专题06 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

O五qEq乙aT【嵩品】 ☑bVEq乙IT【嵩易】 ot a's V乙VT【嵩品】 ot a's vi aI【嵩品】 abO`EV乙OT【嵩号】 t VE Ot a'I【嵩易】 ☑baE( qZVT【嵩品】 Dt V'E 't I【嵩品】 创锉右型 www.zxxk.com 专题06完形填空 基础必练 (一) 5.B6.B7.C8.D9.D10.A (二) 5.B6.B7.B8.A9.B10.C (三) 5.C6.A7.B8.B9.D10.A (四) 5.B6.A7.C8.B9.D10.C 进阶提升 (一) 5.C6A7.B 8.D9.D10.B (二) 5.C6.C7.B8.A9.B10.B (三) 5.C6.B7.A8.C9.B10.D (四) 5.A6.A7.B8.B9.C10.D 1/2 让教与学更高效 11.A12.D13.B14.C15.C 11.D12.A13.C14.A15.C 11.B12.C13.B14.A15.D 11.A12.C13.B14.C15.B 11.D12.A13.D14.A15.C 11.C12.B13.C14.A15.B 11.C12.D13.A14.B15.C 11.C12.C13.D14.A15.A 函学科网 【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D5.A 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A5.C 【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.D5.A 【答案】1.D2.A3.D4.C5.B 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.D5.A www .zxxk.com (五) 6.D7.B8.C9.D10.A (六) 6.B7.B8.D9.B10.C 拓展培优 (一) 6.B7.B8.D9.C10.A (二) 6.B7.A8.D9.D10.C (三) 6.C7.D8.B9.B10.A 2/2 让教与学更高效 11.B12.C13.D14.A15.A 11.B12.D13.C14.B15.C 11.A12.B13.B14.C15.A 11.C12.A13.D14.B15.C 专题06 完形填空 （一） （25-26高二上·上海控江中学·期中）Biodiversity is a concept that's commonly referenced, yet regularly misunderstood. The complex 1 not only refers to the unbelievable variety of life on Earth, but to how everything from genes to entire ecosystems interact to make the planet habitable. The bad news: science shows that biodiversity is 2 worldwide at a faster rate than at any time in human history. That’s obviously devastating for everything in nature--including us. “If biodiversity disappears, so do people,” says Dr. Stephen Woodley, field ecologist and bio-diversity expert with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “We are part of the 3 and we do not exist without it.” Preventing such a catastrophe, says Woodley, begins with understanding why biodiversity is declining, and then taking action to 4 course. “The two greatest 5 of biodiversity loss are habitat loss, primarily on land, and overexploitation, primarily in the ocean,” Woodley says. He explains that we can solve these problems by permanently 6 more lands and oceans and managing them for their conservation values. That's the mission of the global Campaign for Nature, a partnership of the Wyss Foundation and the National Geographic Society. Instead of simply protecting 30 percent of the Earth, the 7 also encourages nations, in full partnership with local communities, to focus on the right 30 percent. Those areas, says Woodley, 8 the most important biodiversity, such as endangered species and ecosystems and rare species and ecosystems. The campaign also recognizes the importance of 9 local rights. Local peoples manage or hold tenure(保有权) over lands that support about 80 percent of the world's biodiversity, making it 10 for these communities to be full partners in developing and implementing strategies. 11 , protecting the health of key biodiversity areas is vital for tackling climate change, says National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Dr. Enric Sala. Pairing the international Paris Agreement to combat climate change, Sala's paper asserts, “would 12 catastrophic(灾难性的) climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services.” “Biodiversity is stability,” says Sala. “Trees, wetlands, grasslands, peat bogs(泥炭沼泽), salt marshes(盐沼), healthy ocean ecosystems, mangroves(红树林), and plants 13 much of the carbon pollution humans put into the atmosphere. Yet, right now, less than half of the planet is in its natural state, which isn't enough.” Bottom line: Nature needs us to act-now. “Moving to Mars is not a(n) 14 ,” Sala adds. “The only conditions for our life and for the prosperity of human society are here on Earth ...we are 15 protecting it.” 1. A. argument B. term C. structure D. problem 2. A. altering B. developing C. stabilizing D. worsening 3. A. ecosystem B. threat C. cycle D. procedure 4. A. affect B. change C. reverse D. continue 5. A. aspects B. causes C. consequences D. occasions 6. A. acquiring B. protecting C. exploiting D. possessing 7. A. management B. announcement C. campaign D. competition 8. A. consume B. destroy C. lose D. contain 9. A. denying B. enjoying C. ignoring D. respecting 10. A. essential B. simple C. temporary D. profitable 11. A. Besides B. However C. Thus D. Otherwise 12. A. witness B. detect C. confirm D. avoid 13. A. measure B. absorb C. survive D. prevent 14. A. mission B. decision C. option D. exploration 15. A. worried about B. confident in C. responsible for D. good at 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. A　4. C　5. B　6. B　7. C　8. D　9. D　10. A　11. A　12. D　13. B　14. C　15. C 【解析】 本文为说明文。本文讲述了保护生物多样性的重要性，号召人们采取行动保护我们赖以生存的地球。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个复杂的术语不仅指地球上令人难以置信的生命多样性，还指从基因到整个生态系统如何相互作用，从而使地球适于居住。A. argument论点；B. term术语；C. structure结构；D. problem问题。根据上一句可知，生物多样性这个概念经常被引用，但也经常被误解。这是个复杂的“术语”，故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：坏消息:科学表明，全球生物多样性正在以比人类历史上任何时候都要快的速度恶化。A. altering改变；B. developing发展；C. stabilizing安定；D. worsening恶化。根据“The bad news”可知，这是一个坏消息，因此排除其他选项，选项D. worsening(恶化)符合语境，故选D。 (3)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们是生态系统的一部分，没有它我们就不能生存。A. ecosystem生态系统；B. threat威胁；C. cycle循环；D. procedure程序，步骤。上文讲到，如果生物多样性消失，人类也会消失，可知，我们是生态系统(ecosystem)的一部分。故选A。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Woodley说，要防止这样的灾难，首先要了解生物多样性为什么在下降，然后采取行动扭转局面。A. affect影响；B. change改变；C. reverse反转，扭转；D. continue继续。根据语境可知，我们要了解生物多样性下降的原因，并且采取措施扭转这一过程，故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：生物多样性丧失的两大原因是栖息地的丧失，主要是在陆地上，以及过度开发，主要是在海洋中。A. aspects方面；B. causes原因；C. consequences结果；D. occasions场合，机会。根据句意可知，栖息地的丧失是生物多样性衰退的原因（cause）之一，故选B。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他解释说，我们可以通过永久地保护更多的土地和海洋，并根据它们的保护价值管理它们来解决这些问题。A. acquiring获得；B. protecting保护；C. exploiting开发；D. possessing占有。根据句意，我们要“保护（protect）”土地和海洋，故选B。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项运动并不是简单地保护地球的30%，而是鼓励各国与当地社区通力合作，关注正确的30%。A. management管理；B. announcement公告；C. campaign战役，活动；D. competition竞争，比赛。这里指“the global Campaign for Nature（全球保护自然运动）”，故选C。 (8)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Woodley说，这些地区拥有最重要的生物多样性，如濒危物种和生态系统以及稀有物种和生态系统。A. consume消耗；B. destroy毁坏；C. lose丢失；D. contain包含。全球自然运动的使命是保护这些地区，是因为这些地区拥有（contain）最重要的生物多样性，故选D。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：该运动也认识到尊重地方权利的重要性。A. denying否认；B. enjoying喜欢；C. ignoring忽略；D. respecting尊重。根据下文可知，当地人民管理或拥有土地的使用权，因此该运动认识到尊重他们的重要性，故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当地人民管理或拥有土地使用权，这些土地支撑着世界上约80%的生物多样性，使这些社区成为制定和执行战略的全面伙伴至关重要。A. essential必要的，必不可少的；B. simple简单的；C. temporary临时的；D. profitable有益的。根据上文，当地人民在保护生物多样性方面十分重要，全球自然运动有必要与当地社区联合行动保护多样性，选项A符合语境，故选A。 (11)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，国家地理常驻探险家Enric Sala博士说，保护关键生物多样性地区的健康对于应对气候变化至关重要。A. Besides此外；B. However然而；C. Thus因此；D. Otherwise否则。上文讲述了保护生物多样性的重要性，该句讲“保护生物多样性对于应对气候变化至关重要”，这与上文是并列关系，故选A。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Sala的论文认为，与国际巴黎协定结合起来对抗气候变化，将避免灾难性的气候变化，保护物种，并确保基本的生态系统服务。A. witness目击；B. detect察觉；C. confirm确认，证实；D. avoid避免。根据句意，对抗气候变化会“避免（avoid）”灾难性的气候变化，故选D。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：树木、湿地、草原、泥炭沼泽、盐沼、健康的海洋生态系统、红树林和植物吸收了人类排放到大气中的大部分碳污染。A. measure衡量；B. absorb吸收；C. survive存活；D. prevent阻止。根据常识，树木“吸收（absorb）”大气中的碳，故选B。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“移居火星不是一个选择。” Sala补充说，“我们的生活和人类社会繁荣的唯一条件是在地球上。”A. mission使命；B. decision决定；C. option选项，选择；D. exploration探索。根据下文，Sala认为人类唯一得以生存和繁荣的地方就是地球，因此认为移居火星不是一个（正确的）选择。故选C。 (15)题解析： 考查固定短语。句意：我们有责任保护它。A. (be) worried about担心；B. (be) confident in自信；C. (be) responsible for对…负责；D. (be) good at擅长。根据上文可知，我们有责任保护我们赖以生存的地球，故选C。 （二） （25-26高二上·上海崇明中学·期中）In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress, changing how we work, live, and connect. Today, AI is not just a tool for making predictions or assisting humans; it can now act 1 , completing tasks and making decisions. This shift marks the beginning of a “digital labor revolution.” AI agents, powered by machine learning, can generate text, compose music, and design images. These agents can work on their own, 2 with other AI systems, or assist humans. Unlike traditional automation, which replaced simple tasks, AI agents have the potential to perform 3 jobs, increasing productivity across industries. AI-driven automation has the power to transform economies. By taking over repetitive and routine tasks, AI allows workers to focus on creative and 4 activities. This leads to higher efficiency, economic growth, and innovation. In fact, AI-driven productivity increased by 2.2% in the third quarter of 2024. However, the rise of AI also raises 5 . As AI becomes more capable, some fear job losses and increased inequality. Historically, though, technological advancements have created more jobs than they have 6 . In 1950, 43 million Americans had jobs; by 2020, that number had risen to 152 million. The key to managing this transition is education — training people to work alongside AI and developing new 7 . AI’s impact goes beyond business. It can be used to expand opportunities for education and career development. For example, the nonprofit organization College Possible uses an AI-powered virtual counselor to 8 students with college applications. This technology helps bridge the gap between students and overworked human counselors, ensuring that more students receive 9 . Similarly, AI is improving the job application process. The Adecco Group, a global human resources company, now uses AI to quickly 10 job seekers with employers. This reduces waiting times and helps more people find 11 employment. The future of AI depends on how we use it. If applied responsibly, AI can improve efficiency, create opportunities, and 12 human potential. Governments, businesses, and researchers must work together to ensure AI’s moral development, promoting fairness, responsibility, and 13 . Standing at the edge of this new era, we must embrace AI with 14 . Used wisely, AI has the power to boost economic growth, enhance human skills, and drive progress worldwide. The key is to balance innovation with 15 , ensuring that AI serves humanity in the best possible way. 1. A. independently B. passively C. randomly D. temporarily 2. A. argue B. compare C. compete D. cooperate 3. A. boring B. complex C. dangerous D. simple 4. A. physical B. repetitive C. daily D. strategic 5. A. benefits B. concerns C. hopes D. difficulties 6. A. created B. eliminated C. ignored D. lost 7. A. challenges B. industries C. problems D. theories 8. A. assist B. confuse C. discourage D. replace 9. A. criticism B. guidance C. pressure D. rejection 10. A. compare B. compete C. match D. separate 11. A. part-time B. temporary C. stressful D. suitable 12. A. develop B. limit C. ignore D. waste 13. A. competition B. cost C. safety D. speed 14. A. confidence B. doubt C. fear D. hesitation 15. A. profit B. benefit C. responsibility D. tradition 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. D　5. B　6. B　7. B　8. A　9. B　10. C　11. D　12. A　13. C　14. A　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人工智能的发展、影响及应对策略。 (1)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：如今，人工智能不仅仅是一种预测或辅助人类的工具；它现在可以独立行动，完成任务并做出决策。A. independently独立地；B. passively被动地；C. randomly随机地；D. temporarily暂时地。根据前文“AI is not just a tool for making predictions or assisting humans”以及后文“completing tasks and making decisions”可知，人工智能可以独立行动，完成任务并做出决策。故选A。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些代理可以独立工作，与其他人工智能系统合作，或协助人类。A. argue争论；B. compare比较；C. compete竞争；D. cooperate合作。根据后文“with other AI systems”可知，这些代理可以与其他人工智能系统合作。故选D。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与传统的自动化取代简单任务不同，人工智能代理有潜力执行复杂的工作，提高各行业的生产力。A. boring无聊的；B. complex复杂的；C. dangerous危险的；D. simple简单的。根据前文“Unlike traditional automation, which replaced simple tasks”及后文“increasing productivity across industries”可知，人工智能代理有潜力执行复杂的工作，从而提高各行业的生产力。故选B。 (4)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过接管重复和例行的工作，人工智能让员工能够专注于创造性和战略性的活动。A. physical身体的；B. repetitive重复的；C. daily日常的；D. strategic战略的。根据前文“focus on creative and”以及后文“This leads to higher efficiency, economic growth, and innovation.”可知，人工智能接管了重复和例行的工作，让员工能够专注于创造性和战略性的活动。故选D。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，人工智能的兴起也引发了担忧。A. benefits利益；B. concerns担忧；C. hopes希望；D. difficulties困难。根据后文“As AI becomes more capable, some fear job losses and increased inequality.”可知，人工智能的兴起也引发了担忧。故选B。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，从历史上看，技术进步创造的就业机会多于消除的就业机会。A. created创造；B. eliminated消除；C. ignored忽视；D. lost丢失。根据前文“technological advancements have created more jobs than they have”可知，技术进步创造的就业机会多于消除的就业机会，eliminated与created对应。故选B。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：管理这一转变的关键是教育——培训人们与人工智能一起工作，并开发新的行业。A. challenges挑战；B. industries行业；C. problems问题；D. theories理论。根据前文“technological advancements have created more jobs”及“training people to work alongside AI”可知，为适配AI时代，需开拓新的就业领域即新行业。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，非营利组织College Possible使用一个人工智能驱动的虚拟顾问来协助学生申请大学。A. assist协助；B. confuse使困惑；C. discourage使气馁；D. replace代替。根据后文“This technology helps bridge the gap between students and overworked human counselors, ensuring that more students receive ___9___.”可知，虚拟顾问的作用是帮助学生。故选A。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项技术有助于弥合学生与工作过度的人类顾问之间的差距，确保更多的学生得到指导。A. criticism批评；B. guidance指导；C. pressure压力；D. rejection拒绝。根据前文“the nonprofit organization College Possible uses an AI-powered virtual counselor to ___8___ students with college applications”可知，虚拟顾问协助学生做大学申请，其核心是为学生提供申请相关的指导。故选B。 (10)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：全球人力资源公司德科集团现在使用人工智能快速将求职者与雇主匹配。A. compare比较；B. compete竞争；C. match匹配；D. separate分开。根据后文“job seekers with employers”可知，人力资源公司的核心工作是为求职者和雇主搭建匹配桥梁。故选C。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这减少了等待时间，帮助更多的人找到合适的工作。A. part-time兼职的；B. temporary暂时的；C. stressful有压力的；D. suitable合适的。根据前文“This reduces waiting times and helps more people find”及后文“ employment”可知，人工智能帮助更多的人找到合适的工作。故选D。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果负责任地应用，人工智能可以提高效率，创造机会，开发人类潜力。A. develop开发；B. limit限制；C. ignore忽视；D. waste浪费。根据后文“human potential”可知，人工智能可以开发人类潜力。故选A。 (13)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：政府、企业和研究人员必须共同努力，确保人工智能的道德发展，促进公平、责任和安全。A. competition竞争；B. cost成本；C. safety安全；D. speed速度。根据前文“to ensure AI’s moral development, promoting fairness, responsibility”及“However, the rise of AI also raises ___5___”可知，对于利用人工智能，有一定的担忧，故而政府、企业和研究人员必须共同努力，促进公平、责任和安全。故选C。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：站在这个新时代的边缘，我们必须满怀信心地拥抱人工智能。A. confidence信心；B. doubt怀疑；C. fear害怕；D. hesitation犹豫。根据后文“Used wisely, AI has the power to boost economic growth, enhance human skills, and drive progress worldwide.”可知，对待AI应持积极接纳的态度，所以我们必须满怀信心地拥抱人工智能。故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：关键是在创新与责任之间取得平衡，确保人工智能以最佳方式为人类服务。A. profit利润；B. benefit利益；C. responsibility责任；D. tradition传统。根据前文“The key is to balance innovation with”以及“to ensure AI’s moral development, promoting fairness, responsibility”可知，AI发展需兼顾创新和责任，确保人工智能以最佳方式为人类服务，responsibility为原词复现。故选C。 （三） （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Faster, cheaper, better — technology is one field many people rely upon to offer a vision of a brighter future. But as the 2020s dawn, 1 is in short supply. The new technologies that dominated the past decade seem to be making things worse. Social media were supposed to bring people together. Today they are better known for 2 privacy, spreading propaganda and undermining democracy. E-commerce, ride-hailing and the gig economy may be convenient, but they are 3 with underpaying workers, exacerbating inequality and blocking the streets with vehicles. Parents worry that smartphones have turned their children into screen-addicted zombies. The New York Times 4 the spreading gloom. “A mood of pessimism”, it writes, has 5 “the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions.” Today’s gloomy mood is centred on smartphones and social media, which took off a decade ago. Yet concerns that humanity has taken a 6 wrong turn have arisen before. In the 1970s the gloom was prompted by concerns about overpopulation, environmental damage and the prospect of nuclear killing. The 1920s witnessed a backlash against cars, which had earlier been seen as a miraculous 7 to the suffering of horse-drawn vehicles. Stand back, and in each of these historical cases disappointment arose from a mix of unrealized hopes and unforeseen consequences. Technology releases the forces of creative destruction, so it is only 8 that it leads to anxiety; for any given technology its drawbacks sometimes seem to 9 its benefits. When this happens with several technologies at once, the result is a wider sense of techno-pessimism. 10 , that pessimism can be overdone. Too often people focus on the drawbacks of a new technology while taking its benefits for granted. A further danger is that Luddite (厌恶技术的人) efforts to avoid the short-term costs associated with a new technology will end up 11 access to its long-term benefit — something Carl Benedict Frey, an Oxford academic, calls a “technology trap”. Fears that robots will steal people’s jobs may prompt politicians to tax them, for example, to 12 their use. Yet in the long run countries that wish to maintain their standard of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need more robots, not fewer. That points to another lesson, which is that the remedy to technology-related problems very often 13 more technology. Airbags and other improvements in safety features, for example, mean that in America deaths in car accidents per billion miles travelled have fallen from around 240 in the 1920s to around 12 today. AI is being applied as part of the effort to stem the flow of extreme material on social media. Technology itself has no 14 : it is the choices people make about it that shape the world. Thus the techlash is a necessary step in the adoption of important new technologies. At its best, it helps frame how society comes to terms with innovations and imposes rules and policies that limit their 15 potential, accommodate change or strike a trade-off. Healthy scepticism means that these questions are settled by a broad debate, not by a coterie of technologists. 1. A. acceptance B. optimism C. assurance D. certainty 2. A. sharing B. protecting C. invading D. seeking 3. A. charged B. filled C. credited D. confronted 4. A. looks for B. works out C. brings about D. sums up 5. A. reinforced B. defended C. displaced D. clarified 6. A. technological B. economical C. industrial D. historical 7. A. threat B. answer C. obstacle D. challenge 8. A. abnormal B. natural C. certain D. typical 9. A. promote B. balance C. unseat D. outweigh 10. A. However B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Moreover 11. A. expanding B. denying C. securing D. criticizing 12. A. encourage B. regulate C. discourage D. accelerate 13. A. facilitates B. involves C. overlooks D. complicates 14. A. autonomy B. responsibility C. direction D. virtue 15. A. revolutionary B. innovative C. beneficial D. destructive 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. D　5. C　6. A　7. B　8. B　9. D　10. A　11. B　12. C　13. B　14. A　15. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“科技乐观主义的消退与对科技的悲观情绪”这一主题展开，通过对比过去与现在的科技发展及其影响，提出了对科技发展的担忧与反思，并进一步探讨了应对科技相关问题的策略。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但在21世纪20年代即将来临之际，乐观情绪却少之又少。A. acceptance接受；B. optimism乐观；C. assurance保证；D. certainty确定性。根据后文“The New York Times ____4____ the spreading gloom.”可知，《纽约时报》总结了正在蔓延的悲观情绪，所以是乐观情绪少之又少。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如今，他们却因为侵犯隐私、传播宣传信息和破坏民主而声名鹊起。A. sharing分享；B. protecting保护；C. invading入侵，侵犯；D. seeking寻求。根据后文“spreading propaganda and undermining democracy”可知，空处应是和“传播宣传信息”以及“破坏民主”并列，所以应是“侵犯隐私”符合语境。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：电子商务、网约车和零工经济可能很方便，但它们因向工人支付低薪、加剧不平等以及造成交通拥堵而被指责。A. charged指控，指责；B. filled充满；C. credited归因于；D. confronted面对。根据后文“underpaying workers, exacerbating inequality and blocking the streets with vehicles”可知，此处指因少付工资，加剧不平等和交通拥堵，电子商务、网约车和零工经济受到指责。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：《纽约时报》总结了正在蔓延的悲观情绪。A. looks for寻找；B. works out算出；C. brings about带来；D. sums up总结。根据后文““A mood of pessimism”, it writes, has____5____ “the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions.””可知，《纽约时报》对这种悲观情绪作了总结。故选D项。 (5)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：文章写道，“悲观情绪”已经取代了“科学和工业革命必然带来进步的观念”。A. reinforced加强；B. defended防御；C. displaced取代；D. clarified澄清。根据后文“the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions”可知，此处应是“悲观情绪”取代了科学进步的观念。故选C项。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，关于人类在技术上走错了路的担忧以前就出现过。A. technological科技的；B. economical经济的；C. industrial工业的；D. historical历史的。根据前文““A mood of pessimism”, it writes, has ____5____ “the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions.””可知，人们担忧的是在技术上走错了路。故选A项。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：20世纪20 年代见证了对汽车的强烈抵制，在此之前，汽车被视为解决马车带来的诸多弊端的神奇良方。A. threat威胁；B. answer答案，解决办法；C. obstacle障碍；D. challenge挑战。根据后文“the suffering of horse-drawn vehicles”可知，汽车被认为是解决马车带来的问题的良好应对措施。answer“（问题的）解决办法”符合语境。故选B项。 (8)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：技术释放了创造性破坏的力量，因此它导致焦虑是很自然的；对于任何给定的技术，它的缺点有时似乎超过了它的好处。A. abnormal不正常的；B. natural自然的；C. certain确定的；D. typical典型的。根据前文“Technology releases the forces of creative destruction”可知，技术释放了创造性破坏的力量，所以导致焦虑是很自然的。故选B项。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：技术释放了创造性破坏的力量，因此它导致焦虑是很自然的；对于任何给定的技术，它的缺点有时似乎超过了它的好处。A. promote促进；B. balance平衡；C. unseat罢免；D. outweigh超过，大于。根据前文“Technology releases the forces of creative destruction”可知，技术释放了创造性破坏的力量，所以它的缺点有时似乎超过了它的好处。故选D项。 (10)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，这种悲观情绪可能有些过头了。A. However然而；B. Therefore因此；C. Meanwhile与此同时；D. Moreover而且，此外。空后“that pessimism can be overdone”与上文“When this happens with several technologies at once, the result is a wider sense of techno-pessimism.”构成转折关系，副词however符合语境。故选A项。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一个更大的危险在于，那些“卢德分子”（厌恶新技术的人）为规避新技术带来的短期成本所做的努力，最终会剥夺人们获取其长期益处的机会——牛津大学学者卡尔•本尼迪克特•弗雷称之为“技术陷阱”。A. expanding扩大；B. denying否认；C. securing保护；D. criticizing批评。根据后文“Fears that robots will steal people’s jobs may prompt politicians to tax them, for example, to ____12____ their use. Yet in the long run countries that wish to maintain their standard of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need more robots, not fewer.”可知，为避免新技术带来的短期成本，最终将剥夺其长期效益。故选B项。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们担心机器人会抢走人们的工作，这可能会促使政客们对机器人征税，以阻止它们的使用。A. encourage鼓励；B. regulate控制；C. discourage使气馁，阻止；D. accelerate加速。根据前文“Fears that robots will steal people’s jobs may prompt politicians to tax them”可知，政客们对机器人征税，会阻止它们的使用。故选C项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这指出了另一个教训，即解决与技术相关的问题往往需要更多的技术。A. facilitates促进；B. involves涉及，需要；C. overlooks忽视；D. complicates使复杂化。根据后文“Airbags and other improvements in safety features, for example, mean that in America deaths in car accidents per billion miles travelled have fallen from around 240 in the 1920s to around 12 today.”可知，解决与技术相关的问题往往需要更多的技术。故选B项。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：技术本身没有自主权：是人们对它做出的选择塑造了世界。A. autonomy自主，自主权；B. responsibility责任；C. direction方向；D. virtue美德。根据后文“it is the choices people make about it that shape the world.”可知，是人们选择了技术，所以技术本身没有自主权。故选A项。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在最好的情况下，它有助于构建社会如何接受创新，并施加限制其破坏性潜力、适应变化或达成折衷的规则和政策。A. revolutionary革命性的；B. innovative创新的；C. beneficial有益的；D. destructive破坏性的。根据前文“Technology releases the forces of creative destruction”可知，是限制其破坏性潜力。故选D项。 （四） （25-26高二上·上海闵行中学·期中）Many people learn at an early age to associate the color red with danger. So might it make sense to print medication 1 in red ink? And since the color blue is known to call to mind the freedom of open skies, might it help artists to 2 in a studio painted in that color? According to new research into how the brain reacts to 3 , the answer to both of these questions is yes. The study revealed that the color red seems to improve a subject’s attention to 4 , while blue appears to stimulate creativity—all without the subject realizing that his or her brain is being influenced. “People are not 5 this effect at all,” marveled the study’s lead researcher Juliet Zhu, who studies the effects of environmental cues on behavior. To study the brain’s response to specific colors, Zhu’s team administered a series of 6 tests to college students. For most of the tests, the students were placed in front of a computer screen that was colored either red or blue. The researchers found that when the screen was red, subjects performed better on detail-oriented tasks. In one test, 7 , students were asked to memorize a list of words. Zhu found that students who studied the list displayed on a red screen were able to recall more words than students who studied the list on a 8 screen. In other tests, creative abilities seemed to be 9 by looking at the color blue. For instance, the students were asked to brainstorm potential uses for bricks. Students sitting in front of blue screens tended to come up with ideas that were 10 , such as “make a paperweight” and “build a pet scratching post.” Students sitting in front of a red screen, on the other hand, were more likely to list 11 uses for bricks, such as “build a house.” Researchers concluded from the tests that seeing red causes people to take the extra time to think 12 when performing detail-oriented tasks, such as 13 , proofreading— and, of course, reading those all-important warning labels. 14 most people learn early in their development that red signifies potential danger, Zhu said, seeing red perhaps helps people to slow down in order to perform at their best in a potentially risky situation. Seeing blue, on the other hand, produces images of the sky, freedom and peace. Perhaps these images, researchers supposed, 15 feelings. “It’s really this learned association with these colors that drives these different motivations,” Zhu said. 1. A. instructions B. symptoms C. warnings D. treatments 2. A. create B. relax C. decorate D. design 3. A. skies B. medication C. colors D. paint 4. A. danger B. detail C. emotions D. vigor 5. A. distracted by B. aware of C. content with D. curious about 6. A. cognitive B. intelligence C. mental D. memory 7. A. on one hand B. at the same time C. for example D. that is 8. A. grey B. blue C. green D. white 9. A. proven B. acquired C. recognized D. enhanced 10. A. more abstract B. more positive C. more innovative D. more valuable 11. A. practical B. academic C. economical D. profitable 12. A. critically B. logically C. carefully D. independently 13. A. painting B. memorizing C. designing D. brainstorming 14. A. Unless B. When C. Since D. Though 15. A. turn up B. stir up C. set off D. give off 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B　5. B　6. A　7. C　8. B　9. D　10. C　11. A　12. C　13. B　14. C　15. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了红色和蓝色对人的大脑的影响。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，用红墨水打印药物警告有意义吗？A. instructions说明书；B. symptoms症状；C. warnings警告；D. treatments治疗。根据前文“Many people learn at an early age to associate the color red with danger. ”可知，红色是和危险联系在一起，所以用红墨水表示警告。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：既然蓝色会让人联想到空旷天空的自由，那么它是否有助于艺术家在画室中用这种颜色进行创作呢？A. create创造；B. relax放松；C. decorate装饰；D. design设计。根据后文“while blue appears to stimulate creativity”可知，蓝色有助于艺术家在画室中用这种颜色进行创作。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据一项关于大脑对颜色反应的新研究，这两个问题的答案都是肯定的。A. skies天空；B. medication药物；C. colors颜色；D. paint油漆。根据后文“The study revealed that the color red seems to improve a subject’s attention”可知，这项研究，研究的是大脑对颜色反应。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，红色似乎能提高受试者对细节的注意力，而蓝色似乎能激发创造力——所有这些受试者都没有意识到他或她的大脑受到了影响。A. danger危险；B. detail细节；C. emotions情感；D. vigor活力。根据后文“The researchers found that when the screen was red, subjects performed better on detail-oriented tasks.”可知，红色似乎能提高受试者对细节的注意力。故选B项。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：“人们根本没有意识到这种影响，”该研究的首席研究员朱莉叶(Juliet Zhu)惊叹道，她研究的是环境线索对行为的影响。A. distracted by被……分心；B. aware of意识到；C. content with满足于；D. curious about对……好奇。根据后文“all without the subject realizing that his or her brain is being influenced.”可知，这些受试者都没有意识到他或她的大脑受到了影响，所以是人们没有意识到这种影响。故选B项。 (6)题解析： 考查名词/形容词词义辨析。句意：为了研究大脑对特定颜色的反应，朱教授的团队对大学生进行了一系列认知测试。A. cognitive认知的；B. intelligence智力；C. mental精神的；D. memory记忆力。根据前文“To study the brain’s response to specific colors”可知，测试是为了研究大脑对特定颜色的反应，所以是认知测试。故选A项。 (7)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，在一次测试中，学生们被要求记住一组单词。A. on one hand一方面；B. at the same time同时；C. for example例如；D. that is换言之。根据后文“students were asked to memorize a list of words”可知，此处是在举例子。故选C项。 (8)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：朱教授发现，学习红色屏幕单词表的学生比学习蓝色屏幕单词表的学生能记住更多单词。A. grey灰色的；B. blue蓝色的；C. green绿色的；D. white白色的。根据前文“For most of the tests, the students were placed in front of a computer screen that was colored either red or blue.”可知，屏幕上的颜色是红色和蓝色，所以此处是红色屏幕单词和蓝色屏幕比较。故选B项。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在其他测试中，看蓝色似乎能增强创造力。A. proven证明；B. acquired获得；C. recognized承认；D. enhanced增强。根据前文“while blue appears to stimulate creativity”可知，蓝色能增强创造力。故选D项。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：坐在蓝屏前的学生往往会想出更具创新性的想法，比如“做一个镇纸”和“做一个宠物抓挠柱”。A. more abstract更抽象的；B. more positive更积极的；C. more innovative更具创新性的；D. more valuable更有价值的。根据前文“In other tests, creative abilities seemed to be 9 by looking at the color blue.”可知，蓝色能增强创造力，所以是想出更具创新性的想法。故选C项。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，坐在红色屏幕前的学生更有可能列出砖块的实际用途，比如“盖房子”。A. practical实际的；B. academic学术的；C. economical经济的；D. profitable赢利的。根据后文“such as “build a house.””根据举例可知，是实际用途。故选A项。 (12)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究人员从测试中得出结论，看到红色会让人们在执行细节导向型任务时花费额外的时间仔细思考，比如记忆、校对，当然还有阅读那些非常重要的警告标签。A. critically批判地；B. logically逻辑上；C. carefully仔细地；D. independently独立地。根据后文“Zhu said, seeing red perhaps helps people to slow down in order to perform at their best in a potentially risky situation.”可知，看到红色可能有助于人们放慢速度，所以会仔细思考。故选C项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员从测试中得出结论，看到红色会让人们在执行细节导向型任务时花费额外的时间仔细思考，比如记忆、校对，当然还有阅读那些非常重要的警告标签。A. painting涂漆；B. memorizing记忆；C. designing设计；D. brainstorming集思广益。根据前文“students were asked to memorize a list of words. Zhu found that students who studied the list displayed on a red screen were able to recall more words”可知，记忆是细节导向型任务。故选B项。 (14)题解析： 考查连词词义辨析。句意：朱说，由于大多数人在发育早期就知道红色意味着潜在的危险，看到红色可能有助于人们放慢速度，以便在潜在的危险情况下表现出最佳状态。A. Unless除非；B. When当……时；C. Since由于；D. Though虽然。根据后文“most people learn early in their development that red signifies potential danger”可知，此处是在解释看到红色会让人们放慢速度的原因，引导的是原因状语从句，应用since引导。故选C项。 (15)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究人员推测，也许是这些图像激起了人们的情绪。A. turn up露面；B. stir up引起；C. set off动身；D. give off释放。根据前文“Seeing blue, on the other hand, produces images of the sky, freedom and peace.”可知，人们看到蓝色会有自由和平的形象，推知是图像引起感觉。故选B项。 （一） （25-26高二上·上海黄浦区大同中学·期中）We sort ourselves into introverts and extroverts, but the truth is that personality is more plastic than you think, says Claudia. There is a belief in modern therapy culture saying that you shouldn’t try to change — you are perfectly imperfect, and that the right people will accommodate your every unique characteristic. Relatedly, personality has 1 been defined as a pretty stable collection of characteristics. Indeed, you might believe you are controlled by the genetic hand you were dealt at birth when it comes to things like how agreeable or conscientious you are. However, there is plenty of evidence that our personalities are more flexible than we believed, fueling fascination with the 2 of personality change to improve our lives. For example, a 2024 study found that three months of digital coaching reliably 3 personalities like emotional stability and conscientiousness. Other characteristics provide further support for the flexibility of personality. Most people will label themselves 4 as extroverts or introverts. But Carl Jung, who coined these terms, said they are a spectrum (范围) and that there is no such thing as a “ 5 ” introvert or extrovert. Some of us may be more likely to enjoy the role of chief party entertainer, while others tend to prefer 6 responding to their surroundings. However, these preferences are 7 . Who you are on a cold winter Wednesday is likely to be different to who you are on a sunny Saturday. Whatever your 8 , staying socially connected is crucial for well-being. Acting a bit extroverted helps you deal with stress’s physical effects, like higher blood pressure or heart rate. The Harvard Study of Adult Development, an 80-year project tracking the lives of about 700 men in order to understand the core 9 of a happy and healthy life, found that nothing matters more than good social relationships. Even if you regard yourself as a (n) 10 introvert, embracing a more social approach may be easier than you think. Indeed, research from 2022 shows that it is the strength of someone’s 11 as an introvert, more than how highly they score on personalities of introversion, that makes them uncomfortable when asked to act more outgoing. This indicates that a more 12 attitude towards self-image can help to drive deliberate change. Already highly extroverted? Perhaps you would benefit from working to boost your capacity for reflection, a characteristic often found in those who lean towards a quieter life. 13 , enhancing other characteristics linked with well-being-like good emotional regulation or becoming more 14 to new experiences has repeatedly been shown to be possible. Challenging the idea of 15 personality types could make us all happier. But first, you might need to accept a painful truth: maybe trying to change isn’t such a bad idea. 1. A. precisely B. conventionally C. rigidly D. formally 2. A. craft B. core C. creativity D. code 3. A. determined B. increased C. weakened D. managed 4. A. automatically B. effortlessly C. exclusively D. specifically 5. A. reliable B. quick C. pure D. common 6. A. quietly B. actively C. closely D. unnecessarily 7. A. stable B. changeable C. strong D. personal 8. A. limitations B. habits C. symptoms D. tendencies 9. A. meanings B. goals C. drawbacks D. components 10. A. transformed B. confirmed C. devoted D. reversed 11. A. emphasis B. observation C. attitude D. identity 12. A. relaxed B. formal C. positive D. reliable 13. A. Generally B. Additionally C. Consequently D. Similarly 14. A. open B. indifferent C. grateful D. subject 15. A. individual B. fascinating C. fixed D. changeable 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. B　4. C　5. C　6. A　7. B　8. D　9. D　10. B　11. D　12. A　13. D　14. A　15. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇议论文。论述了人格并非固定不变，而是具有可塑性，结合研究与理论说明人格的灵活性，探讨主动调整人格对生活的积极意义。 (1)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：与此相关的是，人格通常被定义为一组相当稳定的特质。A. precisely精确地；B. conventionally通常地；C. rigidly严格地；D. formally正式地。根据上文“personality”和下文“defined as a pretty stable collection of characteristics”可知，句中在谈论对人格的定义，这是学术届的共识，是通常的认知，conventionally符合语境。故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，有大量证据表明我们的人格比想象中更灵活，这激发了人们对塑造人格以改善生活的兴趣。A. craft技艺；B. core 核心；C. creativity创造力；D. code代码。根据上文“our personalities are more flexible than we believed”及下文“personality change to improve our lives”可知，此处指塑造人格的方式，craft符合语境。故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，2024年的一项研究发现，三个月的数字辅导可靠地提升了情绪稳定性、责任心等人格特质。A. determined决定；B. increased提升；C. weakened削弱；D. managed管理。根据上文“personality change to improve our lives”及下文“emotional stability and conscientiousness”可知，此处指提升积极人格特质，increased符合语境。故选B。 (4)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：大多数人会把自己完全归为外向者或内向者。A. automatically自动地；B. effortlessly轻松地；C. exclusively完全地；D. specifically具体地。根据上文“the flexibility of personality”及下文“they are a spectrum (范围)”可知，人们常完全绝对地划分自己的人格类型，exclusively符合语境。故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但创造这些术语的Carl Jung说，它们是一个范围，不存在纯粹的内向者或外向者。A. reliable可靠的；B. quick快速的；C. pure纯粹的；D. common常见的。根据上文“they are a spectrum (范围)”可知，此处指不存在纯粹的单一人格类型，pure符合语境。故选C。 (6)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们中的一些人可能更喜欢扮演派对主娱乐者的角色，而另一些人倾向于安静地回应周围环境。A. quietly安静地；B. actively积极地；C. closely紧密地；D. unnecessarily不必要地。根据上文“introvert or extrovert”、“Some of us may be more likely to enjoy the role of chief party entertainer”、“while others”及下文“those who lean towards a quieter life”可知，这类人(偏内向的人)会安静地回应环境，quietly符合语境。故选A。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这些偏好是会变化的。A. stable稳定的；B. changeable可变的；C. strong强烈的；D. personal个人的。根据上文“the flexibility of personality”及下文“Who you are on a cold winter Wednesday is likely to be different to who you are on a sunny Saturday”可知，偏好是会变的，changeable符合语境。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：无论你的倾向如何，保持社交联系对幸福感至关重要。A. limitations限制；B. habits习惯；C. symptoms症状；D. tendencies倾向。根据上文“these preferences”可知，此处指人格倾向，tendencies符合语境。故选D。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：哈佛成人发展研究是一个为期80年的项目，追踪约700名男性的生活，以了解幸福健康生活的核心组成部分，发现没有什么比良好的社会关系更重要。A. meanings意义；B. goals目标；C. drawbacks缺点；D. components组成部分。根据下文“nothing matters more than good social relationships”可知，此处指幸福生活的要素、组成部分，components符合语境。故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使你认为自己是坚定的内向者，采取更社交的方式可能比你想象的更容易。A. transformed转变的；B. confirmed坚定的；C. devoted忠诚的；D. reversed相反的。根据上文“Most people will label themselves __4__ as extroverts or introverts. But Carl Jung, who coined these terms, said they are a spectrum (范围)”及下文“embracing a more social approach may be easier than you think”可知，此处指坚定的内向者，confirmed符合语境。故选B。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：2022年的研究表明，是某人作为内向者的身份认同，而非内向型人格的得分，让他们在被要求更外向时感到不适。A. emphasis强调；B. observation 观察；C. attitude态度；D. identity身份认同。根据下文“as an introvert”及下文“makes them uncomfortable”可知，此处指自我身份认同，identity符合语境。故选D。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这表明对自我形象更放松的态度有助于推动刻意的改变。A. relaxed放松的；B. formal正式的；C. positive积极的；D. reliable可靠的。根据上文“the flexibility of personality”、“makes them uncomfortable”及下文“can help to drive deliberate change”可知，更放松、更不拘谨的自我形象的态度(即不把自己“固化”为某种类型)更利于改变，relaxed符合语境。故选A。 (13)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，增强与幸福感相关的其他特质，比如良好的情绪调节或更乐于接受新体验，也被反复证明是可能的。A. Generally通常；B. Additionally此外；C. Consequently因此；D. Similarly同样。根据上文“Already highly extroverted? Perhaps you would benefit from working to boost your capacity for reflection”及下文“enhancing other characteristics linked with well-being-like good emotional regulation”可知，此处指内向者同样也能改善，Similarly符合语境。故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同样，增强与幸福感相关的其他特质，比如良好的情绪调节或更乐于接受新体验，也被反复证明是可能的。A. open乐于接受的；B. indifferent冷漠的；C. grateful感激的；D. subject易受……影响的。根据下文“to new experiences”可知，此处指对新体验保持开放的心态、乐于接受新体验，open符合语境。故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：挑战固定人格类型的观念可以让我们更快乐。A. individual个体的；B. fascinating迷人的；C. fixed固定的；D. changeable可变的。根据上文“personality is more plastic than you think”及“further support for the flexibility of personality”可知，此处指挑战固定的人格类型观念，fixed符合语境。故选C。 （二） （25-26高二上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）The conventional portrayal of scientific advancement as a straightforward gathering of successes presents a fundamentally misleading picture. Authentic scientific progress is rarely straight; 1 , it follows a winding path filled with unexpected obstacles and definitive failures. Rather than representing mere blocks, these apparent setbacks frequently function as important 2 that re-orient research toward more promising directions and deeper understanding. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation offers a particularly instructive case study. When radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected persistent interference (干扰) in their measurements, they naturally 3 this usual signal as evidence of equipment problem. The signal consistently 4 their attempts to collect clean astronomical data, prompting an extensive investigation into potential technical sources. After systematically removing all thinkable sources cause, they faced an inescapable reality: the interference persisted despite their most diligent efforts. 5 , this very persistence pushed them to consider more extraordinary explanations. What began as a technical 6 ultimately turned into one of the most significant cosmological discoveries of the modern era. This historical episode illuminates a crucial principle of scientific methods: the genuine value of an investigation often lies not in confirming expected results, but in how researchers respond to differences between theory and 7 . When experimental data consistently contradict theoretical predictions, the most innovative scientists perceive not failure but opportunity — an 8 to reexamine fundamental assumptions and theoretical frameworks. Such moments of conflict frequently catalyze scientific breakthroughs, stimulating the development of more comprehensive theories. These insights carry profound implications for science 9 . Traditional teaching approaches that emphasize predetermined outcomes and rapid success may accidentally hold back the development of authentic scientific 10 . A more philosophically informed methodology would create learning environments that not only tolerate but actively 11 the productive failures that naturally occur during genuine investigation. By engaging thoughtfully with unexpected results, students develop the methodical understanding and intellectual 12 essential for innovative research. Ultimately, recognizing the indispensable role of failure 13 changes our understanding of scientific progress itself. The most groundbreaking advances frequently emerge not in spite of failures but because of the 14 tension they reveal. A sophisticated understanding of scientific methodology therefore requires us to regard failure not as the end of inquiry, but as a(n) 15 and generative dimension of the scientific enterprise. 1. A. instead B. therefore C. meanwhile D. besides 2. A. guides B. conclusions C. rewards D. theories 3. A. predicted B. interpreted C. encountered D. ignored 4. A. improved B. confirmed C. frustrated D. simplified 5. A. Especially B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Moreover 6. A. success B. approach C. failure D. achievement 7. A. prediction B. observation C. intuition D. imagination 8. A. invitation B. obligation C. limitation D. repetition 9. A. policy B. education C. funding D. publication 10. A. accuracy B. curiosity C. frame D. agreement 11. A. avoid B. fear C. embrace D. document 12. A. discipline B. flexibility C. stability D. certainty 13. A. temporarily B. accidentally C. fundamentally D. typically 14. A. conceptual B. physical C. emotional D. creative 15. A. optional B. essential C. terminal D. symbolic 【答案】1. A　2. A　3. B　4. C　5. C　6. C　7. B　8. A　9. B　10. B　11. C　12. B　13. C　14. A　15. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文指出科学进步并非一帆风顺，失败实则是指引研究的重要向导，以相关发现为例论证观点，并强调其对科学教育的深刻启示。 (1)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：真正的科学进步往往并非一帆风顺；相反，它会沿着一条曲折的路径前行，途中会遭遇意想不到的阻碍和彻底的失败。A. instead反而；B. therefore因此；C. meanwhile同时；D. besides此外。前半句说“真正的科学进步很少是一帆风顺的”，后半句说“它沿着布满意外障碍和明确失败的曲折道路前进”，前后是转折对比关系。instead表示“反而、取而代之”，符合语境。故选A。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些看似暂时的挫折并非仅仅是简单的阻碍，它们往往能起到重要的引导作用，促使研究朝着更有前景的方向发展，并促进更深入的理解。A. guides指导；B. conclusions结论；C. rewards奖励；D. theories理论。定语从句“that re-orient research toward more promising directions(将研究重新导向更有前景的方向)”是对空格词的解释，说明这些挫折是指引方向的事物。故选A。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当无线电天文学家阿诺·彭齐亚斯和罗伯特·威尔逊在他们的测量中首次发现持续存在的干扰信号时，他们自然而然地将这种常见的信号解读为设备出现故障的证据。A. predicted预测；B. interpreted解释；C. encountered遇见；D. ignored忽视。根据后文“this usual signal as evidence of equipment problem”可知，科学家将这种常见的信号解读为设备出现故障的证据。短语interpret...as...意为“将…… 理解为/解释为”，故选B。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：该信号一直阻碍着他们获取纯净天文数据的努力，因此他们展开了全面的调查，以寻找可能的技术原因。A. improved改进；B. confirmed确认；C. frustrated阻碍，使沮丧；D. simplified简化。根据上文“as evidence of equipment problem”以及后文“their attempts to collect clean astronomical data”可知，这个干扰信号会阻碍他们收集清晰的天文数据，故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，正是这种（干扰信号的）持续存在却促使他们开始考虑更为奇特的解释。A. Especially特别；B. Furthermore此外；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Moreover此外。前文说“他们尽了最大努力，干扰仍然存在”，后文说“正是这种持续存在促使他们考虑更特别的解释”，前后是转折关系，nevertheless（然而）表转折，符合语境。故选C。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：起初只是一个小的技术故障，最终却演变成了现代科学史上最为重大的宇宙学发现之一。A. success成功；B. approach方法；C. failure失败；D. achievement成就。根据上文“After systematically removing all thinkable sources cause, they faced an inescapable reality: the interference persisted despite their most diligent efforts.(在彻底排除了所有可能的干扰因素之后，他们面对的却是无法回避的现实：尽管他们竭尽全力，干扰现象依然持续存在)”可知，这件事最初是被当作设备故障的技术问题，属于科学研究中的失败，最终却成为重大发现。故选C。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一历史事件揭示了科学方法中一个至关重要的原则：一项研究的真正价值往往不在于能否证实预期的结果，而在于研究人员如何应对理论与观察结果之间的差异。A. prediction预测；B. observation观察；C. intuition直觉力；D. imagination想象力。根据上文“differences between theory and”可知，科学研究中，需要对比的是理论（theory）和观测结果（observation），故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当实验数据与理论预测结果完全不符时，最具创新精神的科学家们不会视此为失败，而是将其视为机遇——这是一次重新审视基本假设和理论框架的契机。A. invitation机会，契机；B. obligation义务；C. limitation限制；D. repetition重复。根据上文“the most innovative scientists perceive not failure but opportunity”可知，最具创新精神的科学家们不会视此为失败，而是将其视为机遇——这是一次重新审视基本假设和理论框架的契机。故选A。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些见解对于科学教育有着深远的意义。A. policy政策；B. education教育；C. funding资助；D. publication出版。后文“Traditional teaching approaches”提到“传统教学方法”，可知本段讨论的是这些洞见对科学教育的启示。故选B。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：传统的教学方法往往强调预先设定的目标和迅速取得成功，这种做法可能会无意中阻碍学生对科学的真正好奇心的培养。A. accuracy准确性；B. curiosity好奇心；C. frame框架；D. agreement同意。根据上文“predetermined outcomes and rapid success”可知，强调既定结果和快速成功的传统教学，可能会抑制真正的科学好奇心，而好奇心是科学探索的核心动力。故选B。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一种更具哲学内涵的方法应当能够营造出这样的学习环境：它不仅能够容忍那些在真正探究过程中自然出现的失败，而且还能够积极地接纳这些失败所带来的成果。A. avoid避免；B. fear恐惧；C. embrace接受；D. document记录。根据上文“not only tolerate but actively”以及后文“the productive failures that naturally occur during genuine investigation”可知，前文说“不仅容忍(tolerate)”，后文用but递进，应是“积极接纳有价值的失败”。故选C。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过深入思考那些出乎意料的结果，学生们能够形成系统性的理解，并具备必要的思维灵活性，从而为创新性研究打下基础。A. discipline纪律；B. flexibility灵活性；C. stability稳定性；D. certainty确实。根据上文“By engaging thoughtfully with unexpected results”可知，面对意外结果时，学生需要培养的是有条理的认知和思维的灵活性，这样才能适应科学研究中的变数。故选B。 (13)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：最终，认识到失败所具有的不可或缺的作用，从根本上改变了我们对科学进步本身的理解。A. temporarily暂时；B. accidentally意外地；C. fundamentally基础地；D. typically典型地。根据上文“recognizing the indispensable role of failure”以及后文“changes our understanding of scientific progress itself”可知，承认失败的不可或缺作用，会从根本上改变我们对科学进步的理解。故选C。 (14)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最具开创性的突破往往并非源于成功，而是源于其中所揭示的思维上的矛盾冲突。A. conceptual概念的；B. physical身体的；C. emotional情感的；D. creative创造性的。根据上文“differences between theory and”以及“The most groundbreaking advances frequently emerge not in spite of failures but because of the”可知，最重大的进步往往不是不顾失败，而是因为失败揭示的概念性矛盾——即理论与观测的认知冲突。故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，对科学方法论的深刻理解要求我们不能将失败视为探究的终结，而应将其视为科学研究中一个不可或缺且具有创造性的方面。A. optional可选择的；B. essential重要的；C. terminal致命的；D. symbolic有象征意义的。根据上文“recognizing the indispensable role of failure”可知，essential(必不可少的)与前文“indispensable role(不可或缺的作用)”呼应。故选B。 （三） （25-26高二上·上海民办文绮中学·期中）In the future, we will be competing against medically-enhanced workers who can work longer and harder than us. Artificial intelligence will make it more 1 to monitor our every move in the office. This may sound like science fiction, but it’s a likely 2 , according to a new report by professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. The report, which 3 a team of science researchers and a survey of more than 10,000 workers based in China, Germany, India, the U.K., and the U.S., predicts that rapid advances in technology, resource scarcity, and population demographics (人口统计学) are among the key forces that would significantly 4 the future of work by 2030. According to PwC, these 5 will result in four potential futures: one where “humans come first,” one where “innovation rules,” one where “companies care,” and one where “corporate is king.” In the future world where corporations dominate, PwC states that “human effort is 6 through physical and medical enhancement techniques and equipment, and workers’ performance and 7 are measured, monitored and analyzed at every step. A new breed of elite super-workers emerges.” This is a world where 8 is everything, and workers will need to create every advantage to stay ahead. This may sound like a stressful objective, but the majority of people surveyed 9 the challenge. Seventy percent of the workers surveyed said that they would undergo treatments to improve their body and mind if it would improve their chances of 10 . This could be because we believe it’s up to us to improve our careers. Of those surveyed, 74% said it was their individual 11 “to update their skills rather than relying on any employer.” To visualize this future, PwC made up a news article reporting from 2030 that detailed the first large-scale use of brain-enhancing drugs in the workplace. But you don’t need a 12 news report to see this future; real news reports about such technology have existed for some time. Companies in the U.S. and Europe are already offering microchip implants to workers, so they can enter company buildings and get their chips from the vending machine with the 13 of a hand. “So implants at work are already possible and happening and people will use it 14 to pay for things and to get on to buses and public transport. Why would they not 10 years later go, sure, put one in my brain to make me think harder and 15 ?” Jon Williams, PwC’s people and organizations division leader told The Australian about its survey. “It’s just natural progression.” 1. A. flexible B. urgent C. dangerous D. convenient 2. A. picture B. scenery C. imagination D. reality 3. A. drew upon B. counted on C. signed in D. made up 4. A. capture B. sweep C. design D. shape 5. A. reasons B. factors C. forces D. indicators 6. A. overshadowed B. maximized C. transferred D. minimized 7. A. wellbeing B. priority C. emotions D. conscience 8. A. willpower B. opportunity C. performance D. expertise 9. A. underestimated B. welcomed C. ventured D. overcame 10. A. welfare B. standard C. status D. employment 11. A. prospect B. understanding C. responsibility D. perspective 12. A. precise B. imaginative C. potential D. fake 13. A. wave B. pulse C. check D. strike 14. A. urgently B. socially C. privately D. solely 15. A. lighter B. closer C. longer D. shorter 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. A　4. D　5. C　6. B　7. A　8. C　9. B　10. D　11. C　12. D　13. A　14. B　15. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文基于普华永道的报告，预测2030年的工作场景：技术进步、资源短缺和人口结构变化将重塑工作形态，医疗增强技术可能普及，员工需通过自我提升适应竞争，企业将更注重员工表现监测，而这类未来场景并非科幻，部分技术已在现实中萌芽。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能将让监控我们在办公室的一举一动变得更加便捷。A. flexible灵活的；B. urgent紧急的；C. dangerous危险的；D. convenient便捷的。根据前文“Artificial intelligence”的技术特性可知，AI的应用会降低监控的操作难度，让监测更高效便捷。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这听起来可能像科幻小说，但根据专业服务公司普华永道的一份新报告，这很可能成为现实。A. picture图画；B. scenery风景；C. imagination想象；D. reality现实。根据前文“science fiction(科幻小说)”与“but”形成转折，强调报告认为该场景有极大可能变为真实存在的情况。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这份报告借鉴了一组科学研究人员的成果，并对中国、德国、印度、英国和美国的1万多名员工进行了调查，报告预测，到2030年，技术的飞速进步、资源短缺和人口结构将成为显著塑造未来工作形态的关键力量。A. drew upon借鉴、利用；B. counted on依靠；C. signed in登录；D. made up编造。根据后文“a team of science researchers and a survey of more than 10,000 workers based in China, Germany, India, the U.K., and the U.S.”可知，报告的权威性源于对科研成果的参考和实际调研，“drew upon”体现了基于现有研究和数据的专业性。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. capture捕捉；B. sweep席卷；C. design设计；D. shape塑造。根据前文“key forces”和“the future of work by 2030”可知，对未来工作的影响是塑造其整体形态，“shape”强调“对事物发展方向和形式的决定性影响”。故选D项。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：普华永道表示，这些力量将导致四种潜在的未来形态：“人类优先”“创新主导”“企业关怀”和“企业为王”。A. reasons原因；B. factors因素；C. forces力量；D. indicators指标。根据前文“key forces”，可知，这些力量将导致四种潜在的未来形态，为原词复现。故选C项。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在企业主导的未来世界，普华永道指出，“通过物理和医疗增强技术及设备，人类的努力将被最大化，员工的表现和身心健康会被每一步都进行衡量、监控和分析。一种新型的精英超级员工将应运而生。”A. overshadowed使黯然失色；B. maximized使最大化；C. transferred转移；D. minimized使最小化。根据后文“through physical and medical enhancement techniques and equipment”可知，技术应用的目的是提升人类能力上限，让努力产生更大价值，“maximized”体现了“强化能力、提升效率”。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. wellbeing身心健康；B. priority优先事项；C. emotions情绪；D. conscience良知。根据前文“workers’ performance”可知，企业对员工的全面监控不仅包括工作“表现”，还会涉及影响工作状态的身心健康，“wellbeing”涵盖生理和心理状态，是企业关注的核心维度之一。故选A项。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这样一个世界里，表现就是一切，员工需要创造一切优势来保持领先。A. willpower意志力；B. opportunity机会；C. performance表现；D. expertise专业技能。根据前文“workers’ performance”和后文“workers will need to create every advantage to stay ahead”可知，“表现”成为职场竞争的核心，符合语境。故选C项。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这听起来可能是一个有压力的目标，但大多数受访者对这一挑战表示欢迎。A. underestimated低估；B. welcomed欢迎；C. ventured冒险；D. overcame克服。根据前文“stressful objective”与“but”形成转折，说明受访者对挑战持积极态度，表示欢迎。“welcomed”体现了“主动接受、愿意应对”的积极倾向。故选B项。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：70%的受访员工表示，如果能提高就业机会，他们愿意接受治疗来改善身心状态。A. welfare福利；B. standard标准；C. status地位；D. employment就业。根据前文“they would undergo treatments to improve their body and mind”可知，职场中员工提升自身能力的核心目的是增强就业竞争力、保住工作或获得更好的就业机会，“employment”直接关联“工作机会”。故选D项。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在受访者中，74%的人表示，“更新技能，而非依赖雇主”是个人的责任。A. prospect前景；B. understanding理解；C. responsibility责任；D. perspective视角。根据后文“rather than relying on any employer”可知，受访者认为技能更新应由自己主导，是个人必须承担的责任。故选C项。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但你不需要一篇虚假的新闻报道就能看到这个未来；关于这类技术的真实新闻报道已经存在一段时间了。A. precise精确的；B. imaginative富有想象力的；C. potential潜在的；D. fake虚假的。根据前文“PwC made up a news article”可知，此处转折指出“无需编造的新闻，现实中已有相关报道”，“fake”对应前文“made up”。故选D项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国和欧洲的一些公司已经开始为员工提供微芯片植入服务，这样他们只需挥一下手就能进入公司大楼，从自动售货机购买零食。A. wave挥动；B. pulse搏动；C. check检查；D. strike敲击。根据前文“they can enter company buildings and get their chips from the vending machine”和后文“a hand”可知，微芯片植入的核心优势是便捷操作，“wave of a hand(挥一下手)”是简单直观的触发动作，无需复杂操作即可完成识别。故选A项。 (14)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：“所以工作场所的植入技术已经成为可能，而且正在发生，人们会在社交场合使用它来付款、乘坐公交车和公共交通。”A. urgently紧急地；B. socially社交上、公共场合；C. privately私下地；D. solely仅仅。根据后文“pay for things”、“get on to buses”均属于公共场合的日常社交行为。故选B项。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，为什么他们不在10年后在我的大脑里放一个，让我更努力或更长久地思考？A. lighter更轻的；B. closer更近的；C. longer更久的；D. shorter更短的。根据前文“put one in my brain to make me think harder”以及文章第一句话“In the future, we will be competing against medically-enhanced workers who can work longer and harder than us.”可知，在脑子里植入一个芯片，让人思考更努力、工作更久。故选C项。 （四） （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）The Turing Test What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? For many, these have been vital 1 for the future of artificial intelligence. But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all these questions 2 a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence that would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game. A human judge has a text conversation with 3 players and evaluates their responses. To pass the test, a computer must be able to replace one of the players without considerably changing the results. In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily 4 from a human’s. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his test. But he may have 5 . Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded and those that have done well focused more on finding clever ways to fool judges than using tremendous computing power. The first program with some claim to success was called ELIZA. With only a fairly short and simple script, it managed to 6 many people by imitating a psychologist, encouraging them to talk more and reflecting their own questions back at them. Its success in fooling people highlighted one 7 of the test. Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent. Nonetheless, annual competitions like the Loebner Prize have made the test more formal with judges knowing ahead of time that some of their conversation partners are 8 . But while the quality has improved, many chatbot programmers have used similar strategies to ELIZA. 1997’s winner Catherine could carry on amazingly focused and intelligent conversation, but mostly if the judge wanted to talk about Bill Clinton. And the more recent winner Eugene Goostman was given the persona of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, so judges interpreted its awkward grammar as a result of linguistic and cultural 9 . Meanwhile, other programs like Cleverbot have taken a different approach by statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations to determine the best 10 . Some also store memories of previous conversations in order to improve over time. But while Cleverbot’s individual responses can sound incredibly human, its 11 of a consistent personality and inability to deal with brand new topics are a dead giveaway. Who in Turing’s day could have predicted that today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations, but still 12 the most basic small talk? Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon that can’t be captured by even the largest dictionary. Chatbots can be 13 by simple pauses, like “umm…” or questions with no correct answers. It turns out that simulating a human conversation takes more than just increasing 14 and processing power, and as we get closer to Turing’s goal, we may have to deal with all those big questions about 15 after all. 1. A. roles B. considerations C. fields D. systems 2.A. at the risk of B. in the direction of C. instead of D. in favor of 3. A. qualified B. humble C. unmatched D. unseen 4. A. separated B. sheltered C. distinguished D. divided 5.A. jumped the gun B. crossed the line C. spilled the beans D. bitten the bullet 6. A. mislead B. misinterpret C. mistreat D. mistrust 7. A. strength B. weakness C. setting D. version 8. A. humans B. machines C. aliens D. creatures 9. A. implications B. symbols C. barriers D. heritage 10. A. issues B. techniques C. strategies D. responses 11. A. characteristic B. presence C. lack D. likelihood 12. A. excel in B. take delight in C. struggle with D. shrug off 13. A. scared B. interrupted C. overshadowed D. confused 14. A. memory B. investments C. sensitivity D. luck 15. A. consciousness B. will C. science D. algorithm 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. D　4. C　5. A　6. A　7. B　8. B　9. C　10. D　11. C　12. C　13. D　14. A　15. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了图灵测试的定义、发展历程，以及当前聊天机器人在测试中面临的挑战与局限。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：对许多人来说，这些一直是人工智能未来发展至关重要的考量因素。A. roles角色；B. considerations考量，思考；C. fields领域；D. systems系统。根据上文“What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? ”提出的关于意识、机器思维等一系列核心问题可知，这些问题是人工智能未来发展需要重点考量的内容。故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：但英国计算机科学家艾伦・图灵决定抛开所有这些问题，转而聚焦于一个更简单的问题：计算机能像人类一样交谈吗？A. at the risk of冒着……的风险；B. in the direction of朝着……的方向；C. instead of而不是；D. in favor of支持，转而选择。根据前文“disregard all these questions”和后文“a much simpler one”可知，图灵放弃了复杂问题，转而选择了更简单的问题。故选D。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一位人类裁判与看不见的参与者进行文本对话，并对他们的回答进行评估。A. qualified合格的；B. humble谦逊的；C. unmatched无与伦比的；D. unseen看不见的。根据上文“has a text conversation”通过文本对话判断对方是否为机器可知，参与者是处于看不见的状态。故选D。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：换句话说，如果一台计算机的对话无法被轻易与人类的对话区分开来，那么它就会被认为是具有智能的。A. separated分离；B. sheltered庇护；C. distinguished区分，辨别；D. divided划分。根据前文“ In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent ”可知，此处指如果机器的对话无法与人类对话区分开，就说明机器是智能的。故选C。 (5)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但他可能操之过急了。A. jumped the gun操之过急，过早行动；B. crossed the line越界；C. spilled the beans泄露秘密；D. bitten the bullet咬紧牙关。根据前文图灵预测2000年机器能轻松通过测试，以及后文“Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded”可知，他的预测过于乐观，操之过急了。故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它只有一个相当简短简单的脚本，却通过模仿心理学家、鼓励人们多说，并将他们自己的问题反馈给他们的方式，成功误导了许多人。A. mislead误导；B. misinterpret误解；C. mistreat虐待；D. mistrust不信任。根据后文“Its success in fooling people”可知，ELIZA成功愚弄了人们，即误导了人们。故选A。 (7)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：它成功愚弄人们这一事实凸显了该测试的一个缺陷。A. strength优势；B. weakness弱点，缺陷；C. setting环境；D. version版本。根据后文“Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent”可知，人类常会误判智能，这是测试存在的缺陷。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，像罗布纳奖这样的年度比赛还是让这项测试变得更加正式，裁判们提前就知道他们的一些对话对象是机器。A. humans人类；B. machines机器；C. aliens外星人；D. creatures生物。根据前文“ In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game.”可知，对话对象中包含机器。故选B。 (9)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：而最近的获胜者尤金・古斯特曼被设定为一个13岁的乌克兰男孩的角色，因此裁判们将其蹩脚的语法解读为语言和文化障碍导致的结果。A. implications暗示；B. symbols象征；C. barriers障碍；D. heritage遗产。根据前文“13-year-old Ukrainian boy”可知，设定的身份有语言和文化差异，裁判会将语法问题归因为这种差异带来的障碍。故选C。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，像聪慧机器人这样的其他程序则采取了不同的方法，通过对海量真实对话数据库进行统计分析，来确定最佳回复。A. issues问题；B. techniques技术；C. strategies策略；D. responses回复。根据前文“statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations”和聊天机器人的功能可知，分析对话数据库是为了给出最佳回复。故选D。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，尽管Cleverbot的单个回复听起来极其人性化，但它缺乏稳定的个性，且无法应对全新话题，这两点是明显的破绽。A. characteristic特征；B. presence存在；C. lack缺乏；D. likelihood可能性。根据后文“inability to deal with brand new topics”可知，此处指其存在的不足，即缺乏稳定的个性。故选C。 (12)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：在图灵的时代，谁能预测到如今的计算机能够驾驶宇宙飞船、进行精密手术、解决庞大的方程式，却仍然在最基本的闲聊中挣扎呢？A. excel in擅长；B. take delight in乐于；C. struggle with在……中挣扎；D. shrug off摆脱。根据前文“today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations”计算机能完成复杂任务，以及转折词but可知，此处指计算机在简单闲聊中仍有困难，挣扎其中。故选C。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：聊天机器人会被像“嗯……”这样的简单停顿，或是没有标准答案的问题弄糊涂。A. scared害怕；B. interrupted打断；C. overshadowed使黯然失色；D. confused使困惑，弄糊涂。根据前文“Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon”可知，人类语言复杂，简单停顿和无标准答案的问题会让聊天机器人困惑。故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，模拟人类对话不仅仅需要增加内存和处理能力，而且当我们离图灵的目标越来越近时，我们终究可能还是要面对所有那些关于意识的重大问题。A. memory内存，记忆；B. investments投资；C. sensitivity敏感性；D. luck运气。根据前文“machines with 100 megabytes of memory”可知，前文提及图灵对机器内存的预测，此处呼应前文，指模拟人类对话需要增加内存。故选A。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，模拟人类对话不仅仅需要增加内存和处理能力，而且当我们离图灵的目标越来越近时，我们终究可能还是要面对所有那些关于意识的重大问题。A. consciousness意识；B. will意志；C. science科学；D. algorithm算法。根据文章开头“What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think?”可知，文章开篇便提出关于意识的问题，此处首尾呼应，指最终仍要面对意识相关的重大问题。故选A。 （五） （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Reams of papers have been published on the cognitive advantages of multilingualism. Beyond the 1 doors it can open, multilingualism is supposed to improve “executive function”, a loose concept that includes the ability to ignore distractions, plan complex tasks and update beliefs as new information arrives. Most striking, numerous studies have even shown that bilinguals undergo a later onset of dementia, perhaps of around four years, on average. But some of these studies have failed to 2 , leaving experts wondering whether the effect is real, and if so, what exactly it consists of. The good news is that it is never too late to start learning a new language, if you want your brain to 3 . A study from 2019 showed that although a moderate amount of language learning in adults does not boost things like executive function, it does mitigate age-related decline. The biggest benefits seem to come to those who 4 their second languages fully. That in turn is usually because they speak the two as natives, or at least have spoken them on a near-daily basis for a long time. A bit of university French does not, unfortunately, convey the same advantages as deep knowledge and long experience. Switching languages 5 in the course of a day may be particularly important. Studies of interpreters and translators have provided some of the strongest evidence for a bilingual advantage. But elsewhere is “a forest of confusing 6 ”, says Mark Antoniou of Western Sydney University. Bilinguals are not like monolinguals in lots of ways. The child of ambassadors, raised in a foreign language abroad, may have cognitive and educational advantages that have nothing to do with bilingualism. At the other end of the 7 ladder, though, studies have found striking evidence that in poorer parts of the world multilingual people show the strongest advantages from speaking several languages. Where schooling is scarce, researchers suppose that bilingualism exercises children’s brains in a way that their schooling may not. 8 plays a role, too. Studies suggest that the effects of languages on the brain are stronger for young children and the old than they are for young adults. Bilingual tots seem to 9 in cognitive development in the early years, but their monolingual classmates may catch up with them later. One meta-analysis on the topic revealed that 25 studies out of 45 found a bilingual advantage in children younger than six, while only 17 found them in children aged 6-12. But all these studies take for granted the uncontroversial mental superpower that you get from language study: being able to talk to people you could not have spoken to, or understood, otherwise. Even if you cannot pick your parents and be 10 from infancy, that should be more than enough reason to give it a go. 1. A. conversational B. personal C. professional D. intellectual 2. A. challenge B. approve C. replicate D. handle 3. A. function B. benefit C. recover D. conduct 4. A. understand B. admire C. translate D. master 5. A. frequently B. easily C. occasionally D. selectively 6. A. theories B. assumptions C. contrasts D. variables 7. A. cultural B. socioeconomic C. educational D. geographic 8. A. Intelligence B. Personality C. Age D. Genetics 9. A. dominate B. struggle C. engage D. outperform 10. A. fluent B. mature C. demanding D. flexible 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D　5. A　6. D　7. B　8. C　9. D　10. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多语言能力对认知的益处、相关研究争议，以及影响该益处的多种因素和学习新语言的价值。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了它能开启的对话层面的大门之外，多语言能力还被认为可以提升“执行功能”——这是一个宽泛的概念，包括忽视干扰、规划复杂任务以及根据新信息更新认知的能力。A. conversational会话的；B. personal个人的；C. professional专业的；D. intellectual智力的。根据下文“multilingualism is supposed to improve ‘executive function’, a loose concept that includes the ability to ignore distractions, plan complex tasks and update beliefs as new information arrives.”可知，多语言除了打开对话层面的大门，还能提升“执行能力”。故选A。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但其中一些研究未能被重复验证，这让专家们疑惑这种效果是否真实存在，若存在，其具体内涵又是什么。A. challenge挑战；B. approve批准；C. replicate复制，重复；D. handle处理。根据后文“leaving experts wondering whether the effect is real”可知，正是因为部分研究无法被重复进行以验证结果，才引发了专家的质疑。故选C。 (3)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：好消息是，如果你想让自己的大脑受益，任何时候开始学习一门新语言都不算晚。A. function运行；B. benefit受益；C. recover恢复；D. conduct实施。根据第三段中的“it does mitigate age-related decline ”可知，学习新语言能减缓认知衰退，即让大脑从中受益。故选B。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：最大的益处似乎来自那些完全掌握了第二语言的人。A. understand理解；B. admire钦佩；C. translate翻译；D. master掌握。根据第三段中的“That in turn is usually because they speak the two as natives, or at least have spoken them on a near-daily basis for a long time.”可知，能像母语者一样使用语言、长期高频使用，本质是对语言达到了“掌握”的程度。故选D。 (5)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在一天当中频繁地切换语言可能尤为重要。A. frequently频繁地；B. easily容易地；C. occasionally偶尔地；D. selectively有选择地。根据第三段中的“Studies of interpreters and translators have provided some of the strongest evidence for a bilingual advantage.”可知，口译员和翻译工作者的工作特点就是频繁切换语言，这也印证了频繁切换语言的重要性。故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：西悉尼大学的马克・安东尼奥说，在其他方面则存在着 “大量令人困惑的变量”。A. theories理论；B. assumptions假设；C. contrasts对比；D. variables变量。根据后文“The child of ambassadors, raised in a foreign language abroad, may have cognitive and educational advantages that have nothing to do with bilingualism.”可知，研究中存在很多干扰因素，即变量，导致研究结果难以统一。故选D。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，在社会经济阶梯的另一端，研究发现了显著的证据：在世界上较贫困的地区，会说多种语言的人能从多语言能力中获得最明显的益处。A. cultural文化的；B. socioeconomic社会经济的；C. educational教育的；D. geographic地理的。根据后文“in poorer parts of the world”和“Where schooling is scarce”可知，此处是从经济和社会条件的维度进行对比，即社会经济阶梯。故选B。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：年龄也在其中发挥着作用。A. Intelligence智力；B. Personality性格；C. Age年龄；D. Genetics基因。根据第六段中的“the effects of languages on the brain are stronger for young children and the old than they are for young adults.”可知，该段围绕不同年龄段人群展开，核心影响因素是年龄。故选C。 (9)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：双语幼儿在幼年时期的认知发展方面似乎表现更出色，但他们说单一语言的同班同学后来可能会赶上他们。A. dominate主导；B. struggle挣扎；C. engage参与；D. outperform表现更出色。根据后文“but their monolingual classmates may catch up with them later ”可知，“赶上”这一表述暗示双语幼儿前期认知发展表现更好。故选D。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即便你无法选择自己的父母，无法从婴儿时期就精通多种语言，那也完全有足够的理由去尝试学习一门新语言。A. fluent流利的；B. mature成熟的；C. demanding苛刻的；D. flexible灵活的。结合前文讨论的多语言能力的益处，以及“from infancy ”的语境可知，此处指从幼年就具备的语言能力，即语言流利。故选A。 （六） （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）Why do most people choose to stay with their current employer? The 1 usually depends on their age, life circumstances, and personal motivations. A recent poll on our website asked the same question. The 2 reason for staying on the job was the nature of work and job satisfaction. Coming in a close second was flexible schedule and work-life balance. Next was work environment and corporate culture, followed by advancement opportunity and personal growth. Salary and benefits were the least important. Is it 3 that salary comes in last on this list? Not really. Salary and benefits do not usually make it into the top three reasons for job satisfaction on such surveys. Most people know they could earn more money elsewhere, but it’s not enough to get them to 4 a job they like. Advancement doesn’t rank at the top of the list, either. That’s probably because so many people think that moving up can make life on the job more 5 . The only thing one gets 6 is more money. So what 7 job satisfaction? One typical answer is “I like to be challenged”. People who say this like to work toward 8 . They like new 9 assignments so that they can test their skills and creativity. Another typical answer is “I like to feel I’m making a 10 ”. Many people get a sense of community when they are working with a group of co-workers toward a(n) 11 goal. It is very important for them to have close, friendly relationships with co-workers, and they will do better when others 12 their efforts. Finally, there are those who say “I get 13 from a job well done”. Such people love the technical work they do; they feel 14 the results of their efforts. These people have high standards of quality and work best when they have control over a project. They will try harder when others know about the work they have done. Basically, the main reason why people work is to earn money, but it is not money that gives them satisfaction. 15 employees something more, and you are likely to get more from them. 1. A. question B. answer C. result D. survey 2. A. top B. actual C. good D. possible 3. A. impossible B. improper C. unclear D. unusual 4. A. leave B. find C. maintain D. lose 5. A. exciting B. rewarding C. unpleasant D. uncompetitive 6. A. for sure B. in return C. by himself D. after all 7. A. launches B. creates C. prevents D. expresses 8. A. holidays B. wages C. changes D. goals 9. A. outstanding B. challenging C. puzzling D. tempting 10. A. promise B. fortune C. contribution D. response 11. A. ideal B. common C. familiar D. ambitious 12. A. gain B. spare C. appreciate D. evaluate 13. A. promotion B. pressure C. knowledge D. satisfaction 14. A. proud of B. curious about C. worried about D. interested in 15. A. Offer B. Reward C. Promise D. Teach 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. A　5. C　6. B　7. B　8. D　9. B　10. C　11. B　12. C　13. D　14. A　15. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了大多数人选择留在当前雇主身边的原因，分析了不同因素对工作满意度的影响，并指出除了金钱之外，还有其他更重要的因素能够给予员工满足感。 (1)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：答案通常取决于他们的年龄、生活环境和个人动机。A. question问题；B. answer答案；C. result结果；D. survey调查。前文“Why do most people choose to stay with their current employer?”提出了一个问题，这里在讨论这个问题的答案。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：留在工作岗位的首要原因是工作的性质和工作满意度。A. top首要的；B. actual实际的；C. good好的；D. possible可能的。后文“Coming in a close second was flexible schedule and work-life balance.”提出紧随其后的次要原因，那么前面提到的“工作的性质和工作满意度”就是首要原因。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：薪资在这份清单上排在最后不寻常吗？其实不然。A. impossible不可能的；B. improper不合适的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. unusual不寻常的。后文“Salary and benefits do not usually make it into the top three reasons for job satisfaction on such surveys.”解释了在类似的调查中，薪水和福利通常都排在后面，这是寻常情况，由此推知，上文是在问这一现象是否是不寻常的，即“Is it unusual...?”。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大多数人知道他们可以在其他地方赚更多的钱，但这还不足以让他们离开一份他们喜欢的工作。A. leave离开；B. find发现；C. maintain维持；D. lose失去。根据前文“they could earn more money elsewhere”和“but”可推知，虽然在其他地方能赚更多的钱，但不足以让他们离开自己喜欢的工作。故选A项。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是因为很多人认为升职会让工作生活更加不愉快。A. exciting令人兴奋的；B. rewarding值得的；C. unpleasant不愉快的；D. uncompetitive无竞争力的。前文“Advancement doesn’t rank at the top of the list, either.”说明升职不是人们留在某个工作岗位的首要原因，由此推知，升职会让工作生活更加不愉快，所以人们不会因为了升职而留在某个岗位。故选C项。 (6)题解析： 考查短语辨析。句意：作为回报，一个人唯一得到的就是更多的钱。A. for sure确定；B. in return作为回报；C. by himself独自地；D. after all毕竟。根据前文“moving up”和后文“more money”可知，升职通常意味着加薪，即得到更多的钱作为回报。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：那么，是什么创造了工作满意度呢？A. launches发起；B. creates创造，产生；C. prevents阻止；D. expresses表达。后文“One typical answer is “I like to be challenged”.”和“They like new ____ assignments so that they can test their skills and creativity.”介绍了工作满意度产生的一个原因，所以句中问的是什么创造了工作满意度。故选B项。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这样说的人喜欢朝着目标努力。A. holidays假期；B. wages工资；C. changes改变；D. goals目标。根据前文“I like to be challenged”和“work toward”可推知，喜欢挑战的人有着明确的目标，喜欢朝着目标努力。故选D项。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们喜欢有挑战性的任务，这样他们可以测试自己的技能和创造力。A. outstanding杰出的；B. challenging有挑战性的；C. puzzling令人困惑的；D. tempting诱人的。根据前文“I like to be challenged”和后文“so that they can test their skills and creativity”可知，喜欢挑战的人会用有挑战性的任务来测试他们的技能和创造力。故选B项。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个典型的答案是“我喜欢感觉自己在做出贡献”。A. promise承诺；B. fortune财富；C. contribution贡献；D. response回应。根据后文“Many people get a sense of community when they are working with a group of co-workers toward a(n) ____ goal.”和“It is very important for them to have close, friendly relationships with co-workers”可推知，人们喜欢与团队合作，会因为做出贡献而获得一种集体归属感。故选C项。 (11)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当许多人和一群同事一起朝着一个共同的目标努力时，他们会获得一种集体感。A. ideal理想的；B. common共同的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. ambitious有野心的。根据前文“with a group of co-workers”可推知，一群同事在一起是为了朝着一个共同的目标努力。故选B项。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：与同事建立亲密友好的关系对他们来说非常重要，当别人欣赏他们的努力时，他们会做得更好。A. gain获得；B. spare抽出；C. appreciate欣赏；D. evaluate评估。根据前文“It is very important for them to have close, friendly relationships with co-workers”可知，与同事建立亲密友好的关系对他们来说非常重要，因为当别人欣赏他们的努力时，他们会做得更好。故选C项。 (13)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最后，有人说：“我从一份出色的工作中得到满足感。”A. promotion晋升；B. pressure压力；C. knowledge知识；D. satisfaction满足感。根据前文“So what ____ job satisfaction?”和后文“Such people love the technical work they do; they feel ____ the results of their efforts.”可知，有些人喜欢自己所做的技术工作，能从自己喜欢的工作中得到满足感，回答案了上文的问题。故选D项。 (14)题解析： 考查固定短语辨析。句意：这样的人喜欢他们所做的技术工作；他们为自己的努力结果感到自豪。A. proud of自豪；B. curious about好奇；C. worried about担心；D. interested in感兴趣。根据前文“Such people love the technical work they do”和后文“the results of their efforts”可知，这样的人喜欢他们所做的技术工作，所以他们会因自己努力的结果而感到自豪。故选A项。 (15)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：给员工更多的东西，你可能会从他们那里得到更多。A. Offer提供；B. Reward奖励；C. Promise承诺；D. Teach教。根据前文“Basically, the main reason why people work is to earn money, but it is not money that gives them satisfaction.”和后文“you are likely to get more from them”可知，对员工来说，钱不能带来满足感，所以除了钱，还需要给员工更多其它的东西，这样才能得到更多回报。故选A项。 （一） （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）Stay out of the Sun to Look Young Forget drinking countless glasses of water or getting your beauty sleep. The secret of looking young is simply to stay out of the sun. A study of hundreds of women has revealed that those who avoided the sun’s rays looked-up to 20 years younger than they actually are. However, other supposed rules for a youthful complexion (肤色), from drinking lots of water to sleeping well and exercising regularly, failed to 1 the hands of time. Only keeping out of the sun, and wearing sunscreen when this wasn’t possible, made a 2 , the American Academy of Dermatology’s annual conference will hear today. The interesting 3 comes from a study of 231 women of all ages who were quizzed about their lives, including whether they were sun-lovers. When researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital in the US — commissioned by skincare firm Olay — guessed how old the women were, they found those who 4 in the sun tended to have aged more slowly. A lucky four had so few wrinkles and 5 spots, and such a fresh complexion, that they appeared to be a full two decades younger than they really were. Researcher Dr Alexa Kimball, a professor of dermatology (皮肤医学), said the 6 advice that we drink lots of water to stay healthy is actually a myth, and the body is “pretty good” at judging how much we need. Previous research by the British Nutrition Foundation reached a 7 conclusion. Experts there said: “Just drinking water for the sake of drinking water really has no effect on improving the appearance of skin.” It isn’t clear why the women who 8 well didn’t have younger-looking skin. But it may be that the question they were asked was too 9 and didn’t take into account their long-term sleep patterns. A second study, also by Olay, suggested that low-level day to day exposure to the sun is more aging than 10 intense exposure. Finally, DNA examination of tiny samples of the women’s skin helped understand the 11 done by the sun. A gene called CDKN2A was more active in facial skin that is exposed to the elements than in samples taken from the bottoms. This gene was also more active in women who said they loved the 12 and in those who looked older. Dr Kimball said CDKN2A activity is a 13 that a cell is “tired out” and urged women should protect their skin year round and not just when on a beach holiday. Dr Frauke Neuser, principal scientist at Olay, which has used the 14 to develop its latest face creams, said: “This research gives us a detailed picture of the effect of sun exposure on skin ageing and illustrate the importance of protection on a 15 basis.” 1. A. add to B. benefit from C. depend on D. hold back 2. A. mistake B. proposal C. difference D. comment 3. A. finding B. suggestion C. prospect D. possibility 4. A. cheered up B. were exposed C. made trouble D. took care 5. A. age B. trouble C. scenic D. weak 6. A. faulty B. popular C. helpful D. conflicting 7. A. better B. similar C. false D. satisfactory 8. A. ate B. exercised C. acted D. slept 9. A. hard B. apparent C. narrow D. serious 10. A. occasional B. limited C. potential D. initial 11. A. good B. damage C. treatment D. miracle 12. A. beauty B. water C. skin D. sun 13. A. trend B. possibility C. sign D. chance 14. A. product B. research C. approach D. sample 15. A. temporary B. personal C. daily D. strict 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. A　4. D　5. A　6. B　7. B　8. D　9. C　10. A　11. B　12. D　13. C　14. B　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了一项研究发现：防晒是保持年轻的关键，而多喝水、睡好觉等常见的“抗衰方法”并无明显效果，同时揭示了日常低强度日晒比偶尔高强度日晒更易导致皮肤老化，强调了全年防晒的重要性。 (1)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，其他所谓的保持年轻肤色的法则——从多喝水、睡好觉到规律运动——都未能阻挡时间的流逝。A. add to增添；B. benefit from受益于；C. depend on依赖；D. hold back阻挡、抑制。根据前文“However, other supposed rules for a youthful complexion （肤色）, from drinking lots of water to sleeping well and exercising regularly, failed”可知，从多喝水、睡好觉到规律运动，都未能阻挡时间的流逝，符合逻辑。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国皮肤病学会今天的年度会议将公布，只有避免日晒，以及在无法避免时涂抹防晒霜，才会有效果。A. mistake错误；B. proposal提议；C. difference差异、效果；D. comment评论。根据前文“Only keeping out of the sun”可知，只有远离阳光，是涂抹防晒霜起作用的条件之一，而且固定短语“make a difference”意思是“产生差异、有影响”。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一有趣的发现来自一项对231名不同年龄段女性的研究，研究人员询问了她们的生活情况，包括是否喜欢晒太阳。A. finding发现；B. suggestion建议；C. prospect前景；D. possibility可能性。根据下文“a study of 231 women of all ages”可知，这是个针对不同年龄阶段的研究，而研究得出的发现。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们发现，那些注意防晒的人衰老得更慢。A. cheered up振作；B. were exposed暴露；C. made trouble惹麻烦；D. took care小心、注意。根据上文“avoided the sun’s rays”可知，此处指“注意防晒”的人，“took care（in the sun）”体现主动防护的行为。故选D项。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，有四位女性几乎没有皱纹和老年斑，肤色清新，看起来比实际年龄整整年轻了二十岁。A. age年龄；B. trouble麻烦；C. scenic风景的；D. weak虚弱的。根据上文“A lucky four had so few wrinkles”可知，很幸运的4位女士有很少的皱纹，说明非常年轻没有老年斑。故选A项。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究人员、皮肤病学教授亚历克莎·金博尔博士说，多喝水有益健康这一普遍观点实际上是个误区，人体“很擅长”判断自己需要多少水分。A. faulty有缺陷的；B. popular普遍的、流行的；C. helpful有帮助的；D. conflicting矛盾的。根据下文“actually a myth”以及“the body is “pretty good”at judging how much we need”可知，人体自有调节功能，所谓流行的说法建议多喝水多睡觉能让人们更年轻其实是个谬论。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：英国营养基金会之前的研究也得出了类似的结论。A. better更好的；B. similar相似的；C. false虚假的；D. satisfactory令人满意的。根据下文“Experts there said：‘Just drinking water for the sake of drinking water really has no effect on improving the appearance of skin’”可知，专家说，只是喝水真地对改善皮肤没有影响，这和最新的研究结果非常相似。故选B项。 (8)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：目前尚不清楚为什么睡眠好的女性皮肤看起来并不更年轻。A. ate吃；B. exercised锻炼；C. acted行动；D. slept睡觉。根据下文“didn't take into account their long-term sleep patterns.”可知，没有考虑他们长期睡眠的模式，说明本题比较的是睡的比较好的女性。故选D项。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但可能是因为他们的问题太狭隘，没有考虑到她们的长期睡眠模式。A. hard困难的；B. apparent明显的；C. narrow狭隘的；D. serious严重的。根据下文“didn't take into account their long-term sleep patterns”可知，在研究中对于这个问题的提问方式设计内容不周全，并没有考虑长期睡眠的模式，问题包含范围太窄了。故选C项。 (10)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另一项同样由玉兰油开展的研究表明，日常低强度日晒比偶尔的高强度日晒更易导致皮肤老化。A. occasional偶尔的；B. limited有限的；C. potential潜在的；D. initial最初的。与上文“day to day exposure”（日常接触）形成对比，此处指“偶尔的”高强度日晒，符合逻辑。故选A项。 (11)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：最后，对女性皮肤微小样本的DNA检测有助于了解太阳造成的损伤。A. good好处；B. damage损伤；C. treatment治疗；D. miracle奇迹。根据上文“low-level day to day exposure to the sun is more ageing than occasional intense exposure.”可知，本段讨论太阳曝晒对于女性皮肤的伤害，而且对于女士DNA样本的检查帮助我们理解太阳对皮肤的损伤。故选B项。 (12)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种基因在表示自己喜欢晒太阳的女性和看起来更老的女性中也更活跃。A. beauty美丽；B. water水；C. skin皮肤；D. sun太阳。根据上文“The secret of looking young is simply to stay out of the sun”可知，此处指 “喜欢晒太阳” 的女性。故选D项。 (13)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：金博尔博士说，CDKN2A基因的活跃是细胞“疲惫不堪”的一个信号，并敦促女性应该全年保护皮肤，而不仅仅是在海滩度假时。A. trend趋势；B. possibility可能性；C. sign信号；D. chance机会。根据上文“DNA examination of tiny samples of the women’s skin helped understand”以及“CDKN2A activity”可知，这种基因作为参照物可以了解细胞活动，这也是细胞已经老化的信号，提醒女士要保护皮肤了。故选C项。 (14)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：玉兰油的首席科学家弗劳克·诺伊泽博士利用这项研究开发了其最新的面霜。A. product产品；B. research研究；C. approach方法；D. sample样本。根据前文“Previous research”以及下文“This research”可知，前文详细介绍了两项相关研究，玉兰油基于这些“研究”开发产品，符合逻辑。故选B项。 (15)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这项研究详细展示了日晒对皮肤老化的影响，并说明了日常防护的重要性。A. temporary暂时的；B. personal个人的；C. daily日常的；D. strict严格的。根据前文“women should protect their skin year round and not just when on a beach holiday”可知，女性全年都应该保护皮肤，而不仅仅是在海滩度假时，说明了日常保护皮肤的重要性。故选C项。 （二） （25-26高二上·上海育才中学·期中）Why Do AI Chatbots Use So Much Energy? In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT have exploded in popularity, along which comes a massive amount of energy. Across the world, data centers 1 around 1.5% of global energy consumption. These numbers are 2 to skyrocket, at least doubling by 2030 as the demand for AI grows. But what makes AI chatbots so energy 3 ? The answer lies in the massive scale of AI chatbots. In particular, there are two parts of AI that use the most energy: training and 4 , said Mosharaf Chowdhury, a computer scientist at the University of Michigan. To train AI chatbots, large language models (LLMs) are given 5 datasets so the AI can learn, recognize patterns and make predictions. In general, there is a “bigger is better belief” with AI training, de Vries-Gao said, where bigger models that 6 more data are thought to make better predictions. Training an LLM usually requires multiple servers, each of which has an average of eight GPUs, which then run for weeks or months. Altogether, this 7 mountains of energy: It’s estimated that training OpenAI’s GPT-4 used 50 gigawatt-hours of energy, 8 powering San Francisco for three days. Inference also consumes a lot of energy. This is where an AI chatbot draws a conclusion from what it has learned and generates an output from a request. Although it takes 9 fewer computational resources to run an LLM after it’s trained, inference still requires massive energy because of the sheer huge number of requests made to AI chatbots. Researchers like Chowdhury and de Vries-Gao are now working to better 10 these energy demands to understand how to reduce them. 11 , Chowdhury keeps a Machine Learning Energy Rank List that tracks the inference energy consumption of open-source models. However, the specific energy demands of the other generative AI platforms are mostly unknown; big companies like Google usually keep these numbers 12 . This makes it difficult to 13 how much energy AI really uses, what the energy demand will be in the coming years, and whether the world can keep up. People who use these chatbots, however, can push for better transparency (透明度). This can not only help users make more energy-responsible choices with their own AI use but also help policymakers hold AI companies 14 . “One very fundamental problem with digital applications is that the impact is never transparent,” de Vries-Gao said. “The ball is with policymakers to encourage 15 so that the users can start doing something.” 1. A. result from B. object to C. deal with D. account for 2. A. expected B. scheduled C. convinced D. promised 3. A. effective B. sensitive C. decisive D. intensive 4. A. calculation B. application C. inference D. generation 5. A. special B. enormous C. particular D. various 6. A. take on B. take in C. take after D. take off 7. A. consumes B. produces C. recycles D. originates 8. A. contrary to B. related to C. accustomed to D. equal to 9. A. unexpectedly B. occasionally C. constantly D. considerably 10. A. capitalize B. defend C. quantify D. search 11. A. For example B. In fact C. After all D. In addition 12. A. silent B. private C. safe D. independent 13. A. balance B. determine C. reduce D. report 14. A. reliable B. unbelievable C. accountable D. capable 15. A. disclosure B. cooperation C. punishment D. identification 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. D　4. C　5. B　6. B　7. A　8. D　9. D　10. C　11. A　12. B　13. B　14. C　15. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章分析了AI聊天机器人能耗巨大的原因，主要在于模型训练和推理两个环节，并探讨了提高能耗透明度的必要性及用户与政策制定者的责任。 (1)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：全球范围内的数据中心约占全球能源消耗量的1.5%。A. result from起因于；B. object to反对；C. deal with处理；D. account for占比。根据前文“In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT has exploded in popularity, along which comes a massive amount of energy.”可知，人工智能聊天机器人（如ChatGPT）的普及度呈爆炸式增长，随之而来的是巨大的能源消耗。此处具体说明数据中心在全球能源消耗中的占比。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着AI需求的增长，这些数字预计将飙升，到2030年至少翻一番。A. expected预期；B. scheduled安排；C. convinced确信；D. promised承诺。根据后文“at least doubling by 2030 as the demand for AI grows”可知，这是一种基于趋势的预测。be expected to表示“预计会”。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但究竟是什么让AI聊天机器人如此耗能？A. effective有效的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. decisive决定性的；D. intensive密集的。根据标题“Why Do AI Chatbots Use So Much Energy?”以及后文“The answer lies in the massive scale of AI chatbots. In particular, there are two parts of AI that use the most energy: training and ____ , said Mosharaf Chowdhury, a computer scientist at the University of Michigan.”可知，文章探讨AI能耗巨大的原因。energy intensive意为“能源密集型的”，即耗能的。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：密歇根大学计算机科学家Mosharaf Chowdhury指出，AI有两个部分尤其耗能：训练和推理。A. calculation计算；B. application应用；C. inference推理；D. generation一代。根据后文“Inference also consumes a lot of energy.”可知，推理是耗能最多的两个环节之一。故选C项。 (5)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为训练AI聊天机器人，大型语言模型（LLMs）被赋予了巨大的数据集，这样AI就可以学习、识别模式并做出预测。A. special特殊的；B. enormous巨大的；C. particular特别的；D. various各种各样的。根据后文“In general, there is a “bigger is better belief” with AI training, de Vries-Gao said, where bigger models that ____ more data are thought to make better predictions.”可知，训练AI需要巨大的数据。故选B项。 (6)题解析： 考查动词短语辨析。句意：de Vries-Gao表示，AI训练领域普遍存在“越大越好”的信念，即接受更多数据的更大模型被认为能做出更好的预测。A. take on承担；B. take in接收；C. take after与（某人）相像；D. take off起飞。根据前文“To train AI chatbots, large language models (LLMs) are given ____ datasets so the AI can learn, recognize patterns and make predictions. ”可知，模型需要接收数据来学习。故选B项。 (7)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：整个过程消耗的能源堆积如山：据估算，训练OpenAI的GPT-4模型耗能达50吉瓦时，相当于旧金山全市三天的用电量。A. consumes消耗；B. produces生产；C. recycles回收；D. originates起源于。根据“Training an LLM usually requires multiple servers, each of which has an average of eight GPUs, which then run for weeks or months.”可知，训练一个大型语言模型过程需要消耗大量能源，且冒号后的具体数据“50 gigawatt-hours of energy”是对能源消耗量的具体说明。故选A项。 (8)题解析： 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：整个过程消耗的能源堆积如山：据估算，训练OpenAI的GPT-4模型耗能达50吉瓦时，相当于旧金山全市三天的用电量。A. contrary to与……相反；B. related to与……相关；C. accustomed to习惯于；D. equal to相当于。根据“powering San Francisco for three days”可知，用旧金山三天耗电量作对比，体现能耗规模。故选D项。 (9)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：尽管运行已训练完成的大型语言模型所需计算资源相对较少，但由于向AI聊天机器人发起的请求量极其庞大，推理环节仍需要巨大能耗。A. unexpectedly出乎意料地；B. occasionally偶尔地；C. constantly持续不断地；D. considerably相当大地。根据“inference still requires massive energy because of the sheer huge number of requests made to AI chatbots.”可知，推理比训练耗能少，但总量仍很大。故选D项。 (10)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Chowdhury和de Vries-Gao等研究人员正致力于更精确地量化这些能源需求，以探索如何降低能耗。A. capitalize资本化；B. defend防御；C. quantify量化；D. search搜索。根据后文“ ____ , Chowdhury keeps a Machine Learning Energy Rank List that tracks the inference energy consumption of open-source models.”可知，研究人员通过建立能耗排行榜来追踪具体数据，这种“追踪”和“测量”行为正是为了将抽象的能源需求转化为具体数值，即“量化”过程。故选C项。 (11)题解析： 考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，Chowdhury维护的“机器学习能耗排行榜”就持续追踪开源模型的推理能耗。A. For example例如；B. In fact事实上；C. After all毕竟；D. In addition此外。根据前文“Researchers like Chowdhury and de Vries-Gao are now working to better ____ these energy demands to understand how to reduce them.”和“Chowdhury keeps an Machine Learning Energy Rank List that tracks the inference energy consumption of open-source models.”可知，前文总述研究人员致力于量化能源需求，本句举例说明Chowdhury的具体工作。故选A项。 (12)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，其他生成式AI平台的具体能耗大多不为人知；像谷歌这样的大型企业通常对这些数据秘而不宣。A. silent沉默的；B. private不公开的；C. safe安全的；D. independent独立的。根据前文“However, the specific energy demands of the other generative AI platforms are mostly unknown”以及后文“People who use these chatbots, however, can push for better transparency (透明度).”可知，大型企业将这些能耗数据作为商业秘密或内部信息，不予公开。故选B项。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这导致我们难以准确判定AI的实际能耗量、未来几年的能源需求趋势，以及全球能源系统能否满足这些需求。A. balance平衡；B. determine确定；C. reduce减少；D. report报告。根据前文“However, the specific energy demands of the other generative AI platforms are mostly unknown; big companies like Google usually keep these numbers ____ .”可知，公司不公开能耗数据，导致难以准确判断能耗。故选B项。 (14)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这不仅能帮助用户在使用AI时做出更负责任的能源选择，也有助于政策制定者要求AI企业承担相应责任。A. reliable可靠的；B. unbelievable难以置信的；C. accountable负有责任的；D. capable有能力的。根据前文“This can not only help users make more energy-responsible choices with their own AI use”以及后文“The ball is with policymakers to encourage ____ so that the users can start doing something.”可知，数据公开不仅能帮用户在使用AI时做出更负责任的选择，也有助于政策制定者要求AI企业承担责任，体现政策决策者的监管作用。hold...accountable为固定搭配，意为“让……承担责任”，体现监管责任。故选C项。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：“数字应用的一个非常根本的问题是，其影响从来不是透明的，”de Vries-Gao说。“现在责任落在政策制定者身上，需要鼓励数据公开，这样用户才能开始采取行动。”A. disclosure公开；B. cooperation合作；C. punishment惩罚；D. identification识别。根据前文“‘One very fundamental problem with digital applications is that the impact is never transparent,’ de Vries-Gao said.”可知，数字应用最根本的问题在于其影响从不透明，因此政策制定者鼓励公开数据。故选A项。 （三） （25-26高二上·上海静安区市西中学·期中）Long long ago, colleagues would suggest changes to documents in turn. They would make comments and add revisions to a file on their own computer, and then send it on to the next person. It was 1 and inconvenient. The era of the shared doc has made this process much more user-friendly. But like all social activities, it has the great 2 of exposing you to other people. Start with the fact that you can see who else is in the document. A succession of initials at the top of the screen confirms that your actions are now being observed by 3 people. One of these initials fades and brightens every few minutes, as the person in question 4 exits and re-enters the document. They either have nothing to do or are deeply anxious about what may be about to happen. If they are the owner of the document, they are absolutely right to worry, for people will be busy rendering (提供) public 5 on their work. A cursor (光标) jumps rapidly from paragraph to paragraph, and then suddenly stops. It remains 6 . Something must be very, very wrong with what they are reading. It moves more slowly after that, its confidence in the author visibly 7 . If enough people are involved, chaos follows. Someone adds a paragraph, causing someone else to make 8 in the wrong place. Two people are engaged in a furious 9 battle over a single word in the shared doc, taking it by turns to overwrite each other. If you are the owner of the document, you do not have to watch this disaster unfold in real time. But it will still seek you out. Countless emails arrive to tell you that there has been “ 10 ” in the document. When you finally go back into the document, you survey the scene. Suggestions 11 the text. A wall of comments runs down one side of the screen. So many of them have been left that some are impossible to see at first. You will start accepting, replying, 12 and resolving. In a shared doc, a tap on a keyboard awakens your colleagues. As you go through the doc, those emails are silently flying off to tell people you have been busy. Initials start to 13 at the top of the screen. Silently, they cluster and wait. You know that they are gearing up to 14 again. There will be more changes, more comments, more activity. A shared doc allows you to gather more opinions, and to bat things back and forth; ideas are less likely to be dismissed for no good reason. There is 15 in the crowd. But there is an awful lot of noise, too. 1. A. impractical B. inefficient C. inaccessible D. unstable 2. A. method B. chance C. drawback D. pressure 3. A. multiple B. strange C. idle D. talented 4. A. unconsciously B. nervously C. occasionally D. repeatedly 5. A. judgement B. appreciation C. praise D. demand 6. A. irregular B. insensitive C. immobile D. impersonal 7. A. restored B. boosted C. eased D. shaken 8. A. connections B. alterations C. claims D. drafts 9. A. legal B. virtual C. psychological D. daily 10. A. activity B. trouble C. damage D. silence 11. A. decorate B. replace C. litter D. spread 12. A. rejecting B. complaining C. boasting D. accusing 13. A. fade B. stick C. lie D. reappear 14. A. sacrifice B. strike C. emerge D. retreat 15. A. limitation B. chaos C. wisdom D. disagreement 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. D　5. A　6. C　7. D　8. B　9. B　10. A　11. C　12. A　13. D　14. B　15. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章指出传统的文档修改方式低效且不透明，通过描述共享文档编辑时的具体过程，说明共享文档虽便于协作，但会暴露编辑过程、引发焦虑，并可能导致混乱，这能集思广益，但也伴随干扰。 (1)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这既低效又不方便。A. impractical不切实际的；B. inefficient低效的；C. inaccessible难以到达的；D. unstable不稳定的。根据上文“They would make comments and add revisions to a file on their own computer, and then send it on to the next person.”可知，传统的文档修改方式是同事们在自己的电脑上对文件进行评论和修改，然后将其发送给下一个人，这种方式效率低下。故选B。 (2)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但就像所有的社交活动一样，它有一个很大的缺点，就是让你暴露在其他人面前。A. method方法；B. chance机会；C. drawback缺点；D. pressure压力。根据下文“exposing you to other people”可知，让一个人暴露在其他人面前是共享文档很大的缺点。故选C。 (3)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：屏幕上方连续出现的首字母确认你的动作现在被多人观察到。A. multiple多个的；B. strange奇怪的；C. idle无事可做的；D. talented有才华的。根据上文“A succession of initials at the top of the screen”可知，屏幕上方连续出现的首字母代表多人进入了共享文档，个人的动作现在可以被多人观察到。故选A。 (4)题解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：这些首字母中的一个每隔几分钟就会变暗变亮，因为这个人反复地退出和重新进入文档。A. unconsciously无意识地；B. nervously紧张地；C. occasionally偶尔；D. repeatedly重复地。根据上文“One of these initials fades and brightens every few minutes”可知，这些首字母中的一个每隔几分钟就会变暗变亮，说明这个用户反复地退出和重新进入文档。故选D。 (5)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果他们是文档的所有者，他们的担心是完全正确的，因为人们将忙于对他们的工作进行公众评判。A. judgement判断；B. appreciation欣赏；C. praise赞扬；D. demand要求。根据上文“They would make comments and add revisions to a file on their own computer”可知，同事之间编辑文档主要是进行评论和修改，他人编辑共享文档意味着对文档所有者的工作进行公众评判。故选A。 (6)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它保持不动。A. irregular不规则的；B. insensitive不敏感的；C. immobile不动的；D. impersonal非个人的。根据上文“then suddenly stops”可知，光标突然停止后，就保持不动了。故选C。 (7)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在那之后，它的移动更慢了，对作者的信心明显动摇了。A. restored恢复；B. boosted提升；C. eased缓解；D. shaken动摇。根据上文“Something must be very, very wrong with what they are reading. It moves more slowly after that”可知，其他用户的光标不动通常会被视作文档中有非常错误的地方，光标移动更慢则意味着还有更多的错误，因此会动摇对文档作者的信心。故选D。 (8)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：有人加了一段，导致别人在错误的地方做了改动。A. connections联系；B. alterations变动；C. claims声称；D. drafts草稿。根据上文“They would make comments and add revisions to a file on their own computer”可知，同事之间编辑文档主要是进行评论和修改，因此一人加了一段有可能导致别人在错误的地方做改动。故选B。 (9)题解析： 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：两个人正在为共享文档中的一个单词进行激烈的虚拟战斗，轮流改写对方（的内容）。A. legal法律的；B. virtual虚拟的；C. psychological心理的；D. daily日常的。根据下文“in the shared doc”可知，共享文档是线上活动，两人是进行激烈的虚拟战斗。故选B。 (10)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：无数的电子邮件告诉你文档中有“活动”。A. activity活动；B. trouble麻烦；C. damage损害；D. silence沉默。根据上文“If you are the owner of the document, you do not have to watch this disaster unfold in real time.”可知，电子邮件会被发送给共享文档作者，告知文档中有各种被编辑修改的“活动”。故选A。 (11)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：文章中到处都是建议。A. decorate装饰；B. replace替换；C. litter使饱含；D. spread传播。根据下文“A wall of comments runs down one side of the screen. So many of them have been left that some are impossible to see at first.”可知，文章中有堵评论墙，建议多到有些甚至看不见的地步，因此是指文章中饱含着建议，即到处都是建议。故选C。 (12)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：你会开始接受、回答、拒绝和解决问题。A. rejecting拒绝；B. complaining抱怨；C. boasting吹嘘；D. accusing指责。根据上文“You will start accepting, replying”和下文“and resolving”可知，文档作者在忙着处理同事们给出的修改和评论，可能会拒绝其中一些问题。故选A。 (13)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：首字母开始重新出现在屏幕的顶部。A. fade褪色；B. stick黏贴；C. lie躺；D. reappear再出现。根据下文“Silently, they cluster and wait.”可知，随着文档的作者开始工作，首字母重新出现在屏幕的顶部，好似聚集在一起等待。故选D。 (14)题解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：你知道它们正准备再次发动袭击。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. strike袭击；C. emerge出现；D. retreat撤退。根据下文“There will be more changes, more comments, more activity.”可知，接下来文档中会有更多的变化，更多的评论，更多的活动，这意味着这些首字母背后的同事正准备再次发动袭击，这里用幽默的手法表现共享文档作者的焦虑不安。故选B。 (15)题解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在人群中有智慧。A. limitation限制；B. chaos混乱；C. wisdom智慧；D. disagreement分歧。根据下文“But there is an awful lot of noise, too.”可知，后面有转折，指出多人在共享文档中操作会出现很多噪音，即很多干扰的想法，前面是肯定这也有其优点，指人群中有智慧，能贡献真正有益的想法。故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 完形填空 （一） （25-26高二上·上海控江中学·期中）Biodiversity is a concept that's commonly referenced, yet regularly misunderstood. The complex 1 not only refers to the unbelievable variety of life on Earth, but to how everything from genes to entire ecosystems interact to make the planet habitable. The bad news: science shows that biodiversity is 2 worldwide at a faster rate than at any time in human history. That’s obviously devastating for everything in nature--including us. “If biodiversity disappears, so do people,” says Dr. Stephen Woodley, field ecologist and bio-diversity expert with the International Union for Conservation of Nature. “We are part of the 3 and we do not exist without it.” Preventing such a catastrophe, says Woodley, begins with understanding why biodiversity is declining, and then taking action to 4 course. “The two greatest 5 of biodiversity loss are habitat loss, primarily on land, and overexploitation, primarily in the ocean,” Woodley says. He explains that we can solve these problems by permanently 6 more lands and oceans and managing them for their conservation values. That's the mission of the global Campaign for Nature, a partnership of the Wyss Foundation and the National Geographic Society. Instead of simply protecting 30 percent of the Earth, the 7 also encourages nations, in full partnership with local communities, to focus on the right 30 percent. Those areas, says Woodley, 8 the most important biodiversity, such as endangered species and ecosystems and rare species and ecosystems. The campaign also recognizes the importance of 9 local rights. Local peoples manage or hold tenure(保有权) over lands that support about 80 percent of the world's biodiversity, making it 10 for these communities to be full partners in developing and implementing strategies. 11 , protecting the health of key biodiversity areas is vital for tackling climate change, says National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Dr. Enric Sala. Pairing the international Paris Agreement to combat climate change, Sala's paper asserts, “would 12 catastrophic(灾难性的) climate change, conserve species, and secure essential ecosystem services.” “Biodiversity is stability,” says Sala. “Trees, wetlands, grasslands, peat bogs(泥炭沼泽), salt marshes(盐沼), healthy ocean ecosystems, mangroves(红树林), and plants 13 much of the carbon pollution humans put into the atmosphere. Yet, right now, less than half of the planet is in its natural state, which isn't enough.” Bottom line: Nature needs us to act-now. “Moving to Mars is not a(n) 14 ,” Sala adds. “The only conditions for our life and for the prosperity of human society are here on Earth ...we are 15 protecting it.” 1. A. argument B. term C. structure D. problem 2. A. altering B. developing C. stabilizing D. worsening 3. A. ecosystem B. threat C. cycle D. procedure 4. A. affect B. change C. reverse D. continue 5. A. aspects B. causes C. consequences D. occasions 6. A. acquiring B. protecting C. exploiting D. possessing 7. A. management B. announcement C. campaign D. competition 8. A. consume B. destroy C. lose D. contain 9. A. denying B. enjoying C. ignoring D. respecting 10. A. essential B. simple C. temporary D. profitable 11. A. Besides B. However C. Thus D. Otherwise 12. A. witness B. detect C. confirm D. avoid 13. A. measure B. absorb C. survive D. prevent 14. A. mission B. decision C. option D. exploration 15. A. worried about B. confident in C. responsible for D. good at （二） （25-26高二上·上海崇明中学·期中）In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress, changing how we work, live, and connect. Today, AI is not just a tool for making predictions or assisting humans; it can now act 1 , completing tasks and making decisions. This shift marks the beginning of a “digital labor revolution.” AI agents, powered by machine learning, can generate text, compose music, and design images. These agents can work on their own, 2 with other AI systems, or assist humans. Unlike traditional automation, which replaced simple tasks, AI agents have the potential to perform 3 jobs, increasing productivity across industries. AI-driven automation has the power to transform economies. By taking over repetitive and routine tasks, AI allows workers to focus on creative and 4 activities. This leads to higher efficiency, economic growth, and innovation. In fact, AI-driven productivity increased by 2.2% in the third quarter of 2024. However, the rise of AI also raises 5 . As AI becomes more capable, some fear job losses and increased inequality. Historically, though, technological advancements have created more jobs than they have 6 . In 1950, 43 million Americans had jobs; by 2020, that number had risen to 152 million. The key to managing this transition is education — training people to work alongside AI and developing new 7 . AI’s impact goes beyond business. It can be used to expand opportunities for education and career development. For example, the nonprofit organization College Possible uses an AI-powered virtual counselor to 8 students with college applications. This technology helps bridge the gap between students and overworked human counselors, ensuring that more students receive 9 . Similarly, AI is improving the job application process. The Adecco Group, a global human resources company, now uses AI to quickly 10 job seekers with employers. This reduces waiting times and helps more people find 11 employment. The future of AI depends on how we use it. If applied responsibly, AI can improve efficiency, create opportunities, and 12 human potential. Governments, businesses, and researchers must work together to ensure AI’s moral development, promoting fairness, responsibility, and 13 . Standing at the edge of this new era, we must embrace AI with 14 . Used wisely, AI has the power to boost economic growth, enhance human skills, and drive progress worldwide. The key is to balance innovation with 15 , ensuring that AI serves humanity in the best possible way. 1. A. independently B. passively C. randomly D. temporarily 2. A. argue B. compare C. compete D. cooperate 3. A. boring B. complex C. dangerous D. simple 4. A. physical B. repetitive C. daily D. strategic 5. A. benefits B. concerns C. hopes D. difficulties 6. A. created B. eliminated C. ignored D. lost 7. A. challenges B. industries C. problems D. theories 8. A. assist B. confuse C. discourage D. replace 9. A. criticism B. guidance C. pressure D. rejection 10. A. compare B. compete C. match D. separate 11. A. part-time B. temporary C. stressful D. suitable 12. A. develop B. limit C. ignore D. waste 13. A. competition B. cost C. safety D. speed 14. A. confidence B. doubt C. fear D. hesitation 15. A. profit B. benefit C. responsibility D. tradition （三） （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Faster, cheaper, better — technology is one field many people rely upon to offer a vision of a brighter future. But as the 2020s dawn, 1 is in short supply. The new technologies that dominated the past decade seem to be making things worse. Social media were supposed to bring people together. Today they are better known for 2 privacy, spreading propaganda and undermining democracy. E-commerce, ride-hailing and the gig economy may be convenient, but they are 3 with underpaying workers, exacerbating inequality and blocking the streets with vehicles. Parents worry that smartphones have turned their children into screen-addicted zombies. The New York Times 4 the spreading gloom. “A mood of pessimism”, it writes, has 5 “the idea of inevitable progress born in the scientific and industrial revolutions.” Today’s gloomy mood is centred on smartphones and social media, which took off a decade ago. Yet concerns that humanity has taken a 6 wrong turn have arisen before. In the 1970s the gloom was prompted by concerns about overpopulation, environmental damage and the prospect of nuclear killing. The 1920s witnessed a backlash against cars, which had earlier been seen as a miraculous 7 to the suffering of horse-drawn vehicles. Stand back, and in each of these historical cases disappointment arose from a mix of unrealized hopes and unforeseen consequences. Technology releases the forces of creative destruction, so it is only 8 that it leads to anxiety; for any given technology its drawbacks sometimes seem to 9 its benefits. When this happens with several technologies at once, the result is a wider sense of techno-pessimism. 10 , that pessimism can be overdone. Too often people focus on the drawbacks of a new technology while taking its benefits for granted. A further danger is that Luddite (厌恶技术的人) efforts to avoid the short-term costs associated with a new technology will end up 11 access to its long-term benefit — something Carl Benedict Frey, an Oxford academic, calls a “technology trap”. Fears that robots will steal people’s jobs may prompt politicians to tax them, for example, to 12 their use. Yet in the long run countries that wish to maintain their standard of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need more robots, not fewer. That points to another lesson, which is that the remedy to technology-related problems very often 13 more technology. Airbags and other improvements in safety features, for example, mean that in America deaths in car accidents per billion miles travelled have fallen from around 240 in the 1920s to around 12 today. AI is being applied as part of the effort to stem the flow of extreme material on social media. Technology itself has no 14 : it is the choices people make about it that shape the world. Thus the techlash is a necessary step in the adoption of important new technologies. At its best, it helps frame how society comes to terms with innovations and imposes rules and policies that limit their 15 potential, accommodate change or strike a trade-off. Healthy scepticism means that these questions are settled by a broad debate, not by a coterie of technologists. 1. A. acceptance B. optimism C. assurance D. certainty 2. A. sharing B. protecting C. invading D. seeking 3. A. charged B. filled C. credited D. confronted 4. A. looks for B. works out C. brings about D. sums up 5. A. reinforced B. defended C. displaced D. clarified 6. A. technological B. economical C. industrial D. historical 7. A. threat B. answer C. obstacle D. challenge 8. A. abnormal B. natural C. certain D. typical 9. A. promote B. balance C. unseat D. outweigh 10. A. However B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Moreover 11. A. expanding B. denying C. securing D. criticizing 12. A. encourage B. regulate C. discourage D. accelerate 13. A. facilitates B. involves C. overlooks D. complicates 14. A. autonomy B. responsibility C. direction D. virtue 15. A. revolutionary B. innovative C. beneficial D. destructive （四） （25-26高二上·上海闵行中学·期中）Many people learn at an early age to associate the color red with danger. So might it make sense to print medication 1 in red ink? And since the color blue is known to call to mind the freedom of open skies, might it help artists to 2 in a studio painted in that color? According to new research into how the brain reacts to 3 , the answer to both of these questions is yes. The study revealed that the color red seems to improve a subject’s attention to 4 , while blue appears to stimulate creativity—all without the subject realizing that his or her brain is being influenced. “People are not 5 this effect at all,” marveled the study’s lead researcher Juliet Zhu, who studies the effects of environmental cues on behavior. To study the brain’s response to specific colors, Zhu’s team administered a series of 6 tests to college students. For most of the tests, the students were placed in front of a computer screen that was colored either red or blue. The researchers found that when the screen was red, subjects performed better on detail-oriented tasks. In one test, 7 , students were asked to memorize a list of words. Zhu found that students who studied the list displayed on a red screen were able to recall more words than students who studied the list on a 8 screen. In other tests, creative abilities seemed to be 9 by looking at the color blue. For instance, the students were asked to brainstorm potential uses for bricks. Students sitting in front of blue screens tended to come up with ideas that were 10 , such as “make a paperweight” and “build a pet scratching post.” Students sitting in front of a red screen, on the other hand, were more likely to list 11 uses for bricks, such as “build a house.” Researchers concluded from the tests that seeing red causes people to take the extra time to think 12 when performing detail-oriented tasks, such as 13 , proofreading— and, of course, reading those all-important warning labels. 14 most people learn early in their development that red signifies potential danger, Zhu said, seeing red perhaps helps people to slow down in order to perform at their best in a potentially risky situation. Seeing blue, on the other hand, produces images of the sky, freedom and peace. Perhaps these images, researchers supposed, 15 feelings. “It’s really this learned association with these colors that drives these different motivations,” Zhu said. 1. A. instructions B. symptoms C. warnings D. treatments 2. A. create B. relax C. decorate D. design 3. A. skies B. medication C. colors D. paint 4. A. danger B. detail C. emotions D. vigor 5. A. distracted by B. aware of C. content with D. curious about 6. A. cognitive B. intelligence C. mental D. memory 7. A. on one hand B. at the same time C. for example D. that is 8. A. grey B. blue C. green D. white 9. A. proven B. acquired C. recognized D. enhanced 10. A. more abstract B. more positive C. more innovative D. more valuable 11. A. practical B. academic C. economical D. profitable 12. A. critically B. logically C. carefully D. independently 13. A. painting B. memorizing C. designing D. brainstorming 14. A. Unless B. When C. Since D. Though 15. A. turn up B. stir up C. set off D. give off （一） （25-26高二上·上海黄浦区大同中学·期中）We sort ourselves into introverts and extroverts, but the truth is that personality is more plastic than you think, says Claudia. There is a belief in modern therapy culture saying that you shouldn’t try to change — you are perfectly imperfect, and that the right people will accommodate your every unique characteristic. Relatedly, personality has 1 been defined as a pretty stable collection of characteristics. Indeed, you might believe you are controlled by the genetic hand you were dealt at birth when it comes to things like how agreeable or conscientious you are. However, there is plenty of evidence that our personalities are more flexible than we believed, fueling fascination with the 2 of personality change to improve our lives. For example, a 2024 study found that three months of digital coaching reliably 3 personalities like emotional stability and conscientiousness. Other characteristics provide further support for the flexibility of personality. Most people will label themselves 4 as extroverts or introverts. But Carl Jung, who coined these terms, said they are a spectrum (范围) and that there is no such thing as a “ 5 ” introvert or extrovert. Some of us may be more likely to enjoy the role of chief party entertainer, while others tend to prefer 6 responding to their surroundings. However, these preferences are 7 . Who you are on a cold winter Wednesday is likely to be different to who you are on a sunny Saturday. Whatever your 8 , staying socially connected is crucial for well-being. Acting a bit extroverted helps you deal with stress’s physical effects, like higher blood pressure or heart rate. The Harvard Study of Adult Development, an 80-year project tracking the lives of about 700 men in order to understand the core 9 of a happy and healthy life, found that nothing matters more than good social relationships. Even if you regard yourself as a (n) 10 introvert, embracing a more social approach may be easier than you think. Indeed, research from 2022 shows that it is the strength of someone’s 11 as an introvert, more than how highly they score on personalities of introversion, that makes them uncomfortable when asked to act more outgoing. This indicates that a more 12 attitude towards self-image can help to drive deliberate change. Already highly extroverted? Perhaps you would benefit from working to boost your capacity for reflection, a characteristic often found in those who lean towards a quieter life. 13 , enhancing other characteristics linked with well-being-like good emotional regulation or becoming more 14 to new experiences has repeatedly been shown to be possible. Challenging the idea of 15 personality types could make us all happier. But first, you might need to accept a painful truth: maybe trying to change isn’t such a bad idea. 1. A. precisely B. conventionally C. rigidly D. formally 2. A. craft B. core C. creativity D. code 3. A. determined B. increased C. weakened D. managed 4. A. automatically B. effortlessly C. exclusively D. specifically 5. A. reliable B. quick C. pure D. common 6. A. quietly B. actively C. closely D. unnecessarily 7. A. stable B. changeable C. strong D. personal 8. A. limitations B. habits C. symptoms D. tendencies 9. A. meanings B. goals C. drawbacks D. components 10. A. transformed B. confirmed C. devoted D. reversed 11. A. emphasis B. observation C. attitude D. identity 12. A. relaxed B. formal C. positive D. reliable 13. A. Generally B. Additionally C. Consequently D. Similarly 14. A. open B. indifferent C. grateful D. subject 15. A. individual B. fascinating C. fixed D. changeable （二） （25-26高二上·上海徐汇区上海中学·期中）The conventional portrayal of scientific advancement as a straightforward gathering of successes presents a fundamentally misleading picture. Authentic scientific progress is rarely straight; 1 , it follows a winding path filled with unexpected obstacles and definitive failures. Rather than representing mere blocks, these apparent setbacks frequently function as important 2 that re-orient research toward more promising directions and deeper understanding. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation offers a particularly instructive case study. When radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected persistent interference (干扰) in their measurements, they naturally 3 this usual signal as evidence of equipment problem. The signal consistently 4 their attempts to collect clean astronomical data, prompting an extensive investigation into potential technical sources. After systematically removing all thinkable sources cause, they faced an inescapable reality: the interference persisted despite their most diligent efforts. 5 , this very persistence pushed them to consider more extraordinary explanations. What began as a technical 6 ultimately turned into one of the most significant cosmological discoveries of the modern era. This historical episode illuminates a crucial principle of scientific methods: the genuine value of an investigation often lies not in confirming expected results, but in how researchers respond to differences between theory and 7 . When experimental data consistently contradict theoretical predictions, the most innovative scientists perceive not failure but opportunity — an 8 to reexamine fundamental assumptions and theoretical frameworks. Such moments of conflict frequently catalyze scientific breakthroughs, stimulating the development of more comprehensive theories. These insights carry profound implications for science 9 . Traditional teaching approaches that emphasize predetermined outcomes and rapid success may accidentally hold back the development of authentic scientific 10 . A more philosophically informed methodology would create learning environments that not only tolerate but actively 11 the productive failures that naturally occur during genuine investigation. By engaging thoughtfully with unexpected results, students develop the methodical understanding and intellectual 12 essential for innovative research. Ultimately, recognizing the indispensable role of failure 13 changes our understanding of scientific progress itself. The most groundbreaking advances frequently emerge not in spite of failures but because of the 14 tension they reveal. A sophisticated understanding of scientific methodology therefore requires us to regard failure not as the end of inquiry, but as a(n) 15 and generative dimension of the scientific enterprise. 1. A. instead B. therefore C. meanwhile D. besides 2. A. guides B. conclusions C. rewards D. theories 3. A. predicted B. interpreted C. encountered D. ignored 4. A. improved B. confirmed C. frustrated D. simplified 5. A. Especially B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Moreover 6. A. success B. approach C. failure D. achievement 7. A. prediction B. observation C. intuition D. imagination 8. A. invitation B. obligation C. limitation D. repetition 9. A. policy B. education C. funding D. publication 10. A. accuracy B. curiosity C. frame D. agreement 11. A. avoid B. fear C. embrace D. document 12. A. discipline B. flexibility C. stability D. certainty 13. A. temporarily B. accidentally C. fundamentally D. typically 14. A. conceptual B. physical C. emotional D. creative 15. A. optional B. essential C. terminal D. symbolic （三） （25-26高二上·上海民办文绮中学·期中）In the future, we will be competing against medically-enhanced workers who can work longer and harder than us. Artificial intelligence will make it more 1 to monitor our every move in the office. This may sound like science fiction, but it’s a likely 2 , according to a new report by professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. The report, which 3 a team of science researchers and a survey of more than 10,000 workers based in China, Germany, India, the U.K., and the U.S., predicts that rapid advances in technology, resource scarcity, and population demographics (人口统计学) are among the key forces that would significantly 4 the future of work by 2030. According to PwC, these 5 will result in four potential futures: one where “humans come first,” one where “innovation rules,” one where “companies care,” and one where “corporate is king.” In the future world where corporations dominate, PwC states that “human effort is 6 through physical and medical enhancement techniques and equipment, and workers’ performance and 7 are measured, monitored and analyzed at every step. A new breed of elite super-workers emerges.” This is a world where 8 is everything, and workers will need to create every advantage to stay ahead. This may sound like a stressful objective, but the majority of people surveyed 9 the challenge. Seventy percent of the workers surveyed said that they would undergo treatments to improve their body and mind if it would improve their chances of 10 . This could be because we believe it’s up to us to improve our careers. Of those surveyed, 74% said it was their individual 11 “to update their skills rather than relying on any employer.” To visualize this future, PwC made up a news article reporting from 2030 that detailed the first large-scale use of brain-enhancing drugs in the workplace. But you don’t need a 12 news report to see this future; real news reports about such technology have existed for some time. Companies in the U.S. and Europe are already offering microchip implants to workers, so they can enter company buildings and get their chips from the vending machine with the 13 of a hand. “So implants at work are already possible and happening and people will use it 14 to pay for things and to get on to buses and public transport. Why would they not 10 years later go, sure, put one in my brain to make me think harder and 15 ?” Jon Williams, PwC’s people and organizations division leader told The Australian about its survey. “It’s just natural progression.” 1. A. flexible B. urgent C. dangerous D. convenient 2. A. picture B. scenery C. imagination D. reality 3. A. drew upon B. counted on C. signed in D. made up 4. A. capture B. sweep C. design D. shape 5. A. reasons B. factors C. forces D. indicators 6. A. overshadowed B. maximized C. transferred D. minimized 7. A. wellbeing B. priority C. emotions D. conscience 8. A. willpower B. opportunity C. performance D. expertise 9. A. underestimated B. welcomed C. ventured D. overcame 10. A. welfare B. standard C. status D. employment 11. A. prospect B. understanding C. responsibility D. perspective 12. A. precise B. imaginative C. potential D. fake 13. A. wave B. pulse C. check D. strike 14. A. urgently B. socially C. privately D. solely 15. A. lighter B. closer C. longer D. shorter （四） （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）The Turing Test What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some spark which is difficult to describe, understand or measure at its core? For many, these have been vital 1 for the future of artificial intelligence. But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all these questions 2 a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence that would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing proposed the following game. A human judge has a text conversation with 3 players and evaluates their responses. To pass the test, a computer must be able to replace one of the players without considerably changing the results. In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily 4 from a human’s. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his test. But he may have 5 . Even though today’s computers have far more memory than that, few have succeeded and those that have done well focused more on finding clever ways to fool judges than using tremendous computing power. The first program with some claim to success was called ELIZA. With only a fairly short and simple script, it managed to 6 many people by imitating a psychologist, encouraging them to talk more and reflecting their own questions back at them. Its success in fooling people highlighted one 7 of the test. Humans regularly attribute intelligence to a whole range of things that are not actually intelligent. Nonetheless, annual competitions like the Loebner Prize have made the test more formal with judges knowing ahead of time that some of their conversation partners are 8 . But while the quality has improved, many chatbot programmers have used similar strategies to ELIZA. 1997’s winner Catherine could carry on amazingly focused and intelligent conversation, but mostly if the judge wanted to talk about Bill Clinton. And the more recent winner Eugene Goostman was given the persona of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, so judges interpreted its awkward grammar as a result of linguistic and cultural 9 . Meanwhile, other programs like Cleverbot have taken a different approach by statistically analyzing huge databases of real conversations to determine the best 10 . Some also store memories of previous conversations in order to improve over time. But while Cleverbot’s individual responses can sound incredibly human, its 11 of a consistent personality and inability to deal with brand new topics are a dead giveaway. Who in Turing’s day could have predicted that today’s computers would be able to pilot spacecraft, perform delicate surgeries, and solve massive equations, but still 12 the most basic small talk? Human language turns out to be an amazingly complex phenomenon that can’t be captured by even the largest dictionary. Chatbots can be 13 by simple pauses, like “umm…” or questions with no correct answers. It turns out that simulating a human conversation takes more than just increasing 14 and processing power, and as we get closer to Turing’s goal, we may have to deal with all those big questions about 15 after all. 1. A. roles B. considerations C. fields D. systems 2.A. at the risk of B. in the direction of C. instead of D. in favor of 3. A. qualified B. humble C. unmatched D. unseen 4. A. separated B. sheltered C. distinguished D. divided 5.A. jumped the gun B. crossed the line C. spilled the beans D. bitten the bullet 6. A. mislead B. misinterpret C. mistreat D. mistrust 7. A. strength B. weakness C. setting D. version 8. A. humans B. machines C. aliens D. creatures 9. A. implications B. symbols C. barriers D. heritage 10. A. issues B. techniques C. strategies D. responses 11. A. characteristic B. presence C. lack D. likelihood 12. A. excel in B. take delight in C. struggle with D. shrug off 13. A. scared B. interrupted C. overshadowed D. confused 14. A. memory B. investments C. sensitivity D. luck 15. A. consciousness B. will C. science D. algorithm （五） （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Reams of papers have been published on the cognitive advantages of multilingualism. Beyond the 1 doors it can open, multilingualism is supposed to improve “executive function”, a loose concept that includes the ability to ignore distractions, plan complex tasks and update beliefs as new information arrives. Most striking, numerous studies have even shown that bilinguals undergo a later onset of dementia, perhaps of around four years, on average. But some of these studies have failed to 2 , leaving experts wondering whether the effect is real, and if so, what exactly it consists of. The good news is that it is never too late to start learning a new language, if you want your brain to 3 . A study from 2019 showed that although a moderate amount of language learning in adults does not boost things like executive function, it does mitigate age-related decline. The biggest benefits seem to come to those who 4 their second languages fully. That in turn is usually because they speak the two as natives, or at least have spoken them on a near-daily basis for a long time. A bit of university French does not, unfortunately, convey the same advantages as deep knowledge and long experience. Switching languages 5 in the course of a day may be particularly important. Studies of interpreters and translators have provided some of the strongest evidence for a bilingual advantage. But elsewhere is “a forest of confusing 6 ”, says Mark Antoniou of Western Sydney University. Bilinguals are not like monolinguals in lots of ways. The child of ambassadors, raised in a foreign language abroad, may have cognitive and educational advantages that have nothing to do with bilingualism. At the other end of the 7 ladder, though, studies have found striking evidence that in poorer parts of the world multilingual people show the strongest advantages from speaking several languages. Where schooling is scarce, researchers suppose that bilingualism exercises children’s brains in a way that their schooling may not. 8 plays a role, too. Studies suggest that the effects of languages on the brain are stronger for young children and the old than they are for young adults. Bilingual tots seem to 9 in cognitive development in the early years, but their monolingual classmates may catch up with them later. One meta-analysis on the topic revealed that 25 studies out of 45 found a bilingual advantage in children younger than six, while only 17 found them in children aged 6-12. But all these studies take for granted the uncontroversial mental superpower that you get from language study: being able to talk to people you could not have spoken to, or understood, otherwise. Even if you cannot pick your parents and be 10 from infancy, that should be more than enough reason to give it a go. 1. A. conversational B. personal C. professional D. intellectual 2. A. challenge B. approve C. replicate D. handle 3. A. function B. benefit C. recover D. conduct 4. A. understand B. admire C. translate D. master 5. A. frequently B. easily C. occasionally D. selectively 6. A. theories B. assumptions C. contrasts D. variables 7. A. cultural B. socioeconomic C. educational D. geographic 8. A. Intelligence B. Personality C. Age D. Genetics 9. A. dominate B. struggle C. engage D. outperform 10. A. fluent B. mature C. demanding D. flexible （六） （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）Why do most people choose to stay with their current employer? The 1 usually depends on their age, life circumstances, and personal motivations. A recent poll on our website asked the same question. The 2 reason for staying on the job was the nature of work and job satisfaction. Coming in a close second was flexible schedule and work-life balance. Next was work environment and corporate culture, followed by advancement opportunity and personal growth. Salary and benefits were the least important. Is it 3 that salary comes in last on this list? Not really. Salary and benefits do not usually make it into the top three reasons for job satisfaction on such surveys. Most people know they could earn more money elsewhere, but it’s not enough to get them to 4 a job they like. Advancement doesn’t rank at the top of the list, either. That’s probably because so many people think that moving up can make life on the job more 5 . The only thing one gets 6 is more money. So what 7 job satisfaction? One typical answer is “I like to be challenged”. People who say this like to work toward 8 . They like new 9 assignments so that they can test their skills and creativity. Another typical answer is “I like to feel I’m making a 10 ”. Many people get a sense of community when they are working with a group of co-workers toward a(n) 11 goal. It is very important for them to have close, friendly relationships with co-workers, and they will do better when others 12 their efforts. Finally, there are those who say “I get 13 from a job well done”. Such people love the technical work they do; they feel 14 the results of their efforts. These people have high standards of quality and work best when they have control over a project. They will try harder when others know about the work they have done. Basically, the main reason why people work is to earn money, but it is not money that gives them satisfaction. 15 employees something more, and you are likely to get more from them. 1. A. question B. answer C. result D. survey 2. A. top B. actual C. good D. possible 3. A. impossible B. improper C. unclear D. unusual 4. A. leave B. find C. maintain D. lose 5. A. exciting B. rewarding C. unpleasant D. uncompetitive 6. A. for sure B. in return C. by himself D. after all 7. A. launches B. creates C. prevents D. expresses 8. A. holidays B. wages C. changes D. goals 9. A. outstanding B. challenging C. puzzling D. tempting 10. A. promise B. fortune C. contribution D. response 11. A. ideal B. common C. familiar D. ambitious 12. A. gain B. spare C. appreciate D. evaluate 13. A. promotion B. pressure C. knowledge D. satisfaction 14. A. proud of B. curious about C. worried about D. interested in 15. A. Offer B. Reward C. Promise D. Teach （一） （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）Stay out of the Sun to Look Young Forget drinking countless glasses of water or getting your beauty sleep. The secret of looking young is simply to stay out of the sun. A study of hundreds of women has revealed that those who avoided the sun’s rays looked-up to 20 years younger than they actually are. However, other supposed rules for a youthful complexion (肤色), from drinking lots of water to sleeping well and exercising regularly, failed to 1 the hands of time. Only keeping out of the sun, and wearing sunscreen when this wasn’t possible, made a 2 , the American Academy of Dermatology’s annual conference will hear today. The interesting 3 comes from a study of 231 women of all ages who were quizzed about their lives, including whether they were sun-lovers. When researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital in the US — commissioned by skincare firm Olay — guessed how old the women were, they found those who 4 in the sun tended to have aged more slowly. A lucky four had so few wrinkles and 5 spots, and such a fresh complexion, that they appeared to be a full two decades younger than they really were. Researcher Dr Alexa Kimball, a professor of dermatology (皮肤医学), said the 6 advice that we drink lots of water to stay healthy is actually a myth, and the body is “pretty good” at judging how much we need. Previous research by the British Nutrition Foundation reached a 7 conclusion. Experts there said: “Just drinking water for the sake of drinking water really has no effect on improving the appearance of skin.” It isn’t clear why the women who 8 well didn’t have younger-looking skin. But it may be that the question they were asked was too 9 and didn’t take into account their long-term sleep patterns. A second study, also by Olay, suggested that low-level day to day exposure to the sun is more aging than 10 intense exposure. Finally, DNA examination of tiny samples of the women’s skin helped understand the 11 done by the sun. A gene called CDKN2A was more active in facial skin that is exposed to the elements than in samples taken from the bottoms. This gene was also more active in women who said they loved the 12 and in those who looked older. Dr Kimball said CDKN2A activity is a 13 that a cell is “tired out” and urged women should protect their skin year round and not just when on a beach holiday. Dr Frauke Neuser, principal scientist at Olay, which has used the 14 to develop its latest face creams, said: “This research gives us a detailed picture of the effect of sun exposure on skin ageing and illustrate the importance of protection on a 15 basis.” 1. A. add to B. benefit from C. depend on D. hold back 2. A. mistake B. proposal C. difference D. comment 3. A. finding B. suggestion C. prospect D. possibility 4. A. cheered up B. were exposed C. made trouble D. took care 5. A. age B. trouble C. scenic D. weak 6. A. faulty B. popular C. helpful D. conflicting 7. A. better B. similar C. false D. satisfactory 8. A. ate B. exercised C. acted D. slept 9. A. hard B. apparent C. narrow D. serious 10. A. occasional B. limited C. potential D. initial 11. A. good B. damage C. treatment D. miracle 12. A. beauty B. water C. skin D. sun 13. A. trend B. possibility C. sign D. chance 14. A. product B. research C. approach D. sample 15. A. temporary B. personal C. daily D. strict （二） （25-26高二上·上海育才中学·期中）Why Do AI Chatbots Use So Much Energy? In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT have exploded in popularity, along which comes a massive amount of energy. Across the world, data centers 1 around 1.5% of global energy consumption. These numbers are 2 to skyrocket, at least doubling by 2030 as the demand for AI grows. But what makes AI chatbots so energy 3 ? The answer lies in the massive scale of AI chatbots. In particular, there are two parts of AI that use the most energy: training and 4 , said Mosharaf Chowdhury, a computer scientist at the University of Michigan. To train AI chatbots, large language models (LLMs) are given 5 datasets so the AI can learn, recognize patterns and make predictions. In general, there is a “bigger is better belief” with AI training, de Vries-Gao said, where bigger models that 6 more data are thought to make better predictions. Training an LLM usually requires multiple servers, each of which has an average of eight GPUs, which then run for weeks or months. Altogether, this 7 mountains of energy: It’s estimated that training OpenAI’s GPT-4 used 50 gigawatt-hours of energy, 8 powering San Francisco for three days. Inference also consumes a lot of energy. This is where an AI chatbot draws a conclusion from what it has learned and generates an output from a request. Although it takes 9 fewer computational resources to run an LLM after it’s trained, inference still requires massive energy because of the sheer huge number of requests made to AI chatbots. Researchers like Chowdhury and de Vries-Gao are now working to better 10 these energy demands to understand how to reduce them. 11 , Chowdhury keeps a Machine Learning Energy Rank List that tracks the inference energy consumption of open-source models. However, the specific energy demands of the other generative AI platforms are mostly unknown; big companies like Google usually keep these numbers 12 . This makes it difficult to 13 how much energy AI really uses, what the energy demand will be in the coming years, and whether the world can keep up. People who use these chatbots, however, can push for better transparency (透明度). This can not only help users make more energy-responsible choices with their own AI use but also help policymakers hold AI companies 14 . “One very fundamental problem with digital applications is that the impact is never transparent,” de Vries-Gao said. “The ball is with policymakers to encourage 15 so that the users can start doing something.” 1. A. result from B. object to C. deal with D. account for 2. A. expected B. scheduled C. convinced D. promised 3. A. effective B. sensitive C. decisive D. intensive 4. A. calculation B. application C. inference D. generation 5. A. special B. enormous C. particular D. various 6. A. take on B. take in C. take after D. take off 7. A. consumes B. produces C. recycles D. originates 8. A. contrary to B. related to C. accustomed to D. equal to 9. A. unexpectedly B. occasionally C. constantly D. considerably 10. A. capitalize B. defend C. quantify D. search 11. A. For example B. In fact C. After all D. In addition 12. A. silent B. private C. safe D. independent 13. A. balance B. determine C. reduce D. report 14. A. reliable B. unbelievable C. accountable D. capable 15. A. disclosure B. cooperation C. punishment D. identification （三） （25-26高二上·上海静安区市西中学·期中）Long long ago, colleagues would suggest changes to documents in turn. They would make comments and add revisions to a file on their own computer, and then send it on to the next person. It was 1 and inconvenient. The era of the shared doc has made this process much more user-friendly. But like all social activities, it has the great 2 of exposing you to other people. Start with the fact that you can see who else is in the document. A succession of initials at the top of the screen confirms that your actions are now being observed by 3 people. One of these initials fades and brightens every few minutes, as the person in question 4 exits and re-enters the document. They either have nothing to do or are deeply anxious about what may be about to happen. If they are the owner of the document, they are absolutely right to worry, for people will be busy rendering (提供) public 5 on their work. A cursor (光标) jumps rapidly from paragraph to paragraph, and then suddenly stops. It remains 6 . Something must be very, very wrong with what they are reading. It moves more slowly after that, its confidence in the author visibly 7 . If enough people are involved, chaos follows. Someone adds a paragraph, causing someone else to make 8 in the wrong place. Two people are engaged in a furious 9 battle over a single word in the shared doc, taking it by turns to overwrite each other. If you are the owner of the document, you do not have to watch this disaster unfold in real time. But it will still seek you out. Countless emails arrive to tell you that there has been “ 10 ” in the document. When you finally go back into the document, you survey the scene. Suggestions 11 the text. A wall of comments runs down one side of the screen. So many of them have been left that some are impossible to see at first. You will start accepting, replying, 12 and resolving. In a shared doc, a tap on a keyboard awakens your colleagues. As you go through the doc, those emails are silently flying off to tell people you have been busy. Initials start to 13 at the top of the screen. Silently, they cluster and wait. You know that they are gearing up to 14 again. There will be more changes, more comments, more activity. A shared doc allows you to gather more opinions, and to bat things back and forth; ideas are less likely to be dismissed for no good reason. There is 15 in the crowd. But there is an awful lot of noise, too. 1. A. impractical B. inefficient C. inaccessible D. unstable 2. A. method B. chance C. drawback D. pressure 3. A. multiple B. strange C. idle D. talented 4. A. unconsciously B. nervously C. occasionally D. repeatedly 5. A. judgement B. appreciation C. praise D. demand 6. A. irregular B. insensitive C. immobile D. impersonal 7. A. restored B. boosted C. eased D. shaken 8. A. connections B. alterations C. claims D. drafts 9. A. legal B. virtual C. psychological D. daily 10. A. activity B. trouble C. damage D. silence 11. A. decorate B. replace C. litter D. spread 12. A. rejecting B. complaining C. boasting D. accusing 13. A. fade B. stick C. lie D. reappear 14. A. sacrifice B. strike C. emerge D. retreat 15. A. limitation B. chaos C. wisdom D. disagreement / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $