做这些事情是来支持朋友的。A.enjoy欣赏；B.understand理解；C.advise建议；D.permit允许。根据上文“To boost both of your moods,” 为了提升你们的情绪。可知是大家一起做一些你们都喜欢的事情。故答案为A。 （三） （25-26高三上·上海向明中学·期中）We’ve been hearing for years that China is cheating, that they’ve broken the rules, and stolen their way to prosperity. You’ll hear terms like forced technology 1 , intellectual property theft, state subsidies. Yes, these are serious issues, but if we really want to understand what happened over the last 30 years, we need to look past the slogans and ask the uncomfortable question — is China really cheating or did our own elite simply 2 ? For years, foreign companies wanting to 3 the Chinese market had to partner with Chinese firms and share their proprietary technology. Critics say this transfer gave China an unfair advantage, but let’s be honest. No one was forced. Western firms wanted a slice of the biggest market on earth, so they willingly traded tech for profits. Yes, there’s IP theft, and state support, but let’s not pretend we’re 4 . The US has interfered in governments around the world. When it comes to subsidies, the US subsidizes agriculture, defense, and now tech firms under the CHIPS Act. However, we don’t admit it, but China does it openly, because in their system the economy serves the nation while in our system the economy serves 5 . Non-tariff barriers? Yes, China plays protectionist games, but so does everyone else including US. We ban ship sales, restrict Huawei, and rewrite financial regulations to serve American 6 . The reality is that China didn’t steal our prosperity, our own elites gave it away. They relocated factories 7 . The steel towns collapsed, the textile mills vanished, the auto parts industry got hollowed out. That’s all that matters. What did China do with its surplus? It built high speed rail, smart cities, new energy grids, and entire industries 8 . And what did we do? We built financial bubbles; we 9 infrastructure; we gave tax cuts to the ultra-wealthy and told everyone else to tighten their 10 . Now we think tariffs are going to fix this. Tariffs are like putting duct tape on a collapsing bridge. They raise prices, disrupt supply chains, and 11 revenge. They don’t build new factories; they don’t create a workforce; they don’t fix our broken system. As best they’re a pause button, but we don’t need a pause. What we need is a 12 . The only way forward is to rebuild this country from the ground up. But instead of focusing on America, what are we doing? We are talking about war with Iran; we’re spending waging proxy wars 13 a foreign government while our own cities look like war zones; And when we’re not trying to start a war, we’re 14 about expanding our empire, making Canada a US state, and buying Greenland. This isn’t America first. This is empire first, globalism first, elites first. So the real problem isn’t that China is cheating. The real problem is that we’ve been lied to by the people who 15 us a dream they never believed in. 1. A. transplants B. transfers C. transactions D. transforms 2. A. sell us out B. wears us out C. picks us out D. gives us out 3. A. access B. afford C. approach D. assess 4. A. harmonious B. delicate C. democratic D. innocent 5. A. class-warriors B. game-changers C. shareholders D. trendsetters 6. A. interests B. priorities C. companies D. communities 7. A. offstage B. offsite C. offline D. offshore 8. A. from scratch B. in vain C. at random D. on purpose 9. A. declined B. depressed C. devalued D. defunded 10. A. restrictions B. stomachs C. belts D. fists 11. A. invite B. harbor C. suspend D. swear 12. A. release B. reset C. recognition D. relief 13. A. on account of B. by virtue of C. on behalf of D. in spite of 14. A. excited B. reminded C. complaining D. fantasizing 15. A. cost B. charged C. owed D. sold 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. A　4. D　5. C　6. A　7. D　8. A　9. D　10. C　11. A　12. B　13. C　14. D　15. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章批判了西方将自身发展问题归咎于“中国违规”的片面观点，指出所谓中国“作弊”的说法站不住脚，实则是西方精英出卖本国利益；中国用发展盈余建设产业与基建，而西方深陷自身体制问题。真正的问题在于西方自身体制与精英误导，而非中国。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：多年来我们一直听说中国在作弊，违反规则，靠窃取走向繁荣。你会听到诸如强制技术转让、知识产权盗窃、国家补贴等说法。A. transplants移植；B. transfers转让；C. transactions交易；D. transforms转变。根据下文“this transfer gave China an unfair advantage”可知，文中反复出现的核心概念是技术转让，故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但如果我们真想了解过去30年发生了什么，就需要抛开口号，提出这个令人不安的问题——中国真的在作弊吗，还是我们自己的精英出卖了我们？A. sell us out出卖我们；B. wears us out使我们精疲力竭；C. picks us out挑选出我们；D. gives us out分发，公布。根据下文“our own elites gave it away”可知，作者认为是本国精英拱手送出、出卖了本国利益，故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：多年来，想要进入中国市场的外国公司必须与中国企业合作，并分享其专有技术。A. access进入，使用；B. afford负担得起；C. approach接近；D. assess评估。根据下文“partner with Chinese firms”可知，外企的目的是进入、开拓中国市场，故选A。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：的确存在知识产权盗窃和国家支持，但我们别假装自己无辜。A. harmonious和谐的；B. delicate精致的；C. democratic民主的；D. innocent无辜的。根据下文“The US has interfered in governments around the world”及“US subsidizes agriculture, defense”可知，美国也在做类似的事，并非清白无辜，故选D。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但我们不承认，而中国却公开这么做，因为在他们的体系中，经济服务于国家，而在我们的体系中，经济服务于股东。A. class-warriors阶级斗士；B. game-changers改变游戏规则者；C. shareholders股东；D. trendsetters引领潮流者。根据西方资本主义体制逻辑，结合上文“in their system the economy serves the nation”的对比可知，西方体系中经济优先服务于资本方即股东，故选C。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们禁止船舶销售，限制华为，修改金融法规以服务美国利益。A. interests利益；B. priorities优先事项；C. companies公司；D. communities社区。根据上文“Non-tariff barriers? Yes, China plays protectionist games, but so does everyone else including US”可知，美国各类限制措施都是为维护本国利益，故选A。 (7)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们把工厂迁往海外。钢铁城镇崩塌，纺织厂消失，汽车零部件产业被掏空。A. offstage在后台；B. offsite在场地外；C. offline离线；D. offshore向海外，在国外。根据下文“The steel towns collapsed, the textile mills vanished, the auto parts industry got hollowed out”可知，工厂被迁往海外，导致国内相关产业衰退，故选D。 (8)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：中国用其盈余做了什么？它建设了高铁、智慧城市、新能源电网，以及从零起步的完整产业。A. from scratch从零开始；B. in vain徒劳；C. at random随机；D. on purpose故意。根据上文“What did China do with its surplus?”以及中国产业发展的背景可知，这些产业是从零建立起来的，故选A。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们做了什么？我们制造了金融泡沫；我们撤资基建；我们给超级富豪减税，却告诉其他人勒紧裤腰带。A. declined下降；B. depressed使萧条；C. devalued贬值；D. defunded停止提供资金，撤资。根据上文中国建设各类基建的对比，以及“we built financial bubbles”可知，美国是削减、撤资基建资金，忽视基建发展，故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们给超级富豪减税，却告诉其他人勒紧裤腰带。A. restrictions限制；B. stomachs胃；C. belts腰带；D. fists拳头。根据上文“we gave tax cuts to the ultra-wealthy and told everyone else to tighten their”可知，此处指让普通人节衣缩食，“tighten one’s belts”为固定短语，意为勒紧裤腰带，节衣缩食，故选C。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：关税就像在坍塌的桥上贴胶带。它们抬高价格，扰乱供应链，并且招致报复。A. invite招致，吸引；B. harbor心怀；C. suspend暂停；D. swear发誓。根据上文“Tariffs are like putting duct tape on a collapsing bridge. They raise prices, disrupt supply chains”可知，关税的负面影响会引来、招致对方的报复，故选A。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：它们充其量只是个暂停键，但我们不需要暂停。我们需要的是重启。唯一的出路是从头重建这个国家。A. release释放；B. reset重置，重启；C. recognition认可；D. relief宽慰。根据下文“The only way forward is to rebuild this country from the ground up”可知，西方需要的是彻底重置、重启，而非简单暂停，故选B。 (13)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：我们在谈论与伊朗开战；我们花钱代表外国政府打代理人战争，而我们自己的城市却像战区。A. on account of因为；B. by virtue of凭借；C. on behalf of代表；D. in spite of尽管。根据上文“waging proxy wars”可知，代理人战争的特点是代表、为了外国政府发动，故选C。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们不试图发动战争时，我们就在幻想扩张帝国，把加拿大变成美国的一个州，购买格陵兰岛。A. excited使兴奋；B. reminded提醒；C. complaining抱怨；D. fantasizing幻想。根据下文“expanding our empire, making Canada a US state, and buying Greenland”可知，这些想法都是不切实际的幻想，故选D。 (15)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：真正的问题不是中国在作弊。真正的问题是，我们被那些兜售一个他们自己都不相信的梦想的人欺骗了。A. cost花费；B. charged收费，指控；C. owed欠；D. sold出售，兜售。根据上文“we’ve been lied to by the people who”可知，这些人向民众灌输、兜售不切实际的梦想，“sell sb. a dream”为固定表达，意为向某人兜售、灌输一个梦想，故选D。 （四） （25-26高三上·上海行知中学·期中）Smartphone ownership and screen time are increasing across the world. In recent years, the widespread 1 of mobile phones has extended to even the youngest members of society. Research conducted by Ofcom (英国通信管理局) has found that a surprising number of three-and four-year-olds have their own mobile phones, with a fifth of them owning one. These young children are already using these devices to 2 various online activities. The influence of YouTube among this age group is undeniable, with 51% of them using the platform’s 3 children’s channel, and 38% of them possessing their own 4 YouTube profile. One of the most popular YouTube channels for these young children is Ryan’s World, a highly successful unboxing and educational channel hosted by 11-year-old Ryan Kaji, boasting an impressive 34 million 5 . The implications of such early 6 to technology are a subject of great interest to educators and child psychologists. Nova Cobban, a former primary school teacher who worked with five- and six-year-olds, noticed a clear 7 among her young students based on their access to smartphones. Children who had access to YouTube and gaming platforms seemed more 8 and tired compared to their peers who did not engage with such technology. Dr. Pauldy Otermans, a senior lecturer in psychology at Brunel University London, believes that in the digital age, it is essential to teach children how to use digital tools 9 . As mobile phones become increasingly prevalent in society, it may be 10 to expect children just a few years older than toddlers to have little to no contact with such devices. Proper guidance on their appropriate use becomes crucial. The debate on the appropriate 11 for children to have mobile phones and access to screens is ongoing. In 2019, the World Health Organization recommended that children under the age of two should avoid screens entirely, and children under five should be limited to just one hour of sedentary screen time daily. Research has linked 12 screen time in young children to delayed development. Despite these guidelines, there is no shared agreement among experts on how to respond to the growing prevalence of mobile phones among young children. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 13 the WHO’s advice, arguing that it overlooks families in situations where outdoor play is not 14 accessible due to housing constraints. 15 , the UK government’s chief medical officers maintained it was not advisable to issue specific guidance on optimal screen time for young children. 1. A. rejection B. adoption C. submission D. accumulation 2. A. result in B. invest in C. specialize in D. engage in 3. A. dedicated B. changeable C. random D. flexible 4. A. simplified B. centralized C. personalized D. civilized 5. A. subscribers B. spectators C. bystanders D. listeners 6. A. limitation B. exposure C. response D. threat 7. A. division B. harmony C. argument D. friction 8. A. expanded B. bonded C. disconnected D. attached 9. A. sensitively B. actively C. collectively D. responsibly 10. A. sensible B. dramatic C. unrealistic D. feasible 11. A. age B. guidance C. platform D. response 12. A. limited B. excessive C. conventional D. accessible 13. A. confirmed B. approved C. challenged D. objected 14. A. readily B. reluctantly C. hesitantly D. hardly 15. A. On the contrary B. As a result C. In turn D. In addition 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. C　5. A　6. B　7. A　8. C　9. D　10. C　11. A　12. B　13. C　14. A　15. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕全球智能手机持有量与屏幕使用时间的增长展开，介绍了低龄儿童群体中手机普及、使用数字设备参与在线活动的现状，探讨了儿童过早接触科技的影响，并呈现了学界、相关机构对儿童使用电子设备的争议与不同立场。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：近年来，手机的广泛普及已延伸到社会最年轻的群体。A. rejection拒绝；B. adoption采用、普及；C. submission提交；D. accumulation积累。根据前文“Smartphone ownership and screen time are increasing across the world (全球智能手机持有量和屏幕使用时间在增加)”，可知此处是说手机的“普及”，故选B项。 (2)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些幼童已经在用这些设备参加各种在线活动。A. result in导致；B. invest in投资；C. specialize in专门从事；D. engage in参与。结合后文“various online activities (各种在线活动)”，此处表示“参与活动”，故选D项。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：YouTube在这个年龄段群体中的影响力是不可否认的，其中51%的孩子会使用该平台专门的儿童频道。A. dedicated专门的；B. changeable可变的；C. random随机的；D. flexible灵活的。结合后文“children’s channel”，此处表示“专门的儿童频道”，符合YouTube针对儿童群体的频道定位，故选A项。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：38%的孩子拥有自己个性化的YouTube账号。A. simplified简化的；B. centralized集中的；C. personalized个性化的；D. civilized文明的。结合后文“profile”，此处表示“个性化的账号（资料）”，personalized符合语境，故选C项。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些幼童最爱的YouTube频道之一是《Ryan的世界》，这是由11岁的Ryan Kaji运营的一个非常成功的开箱与教育类频道，拥有多达3400万订阅者。A. subscribers订阅者；B. spectators观众（现场）；C. bystanders旁观者；D. listeners听众。结合前文“a highly successful unboxing and educational channel (一个非常成功的开箱与教育类频道)”可知，YouTube频道的关注者是“订阅者”，故选A项。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如此早地接触科技所带来的影响，是教育工作者和儿童心理学家高度关注的话题。A. limitation限制；B. exposure接触；C. response回应；D. threat威胁。结合后文“to technology”，此处“exposure to technology”表示“接触科技”，符合前文儿童使用手机、接触网络的语境，故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Nova Cobban曾是一名小学教师，负责教授五岁和六岁的孩子，她发现自己班上的低龄学生之间，会根据是否拥有智能手机呈现出明显的差异。A. division差异、分歧；B. harmony和谐；C. argument争论；D. friction摩擦。根据后文“Children who had access to YouTube and gaming platforms seemed more 8 and tired compared to their peers who did not engage with such technology. (能够接触到YouTube和游戏平台的孩子，与那些不使用这类科技产品的同龄人相比，显得更为 8且疲惫)”描述了孩子的不同状态，体现了“差异”，故选A项。 (8)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：能够接触到YouTube和游戏平台的孩子，与那些不使用这类科技产品的同龄人相比，显得更为疏离且疲惫。A. expanded扩张的；B. bonded联结的；C. disconnected疏离的；D. attached依恋的。结合后文“tired”以及沉迷网络的状态，disconnected符合语境，故选C项。 (9)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在数字时代，教孩子如何负责任地使用数字工具更重要。A. sensitively敏感地；B. actively积极地；C. collectively集体地；D. responsibly负责任地。结合后文“Proper guidance (恰当的指导)”，此处强调“负责任地使用”，故选D项。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着手机在社会中日益普及，想要让这些仅比学步幼儿大几岁的孩子几乎不接触这类设备，或许是不现实的。A. sensible合理的；B. dramatic戏剧的；C. unrealistic不现实的；D. feasible可行的。根据前文“as mobile phones become increasingly prevalent (手机越来越普及)”，可知“不接触”是不现实的，故选C项。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：关于儿童拥有手机、接触电子屏幕的合适年龄的争论，仍在持续进行中。A. age年龄；B. guidance指导；C. platform平台；D. response回应。根据后文“In 2019, the World Health Organization recommended that children under the age of two should avoid screens entirely, and children under five should be limited to just one hour of sedentary screen time daily. (2019年，世界卫生组织建议，两岁以下儿童应完全避免接触电子屏幕，五岁以下儿童每日久坐使用电子屏幕的时间则应限制在一小时以内)”可知，这体现了“年龄”相关的讨论，故选A项。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，儿童过多的屏幕使用时间与发育迟缓存在关联。A. limited有限的；B. excessive过多的；C. conventional传统的；D. accessible可获得的。结合后文“delayed development (发育迟缓)”，应是“过多的”屏幕时间导致的，故选B项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：英国皇家儿科与儿童健康学院质疑WHO的建议。A. confirmed确认；B. approved赞成；C. challenged质疑；D. objected反对。根据后文“arguing that it overlooks families in situations where outdoor play is not 14 accessible due to housing constraints. (忽视了一些家庭的实际情况——受住房条件限制，这些家庭的孩子不 14 户外活动)”体现了“质疑”，故选C项。 (14)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：英国皇家儿科与儿童健康学院质疑WHO的建议，称这项建议忽视了一些家庭的实际情况——受住房条件限制，这些家庭的孩子难以开展户外活动。A. readily容易地；B. reluctantly不情愿地；C. hesitantly犹豫地；D. hardly几乎不。根据后文“housing constraints (住房限制)”可知，这导致了户外玩耍不易。readily accessible表示“容易实现的”，符合语境，故选A项。 (15)题解析： 考查副词短语辨析。句意：此外，英国政府的首席医疗官们认为，针对幼儿最佳屏幕使用时长发布具体指导意见是不可取的。A. On the contrary相反；B. As a result结果；C. In turn反过来；D. In addition此外。根据前文“The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 13 the WHO’s advice, arguing that it overlooks families in situations where outdoor play is not 14 accessible due to housing constraints. (英国皇家儿科与儿童健康学院 13 WHO的建议,称这项建议忽视了一些家庭的实际情况——受住房条件限制，这些家庭的孩子不 14 户外活动)”可知，此处是首席医疗官“也不支持发布指导”，体现了“此外、另外”的递进逻辑，故选D项。 （五） （25-26高三上·上海徐汇区·期中）Throughout their lifetime, individuals today are more responsible for their personal finances than ever before. With life expectancies rising, pension and social welfare systems are strained, and employer-sponsored defined benefit (DB) plans are rapidly 1 private defined contribution (DC) plans, shifting retirement responsibility from employers to employees. Labor markets have also changed, with wages 2 between higher-and lower-educated workers, as employers increasingly reward advanced skills and digital competence. Meanwhile, financial markets and products — from student loans to credit cards, mutual funds, and annuities (年金) — have grown more complex, and financial technology (fintech) is revolutionizing payments, investments, and financial advice. 3 , understanding financial literacy and its impact on financial decision-making is crucial. Financial literacy, as defined by the OECD, includes not only knowledge of financial concepts and risks but also the skills, 4 , and confidence to properly and actively apply this knowledge in daily life to improve individual and societal well-being. Research consistently shows that financial literacy is low worldwide, even in advanced economies. Only about one third of adults globally are familiar with the basic concepts underlying everyday financial decisions, and certain groups — women, the young, and the less educated — are particularly 5 . A standard way to 6 financial literacy is the “Big Three” questions, which involve the understanding of interest rates, inflation, and risk diversification, respectively. Surveys using these questions, such as the Financial Literacy Around the World project, reveal 7 results. Globally, only around 30% of adults answer all three correctly, with knowledge of risk diversification consistently lowest. 8 emerge across age, gender, and education: younger adults and women tend to have lower financial literacy, and even the highly educated often lack practical financial skills. Needless to say, financial literacy profoundly affects behavior. Those with higher literacy save more, plan for retirement, invest wisely, manage debt effectively, and cope better with financial shocks. Conversely, the less literate rely on high-cost borrowing, accumulate debt, and are 9 emergencies. Undergraduates, for example, often misunderstand student loans and 10 expensive financial behaviors facilitated by fintech, such as mobile payments. These trends underline that fintech cannot substitute for financial knowledge. Therefore, efforts to improve literacy must be large-scale and 11 . Schools, colleges, workplaces, and community platforms are ideal for delivering tailored education, with a focus on disadvantaged groups such as youth and women. School-based programs are especially effective, 12 young people to essential concepts before major financial decisions. Workplace interventions, when designed to be relevant and brief, also improve behavior, while 13 initiatives — like financial museums — can reach broader audiences. The lack of financial literacy, even in well-developed markets, is of urgent 14 . The Big Three questions help identify those in need and guide tailored programs in schools, workplaces, and communities. As Director of the Italian Financial Education Committee, I aim to apply this research to policy initiatives, promoting financial literacy as a fundamental skill. Financial literacy is a global 15 for navigating complex financial products, making sound decisions, and achieving personal and societal economic potential. Like basic literacy, it is a universal need, essential for thriving in today’s world. 1. A. taking over from B. falling back on C. giving way to D. leading up to 2. A. widening B. stabilising C. shifting D. peaking 3. A. In this context B. To that end C. In theory D. By contrast 4. A. focus B. resources C. motivation D. opportunities 5. A. dependent B. cautious C. competent D. disadvantaged 6. A. predict B. measure C. assure D. promote 7. A. predictable B. alarming C. long-lasting D. encouraging 8. A. Initiatives B. Factors C. Patterns D. Action 9.A. light-hearted about B. over-pessimistic about C. mis-informed of D. ill-prepared for 10. A. give rise to B. give in to C. come close to D. fall victim to 11. A. targeted B. unlimited C. enlightened D. intended 12. A. presenting B. linking C. subjecting D. exposing 13. A. community B. network C. operation D. organisation 14. A. capacity B. challenge C. concern D. basis 15. A. qualification B. gateway C. permit D. passport 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. A　4. C　5. D　6. B　7. B　8. C　9. D　10. D　11. A　12. D　13. A　14. C　15. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍当下个人财务责任加重，金融素养的重要性、全球现状、影响及提升金融素养的多方面举措。 (1)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：随着预期寿命的延长，养老金和社会福利体系面临压力，雇主资助的固定给付计划正迅速被私人确定缴款计划取代，将退休责任从雇主转移到员工身上。A. taking over from 接管；B. falling back on 依赖；C. giving way to 被……取代；D. leading up to 导致。根据下文“shifting retirement responsibility from employers to employees”可知，固定给付计划正被确定缴款计划取代。故选C。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：劳动力市场也发生了变化，受教育程度较高和较低的工人之间的工资差距正在扩大，因为雇主越来越看重高级技能和数字能力。A. widening 扩大；B. stabilising 稳定；C. shifting 转移；D. peaking 达到顶峰。根据下文“employers increasingly reward advanced skills and digital competence”可知，高学历与低学历工人的工资差距在扩大。故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：在这种背景下，理解金融素养及其对财务决策的影响至关重要。A. In this context 在这种背景下；B. To that end 为了那个目的；C. In theory 在理论上；D. By contrast 相比之下。前文提及财务责任、劳动力市场、金融产品等多方面变化，此处是在这些变化的背景下强调金融素养的重要性。故选A。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：经合组织将金融素养定义为，不仅包括对金融概念和风险的了解，还包括在日常生活中正确且积极地应用这些知识以改善个人和社会福祉所需的技能、动机和信心。A. focus 焦点；B. resources 资源；C. motivation 动机；D. opportunities 机会。与skills（技能）、confidence（信心）并列，此处指应用金融知识的内在驱动力。故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：全球只有约三分之一的成年人熟悉日常财务决策背后的基本概念，而某些群体——女性、年轻人和受教育程度较低者——尤其处于不利地位。A. dependent 依赖的；B. cautious 谨慎的；C. competent 有能力的；D. disadvantaged 处于不利地位的。根据前文“financial literacy is low worldwide”及“certain groups”的列举可知，这些群体的金融素养更低，处于不利地位。故选D。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：衡量金融素养的一种标准方法是“三大”问题，分别涉及对利率、通货膨胀和风险分散的理解。A. predict 预测；B. measure 衡量；C. assure 保证；D. promote 促进。根据后文“the ‘Big Three’ questions”及调查结果可知，此处指用这些问题来衡量金融素养。故选B。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：使用这些问题的调查，如“全球金融素养项目”，揭示了令人担忧的结果。A. predictable 可预测的；B. alarming 令人担忧的；C. long-lasting 持久的；D. encouraging 令人鼓舞的。根据后文“only around 30% of adults answer all three correctly, with knowledge of risk diversification consistently lowest”可知，调查结果不容乐观，令人担忧。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：不同年龄、性别和教育程度之间都存在着一定的模式：年轻人和女性的金融素养往往较低，即使是受过高等教育的人也常常缺乏实用的金融技能。A. Initiatives 倡议；B. Factors 因素；C. Patterns 模式；D. Action 行动。后文“ younger adults and women tend to have lower financial literacy, and even the highly educated often lack practical financial skills.”列举的不同群体的金融素养差异，是一种呈现出的规律模式。故选C。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：相反，金融素养较低的人依赖高成本借贷，积累债务，且对紧急情况准备不足。A. light-hearted about 对……轻松的；B. over-pessimistic about 对……过于悲观的；C. mis-informed of 被误导的；D. ill-prepared for 对……准备不足的。根据前文“rely on high-cost borrowing, accumulate debt”可知，这类人财务状况差，应对紧急情况的准备不足。故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，大学生常常误解学生贷款，并成为由金融科技推动的昂贵金融行为的受害者，如移动支付。A. give rise to 引发；B. give in to 屈服于；C. come close to 接近；D. fall victim to 成为……的受害者。根据上文“misunderstand student loans”及下文“expensive financial behaviors”可知，大学生因误解和认知不足，易受这类昂贵金融行为的影响。故选D。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，提高金融素养的努力必须是大规模且有针对性的。A. targeted 有针对性的；B. unlimited 无限的；C. enlightened 开明的；D. intended 预期的。根据后文“delivering tailored education, with a focus on disadvantaged groups”可知，提升举措需量身定制，有明确针对性。故选A。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：校本项目尤其有效，能让年轻人在做出重大财务决策前接触到基本概念。A. presenting 呈现；B. linking 连接；C. subjecting 使服从；D. exposing 使接触。根据下文“to essential concepts before major financial decisions”可知，校本项目让年轻人提前接触金融基本概念。故选D。 (13)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：而社区倡议——如金融博物馆——可以覆盖更广泛的受众。A. community 社区；B. network 网络；C. operation 操作；D. organisation 组织。与前文“Schools, colleges, workplaces”并列，结合“financial museums”可知，此处指社区层面的举措。故选A。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：即使在发达市场，金融素养的缺乏也是一个紧迫的问题。A. capacity 能力；B. challenge 挑战；C. concern 担忧的事；D. basis 基础。根据前文对金融素养缺乏的负面影响及后文“urgent”可知，这是一个需要迫切关注的问题。故选C。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：金融素养是应对复杂金融产品、做出明智决策以及实现个人和社会经济潜力的全球通行证。A. qualification 资格；B. gateway 入口；C. permit 许可；D. passport 通行证。根据后文“like basic literacy, it is a universal need, essential for thriving in today’s world”可知，金融素养是必备技能，如同通行证一般助力人们在当下世界立足。故选D。 （六） （25-26高三上·上海闵行区七宝中学·期中）Digital dependency, once seen as the curse of adolescence, is rapidly rewriting the experience of old age. The screens that distracted the young are now capturing the attention of the retired — with consequences both troubling and 1 . At Britain's National Centre for Gaming Disorders, doctors once 2 parents and teenagers. Increasingly, they greet older faces: people in their fifties, sixties, even seventies, 3 not to violent video games but to the endless rounds of mobile puzzles or online chats. The clinic's director admits that the elderly patients now form a small but steady stream, and their 4 reveal how deep technology has settled into everyday ageing. For decades, older adults were 5 television, a medium demanding little but time. Now that they carry their screens everywhere, their habits are 6 rather than shifting. Surveys in Britain show that people over seventy still watch more than five hours of broadcast TV a day — yet they now spend several additional hours online, checking online news, chatting, or streaming shows on tablets and phones. What once filled an evening has expanded to fill the 7 . Researchers are beginning to sound the same alarms once reserved for 8 . In South Korea, one in seven people in their sixties shows signs of phone 9 ; studies in Japan and China link excessive use to weaker sleep, reduced movement, and rising anxiety. The 10 of cause remains uncertain: do screens promote isolation, or does isolation push people toward screens? Either way, many older people now spend more time on screens than outdoors. Yet the picture is not purely 11 . For many, digital life offers the very connections that age and illness take away. Video calls reunite families living apart; online classes replace journeys long 12 ; social networks soften the edges of loneliness. Some doctors even report that moderate digital 13 helps sustain cognitive (认知的) function, acting as mental exercise for ageing minds. Virtual reality now promises an even deeper escape. One 85-year-old patient, struggling with depression, was guided through a digital 14 of her childhood street — a journey that reawakened memories and eased long-held sorrow. Her story suggests that the challenge of the coming decades will not be to keep the elderly offline, but to ensure that their 15 enhance rather than imprison the later years of life. 1. A. regrettable B. transformative C. heartbreaking D. irrelevant 2. A. refused B. challenged C. expected D. trusted 3. A. opposed B. sensitive C. resistant D. drawn 4. A. concerns B. cases C. health D. role 5. A. loyal to B. critical of C. fearful of D. responsive to 6. A. multiplying B. deepening C. emerging D. disappearing 7. A. hour B. night C. minute D. day 8. A. teenagers B. seniors C. employers D. enthusiasts 9. A. exhaustion B. visibility C. displacement D. addiction 10. A. nature B. direction C. discovery D. origin 11. A. favorable B. technological C. discouraging D. abstract 12. A. abandoned B. scheduled C. inspired D. understood 13. A. integration B. discipline C. engagement D. innovation 14. A. re-analysis B. re-construction C. re-distribution D. re-guidance 15. A. ages B. memories C. emotions D. screens 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D　4. B　5. A　6. A　7. D　8. A　9. D　10. B　11. C　12. A　13. C　14. B　15. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要说明了数字依赖不再是青少年专属，老年群体沉迷屏幕愈发普遍，虽有睡眠差等隐患，但适度使用可联结亲情、锻炼大脑，关键是让屏幕赋能而非禁锢晚年。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些曾经让年轻人分心的屏幕如今却吸引了退休人员的注意——其带来的影响既有令人担忧的一面，也有具有变革意义的一面。A. regrettable后悔的；B. transformative有变革性的；C. heartbreaking令人心碎的；D. irrelevant无关的。根据后文“Some doctors even report that moderate digital ____ helps sustain cognitive function, acting as mental exercise for ageing minds.”可知，后文提到适度的数字设备使用有助于维持认知能力，对老年人的大脑起到类似锻炼的作用，说明有变革作用。故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：英国国家游戏障碍中心的医生过去预料来的多是父母和青少年。A. refused拒绝；B. challenged挑战；C. expected期待，预料；D. trusted信任。后文说“now greet older faces（如今多见老人）”可知，前后对比 once（过去），指过去预料来看病的是父母和青少年。故选C。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如今，他们越来越多地接触到那些年纪较大的玩家：五六十岁甚至七十多岁的人都在玩这类游戏，他们并非沉迷于暴力类的电子游戏，而是热衷于无休止的手机益智游戏或在线聊天。A. opposed反对的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. resistant抵制的；D. drawn被吸引的。对应前文 “capturing the attention（吸引注意力）”可知，老年人沉迷于手机益智游戏或在线聊天。固定搭配be drawn to表示“被吸引、沉迷于”。故选D。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：该诊所的负责人承认，如今前来就诊的老年人患者数量虽不多，但却一直保持着稳定的增长态势。这些患者的病例充分表明，科技已经深深地融入了老年人的日常生活之中。A. concerns担心；B. cases情况，事例，病例；C. health健康；D. role角色。根据上文“the elderly patients now form a small but steady stream”可知，此处指这些患者的病例。故选B。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：数十年来，老年人一直钟情于电视这一媒介，因为它几乎不需要什么投入，只需要耗费大量时间即可。A. loyal to忠于；B. critical of对……持批评态度；C. fearful of害怕；D. responsive to 反应迅速的。根据上文“For decades, older adults were”可知，过去老年人一直钟情于电视这一媒介，故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如今他们随身携带电子屏幕，因此他们的习惯不仅没有改变，反而还在不断增多。A. multiplying增加；B. deepening加深；C. emerging出现；D. disappearing消失。根据后文“Surveys in Britain show that people over seventy still watch more than five hours of broadcast TV a day — yet they now spend several additional hours online, checking online news, chatting, or streaming shows on tablets and phones.(英国的调查结果显示，七十岁以上的人群每天仍会观看超过五小时的广播电视节目，但与此同时，他们还会额外花费数小时上网，浏览网络新闻、聊天或者在平板电脑和手机上观看节目)”可知，屏幕使用时间变多，故选A。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：曾经只在夜晚才会出现的情况，如今已蔓延至整个白天。A. hour小时；B. night夜晚；C. minute分钟；D. day白天。根据上文“What once filled an evening has expanded to fill the”可知，曾经只占据夜晚的屏幕时间，如今扩展到了一整天。故选D。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究者开始发出曾经只针对青少年的警示。A. teenagers青少年；B. seniors老年人；C. employers雇主；D. enthusiasts热心人。根据上文“Digital dependency, once seen as the curse of adolescence, is rapidly rewriting the experience of old age.(曾经被视为青少年时期“祸根”的数字依赖现象，如今正迅速改变着老年人的生活体验)”可知，此处指研究者开始对老年人发出曾经只针对青少年的警示。故选A。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在韩国，六七十岁的人群中有七分之一的人表现出对手机的依赖症状；而在日本和中国，有研究指出过度使用手机会导致睡眠质量下降、活动量减少以及焦虑情绪加剧。A. exhaustion疲惫；B. visibility能见度；C. displacement流亡；D. addiction上瘾。前文提到“Gaming Disorders（游戏障碍）”、“digital dependency（数字依赖）”可知，核心话题是成瘾。故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：因果方向尚未明确：是屏幕加剧孤独，还是孤独让人沉迷屏幕？A. nature自然；B. direction方向；C. discovery发现；D. origin起源。后文“do screens promote isolation, or does isolation push people toward screens?”是正反因果反问，对应 the direction of cause（因果的方向），故选B。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这一情况也并非完全令人沮丧。A. favorable支持的；B. technological技术的；C. discouraging令人沮丧的；D. abstract抽象的。根据上文“Either way, many older people now spend more time on screens than outdoors.(不管怎样，如今许多老年人花在屏幕上的时间比在户外的时间都要多)”可知，前文讲数字依赖的负面影响，本句yet转折，引出正面影响，对应“并非全是不好的”，故选C。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：视频通话让身处异地的家人得以重聚；在线课程取代了那些早已抛弃的长途旅行；社交网络缓解了孤独感带来的痛苦。A. abandoned抛弃；B. scheduled安排；C. inspired鼓舞；D. understood理解。根据上文“online classes replace journeys long”可知，老年人行动不便，长途出行会被抛弃，故选A。 (13)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：部分医生表示，适度的数字参与有助于维持认知功能，是老年人大脑的脑力锻炼。A. integration结合；B. discipline纪律；C. engagement参与；D. innovation创新。根据后文“helps sustain cognitive function, acting as mental exercise for ageing minds”可知，指适度的数字参与有助于维持认知功能，是老年人大脑的脑力锻炼。故选C。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一位85岁的患者长期饱受抑郁症的困扰，她通过数字化技术重游了自己儿时居住的街道——这段旅程唤起了她的记忆，也缓解了长久以来的悲痛。A. re-analysis重新分析；B. re-construction重建；C. re-distribution再分配；D. re-guidance重新指导。根据上文“One 85-year-old patient, struggling with depression, was guided through a digital”可知，数字化技术还原童年街道，即“重建场景”，故选B。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的故事表明，未来几十年面临的挑战并非是要阻止老年人接触网络，而是要确保他们的屏幕能够为晚年生活增添乐趣，而非成为束缚其生活的枷锁。A. ages年龄；B. memories记忆；C. emotions情感；D. screens屏幕。根据上文“Now that they carry their screens everywhere”以及全文核心话题是老人使用屏幕，可知，指确保老年人们的屏幕能够为晚年生活增添乐趣，而非成为束缚其生活的枷锁。故选D。 （七） （25-26高三上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中） THE LEFT-HANDED have long struggled in a right-handed world. But they are 1 in one field: one-to-one sports such as fencing and tennis. The conventional explanation for this is that the 2 of lefties means right-handed athletes lack familiarity with them as opponents. But this may be only part of the story. Tim Simon at the University of Trento, in Italy, a fan of fencing, suspected the left-handed enjoy some 3 advantage in these sports, over and above their unfamiliarity. As he and his colleagues describe this week in Royal Society Open Science, for some of them that turns out to be true. To test his idea Dr Simon reasoned that were unfamiliarity the sole explanation for left-hander advantage, then the difference should decline at the highest levels of a sport, where players would be 4 to left-handers’ tricks. If, however, some innate factor associated with left-handedness were a cause, then the difference might actually increase. He therefore analysed the 5 over more than a decade of the world’s top athletes in badminton, table tennis, tennis and three types of fencing (foil, épée and sabre fencing). The result was that in foil and épée fencing, and table tennis, there was indeed a (n) 6 in left-handedness at the top. For example, 18% of the top 200 male épée fencers and 23% of the top male foil fencers were lefties, but that went up to 28% and 31% 7 when only the top 100 were considered. The other three sports, 8 , did not show this effect. The difference, Dr Simon suspects, is that foil and épée involve stabbing (刺) with small and 9 movements. Table tennis requires 10 skillfulness. Sabre fencing, by contrast, involves larger slashing movements similar to those 11 in tennis and badminton. He theorises that this difference may be why lefties 12 in the first three sports but not the others. He assumes that the explanation may 13 left-handed people’s greater reliance than right-handers on their brains’ right hemispheres. The right hemisphere is more important than the left for processing visual, spatial and temporal inputs, and generating 14 responses. Though the benefits thus 15 are probably tiny, they matter at the top — where being a split second faster than an opponent separates victory from defeat. In Italian, the term for a lefty is sinistro. But there is nothing evil about their ability with a blade. Their neural connections are just better. 1. A. overrepresented B. underperformed C. overemphasized D. understated 2. A. awkwardness B. competence C. scarcity D. boom 3. A. acquired B. unfair C. inborn D. strategic 4. A. subject B. wise C. opposed D. indifferent 5. A. advantages B. defeats C. tricks D. performances 6. A. plunge B. divide C. balance D. jump 7. A. accordingly B. respectively C. naturally D. proportionately 8. A. meanwhile B. therefore C. likewise D. nevertheless 9. A. frequent B. stable C. rapid D. delicate 10. A. similar B. minimum C. remarkable D. technical 11. A. dismissed B. employed C. prohibited D. equipped 12. A. survive B. dominate C. compete D. persevere 13. A. account for B. bring about C. coincide with D. arise from 14. A. motor B. emotional C. collective D. fierce 15. A. hatched B. denied C. granted D. abused 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. C　4. B　5. D　6. D　7. B　8. D　9. C　10. A　11. B　12. B　13. D　14. A　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，探讨了左撇子在击剑、乒乓球等一对一运动中占比偏高的现象。 (1)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他们在一个领域中占比偏高：击剑和网球等一对一运动。A. overrepresented占比偏高；B. underperformed表现不佳；C. overemphasized被过分强调；D. understated被轻描淡写。根据后文对左撇子在部分一对一运动中优势的分析，以及第四段中“18% of the top 200 male épée fencers and 23% of the top male foil fencers were lefties”等数据可知，左撇子在这些运动中“占比偏高”，故选A。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：传统的解释是，左撇子的稀缺意味着右撇子运动员缺乏与他们作为对手的熟悉度。A. awkwardness笨拙；B. competence能力；C. scarcity稀缺；D. boom繁荣。根据常识及下文“right-handed athletes lack familiarity with them”可知，左撇子在人群中占比低（稀缺），导致右撇子对其不熟悉，故选C。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：意大利特伦托大学的蒂姆·西蒙是击剑爱好者，他怀疑左撇子在这些运动中除了不被熟悉之外，还享有一些先天优势。A. acquired后天习得的；B. unfair不公平的；C. inborn先天的；D. strategic战略上的。根据后文“If, however, some innate factor associated with left-handedness were a cause”（然而，如果与左撇子相关的某些先天因素是原因的话）可知，此处指“先天的”优势，与“innate”同义呼应，故选C。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：西蒙博士为了验证他的想法，推理道，如果不熟悉是左撇子优势的唯一解释，那么在运动的最高水平上，这种差异应该会缩小，因为运动员会熟悉左撇子的技巧。A. subject受……支配的；B. wise明智的；C. opposed反对的；D. indifferent冷漠的。根据上文“at the highest levels of a sport”可知，顶尖运动员会对左撇子的技巧“熟悉”，“be wise to”为固定表达，意为“熟悉，了解”，故选B。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，他分析了十多年来羽毛球、乒乓球、网球和三种击剑（花剑、重剑、佩剑）项目中世界顶尖运动员的表现。A. advantages优势；B. defeats失败；C. tricks技巧；D. performances表现。根据后文对不同项目左撇子占比的统计以及“over more than a decade of the world’s top athletes in badminton, table tennis, tennis and three types of fencing”可知，分析的是运动员的“表现”数据，故选D。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：结果显示，在花剑、重剑和乒乓球项目中，顶尖选手中左撇子的比例确实有所上升。A. plunge暴跌；B. divide分歧；C. balance平衡；D. jump上升。根据后文“18% of the top 200 male épée fencers and 23% of the top male foil fencers were lefties, but that went up to 28% and 31%”可知，顶尖选手中左撇子比例“上升”，故选D。 (7)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，在顶尖200名男子重剑击剑运动员中，18%是左撇子，在顶尖男子花剑击剑运动员中，23%是左撇子，但当只考虑前100名时，这一比例分别上升到28%和31%。A. accordingly相应地；B. respectively分别地；C. naturally自然地；D. proportionately成比例地。根据前文“18% of the top 200 male épée fencers and 23% of the top male foil fencers”及“28% and 31%”可知，这两个数据是对应重剑和花剑项目“分别”上升后的比例，故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，其他三项运动并没有显示出这种效果。A. meanwhile同时；B. therefore因此；C. likewise同样地；D. nevertheless然而。前文提到花剑、重剑和乒乓球项目左撇子比例上升，后文说其他三项没有这种效果，前后为转折关系，故选D。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：西蒙博士怀疑，不同之处在于花剑和重剑涉及用小而快速的动作刺击。A. frequent频繁的；B. stable稳定的；C. rapid快速的；D. delicate微妙的。根据后文“being a split second faster than an opponent separates victory from defeat”（比对手快一瞬间就能决定胜负）可知，这些运动需要“快速的”动作，故选C。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乒乓球需要类似的熟练技巧。A. similar类似的；B. minimum最小的；C. remarkable非凡的；D. technical技术的。根据前文花剑和重剑需要快速刺击技巧，和后文对神经机制的分析，以及后文“skillfulness”可知，乒乓球需要“类似的”熟练动作技巧，故选A。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：相比之下，佩剑击剑涉及更大幅度的劈砍动作，类似于网球和羽毛球中使用的动作。A. dismissed驳回；B. employed使用；C. prohibited禁止；D. equipped配备。根据上文“similar to those”可知，佩剑的劈砍动作与网球、羽毛球中“使用”的动作相似，故选B。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他推测，这种差异可能就是左撇子在前三类运动中占主导地位，而在其他运动中则不然的原因。A. survive幸存；B. dominate占主导地位；C. compete竞争；D. persevere坚持。根据前文左撇子在花剑、重剑和乒乓球项目中比例上升的现象及后文“in the first three sports but not the others”可知，他们在这些运动中“占主导地位”，故选B。 (13)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他认为，这一解释可能源于左撇子比右撇子更依赖大脑的右半球。A. account for解释；B. bring about导致；C. coincide with与……一致；D. arise from源于。根据后文“left-handed people’s greater reliance than right-handers on their brains’ right hemispheres”可知，左撇子的优势“源于”对右半球的依赖，故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：右半球在处理视觉、空间和时间输入以及产生运动反应方面比左半球更重要。A. motor运动的；B. emotional情感的；C. collective集体的；D. fierce激烈的。根据前文运动中需要的动作技巧以及前文“The right hemisphere is more important than the left for processing visual, spatial and temporal inputs, and generating”可知，右半球能产生“运动”反应，故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管由此获得的优势可能微乎其微，但在顶尖水平的赛事中，这至关重要——比对手快一瞬间就能决定胜负。A. hatched策划；B. denied否认；C. granted赋予，获得；D. abused滥用。根据上文“the benefits”可知，这些优势是大脑右半球“赋予”的，故选C。 （八） （25-26高三上·上海大同中学·期中）Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and therefore the key to prosperity． David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is 1 to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, the British Isles and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not 2 . An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now outnumber native English-speakers by three to one. As hundreds of millions more learn the language, that 3 will grow. Mr Graddol says the majority of encounters in English today take place between non-native speakers. Indeed, he adds, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are 4 . This is because native speakers are often 5 ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer words, when they are comfortable with metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Barbara Seidlhofer, professor of English and applied linguistics at the University of Vienna, says relief at the 6 of native speakers is common. She quotes an Austrian banker as saying: “I always find it easier to do business in English with partners from Greece or Russia or Denmark. But when the Irish call, it gets 7 .” Prof Seidlhofer says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are 8 standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced non-native speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many non-native speakers omit definite and indefinite articles where they are 9 in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Other variations include “make a discussion”, “discuss about something”, or “phone to somebody”. Many native English speakers will insist that these are not variations, they are 10 . “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would 11 . But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical correctness. Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) 12 position. Scientists and academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, 13 , is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Prof Seidlhofer says, “I think rather than a new international standard, what we are looking at is the 14 of a new ‘international attitude’, the recognition and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them and thus always feel ‘ 15 ’.” 1. A. shocking B. unjustifiable C. narrow-minded D. tempting 2. A. like B. mind C. doubt D. spot 3. A. prosperity B. suspicion C. dissatisfaction D. imbalance 4. A. dominant B. present C. efficient D. irrelevant 5.A. opposed to B. unconcerned about C. poor at D. subject to 6. A. absence B. presence C. negligence D. guidance 7. A. exciting B. challenging C. conflicting D. misleading 8. A. observing B. improving C. varying D. undermining 9. A. reflected B. involved C. required D. underlined 10. A. coincidences B. exceptions C. prejudices D. mistakes 11. A. ignore B. agree C. struggle D. quit 12. A. debatable B. powerful C. awkward D. overlooked 13.A. in contrast B. on the other hand C. in particular D. after all 14. A. evaluation B. tolerance C. adaptation D. emergence 15. A. less good B. less flexible C. more formal D. more subjective 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. B　5. C　6. A　7. B　8. C　9. C　10. D　11. B　12. B　13. D　14. D　15. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了英语作为全球通用语的演变趋势，指出非母语者人数已远超母语者，并分析了由此带来的语言变化（如语法简化）及母语者与非母语者交流中的差异，最终提出未来英语可能呈现“国际化态度”而非单一标准。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：《英语的未来》一书的作者戴维・格拉多尔表示，把英语的发展历程简单看作是北美、不列颠群岛和澳大拉西亚地区以英语为母语者的成功，这种想法很有诱惑力——但这是错误的。A. shocking令人震惊的；B. unjustifiable不合理的；C. narrow-minded狭隘的；D. tempting诱人的。根据下文“but that would be a mistake”可知，前后句构成转折，前句说人们很容易把英语的发展历程看作是以英语为母语者的成功，后句说这其实是错误的。故选D。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：全球英语已经进入了一个更复杂的阶段，其变化方式是英语国家无法控制且可能也不喜欢的。A. like喜欢；B. mind介意；C. doubt怀疑；D. spot发现。根据上文“the English-speaking countries cannot control”可知，全球英语的变化方式是英语国家无法控制的，可能也是他们不喜欢的。故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着数亿更多的人学习这门语言，这种失衡状况将会加剧。A. prosperity繁荣；B. suspicion怀疑；C. dissatisfaction不满；D. imbalance不平衡。根据上文“Non-native speakers now outnumber native English-speakers by three to one.”可知，非英语母语者的数量已是母语者的三倍，这是一种数量上的失衡。故选D。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他还补充道，事实上，许多用英语召开的商务会议，在没有英语母语者在场时，似乎进行得更顺利。A. dominant占主导地位的；B. present在场的；C. efficient高效的；D. irrelevant不相关的。根据下文“I always find it easier to do business in English with partners from Greece or Russia or Denmark.”可知，与非母语者用英语谈生意总是更轻松，由此可推测，此处指在没有英语母语者在场时，会议似乎进行得更顺利。故选B。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：这是因为以英语为母语的人，在国际讨论中往往不擅长确保自己的意思被理解。A. opposed to反对；B. unconcerned about不关心；C. poor at不擅长；D. subject to受限于。根据下文“They tend to think they need to avoid longer words, when they are comfortable with metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc.”可知，英语母语者总认为需要避开长单词，却又习惯使用隐喻、短语动词等表达，使非母语者费解，可见其不擅长让非母语者理解自己的意思。故选C。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：维也纳大学英语与应用语言学教授芭芭拉・赛德尔霍费尔表示，人们对英语母语者的缺席感到释然，这是一种普遍现象。A. absence缺席；B. presence在场；C. negligence疏忽；D. guidance指导。根据上文“many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are 4 .”及下文“I always find it easier to do business in English with partners from Greece or Russia or Denmark.”可知，在没有英语母语者在场时，会议似乎进行得更顺利；与非母语者用英语谈生意总是更轻松，因此当英语母语者缺席时人们反而感到轻松、释然。故选A。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她引用一位奥地利银行家的话：“我发现和希腊、俄罗斯或丹麦的合作伙伴用英语谈生意总是更轻松，但当爱尔兰人打来电话时，事情就变得有挑战性了。”A. exciting令人兴奋的；B. challenging有挑战性的；C. conflicting相冲突的；D. misleading误导性的。根据上文“I always find it easier to do business in English with partners from Greece or Russia or Denmark. But when the Irish call”可知，前后句构成转折，前句说与非母语者用英语谈生意总是更轻松，后句应该说与母语者交谈则变得很有挑战性。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：赛德尔霍费尔教授表示，她的团队发现非英语母语者正以多种方式改变标准英语语法规则。A. observing观察；B. improving改善；C. varying改变；D. undermining削弱。根据下文“non-native speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular.”及“Many non-native speakers omit definite and indefinite articles”可知，非英语母语者使英语语法有了很多改变。故选C。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多非英语母语者会在标准英语要求使用定冠词和不定冠词的地方省略它们，或是在标准英语不用的地方加上它们。A. reflected反映；B. involved涉及；C. required需要；D. underlined强调。根据下文“or put them in where standard English does not use them”可知，非英语母语人士改变了冠词用法，由此可知，他们在标准英语中要求使用冠词的地方把冠词给省略了。故选C。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多以英语为母语的人会坚持认为这些不是语言变体，而是错误。A. coincidences巧合；B. exceptions例外；C. prejudices偏见；D. mistakes错误。根据下文“are simply wrong”可知，英语母语者认为这种变化是种错误。故选D。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：全球许多教授英语的非母语者都会对此表示认同。A. ignore忽视；B. agree同意；C. struggle挣扎；D. quit放弃。根据下文“But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical correctness.”可知，前后句构成转折，前句说教授英语的非母语者都会认同这些变化是种错误，后句说但是语言是变化的，语法正确性的概念也同样会变。故选B。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些坚持标准英语语法的人仍处于强势地位。A. debatable有争议的；B. powerful有权势的；C. awkward尴尬的；D. overlooked被忽视的。根据下文“Scientists and academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites.”可知，想要在国际期刊上发表成果的科学家和学者，必须遵守以英语为母语的精英群体所遵循的语法规则，由此可知那些坚持标准英语语法的人仍处于主导的强势地位。故选B。 (13)题解析： 考查副词短语辨析。句意：毕竟，他们的主要目的是让彼此理解，而且大多数情况下根本没有英语母语者在场。A. in contrast相比之下；B. on the other hand另一方面；C. in particular尤其；D. after all毕竟。根据上文“Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct?”可知，非母语者不纠结于语法是否正确，毕竟让彼此听懂才是主要的目的。故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：赛德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们所见证的，并非一种新的国际标准，而是一种新的‘国际态度’的出现——即认识到在许多国际场景中，非英语母语者不必像母语者那样说话，不必拿自己和母语者比较，从而总觉得自己‘不够好’。”A.evaluation评价；B. tolerance容忍；C. adaptation适应；D. emergence出现。根据下文“the recognition and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them”可知，认识到非英语母语者不必像母语者那样说话，这是一种新的‘国际态度’的出现。故选D。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：赛德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们所见证的，并非一种新的国际标准，而是一种新的‘国际态度’的出现——即认识到在许多国际场景中，非英语母语者不必像母语者那样说话，不必拿自己和母语者比较，从而总觉得自己‘不够好’。”A. less good较差的；B. less flexible不够灵活的；C. more formal更正式的；D. more subjective更主观的。根据上文“non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them”可知，不必和母语者比较，因为这会让非母语者觉得自己的英语说得不够好。故选A。 （一） （25-26高三上·上海敬业中学·期中）As marketing moves deeper into psychology, the boundary between persuasion and overreach grows increasingly thin. Shops once relied on shelf design and pleasant smells to guide consumers; today, they 1 neuroscience (神经科学) and data analytics for insight into what the brain desires — often before the shopper becomes aware of it. The next frontier is 2 . Smart trolleys (购物车) equipped with RFID tags may soon identify customers the moment they enter the store, linking them to past 3 and suggesting items they have “forgotten” to buy. Screens beside the checkout could adjust their advertisements according to the buyer’s gender, age, or facial expression. In theory, technology could even register 4 signals of emotion — a hint of hesitation, a flash of interest—and respond with instant recommendations. Such innovations promise convenience, but they also 5 the boundary between service and monitoring. Many consumers already accept being tracked online in exchange for discounts or personalized offers. Yet when similar systems appear in physical stores, the sense of being 6 can generate uneasiness. Privacy advocates warn that RFID chips and behavioural cameras create “invisible pollution,” allowing companies to record not only what people buy but also how they 7 while buying it. Some neuroscientists argue that these developments are simply the 8 extension of what we already know about decision-making. Brain imaging has shown that emotions are not 9 to reasoning but essential components of it. Without emotional clues, people struggle to choose between alternatives, even unimportant ones. For marketers, this means that the most effective 10 works not through deliberate reasoning but through emotional signals — smells, sounds, and memories that guide behaviour below the level of awareness. 11 , there are limits. As Eric Spangenberg of Washington State University observes, no technology can make a consumer buy something completely unwanted. What it can do is influence 12 — encouraging one brand of coffee over another, one model of phone over its competitor — without the buyer realising why. But once people sense they are being controlled, the entire mechanism collapses. 13 spreads faster than any advertising campaign. The science of shopping, then, is not merely about 14 more. It is about balancing insight into desire with respect for its limits — a space where the human mind remains both the 15 and the last line of defence. 1. A. make up B. set aside C. look to D. take off 2. A. adaptation B. recognition C. communication D. intervention 3. A. purchases B. careers C. complaints D. traditions 4. A. intense B. delicate C. contradictory D. persistent 5. A. soften B. define C. symbolize D. guard 6. A. protected B. evaluated C. overlooked D. observed 7. A. feel B. look C. act D. respond 8. A. impossible B. curious C. unsettling D. logical 9. A. approaches B. reactions C. frameworks D. obstacles 10. A. expression B. presentation C. persuasion D. development 11. A. Besides B. St$ 专题04 完形填空 （一） （25-26高三上·上海晋元高级中学·期中）“Sometimes, people say things they don’t mean out of anger,” explains Travis Atkinson, a licensed clinical social worker. “99% of the time, they are the 1 of an intense emotion: anger, which is brought about by stress from work, frustrations in life, and even hunger.” This is based, in part, on the theory of emotional hijacking, which suggests that intense emotions — like anger — can temporarily affect our ability to think 2 and make sensible decisions. The amygdala — the brain’s “integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation” — is involved too. More 3 , a process called “amygdala hijack” comes into play: when the amygdala becomes overactivated it sets off the fight-or-flight response, leading to narrowed focus. This in turn causes a(n) 4 of good judgment, leading to a flash of anger. It results in 5 that are driven more by emotional intensity than by genuine thoughts or beliefs. This indicates that the 6 of the person’s outburst might not even be at the root of their anger. Perhaps, they were angry about the way their boss treated them at work. They may not have been able to fight back then, but the anger they’ve held on to since can 7 at the slightest disagreement with the friend they were catching up with at dinner. Letting out anger can help people feel emotionally 8 , many psychologists argue. Others, however, believe an outburst can actually intensify our emotions and end up being 9 . “You have the sense of immediate improvement, but it’s only a(n) 10 ,” says Jeffrey Lohr, a professor of psychology at the University of Arkansas-Fayetteville. “But the point is, it might be the search for that short-lived relief — even if it brings further harm — that drives a person to 11 angrily.” Lohr doesn’t see angry outbursts as a healthy way to release anger, yet he also warns against bottling up 12 feelings. His 13 : releasing anger without using hurtful words. But managing emotions isn’t easy, and not everyone can control their feelings well. Sometimes 14 slip out before we even realize what we’re saying. We only 15 it when the other person looks hurt or after we understand what we’ve said. 1. A. cause B. development C. expression D. perception 2. A. logically B. creatively C. subjectively D. instinctively 3. A. hopefully B. specifically C. thoroughly D. doubtfully 4. A. loss B. display C. sense D. act 5. A. statements B. conflicts C. improvements D. symptoms 6. A. duration B. impact C. tone D. source 7. A. build up B. die down C. show off D. spill out 8. A. distressed B. relieved C. trapped D. weakened 9. A. productive B. uninteresting C. unhelpful D. challenging 10. A. sense B. fix C. change D. emotion 11. A. interrupt B. react C. gesture D. shake 12. A. mixed B. hidden C. negative D. honest 13. A. reason B. outburst C. consequence D. solution 14. A. secrets B. emotions C. words D. behaviours 15. A. experience B. notice C. accept D. review （二） （25-26高三上·上海普陀区曹杨第二中学·期中）Waiting in line is a suffering of modernity. According to David Andrews’s book, Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster? , it wasn’t 1 until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers’ schedules, causing lines during lunch hours and evenings. Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines, it’s no wonder that some people try to cut, and others 2 hate them. Yet jumping the queue without 3 violence is possible. First, pick the right queue. It’s virtually impossible to cut the line for a once-in-a-lifetime event — the Cubs playing the World Series, say. But in a 4 scenario (场景) like a security line, people are more likely to let you in, perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday. Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially 5 , researchers found that people queuing just once display little tolerance for line-cutting. But when the queue comes again, people let in intruders (入侵者) who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time. An excuse for cutting helps, but it needn’t be bulletproof. In one much-cited study, experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of three explanations. A small, polite request without 6 — “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?” — enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time. Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time. And “May I use the Xerox machine, because I need to make copies?” was almost as 7 , despite its weakness. The person 8 behind an intrusion usually gets to decide whether to allow it, according to a study co-authored by the psychologist Stanley Milgram. If that person doesn’t 9 , other queuers tend to stay quiet. The experiment also found that two intruders brought about greater anger than one — so if you’re going to line-jump, travel 10 . Keep in mind that 11 for line-cutting varies across cultures. One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many national differences in queuing rules. An Irish respondent was very angry, “They say ‘I just want to ask a quick question’ and go right up to the counter... I’m ready to 12 .” Back in America the worst of line-cutting is 13 you’re not doing it. Like members of any community, queuers want their customs 14 . So if you must cut, just ask nicely. Doing so enhances the social contract, and it 15 . 1. A. difficult B. necessary C. common D. unusual 2. A. bitterly B. illogically C. casually D. surprisingly 3. A. rejecting B. understanding C. inviting D. continuing 4. A. realistic B. violent C. repeating D. complicated 5. A. permissible B. visible C. inflexible D. indefensible 6. A. prediction B. opposition C. recognition D. justification 7. A. neutral B. effective C. relevant D. variable 8. A. randomly B. distantly C. fortunately D. directly 9. A. agree B. object C. leave D. stay 10. A. extensively B. alone C. far D. happily 11. A. demand B. potential C. foundation D. tolerance 12. A. struggle B. believe C. explode D. respond 13. A. pretending B. confessing C. remembering D. confirming 14. A. recorded B. observed C. evaluated D. standardized 15. A. fails B. stops C. begins D. works （三） （25-26高三上·上海南洋模范中学·期中）The Moon meant a great deal to medieval (中世纪的) people around the world. It was believed to have an enormous impact on Earth, affecting the tides, the trees, animals and human minds and bodies. But it also had many symbolic associations, whether in the realms of love, 1 or religion—as I explore in my new book, The Medieval Moon: A History of Haunting and Blessing. In fact, I suggest we can talk about medieval moons in the plural, because the Moon was seen in such a wide variety of contexts and guises. The book travels across multiple regions and cultures to seek these medieval moons, 2 Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Mayan, Norse, Persian, Polynesian and Welsh traditions, among others. In many ways, the Moon was like a riddle for medieval people. As a symbol, it did not have an easily decipherable (可解读的) meaning, which encouraged viewers to read it in playful ways. 3 , many Old English and Old Norse riddles appropriately have the 4 “Moon”. The Moon was also seen as place of travel and 5 . Japanese, Italian, English, German and Dutch sources all testify to stories of travel to and from the Moon, long before the age of 6 space travel. The Moon was also 7 in many kinds of prophetic activity. In the 8 of the period, sorcerers (巫师) and kings studied the Moon to find out about the future. The legendary sorcerer Merlin, for example, made prophecies involving the Moon in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain. The Moon was also a rich symbol in 9 contexts. In medieval Christian and Islamic sources, the Moon could 10 everything from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad to the Christian Church as an 11 . Despite this freight of negative meanings, the Moon was also 12 with love. Medieval Sufis — 13 known as Islamic mystics-wrote of “moon beauties”. For these poets, the moon beauty was not an earthly lover but the divine (天赐的，神的) — Allah. As it shimmered for medieval audiences, the Moon 14 at deep emotions and complex thoughts, pervading people’s lives in moments of 15 and moments of tenderness. 1. A. illusion B. hatred C. illustration D. sympathy 2. A. taking in B. taking out C. taking over D. taking away 3. A. Nevertheless B. Namely C. Unfortunately D. Consequently 4. A. solution B. evolution C. revolution D. illusion 5. A. adventure B. torture C. route D. routine 6. A. fantastic B. real C. supposed D. rare 7. A. involved B. intended C. concerned D. cornered 8. A. society B. literature C. association D. realm 9. A. religious B. scientific C. academic D. rational 10. A. explain B. announce C. describe D. represent 11. A. institution B. family C. term D. crowd 12. A. dotted B. associated C. directed D. lined 13. A. commonly B. usually C. recently D. extremely 14. A. ignored B. grasped C. doubted D. insured 15. A. excitement B. impatience C. harshness D. existence （四） （25-26高三上·上海格致中学·期中）At the end of a busy month, a friend told me about her endless schedule. She had been rushing from one meeting to another, always putting on her best face. By the end, she was completely 1 . “I want to hug my family,” she said, “have a good cry, and then everything will feel better.” And she was right. Crying can act like a 2 button. Music, in particular, helps us let out feelings we normally hold back. A single sad pop song can push us into 3 when life feels too heavy. I even keep a playlist ready for those moments when I feel stressed out. In real life, I have a very low 4 for crying. Tears in the office, for example, feel awkward and out of place. My own crying is private, quick, and ideally exercised in contexts that do not affect me 5 — perhaps a moving documentary, or a film where an old man dies alone. No one has ever really solved the mystery of why humans cry, nor the 6 of tears. Charles Darwin considered emotional tears “purposeless”, and there remains little agreement on their meaning even now. In the 1980s, William H. Frey suggested that crying helps remove toxins (毒素) built up from stress. It’s a(n) 7 idea, but it never gained strong scientific support. Another psychologist, Ad Vingerhoets, has said that crying often 8 helplessness, hopelessness, or separation from loved ones. Death, divorce, or homesickness are among the most common causes. Yet even his studies show 9 results: only about half the people surveyed felt better after crying. Much depends on how others react to our tears. For me, 10 , crying is not something to be shared. Perhaps I am marked by that keep-it-in culture that still sees crying as something that should be 11 . My grandmother lived through enormous loss, but I never once saw her cry. Perhaps she, too, had her own secret way of releasing 12 — maybe with music, alone in a darkened room. And perhaps this explains why so many people find themselves 13 on long flights. At 30,000 feet, surrounded by strangers, normal rules seem to 14 . You can cry through a sad film without embarrassment. In no way are these moments social, nor do we seek observers to justify our tears. But, man, it feels 15 to cry. 1. A. relaxed B. exhausted C. embarrassed D. motivated 2. A. record B. panic C. reset D. play 3. A. action B. conflicts C. reflection D. tears 4. A. requirement B. tolerance C. competence D. concern 5. A. socially B. physically C. emotionally D. personally 6. A. silence B. point C. trace D. memory 7. A. dangerous B. strange C. appealing D. basic 8. A. comes from B. results in C. depends upon D. protects against 9. A. mixed B. consistent C. expected D. notable 10. A. shortly B. moreover C. otherwise D. though 11. A. treasured B. judged C. communicated D. shamed 12. A. doubts B. emotions C. fear D. joy 13. A. weeping B. sleeping C. arguing D. exercising 14. A. matter B. evolve C. disappear D. emerge 15. A. tiring B. heavy C. good D. awkward （五） （25-26高三上·上海南洋中学·期中）In Mumbai, there’s the ceaseless clamor of car homes as drivers edge through traffic. There’s pounding and buzzing from the construction of office towers and apartment blocks. Drumbeats and trumpet melodies spill out from weddings and countless festivals. And it’s all topped off by bellowing (大声吼叫的) street vendors and garbage trucks blasting Bollywood songs. Living in Mumbai requires a huge 1 for noise. When Sumaira Abdulali began campaigning against noise pollution in India’s financial capital two decades ago, friends, acquaintances and even her lawyers insisted it was 2 . “People told me it’s foolish to even try, because Indians love noise,” she says. “We’re a noisy country.” But in 2003, Abdulali won a lawsuit seeking to 3 environmental rules that had allowed loud music late into the night during a festival. 4 , the victory led to a ban on loudspeakers within 100 meters of schools, hospitals, courts and places of worship. And she has since won more than a dozen other actions both on her own and via the Awaaz Foundation (awaaz means “noise” in Hindi), which she launched in 2006. The World Health Organization warns that noise is a top threat to human 5 , affecting not only hearing but also sleep, brain development and cardiovascular health. Abdulali claims Mumbai is the world’s 6 city. A study led by Ritesh Vijay, an expert from India’s National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, did find that noise levels in Mumbai and surrounding areas in 2020 dramatically exceed legal limits. In recent years, the battle against noise has become increasingly 7 , with Abdulali often facing powerful interests who consider it an inevitable byproduct of growth. With increasing 8 , ever more people are exposed to continuous noise. In a rapidly expanding city such as Mumbai, with a population topping 12 million, demand for housing puts noise rules 9 development plans. Although sound barriers are required for construction projects, they’re expensive, so developers 10 installing them. Traffic is a tougher problem. Noise on the road can reach 110 decibels (分贝) — a level that can lead to permanent hearing damage after just 15 minutes of exposure, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Luckily, 11 can help in the fight, Vijay says. He suggests devices that measure horn use, which would let officials offer 12 drivers rewards like deductions (扣除) on car insurance. Dynamic signaling, where sensors linked to stoplights detect traffic density, would improve vehicle flow and 13 the urge to resort to horns, he says. Local government also 14 . Mumbai decreed (颁布) India’s first “No-Honking” day in 2008, with police handing out booklets to raise awareness about traffic noise and imposing fines up to 1,000 rupees ($12) on offending motorists. Far more important is the longer-term impact of the day-to-day noise, so that’s where Vijay believes activists should focus their energy. “In India we celebrate festivals with lots of noise,” he says. “But our 15 noise itself is beyond the allowed limit.” 1. A. talent B. potential C. demand D. tolerance 2. A. encouraging B. reasonable C. ridiculous D. depressing 3.A. take advantage of B. put an end to C. lay emphasis on D. throw light on 4. A. Therefore B. Similarly C. Subsequently D. However 5. A. well-being B. intelligence C. interaction D. behavior 6. A. largest B. busiest C. loudest D. richest 7. A. difficult B. successful C. diverse D. easy 8. A. availability B. capitalization C. urbanization D. convenience 9. A. in pace with B. in contact with C. in league with D. in conflict with 10. A. recommend B. justify C. resist D. advocate 11. A. government B. technology C. finance D. psychology 12. A. quiet B. brave C. safe D. alert 13. A. trigger B. satisfy C. reduce D. maintain 14. A. steps in B. takes over C. cuts in D. takes off 15. A. traffic B. construction C. ceremony D. background （一） （25-26高三上·上海卢湾高级中学·期中）Although competition is a fact of life, it makes business difficult, contributing to an ever-downward pressure on prices, ever-rising costs (such as the funding of new product development and marketing), and an urgent need to outsmart competitors. 1 , the benefits of finding a market gap — a small part of a market that is free of competition — are obvious: greater control over prices, lower costs, and improved profits. The identification of a market gap is often all that is needed to 2 a new business. In 2006, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey combined short-form communication with social media, providing a service that no one else had 3 . Free to most users, revenue (收入) comes from companies who 4 promotional tweets and profiles: Twitter earned advertising revenues of $582 million in 2013. Not all gaps are profitable, 5 . The Amphicar, for instance, was a car produced in the 1960s for US consumers who wanted to drive on roads and rivers. It was a totally new idea, but the market was too small to be profitable. This was also true for bottled water for pets — launched in the US in 1994, Thirsty Cat! And Thirsty Dog! failed to 6 pet owners. Snapple, the manufacturer of healthy tea and juice drinks, is a company that has 7 found a sustainable and profitable market gap. A glance at the beverage (饮料) counter of any supermarket reveals that dozens of brands 8 for sales. Many companies have failed in this highly competitive market: for example, Pepsi tried to capture a (n) 9 market for morning cola with its short-lived, high-caffeine drink, AM. Success for Snapple came from positioning the product as a unique brand — Snapple was one of the first companies to manufacture juices and drinks made completely from natural ingredients. Its founders ran a health store in Manhattan, and the company used the slogan: “100% Natural.” Snapple 10 students, commuters (通勤者), and lunch-time office workers with a new healthy “snack” drink. Distribution was through small, inner-city stores where customers could “grab-and-go.” These 11 helped to secure a profitable and sustainable market gap, distinguishing Snapple from its competitors in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1994 sales peaked at $674 million. Unoccupied market territory can present major opportunities for companies but the challenge lies in identifying which gaps are profitable and which are 12 . During the 1990s, many companies became 13 about the potential of the “green” market, across a whole range of goods. But this market has failed to materialize in any profitable way. This marks one of the potential problems in identifying market gaps based on market research: sometimes consumers have strong attitudes or opinions on trends or issues — such as ecology — that they are 14 to consider when purchasing products, especially if they affect cost. Many market gaps, it seems, are 15 , but unrealistic. 1.A. On the whole B. What’s more C. In contrast D. As a matter of fact 2. A. launch B. purchase C. investigate D. defeat 3. A. helped B. enjoyed C. spotted D. permitted 4. A. care about B. rely on C. look after D. pay for 5. A. otherwise B. consequently C. however D. instead 6. A. think about B. appeal to C. point at D. learn from 7. A. successfully B. instantly C. unfortunately D. insecurely 8. A. wait B. compete C. search D. exchange 9. A. non-existent B. non-productive C. non-profit D. non-random 10. A. equipped B. charged C. bothered D. targeted 11. A. analyses B. strategies C. prospects D. perspectives 12. A. directions B. traps C. objections D. events 13. A. guilty B. particular C. concerned D. excited 14. A. pleased B. disappointed C. unwilling D. grateful 15. A. tempting B. tremendous C. revealable D. different （二） （25-26高三上·上海进华中学·期中）You can actually catch a good mood or a bad mood from your friends, according to a recent study in the journal Royal Society Open Science.But that shouldn't stop you from 1 with pals who are down in the dumps,say the study authors: 2 ,the effect isn't large enough to push you into depression. The new study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that happiness and sadness-as well as lifestyle and behavioral factors like smoking,drinking,obesity,fitness habits and even the ability to concentrate-can 3 across social networks, both online and in real life.But while many 4 studies have only looked at friendship data at one point in time, this is one of the few that measured social and mood changes over time. The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in 5 screenings(筛查） and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study. In total,2,194 students were included in the 6 ,which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks. Overall,kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more 7 to report bad moods themselves- and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, 8 ,their moods were more likely to improve over time. Some symptoms related to depression-like helplessness,tiredness and loss of interest-also seemed to follow this 9 ,which scientists call “social contagion.”But this isn't something that people need to 10 ,says lead author Robert Eyre,a doctoral student at the University of Warwick. Rather, it's likely just a “ 11 empathetic response that we're all familiar with, and something we recognize by common sense,"he says. In other words,when a friend is going through a rough patch, it makes sense that you'll feel some of their 12 ,and it's certainly not a reason to stay away. The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not 13 participants' risk of becoming depressed themselves. “Your friends do not put you at risk of illness," says Eyre,"so a good course of action is simply to 14 them."To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both 15 -and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings,too.” 1. A. keeping up B. making off C. hanging out D. getting away 2. A. Thankfully B. Particularly C. Hopefully D. Totally 3. A. increase B. generate C. delay D. spread 4. A. growing B. previous C. real D. large-scale 5. A. depression B. anxiety C. anger D. friendship 6. A. assessment B. examination C. analysis D. exercise 7. A. willing B. reluctant C. able D. likely 8.A. what's worse B. as a result C. on the other hand D. in one word 9. A. prediction B. pattern C. report D. improvement 10. A. worry about B. look for C. rely on D. put forward 11. A. social B. normal C. rough D. certain 12. A. symptoms B. responses C. recognition D. pain 13. A. eliminate B. conceal C. increase D. sugarcoat 14. A. enlighten B. entertain C. empower D. support 15. A. enjoy B. understand C. advise D. permit （三） （25-26高三上·上海向明中学·期中）We’ve been hearing for years that China is cheating, that they’ve broken the rules, and stolen their way to prosperity. You’ll hear terms like forced technology 1 , intellectual property theft, state subsidies. Yes, these are serious issues, but if we really want to understand what happened over the last 30 years, we need to look past the slogans and ask the uncomfortable question — is China really cheating or did our own elite simply 2 ? For years, foreign companies wanting to 3 the Chinese market had to partner with Chinese firms and share their proprietary technology. Critics say this transfer gave China an unfair advantage, but let’s be honest. No one was forced. Western firms wanted a slice of the biggest market on earth, so they willingly traded tech for profits. Yes, there’s IP theft, and state support, but let’s not pretend we’re 4 . The US has interfered in governments around the world. When it comes to subsidies, the US subsidizes agriculture, defense, and now tech firms under the CHIPS Act. However, we don’t admit it, but China does it openly, because in their system the economy serves the nation while in our system the economy serves 5 . Non-tariff barriers? Yes, China plays protectionist games, but so does everyone else including US. We ban ship sales, restrict Huawei, and rewrite financial regulations to serve American 6 . The reality is that China didn’t steal our prosperity, our own elites gave it away. They relocated factories 7 . The steel towns collapsed, the textile mills vanished, the auto parts industry got hollowed out. That’s all that matters. What did China do with its surplus? It built high speed rail, smart cities, new energy grids, and entire industries 8 . And what did we do? We built financial bubbles; we 9 infrastructure; we gave tax cuts to the ultra-wealthy and told everyone else to tighten their 10 . Now we think tariffs are going to fix this. Tariffs are like putting duct tape on a collapsing bridge. They raise prices, disrupt supply chains, and 11 revenge. They don’t build new factories; they don’t create a workforce; they don’t fix our broken system. As best they’re a pause button, but we don’t need a pause. What we need is a 12 . The only way forward is to rebuild this country from the ground up. But instead of focusing on America, what are we doing? We are talking about war with Iran; we’re spending waging proxy wars 13 a foreign government while our own cities look like war zones; And when we’re not trying to start a war, we’re 14 about expanding our empire, making Canada a US state, and buying Greenland. This isn’t America first. This is empire first, globalism first, elites first. So the real problem isn’t that China is cheating. The real problem is that we’ve been lied to by the people who 15 us a dream they never believed in. 1. A. transplants B. transfers C. transactions D. transforms 2. A. sell us out B. wears us out C. picks us out D. gives us out 3. A. access B. afford C. approach D. assess 4. A. harmonious B. delicate C. democratic D. innocent 5. A. class-warriors B. game-changers C. shareholders D. trendsetters 6. A. interests B. priorities C. companies D. communities 7. A. offstage B. offsite C. offline D. offshore 8. A. from scratch B. in vain C. at random D. on purpose 9. A. declined B. depressed C. devalued D. defunded 10. A. restrictions B. stomachs C. belts D. fists 11. A. invite B. harbor C. suspend D. swear 12. A. release B. reset C. recognition D. relief 13. A. on account of B. by virtue of C. on behalf of D. in spite of 14. A. excited B. reminded C. complaining D. fantasizing 15. A. cost B. charged C. owed D. sold （四） （25-26高三上·上海行知中学·期中）Smartphone ownership and screen time are increasing across the world. In recent years, the widespread 1 of mobile phones has extended to even the youngest members of society. Research conducted by Ofcom (英国通信管理局) has found that a surprising number of three-and four-year-olds have their own mobile phones, with a fifth of them owning one. These young children are already using these devices to 2 various online activities. The influence of YouTube among this age group is undeniable, with 51% of them using the platform’s 3 children’s channel, and 38% of them possessing their own 4 YouTube profile. One of the most popular YouTube channels for these young children is Ryan’s World, a highly successful unboxing and educational channel hosted by 11-year-old Ryan Kaji, boasting an impressive 34 million 5 . The implications of such early 6 to technology are a subject of great interest to educators and child psychologists. Nova Cobban, a former primary school teacher who worked with five- and six-year-olds, noticed a clear 7 among her young students based on their access to smartphones. Children who had access to YouTube and gaming platforms seemed more 8 and tired compared to their peers who did not engage with such technology. Dr. Pauldy Otermans, a senior lecturer in psychology at Brunel University London, believes that in the digital age, it is essential to teach children how to use digital tools 9 . As mobile phones become increasingly prevalent in society, it may be 10 to expect children just a few years older than toddlers to have little to no contact with such devices. Proper guidance on their appropriate use becomes crucial. The debate on the appropriate 11 for children to have mobile phones and access to screens is ongoing. In 2019, the World Health Organization recommended that children under the age of two should avoid screens entirely, and children under five should be limited to just one hour of sedentary screen time daily. Research has linked 12 screen time in young children to delayed development. Despite these guidelines, there is no shared agreement among experts on how to respond to the growing prevalence of mobile phones among young children. The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 13 the WHO’s advice, arguing that it overlooks families in situations where outdoor play is not 14 accessible due to housing constraints. 15 , the UK government’s chief medical officers maintained it was not advisable to issue specific guidance on optimal screen time for young children. 1. A. rejection B. adoption C. submission D. accumulation 2. A. result in B. invest in C. specialize in D. engage in 3. A. dedicated B. changeable C. random D. flexible 4. A. simplified B. centralized C. personalized D. civilized 5. A. subscribers B. spectators C. bystanders D. listeners 6. A. limitation B. exposure C. response D. threat 7. A. division B. harmony C. argument D. friction 8. A. expanded B. bonded C. disconnected D. attached 9. A. sensitively B. actively C. collectively D. responsibly 10. A. sensible B. dramatic C. unrealistic D. feasible 11. A. age B. guidance C. platform D. response 12. A. limited B. excessive C. conventional D. accessible 13. A. confirmed B. approved C. challenged D. objected 14. A. readily B. reluctantly C. hesitantly D. hardly 15. A. On the contrary B. As a result C. In turn D. In addition （五） （25-26高三上·上海徐汇区·期中）Throughout their lifetime, individuals today are more responsible for their personal finances than ever before. With life expectancies rising, pension and social welfare systems are strained, and employer-sponsored defined benefit (DB) plans are rapidly 1 private defined contribution (DC) plans, shifting retirement responsibility from employers to employees. Labor markets have also changed, with wages 2 between higher-and lower-educated workers, as employers increasingly reward advanced skills and digital competence. Meanwhile, financial markets and products — from student loans to credit cards, mutual funds, and annuities (年金) — have grown more complex, and financial technology (fintech) is revolutionizing payments, investments, and financial advice. 3 , understanding financial literacy and its impact on financial decision-making is crucial. Financial literacy, as defined by the OECD, includes not only knowledge of financial concepts and risks but also the skills, 4 , and confidence to properly and actively apply this knowledge in daily life to improve individual and societal well-being. Research consistently shows that financial literacy is low worldwide, even in advanced economies. Only about one third of adults globally are familiar with the basic concepts underlying everyday financial decisions, and certain groups — women, the young, and the less educated — are particularly 5 . A standard way to 6 financial literacy is the “Big Three” questions, which involve the understanding of interest rates, inflation, and risk diversification, respectively. Surveys using these questions, such as the Financial Literacy Around the World project, reveal 7 results. Globally, only around 30% of adults answer all three correctly, with knowledge of risk diversification consistently lowest. 8 emerge across age, gender, and education: younger adults and women tend to have lower financial literacy, and even the highly educated often lack practical financial skills. Needless to say, financial literacy profoundly affects behavior. Those with higher literacy save more, plan for retirement, invest wisely, manage debt effectively, and cope better with financial shocks. Conversely, the less literate rely on high-cost borrowing, accumulate debt, and are 9 emergencies. Undergraduates, for example, often misunderstand student loans and 10 expensive financial behaviors facilitated by fintech, such as mobile payments. These trends underline that fintech cannot substitute for financial knowledge. Therefore, efforts to improve literacy must be large-scale and 11 . Schools, colleges, workplaces, and community platforms are ideal for delivering tailored education, with a focus on disadvantaged groups such as youth and women. School-based programs are especially effective, 12 young people to essential concepts before major financial decisions. Workplace interventions, when designed to be relevant and brief, also improve behavior, while 13 initiatives — like financial museums — can reach broader audiences. The lack of financial literacy, even in well-developed markets, is of urgent 14 . The Big Three questions help identify those in need and guide tailored programs in schools, workplaces, and communities. As Director of the Italian Financial Education Committee, I aim to apply this research to policy initiatives, promoting financial literacy as a fundamental skill. Financial literacy is a global 15 for navigating complex financial products, making sound decisions, and achieving personal and societal economic potential. Like basic literacy, it is a universal need, essential for thriving in today’s world. 1. A. taking over from B. falling back on C. giving way to D. leading up to 2. A. widening B. stabilising C. shifting D. peaking 3. A. In this context B. To that end C. In theory D. By contrast 4. A. focus B. resources C. motivation D. opportunities 5. A. dependent B. cautious C. competent D. disadvantaged 6. A. predict B. measure C. assure D. promote 7. A. predictable B. alarming C. long-lasting D. encouraging 8. A. Initiatives B. Factors C. Patterns D. Action 9.A. light-hearted about B. over-pessimistic about C. mis-informed of D. ill-prepared for 10. A. give rise to B. give in to C. come close to D. fall victim to 11. A. targeted B. unlimited C. enlightened D. intended 12. A. presenting B. linking C. subjecting D. exposing 13. A. community B. network C. operation D. organisation 14. A. capacity B. challenge C. concern D. basis 15. A. qualification B. gateway C. permit D. passport （六） （25-26高三上·上海闵行区七宝中学·期中）Digital dependency, once seen as the curse of adolescence, is rapidly rewriting the experience of old age. The screens that distracted the young are now capturing the attention of the retired — with consequences both troubling and 1 . At Britain's National Centre for Gaming Disorders, doctors once 2 parents and teenagers. Increasingly, they greet older faces: people in their fifties, sixties, even seventies, 3 not to violent video games but to the endless rounds of mobile puzzles or online chats. The clinic's director admits that the elderly patients now form a small but steady stream, and their 4 reveal how deep technology has settled into everyday ageing. For decades, older adults were 5 television, a medium demanding little but time. Now that they carry their screens everywhere, their habits are 6 rather than shifting. Surveys in Britain show that people over seventy still watch more than five hours of broadcast TV a day — yet they now spend several additional hours online, checking online news, chatting, or streaming shows on tablets and phones. What once filled an evening has expanded to fill the 7 . Researchers are beginning to sound the same alarms once reserved for 8 . In South Korea, one in seven people in their sixties shows signs of phone 9 ; studies in Japan and China link excessive use to weaker sleep, reduced movement, and rising anxiety. The 10 of cause remains uncertain: do screens promote isolation, or does isolation push people toward screens? Either way, many older people now spend more time on screens than outdoors. Yet the picture is not purely 11 . For many, digital life offers the very connections that age and illness take away. Video calls reunite families living apart; online classes replace journeys long 12 ; social networks soften the edges of loneliness. Some doctors even report that moderate digital 13 helps sustain cognitive (认知的) function, acting as mental exercise for ageing minds. Virtual reality now promises an even deeper escape. One 85-year-old patient, struggling with depression, was guided through a digital 14 of her childhood street — a journey that reawakened memories and eased long-held sorrow. Her story suggests that the challenge of the coming decades will not be to keep the elderly offline, but to ensure that their 15 enhance rather than imprison the later years of life. 1. A. regrettable B. transformative C. heartbreaking D. irrelevant 2. A. refused B. challenged C. expected D. trusted 3. A. opposed B. sensitive C. resistant D. drawn 4. A. concerns B. cases C. health D. role 5. A. loyal to B. critical of C. fearful of D. responsive to 6. A. multiplying B. deepening C. emerging D. disappearing 7. A. hour B. night C. minute D. day 8. A. teenagers B. seniors C. employers D. enthusiasts 9. A. exhaustion B. visibility C. displacement D. addiction 10. A. nature B. direction C. discovery D. origin 11. A. favorable B. technological C. discouraging D. abstract 12. A. abandoned B. scheduled C. inspired D. understood 13. A. integration B. discipline C. engagement D. innovation 14. A. re-analysis B. re-construction C. re-distribution D. re-guidance 15. A. ages B. memories C. emotions D. screens （七） （25-26高三上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中） THE LEFT-HANDED have long struggled in a right-handed world. But they are 1 in one field: one-to-one sports such as fencing and tennis. The conventional explanation for this is that the 2 of lefties means right-handed athletes lack familiarity with them as opponents. But this may be only part of the story. Tim Simon at the University of Trento, in Italy, a fan of fencing, suspected the left-handed enjoy some 3 advantage in these sports, over and above their unfamiliarity. As he and his colleagues describe this week in Royal Society Open Science, for some of them that turns out to be true. To test his idea Dr Simon reasoned that were unfamiliarity the sole explanation for left-hander advantage, then the difference should decline at the highest levels of a sport, where players would be 4 to left-handers’ tricks. If, however, some innate factor associated with left-handedness were a cause, then the difference might actually increase. He therefore analysed the 5 over more than a decade of the world’s top athletes in badminton, table tennis, tennis and three types of fencing (foil, épée and sabre fencing). The result was that in foil and épée fencing, and table tennis, there was indeed a (n) 6 in left-handedness at the top. For example, 18% of the top 200 male épée fencers and 23% of the top male foil fencers were lefties, but that went up to 28% and 31% 7 when only the top 100 were considered. The other three sports, 8 , did not show this effect. The difference, Dr Simon suspects, is that foil and épée involve stabbing (刺) with small and 9 movements. Table tennis requires 10 skillfulness. Sabre fencing, by contrast, involves larger slashing movements similar to those 11 in tennis and badminton. He theorises that this difference may be why lefties 12 in the first three sports but not the others. He assumes that the explanation may 13 left-handed people’s greater reliance than right-handers on their brains’ right hemispheres. The right hemisphere is more important than the left for processing visual, spatial and temporal inputs, and generating 14 responses. Though the benefits thus 15 are probably tiny, they matter at the top — where being a split second faster than an opponent separates victory from defeat. In Italian, the term for a lefty is sinistro. But there is nothing evil about their ability with a blade. Their neural connections are just better. 1. A. overrepresented B. underperformed C. overemphasized D. understated 2. A. awkwardness B. competence C. scarcity D. boom 3. A. acquired B. unfair C. inborn D. strategic 4. A. subject B. wise C. opposed D. indifferent 5. A. advantages B. defeats C. tricks D. performances 6. A. plunge B. divide C. balance D. jump 7. A. accordingly B. respectively C. naturally D. proportionately 8. A. meanwhile B. therefore C. likewise D. nevertheless 9. A. frequent B. stable C. rapid D. delicate 10. A. similar B. minimum C. remarkable D. technical 11. A. dismissed B. employed C. prohibited D. equipped 12. A. survive B. dominate C. compete D. persevere 13. A. account for B. bring about C. coincide with D. arise from 14. A. motor B. emotional C. collective D. fierce 15. A. hatched B. denied C. granted D. abused （八） （25-26高三上·上海大同中学·期中）Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and therefore the key to prosperity． David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is 1 to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, the British Isles and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not 2 . An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now outnumber native English-speakers by three to one. As hundreds of millions more learn the language, that 3 will grow. Mr Graddol says the majority of encounters in English today take place between non-native speakers. Indeed, he adds, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are 4 . This is because native speakers are often 5 ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer words, when they are comfortable with metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Barbara Seidlhofer, professor of English and applied linguistics at the University of Vienna, says relief at the 6 of native speakers is common. She quotes an Austrian banker as saying: “I always find it easier to do business in English with partners from Greece or Russia or Denmark. But when the Irish call, it gets 7 .” Prof Seidlhofer says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are 8 standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced non-native speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many non-native speakers omit definite and indefinite articles where they are 9 in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Other variations include “make a discussion”, “discuss about something”, or “phone to somebody”. Many native English speakers will insist that these are not variations, they are 10 . “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would 11 . But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical correctness. Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) 12 position. Scientists and academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, 13 , is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Prof Seidlhofer says, “I think rather than a new international standard, what we are looking at is the 14 of a new ‘international attitude’, the recognition and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them and thus always feel ‘ 15 ’.” 1. A. shocking B. unjustifiable C. narrow-minded D. tempting 2. A. like B. mind C. doubt D. spot 3. A. prosperity B. suspicion C. dissatisfaction D. imbalance 4. A. dominant B. present C. efficient D. irrelevant 5.A. opposed to B. unconcerned about C. poor at D. subject to 6. A. absence B. presence C. negligence D. guidance 7. A. exciting B. challenging C. conflicting D. misleading 8. A. observing B. improving C. varying D. undermining 9. A. reflected B. involved C. required D. underlined 10. A. coincidences B. exceptions C. prejudices D. mistakes 11. A. ignore B. agree C. struggle D. quit 12. A. debatable B. powerful C. awkward D. overlooked 13.A. in contrast B. on the other hand C. in particular D. after all 14. A. evaluation B. tolerance C. adaptation D. emergence 15. A. less good B. less flexible C. more formal D. more subjective （一） （25-26高三上·上海敬业中学·期中）As marketing moves deeper into psychology, the boundary between persuasion and overreach grows increasingly thin. Shops once relied on shelf design and pleasant smells to guide consumers; today, they 1 neuroscience (神经科学) and data analytics for insight into what the brain desires — often before the shopper becomes aware of it. The next frontier is 2 . Smart trolleys (购物车) equipped with RFID tags may soon identify customers the moment they enter the store, linking them to past 3 and suggesting items they have “forgotten” to buy. Screens beside the checkout could adjust their advertisements according to the buyer’s gender, age, or facial expression. In theory, technology could even register 4 signals of emotion — a hint of hesitation, a flash of interest—and respond with instant recommendations. Such innovations promise convenience, but they also 5 the boundary between service and monitoring. Many consumers already accept being tracked online in exchange for discounts or personalized offers. Yet when similar systems appear in physical stores, the sense of being 6 can generate uneasiness. Privacy advocates warn that RFID chips and behavioural cameras create “invisible pollution,” allowing companies to record not only what people buy but also how they 7 while buying it. Some neuroscientists argue that these developments are simply the 8 extension of what we already know about decision-making. Brain imaging has shown that emotions are not 9 to reasoning but essential components of it. Without emotional clues, people struggle to choose between alternatives, even unimportant ones. For marketers, this means that the most effective 10 works not through deliberate reasoning but through emotional signals — smells, sounds, and memories that guide behaviour below the level of awareness. 11 , there are limits. As Eric Spangenberg of Washington State University observes, no technology can make a consumer buy something completely unwanted. What it can do is influence 12 — encouraging one brand of coffee over another, one model of phone over its competitor — without the buyer realising why. But once people sense they are being controlled, the entire mechanism collapses. 13 spreads faster than any advertising campaign. The science of shopping, then, is not merely about 14 more. It is about balancing insight into desire with respect for its limits — a space where the human mind remains both the 15 and the last line of defence. 1. A. make up B. set aside C. look to D. take off 2. A. adaptation B. recognition C. communication D. intervention 3. A. purchases B. careers C. complaints D. traditions 4. A. intense B. delicate C. contradictory D. persistent 5. A. soften B. define C. symbolize D. guard 6. A. protected B. evaluated C. overlooked D. observed 7. A. feel B. look C. act D. respond 8. A. impossible B. curious C. unsettling D. logical 9. A. approaches B. reactions C. frameworks D. obstacles 10. A. expression B. presentation C. persuasion D. development 11. A. Besides B. Still C. Overall D. Initially 12. A. emotions B. habits C. understandings D. preferences 13. A. Attention B. Distrust C. Fascination D. Change 14. A. attracting B. talking C. selling D. performing 15. A. mystery B. source C. target D. barrier （二） （25-26高三上·上海位育中学·期中）The mental pain of failure itself can stimulate you to become better at the activity in which you lack proficiency — if you can reframe the negative experiences as a(n) 1 of personal growth. This is what researchers found in 2022 when they conducted a field experiment at an improvisation (即兴表演) club. One group of amateur improvisers was 2 to actively seek the feeling of awkwardness. The scholars found that, compared with improvisers who were not given this instruction, the first group was more engaged in the exercise. Instead of seeing the discomfort as something to avoid, they saw it as 3 to the process and leaned into it. Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of 4 is what psychologists call “action rumination”. Ruminating on failure is widely recognized to be a destructive waste of time, because this type of reflection 5 what failure says about one as a person and questioning self-worth. Action rumination is different. It involves 6 the exact missteps that one made and how they could be 7 in the future. Scholars have shown that thinking through something you have done poorly in this 8 corrective way can lead to learning and improvement 9 frustration and shame. The research is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. This has 10 for how to improve ordinary life. 11 you can put failure — or unsatisfactory performance, at least — to good use in many areas of life. If you’re a student, take a class fundamentally 12 your area of skills and interests, knowing that the struggle to cope with a very novel challenge may improve studying what you do like. Delight in the difficulty of it and analyze the mistakes you make — and you will almost certainly find that you’re doing even better at your 13 subject. The 14 principle can even be applied to happiness. None of us wants to be unhappy. But inviting sources of unhappiness in life can be extremely beneficial. 15 not to be afraid of fear, anger, or sadness. They are normal and natural parts of life after all. Dealing with them openly, though uncomfortable, will improve your skills at doing so. And if you let them, they will help you appreciate the joys of life all the more. 1. A. target B. example C. consequence D. indicator 2. A. assisted B. directed C. obliged D. forbidden 3. A. superior B. optional C. temporary D. central 4. A. pride B. inspiration C. progress D. encouragement 5. A. centers on B. arises from C. relies on D. differs from 6. A. replaying B. celebrating C. simplifying D. ignoring 7. A. recalled B. remedied C. overlooked D. repeated 8. A. randomly B. passively C. deliberately D. impulsively 9. A. as opposed to B. in terms of C. on account of D. in case of 10. A. reasons B. substitutes C. requirements D. implications 11. A. On the contrary B. In other words C. As a result D. In general 12. A. based on B. close to C. different from D. linked to 13. A. compulsory B. tough C. hated D. preferred 14.A. avoid-success B. embrace-failure C. delay-success D. criticize-failure 15. A. Resolve B. Pretend C. Promise D. Swear （三） （25-26高三上·上海华东师范大学第二附属中学·期中）2026 will showcase the real power of distributed computing. Significant processing take place not in 1 servers in the cloud, but on the “edge” of the network, where much of the data we rely on is generated. This will deliver big 2 , not only in computing, but also in the lives of the increasing number of people who will be connected to the power of the internet as a result. Edge computing will be crucial to the success of the Internet of Things (IoT). Between them, IoT devices — from smartwatches to tiny computers 3 in machines — generate huge amounts of data. This is processed in the cloud, with relevant data then sent back to the device, instructing it how to react. 4 , latency — the time it takes for data to travel between two points on the internet — makes this set-up 5 for time-critical applications such as those used by medical devices, for example, which need to process and react to sensor data almost instantly. Relying on the cloud also 6 the possibility of deploying (部署) IoT devices to locations with little or no internet connection. In 2026 we will use edge computing to 7 these challenges by relocating the processing of data from a central server to geographically closer to where it was gathered. We will be able to do this thanks to specialist accelerator chipsets, which are able to 8 relatively advanced machine-learning algorithms far from the powerful centralized servers of the traditional cloud and sometimes even on the device itself. This will reduce latency to almost zero. We are also developing software and hardware optimisation techniques such as model quantisation, which will 9 cloud-based processing, further reducing latency. 10 like these will help spread sophisticated IoT devices throughout the world. Edge computing will also enable us to have more 11 control over our data. This means that 12 data, such as medical information, can be processed and kept secure on the device itself. An example of this already in use can be found on smartphone keyboards, which create a personal library of common words and phrases for each individual on their device while sending only 13 changes of the AI model to the cloud for processing. This allows the AI to learn from use cases, but protects the 14 of users. In 2026 we will see more breakthroughs brought about by edge computing in medicine, transport, industry, agriculture and the home. Edge’s ability to process data in an intelligent way as near as possible to its 15 will create an IoT that will deliver practical benefits to huge groups of people across the globe. 1. A. centralized B. dedicated C. virtual D. internal 2. A. appliances B. insights C. discounts D. gains 3. A. masked B. embedded C. enclosed D. isolated 4. A. Furthermore B. Consequently C. Nevertheless D. Similarly 5. A. unreliable B. unpredictable C. unparalleled D. unconscious 6. A. reverses B. enhances C. reserves D. limits 7. A. address B. resist C. recognise D. evaluate 8. A. draft B. vary C. run D. shift 9. A. speed up B. act as C. keep off D. get around 10. A. Advantages B. Reliefs C. Advances D. Patterns 11. A. localized B. standardized C. finalized D. routinized 12. A. sensitive B. massive C. clinical D. raw 13. A. categorized B. summarized C. dramatic D. periodic 14. A. privacy B. fancy C. liberty D. dignity 15. A. surface B. reference C. essence D. source （四） （25-26高三上·上海上进才中学·期中）A critical life skill is fading out — and especially fast among young adults. What are the key characteristics that shape the length and quality of our careers, 1 and lives more broadly? The socio-economic environment we grow up in certainly has a substantial influence. Cognitive (认知的) abilities are another 2 one: they enable better decision-making in all aspects of life. But another factor often gets less 3 despite being just as important: personality. In fact, studies consistently find that traits such as conscientiousness (the quality of being dependable and disciplined), emotional stability or agreeableness have a stronger link with 4 success, relationship durability and longevity than the links between those outcomes and someone’s intelligence or socio-economic background. Intuitively, this makes sense. Life isn’t just about knowing what you should do, or having the resources to do it, it’s about 5 . Being motivated and persistent is a huge help. It’s easy to imagine why the advantage of conscientiousness is growing over time. When contemporary daily life is full of 6 : from always-on mobile internet to irresistible foods, the ability to put long-term wellbeing ahead of short-term kicks becomes a superpower. Generative artificial intelligence could supercharge this 7 . An industrious student might use a large language model as a personal tutor to strengthen their knowledge of a concept; their less conscientious counterpart might 8 the same LLM with writing their essay, losing knowledge acquisition altogether. All this makes it frustrating that levels of conscientiousness in the population appear to be in decline, with a sustained fall especially pronounced among young adults. People in their twenties and thirties, 9 , report feeling increasingly easily distracted and careless, and less likely to make and deliver on commitments. While a full explanation of these shifts requires 10 investigation, smartphones and streaming services seem likely contributors. The sheer convenience of the online world makes real-life commitments feel chaotic and 11 , a mental burden the online world spares people. And the rise of time spent online and the attendant decline in face-to-face interactions enable behaviours such as “ghosting”. Collapsing conscientiousness is not the only visible personality shift. Neuroticism — a function of the much-discussed increase in anxiety — has 12 almost as much. While the classification of personality can feel unclear, the science is solid. Life is full of challenges. Less committed, less connected and more easily distressed people will 13 them less well. 14 , while the trends are undoubtedly troubling, we shouldn’t be fatalistic, because damaged personality can be rebuilt. Conscientiousness will separate those who just survive from those who thrive in the 21st century. We can each decide which half of that 15 we fall on — but ironically (讽刺地) that will take some dedication. 1. A. domains B. possessions C. relationships D. settings 2. A. obvious B. authoritative C. controversial D. trending 3. A. correspondence B. preference C. credit D. status 4. A. permanent B. financial C. corporate D. professional 5.A. thinking big B. following through C. starting out D. acting fast 6. A. technologies B. cuisines C. conveniences D. temptations 7. A. dynamic B. motive C. superpower D. resistance 8. A. task B. integrate C. switch D. stuff 9. A. by contrast B. as a result C. in particular D. above all 10. A. official B. thorough C. internal D. pilot 11. A. businesslike B. pointless C. autonomous D. effortful 12. A. advanced B. worsened C. risen D. persisted 13. A. navigate B. classify C. clarify D. investigate 14. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Nevertheless D. Instead 15. A. divide B. survival C. personality D. trend / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $t VE Vi aI【嵩易】 dt( qEV乙OT【嵩品】 t O'E VI O'I【嵩易】 Ot s 8:O I【嵩号】 db EOt aT【嵩品】 V't( qEV乙aI【嵩易】 Ot Og V℃OT【嵩号】 Vt as VZOT【嵩是】 创麒右 www.zxxk.com 专题04完形填空 基础必练 （一) 5.A6.D7.D8.B9.C10.A (二) 5.A6.D7.B8.D9.B10.B (三) 5.A6.B7.A8.B9.A10.D (四) 5.D6.B7.C8.A9.A10.D (五) 5.A6.C7.A8.C9.D10.C 进阶提升 (一) 5.C6.B7.A8.B9.A10.D (二) 5.A6.C7.D8.C9.B10.A (三) 5.C6.A7.D8.A9.D10.C 1/2 让教与学更高效 11.B12.C13.D14.C15.B 11.D12.C13.A14.B15.D 11.A12.B13.A14.B15.C 11.D12.B13.A14.C15.C 11.B12.A13.C14.A15.C 11.B12.B13.D14.C15.A 11.B12.D13.C14.D15.A 11.A12.B13.C14.D15.D 命学科网 【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.C5.A 【答案】1.C2.A3.A4.C5.D 【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.B5.A 【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.B5.D 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.B5.C 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B5.A 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.C5.A 【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.C5.A 【答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D5.B www .zxxk.com (四) 6.B7.A8.C9.D10.C (五) 6.B7.B8.C9.D10.D (六) 6.A7.D8.A9.D10.B (七) 6.D7.B8.D9.C10.A (八) 6.A7.B8.C9.C10.D 拓展培优 (一) 6.D7.C8.D9.D10.C (二) 6.A7.B8.C9.A10.D (三) 6.D7.A8.C9.A10.C (四) 6.D7.C8.A9.C10.B 212 让教与学更高效 11.A12.B13.C14.A15.D 11.A12.D13.A14.C15.D 11.C12.A13.C14.B15.D 11.B12.B13.D14.A15.C 11.B12.B13.D14.D15.A 11.B12.D13.B14.C15.C 11.B12.C13.D14.B15.A 11.A12.A13.B14.A15.D 11.D12.C13.A14.C15.A