专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高二英语上学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）For years, the Empire State Building in New York was recognized as the tallest building in the world, but in recent decades, many much higher structures have been built. Read on to learn more about four of the tallest skyscrapers existing today. ● Buri Khalifa Buri Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is currently the tallest building in the world. The tower is part of a new development built on a man-made lake. Burj Khalifa has a distinctive shape so that the windows look out onto the Persian Gulf. A 304-room hotel occupies the lower floors and there is an observation deck on the 124th floor. The top floor is home to a private VIP club, closed to anyone except members. ● Shanghai World Financial Centre This skyscraper has the highest observation deck in the world, although the building itself is no longer the tallest. Construction stopped between 1998 and 2003 because of the Asian financial crisis, but it was eventually finished in 2008. The most distinctive feature in its design is the geometric opening at the top of the tower. ● International Commerce Centre This skyscraper in Hong Kong stands on top of Kowloon Station, which gave its name to the original proposal for the building. The tower is not as high as in earlier plans because of regulations that prevented buildings from being taller than the surrounding mountains. A five-star hotel occupies the upper fifteen floors of the building. There is an observation deck on the 100th floor and a number of five-star restaurants on the 101st floor. ● Petronas Tower These towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are the tallest twin buildings in the world. They were built on the site of the city’s horse-racing tracking and an exclusive shopping centre is located at the base. The towers are connected by a sky bridge on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest two-storey bridge in the world. It is open to the public, but only a limited number of free tickets are given out each day, and visitors are allowed no more than ten minutes on the bridge. 1.In which two buildings can you book a room? A. Buri Khalifa and Shanghai World Financial Centre. B. International Commerce Centre and Petronas Towers. C. Burj Khalifa and International Commerce Centre. D. Petronas Towers and Burj Khalifa. 2.________ is/are shorter than it/they was/were designed to be. A. Burj Khalifa B. Shanghai World Financial Centre C. Petronas Towers D. International Commerce Centre 3.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Shanghai World Financial Centre took longer to complete than planned. B. Visitors have to pay to stay on the two-storey bridge in Petronas Towers. C. International Commerce Centre is named after its investor. D. The top floor of Buri Khalifa is accessible to everyone. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海闵行中学·期中）Science advances fastest when data and conclusions are shared as quickly as possible. Yet it is common practice for medical researchers to conceal results for months or years until research is published in an academic journal. Even then, the data supporting a study are often not revealed. The motive to withhold findings is powerful. Journal papers are the key measure of a scientist’s productivity. To win research money and get promoted, scientists need to increase an impressive list of publications. Yet the delays in spreading knowledge have the capacity to do real harm. Nor are elite journals the guardians of quality that they often claim to be. The number of papers so flawed that they need to be retracted has risen sharply in the past two decades. Studies in elite journals (such as Nature and Science) are no statistically stronger than those in lesser journals. Science should not, and need not, be restrained by journal publication. Three sensible reforms would ensure that researchers’ results could be communicated to more people more quickly, without any decline in quality. Step one is for the organizations that finance research to demand that scientists put their academic papers, along with their experimental data, in publicly accessible “databases” before they are sent to a journal. That would allow other researchers to make use of the findings without delay. Those opposing such “preprints” argue that they allow work of poor quality to grow wildly because it has not yet been peer-reviewed. That may surprise physicists and mathematicians, who have been posting work to arXiv, a preprint database, for more than 25 years with no ill effects. Step two is to improve the process of peer review itself. Journals currently administer a system of organizing anonymous peer reviewers to pass judgment on new research — a fact they use, in part, to justify their sky — high subscription prices. But this process tends to be abused. At its worst, groups of researchers are suspected of guaranteeing favorable reviews for each other’s work. Better that reviewers are named and that the reviews are published. The Gates foundation has announced its support for an online database where such open peer review of papers takes place. The database was launched last year by the Welcome Trust, meaning that the world’s two largest medical charities have thrown their weight behind it. Others should follow. Finally, science needs to stop relying so much on journal publication as the only recognized qualification for researchers and the only path to career progression. Tools exist that report how often a preprint has been viewed, for example, or whether a clinical data set has been cited in guidelines for doctors. A handful of firms are using artificial intelligence to assess the scientific importance of research, disregarding how it has been spread. Such approaches need encouragement. Journals may lose out, but science itself will benefit. 1.The passage primarily argues ________. A. why scientists should timely make public their information with other peers B. how a reliable system that promotes fast sharing of academic outcomes can be established C. how the scientific circle ensures the quality of those research papers published in journals D. what the difference is between the studies posted to preprint databases and the elite journals 2.Which of the following is NOT the reason why scientists hold back their findings? A. They want to climb up the career ladders. B. They want to show their capacity of yielding great researches. C. They want to ensure the scientific validity before releasing them. D. They want to get funded for their study. 3.What can help reduce academics’ dependence on journal publication? A. Using tools to report the frequency of a preprint being viewed. B. Firms using advanced technology to produce research. C. Citing doctors’ guideline in processing a clinical data. D. Finding methods to assess the way those studies are shared or spread. 4.Which one of the following statements will the author most probably agree with? A. Full trust can be put in elite journals like Science and Nature. B. The prospect of scientific journals undoubtedly outweighs that of science. C. The popularity of preprint will inevitably bring about a careless academic world. D. Organizations ought to employ an open measure to conduct the peer review. 主题语境02 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）Humans are born explorers and adventurers. We have this “desire” to explore new places and to go beyond. We have already climbed the highest mountain, explored the vastness of the Antarctica and the emptiness of Sahara. We have also reached outer space, stepped on the surface of our neighbour, the moon, and one day might even explore the vastness of our universe. There seems to be no end to humanity’s appetite for exploring our surroundings and the unknown. However, there are still some places on Earth that have not yet been reached or fully explored. And these places are some of the most isolated and mysterious places on this planet. Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. The trench measures around 2,550 km long and 70 km wide on average, and reaches a depth of over 10,994 metres at one small part known as the Challenger Deep. The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous. Still, life can be found in this part of the ocean. Previous expeditions to the trench have revealed a number of organisms and sea creatures, living in the deep sea. Vale do Javari, Brazil With an area of about 85,444. 82 km², Vale do Javari is one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil. The rainforest was named after the vast Javari River, which is the most important river system in the region. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth and also one of the hardest places to reach. The isolation of this remote place is largely due to the thick forest and extreme geographic location. In spite of its isolation, the tropical rainforest is home to a great number of indigenous people or Indian tribes. Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest. Entering the region is prohibited by Brazilian law and the Vale do Javari is especially well-protected from outsiders and explorers by a local organisation dedicated to maintaining its rich biodiversity and protecting the forest from exploitation. Tsingy de Bemaraha Located near the western coast of Madagascar, the Tsingy de Bemaraha has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 to protect its unique geography and preserve the mangrove forests. The place is also home to huge numbers of animals and even new species. Some of the biggest attractions in this protected reserve are the incredibly needle-shaped limestone formations. However, those formations pose great dangers to explorers. In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect, which makes exploring them extremely difficult and dangerous. Access to this nature reserve is limited, although tourists can reach the area either by road or plane. 1.Why is the Mariana Trench considered one of the least explored places on Earth? A. It is located too far from any continent. B. Its width makes it impossible to map accurately. C. It lacks any signs of life or scientific value. D. Its extreme depth leads to dangerous water pressure. 2.Based on the description of Vale do Javari, which of the following can be inferred about its indigenous tribes? A. They actively engage with modern society through trade. B. Their existence was confirmed through technological means. C. They rely on the Javari River for transportation to cities. D. Their population is precisely documented by Brazilian authorities. 3.What can be concluded about the Tsingy de Bemaraha from the local meaning of “Tsingy”? A. It is a popular tourist destination for hiking enthusiasts. B. The area is primarily covered by mangrove forests. C. Its limestone formations are exceptionally sharp and hazardous. D. Visitors must remove their shoes to enter the reserve. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）Soon after sunset, a strange clicking fills the air at Hanningfield Reservoir in Essex. Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building. The noise sounds like experimental electronic music. About 20 years ago, conservationists first noticed soprano pipistrelles — tiny British bats — at Hanningfield. Since then, the colony has grown from around 500 in the early 2010s to over 2,000 today. This is just one example of a wider trend. Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working, even if they sometimes make building new homes or roads more difficult. Bats are harder to count than birds because they come out at night and make sounds we can’t hear. But studies of their feeding and roosting (栖息) habits show that nearly all common bat species have increased since the late 1990s. One type, the greater horseshoe bat, has tripled in number. In contrast, many bird populations are still falling. Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers. Old farm buildings, piles of dry grass, and broken farm machines, once perfect bat homes, disappeared. Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years. Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. British bats also seem less affected by white-nose syndrome, a deadly disease that has wiped out many bats in North America. These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere. For bat protectors, this creates a “licence to kill”. Public attitudes to bats have warmed over the years, though not to the point of adoration. Technology, like better bat detectors, might help more people learn to love them. The better you know something, the more you worry about it. 1.What do we know about the bats at Hanningfield Reservoir? A. Their sounds are being monitored by devices and volunteers. B. Their numbers have grown because of the relaxed regulations. C. They have caused huge disturbances to nearby construction. D. They represent the largest bat colony ever recorded in Britain. 2.Which line chart shows the correct trend of the bats population? A. B. C. D. 3.Why are bats subject to habitat losses? A. Because their natural habitats can keep them from various deadly diseases. B. Because they lose the magical power to protect the modern farm buildings. C. Because individual bats cannot survive without constant group communication. D. Because their low reproduction rate and long lifespan require stability for growth. 4.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. Habitat Loss and Disease: The Ongoing Threats to Bat Survival B. Bats and Technology: How Detectors Are Changing Conservation C. From Past to Present: The Tragic Fate of UK’s Bat Populations D. The Comeback of Bats: A Conservation Success Story with Challenges 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）Frida Kahlo was one of the most influential Latin American figures of the 20th century. As the daughter of a German father and a Mexican mother, she was born on July 6, 1907. She grew up in Coyoacan, on the outskirts of Mexico City. When she was seven, a viral disease called polio made her very sick, weakening the muscles in her right leg. While in school, Kahlo witnessed a number of bloody struggles between armed groups in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution. It was essentially a fight for better living conditions for the disadvantaged. Because of her experiences in Mexico City, Kahlo became a strong supporter of peasants' rights. Later, in 1925, she was in a bus accident that broke her backbone, dislocated her shoulder, and caused other terrible injuries. To relieve the boredom of recovery and to help deal with the pain and sadness of the accident, she began to paint. In her paintings, Kahlo really explored her identity. Her Work deals wither status as a woman, her mixed ancestry, her turbulent marriage to Mexican communist painter Diego Rivera, the pain of her injuries, and her commitment to revolutionary politics. Many people consider her paintings examples of surrealism, since much of what she painted was fantastical, but Kahlo never considered herself a surrealist. Kahlo's work is unique because she took the bright colors and dramatic symbolism of Mexican culture and combined them with traditions from European art. In the most famous painting called "Two Fridas," she paints two versions of herself, one in traditional Mexican clothes and another in European clothes of an earlier century. A vein (静脉) connects the hearts of the two women, and blood is dripping out from one end. This was painted just after she and Rivera got divorced. If you look closely. you can see that the Mexican Kahlo holds a portrait of Rivera. Symbols such as the exposed hearts and stormy sky suggest the pain that Kahlo felt. Check out how one of the hearts is broken. and the other one's whole. She seems to be suggesting that Rivera only loved the Mexican part of hers. In a lot of ways, Kahlo had an unhappy life. She died when she was only 47 years old. Her art is filled with sadness, but it also expresses pride in her Mexican heritage and the joy of being a woman. 1.What led Kahlo to support the rights of poor laborers? A. The fact that her father was a German migrant laborer. B. The time she spent working as a laborer during the 1920s. C. Her marriage to the Mexican nationalist painter Diego Rivera. D. Her experiences in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution. 2.Place the following events in time order: ①Kahlo was hurt in a bus accident; ②Kahlo witnessed the Mexican Revolution; ③Kahlo began painting. A. ①②③ B. ②①③ C. ②③① D. ③①② 3.The underlined word "turbulent" in Paragraph 3 most probably means________. A. artistically well-matched B. fantastic and extremely loving C. filled with dramatic ups and downs D. very politically conscious 4.How were Frida Kahlo's paintings similar to those of the surrealists? A. They both focused on gender identity. B. They both promoted socialist politics. C. They both contained dreamlike imagery D. They both combined Mexican and European art. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaptation can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type. Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists — people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior. Many companies that are born digital — particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle — are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem. The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account. Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field. The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition. 1.Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize machine-learning operation? A. Technological problems B. Expert crisis. C. High cost. D. Customer interactions. 2.What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning? A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix. B. Machine learning plays an important role in existing applications. C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies. D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest. 3.The underlined word “fields” in the 3rd paragraph most probably means ______. A. avoids B. classifies C. creates D. solves 4.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. Data science: a forefront force in tech business B. Corporate competition: an obstacle to the transition C. Machine learning: a key to smart technology D. Technique experts: a decisive factor of the coming era 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海静安区市西中学·期中）Have you ever entered a store and noticed a pleasant smell of fresh bread or coffee? This is often not by chance. Many businesses now use a strategy called scent marketing to shape customer feelings and shopping behavior. By pumping specific smells in their stores, they create a welcoming environment that encourages people to stay longer and spend more. A well-known example comes from a Brooklyn supermarket that set up small scent machines. These devices release appealing smells like chocolate cookies or sea air at different times. The store manager found that customers not only stayed longer but also reported a better shopping experience. More importantly, sales of some items, especially baked foods, rose noticeably after the machines were installed. Why does this work so well? Research shows that smell is strongly connected to memory and emotion. This happens because the part of our brain that processes smells is close to the part that handles emotions and memories. When we smell something pleasant, it can bring back happy memories and make us feel good. For example, the smell of baking bread might remind you of your grandmother’s kitchen, making you feel warm and comfortable. When customers feel happy and relaxed, they are more likely to stay longer in the store and make purchases. Importantly, we usually notice these smells without full awareness, so their effect on our choices is subtle yet powerful. Besides supermarkets, many other places now use scent marketing. For example, some hotels release a relaxing smell of lavender (薰衣草) in their lobbies to help guests feel calm and welcome. Clothing stores might use light floral scents to create a fresh and clean environment, making customers more likely to try on clothes and enjoy their time shopping. This strategy is becoming more common because it offers a simple way to improve the customer’s experience without them even realizing it. However, some people worry that this practice is a form of manipulation. They question if it is right to use hidden methods to influence spending. Despite these concerns, scent marketing continues to grow in use across various industries, from hotels to car dealerships, showing that for many businesses, engaging the sense of smell is as important as visual appeal. 1.According to the passage, what specific result did the Brooklyn supermarket observe after installing scent machines? A. Customers complained about artificial smells. B. Sales of baked goods significantly increased. C. The machines were removed due to high costs. D. Customers preferred the smell of sea air over food scents. 2.Based on the explanation of how scent marketing works, why might a clothing store use light floral scents? A. To cover up unpleasant odors in the dressing rooms. B. To remind customers of nature and encourage eco-friendly purchases. C. To create an atmosphere where shoppers feel more comfortable. D. To alert customers to its potential stealth marketing. 3.The phrase “a form of manipulation” in the last paragraph refers to ________. A. making customers buy things they do not truly want B. using hidden methods to influence people without their awareness C. tricking people into believing products are more valuable than they are D. forcing businesses to use expensive scent machines 4.Which title best summarizes the main idea of the entire passage? A. The History of Supermarket Advertising B. The Science of Baking and Bread Smells C. Why Customers Dislike Scent Machines D. How Scents Secretly Shape Shopping Behavior Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海育才中学·期中）On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people-at least seven of the world’s eight billion-still do not speak English. That leaves options like gestures, or, increasingly, technology. More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps’ conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours. You may still get a surprise or two. Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often makes mistakes. Take “my wife is gluten-free (不含谷蛋白的)”, the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate turns this into “my wife is without gluten”-true to the words rather than the meaning. DeepL, a rival, does better, offering various options, most of them along the correct lines. The best tool may not be a translation app at all. Though not marketed for the purpose, ChatGPT, an AI system that generates prose according to users’ prompts, is multilingual. Rather than entering an exact text to translate, users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that we would like the tasting menu, but that my wife is gluten-free, so we want substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speaking actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celiacata. It is a paraphrase rather than a translation, more like having a native-speaking dinner companion than an automated interpreter. Travel has long been a motivator for study-unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a declining pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a multilingualist, has argued that something profound will vanish when people talk through machines. He describes giving a halting, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest? Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanizing themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and pasta without incident (and sometimes without gluten). 1.What do most people do now if they can’t speak English in foreign places? A. Switch to their own mother languages. B. Refer to the phrasebooks they have carried. C. Turn to technology to get a spoken translation. D. Rely on free tools to communicate through gestures. 2.What advantage does ChatGPT have over translation apps? A. Including conversation mode. B. Providing more instant responses. C. Offering a wider range of languages. D. Producing more accurate translations. 3.The underlined word “halting” (in paragraph 5) most probably refers to ______. A. lasting a short time but containing many words B. showing strong emotions, especially by crying C. slow, stopping and starting repeatedly D. happening naturally, without planning 4.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Travel no longer motivates people to learn languages thanks to AI tools. B. People may lose interest in learning a new language due to translation apps. C. Not everyone has a real need to practice foreign languages while ordering food. D. A good command of Mandarin can give language learners a sense of accomplishment. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·上海控江中学·期中）A method for “reanimating” organ donors’ hearts works just as well as the standard approach to collecting hearts for transplantation, new trial data shows. If widely applied, the method could increase the heart donor pool by an estimated 30 per cent. “If we could snap our fingers and just get people to use this, I think it probably would go up even more than that,” said Dr Jacob Schroder, a transplant surgeon at the Duke University School of Medicine. “This really should be the standard of care.” Most transplanted hearts come from brain-dead donors who’ve died due to a complete loss of brain activity, rather than circulatory death (循环衰竭死亡), in which the heart stops. A brain-dead patient can be declared dead before their heart stops beating, and this allows doctors to remove the heart while it’s still perfused with oxygen-rich blood, and therefore not yet damaged by a lack of oxygen. The heart is then washed with a preservation solution, placed in an ice-filled cooler and rushed to its recipient (接受者). In the recent trial results, doctors compared the survival rates of transplant recipients who got hearts from brain-dead donors with the survival rates of those who got hearts from donors who’d died of circulatory death. A total of 166 US-based heart transplant patients were included in the primary analysis, 86 in the brain death group and 80 in the circulatory-death group. Six months post-surgery, the brain-death group had a 90 per cent survival rate and the circulatory-death group had a 94 per cent survival rate, suggesting that donation after circulatory death, or DCD, is an equally feasible approach to heart transplants. DCD is made possible by extracorporeal (体外的) machine perfusion, which involves hooking up the donor organ to a machine that pumps blood and nutrients through its tissues. The new trial tested a perfusion system called Organ Care System Heart, made by TransMedics, the trial’s funder. The system warms the blood that it pumps through the donor hearts, as compared with other perfusion systems, which still require the organ be cooled as part of the preservation process. Although the two groups had similar survival rates at six months, compared with the traditional heart transplant group, the DCD group had slightly higher rates of moderate to severe primary graft dysfunction (原发性移植器官功能不良), in which one or both of the heart’s ventricles (心室) show dangerous dysfunction within 24 hours of the transplantation surgery. However, none of the DCD patients had primary graft failure that resulted in retransplantation, while two people in the traditional transplant group did. Overall, the rate of serious negative events was very low and similar in both groups, as assessed out to 30 days post-surgery. The new trial involved multiple medical centres and builds upon previous evidence in favour of DCD, which mostly drew from isolated cases and small trials performed at single centres in Australia and the United Kingdom. 1.Why is Dr Jacob Schroder in favour of the new approach to collecting hearts? A. ‘Reanimating’ organ donors’ hearts work much better. B. The new approach standardizes the traditional routine. C. The sources of donated hearts will be greatly enriched. D. Patients widely apply for the approval of the approach. 2.The underlined word “perfused” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________. A. spread through B. portioned evenly C. perceived lacking D. draining off swiftly 3.How does a ‘reanimated’ heart compare with one from a brain-dead donor? A. A ‘reanimated’ heart doesn’t need to be cooled while the other does. B. The heart from brain-dead donors is more likely to suffer dysfunction. C. The DCD group has undergone retransplantation due to heart failure. D. Similar percentage of patients survive post-surgically at six months. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. A Debate on the Conventional and Novel Approaches B. ‘Reanimated’ Hearts Can Be Successfully Transplanted C. DCD — a Medical Breakthrough with Perfect Effects D. Standard Heart Transplantation Proves Unparalleled 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Water is the lifeblood of our planet, shaping our climate and supporting all life. Yet, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) highlights a pressing reality: the global water cycle is spinning out of balance, presenting one of the most significant challenges of the 21st century. The Global Water Crisis by the Numbers The scale of the challenge is reflected in these critical data points: 70% Agriculture uses around 70% of all water withdrawals. 50% In 2022, over 50% of global catchment areas and reservoirs displayed deviations from normal conditions. 50% Around half of the world’s population experiences severe water scarcity for at least some part of the year. 700 000+ Droughts between 1970and 2019 led to 0ver 700, 000 drought-related deaths and over 260 billion USD of economic losses. 74% Between 2001 and 2018, around 74% of all natural disasters were water related. 1.8 billion Around 1.8 billion people face significant flood risk worldwide. WMO’s Response: Data for a Water-Secure Future In response to these interconnected crises, WMO focuses on providing authoritative data and forecasts to support global water management. Key initiatives include: ●The Global Water Report: An annual assessment offering a consolidated overview of the world’s freshwater resources. ●Operational Forecasting: Delivering vital information on river flow, groundwater, and soil moisture to support climate adaptation. ●The HydroSOS System: Implementing the Hydrological Status and Outlook System to provide real-time assessment and prediction of water conditions at a global and regional scale. A Call for Integrated Action WMO underscores that solving the water crisis requires bridging critical gaps. Many nations lack the capacity to monitor their water resources effectively, and water policies are often underfunded and fragmented. The path forward lies in strengthened international cooperation, improved data sharing, and significant investment in monitoring technology and infrastructure to ensure water security for all. 1.According to the data panel, which of the following statements is accurate? A. The economic losses caused by droughts from 1970 to 2019 exceeded 700 billion USD. B. The majority of the world’s population suffers from severe water scarcity throughout the entire year. C. In 2022, the water levels in most of the world’s catchment areas and reservoirs remained within the normal range. D. Water-related disasters accounted for nearly three-quarters of all natural disasters in the first 18 years of this century. 2.What is the primary purpose of this web page? A. To showcase the organization’s success in predicting major water-related disasters. B. To advertise a newly launched international project for sustainable water conservation. C. To raise funds for the victims of droughts and floods who are living in water-stressed countries. D. To present a gloomy picture of global water challenges and the scientific response led by WMO. 3.Imagine you are a government official in a region that experiences both seasonal floods and droughts. Based on the passage, which WMO initiative would be most directly useful for your planning? A. The key parameters like groundwater levels and climate dynamics in Operational Forecasting. B. The HydroSOS system’s assessment and prediction of water conditions. C. The precise global figures on populations exposed to flood and drought risks. D. The detailed global statistics on freshwater resources in the Global Water Report. 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）Given the buzz it’s created, there’s a good chance you’ve heard about ChatGPT. It’s an interactive chatbot powered by machine learning. The technology has basically devoured the entire Internet, reading the collective works of humanity and learning patterns in language that it can recreate. All you have to do is give it a prompt (提示), and ChatGPT can do an endless array of things: write a story in a particular style, answer a question, explain a concept, compose an email—write a college essay-and it will spit out coherent, seemingly human—written text in seconds. The technology is both awesome and terrifying. 22-year-old Edward Tian is working feverishly on a new app to combat misuse of ChatGPT. Over the last couple years, Tian has been studying an AI system called GPT-3, a predecessor to ChatGPT that was less user-friendly and largely inaccessible to the general public because it was behind a paywall. As part of his studies this fall semester, Tian researched how to detect text written by the AI system while working at Princeton’s Natural Language Processing Lab. Then, as the semester was coming to a close, OpenAI, the company behind GPT-3 and other AI tools, released ChatGPT to the public for free. For the millions of people around the world who have used it since, interacting with the technology has been like getting a peek into the future; a future that not too long ago would have seemed like science fiction. For many users of the new technology, wonderment quickly turned to alarm. How-many jobs will this kill? Will this empower nefarious (恶意的) actors and further corrupt our public discourse (公共话语)? How will this disrupt our education system? What is the point of learning to write essays at school when AI-which is expected to get exponentially better in the near future-can do that for us? Tian had an idea. What if he applied what he had learned at school over the last couple years to help the public identify whether something has been written by a machine? Tian already had the know-how and even the software on his laptop to create such a program. Ironically, this software, called GitHub Co-Pilot, is powered by GPT-3. With its assistance, Tian was able to create a new app within three days. It’s a testament to the power of this technology to make us more productive. On January 2nd, Tian released his app GPTZero. It basically uses ChatGPT against itself, checking whether “there’s zero involvement or a lot of involvement” of the AI system in creating a given text. When Tian went to bed that night, he didn’t expect much for his app. When he woke up, his phone had blown up. He saw countless texts and DMs from journalists, principals, teachers, you name it, from places as far away as France and Switzerland. His app, which is hosted by a free platform, became so popular it crashed. Excited by the popularity and purpose of his app, the hosting platform has since granted Tian the resources needed to scale the app’s services to a mass audience. 1.Which of the following statements is TRUE about GPT-3? A. It’s designed and researched by Edward Tian in Princeton University B. Not many ordinary people have used it because it is not free. C. It is in the same AI system series as ChatGPT and GPTZero. D. It used to be less user-friendly than ChatGPT but has outdone it now. 2.Wonderment at ChatGPT quickly turned to alarm because many users have the following concerns over ChatGPT EXCEPT _______. A. AI may replace human beings in the future when it comes to writing essays. B. Actors may turn bad or even evil if the new technology is adopted in acting. C. The education system may be badly impacted by the misuse of the new technology. D. Many people may be out of employment because of the new technology. 3.Principals and teachers may get interested in Edward Tian’s new app probably because _______. A. the app is hosted by a free platform which is very popular. B. they know many journalists are also very interested in it. C. they are eager to share the resources Edward Tian is granted. D. they are worried about the possibility of students cheating in writing. 4.Which of the following expressions can best describe the principle behind GPTZero? A. Harm set, harm get. B. Birds of a feather flock together. C. Fight a man with his own weapon. D. Great minds think alike. 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·上海民办文绮中学·期中）Regret gets a bad press. It is a painful emotion experienced upon realizing that a different decision would have led to a better outcome. And it is something that we strive to avoid. In sharp contrast, our recent research on children’s decision making emphasizes that the ability to experience regret is a developmental achievement associated with learning to make better choices. How does one go about studying regret in children, given that they might not have the term “regret” in their vocabulary? Developmental psychologists ask children to make simple choices between two options. The ability to experience regret can be tested for by asking children to express how they feel about the outcome of their decision on a child-friendly rating scale before and then after they see what they could have won instead. Feeling worse in the light of information about the prize they would have won had they decided differently is interpreted as evidence of regret. Studies using this method show that regret doesn’t emerge until about six years of age and most samples of six-year-olds will contain children who are able to experience regret and children who are not. This means that we can examine the consequences of experiencing regret for decision making in a sample of these children. If regret is involved with learning how to make better decisions then we should see more adaptive decision making in children who experience regret than in those who do not. Adaptive decision making requires decisions that are sensible in the light of the child’s earlier experience. To test this assumption, we ran a two-day procedure. On the first day, children completed the regret task described above. On the second day, we presented children with exactly the same decision that they made the day before. We found that those who experienced regret over their decision the previous day were significantly more likely to make a different choice on day two. This suggests that the role of regret is to help children remember bad choices so that they can be avoided in the future. 1.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain why regret is a harmful emotion for children’s development. B. To introduce a research method used in studying children’s emotions. C. To present a negative view of regret and warn people against it. D. To discuss new findings on the positive role of regret in children’s learning. 2.According to the passage, how is regret detected in children during the experiment? A. By asking them to describe their feelings using the word“ regret”. B. By comparing their reported feelings before and after seeing a better alternative. C. By observing whether they change their choice immediately. D. By analyzing their vocabulary related to emotions. 3.The underlined word“ adaptive” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A. quick and hurried B. sensible and experience-based C. random and unchangeable D. repeated and cautious 4.What can be inferred from the two-day experiment? A. Most children cannot experience regret until they are older than six. B. Children who feel regret are less likely to repeat a poor choice. C. The same decision will always be made if children feel regretful. D. Regret helps children remember the exact prize they missed. 主题语境03 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·上海崇明中学·期中）Between 1990 and 2014, forests in Europe grew by 13 million hectares, roughly the size of Greece, but this came with a cost. To meet crop demands within the European Union, forests in tropical countries had to be cleared, with about 1 million hectares lost to make up for the drop in EU production. This phenomenon, called biodiversity “leakage,” is a key issue with conservation and rewilding projects, particularly those in wealthier, lower-biodiversity nations. Andrew Balmford from the University of Cambridge, part of a group of scientists advocating for greater attention to this issue, argues that restoring nature in wealthy yet nature-depleted (耗尽的) parts of the world often shifts production of food and other goods to more wildlife-abundant regions, leading to a net loss of biodiversity. This impact is rarely tracked, meaning the benefits of such conservation efforts may be overstated. The UK, for example, is among the most nature-depleted countries, with half its biodiversity lost due to habitat destruction for buildings and fuel production. This trend is seen in other industrialized regions, including parts of Europe and North America. While conservation groups promote rewilding to restore indigenous wildlife, Balmford warns that if productive farmland in countries like the UK is rewilded, it may lead to increased habitat destruction in other regions. For example, as more biodiversity countries increase production to meet food demands, the net result could be a loss of biodiversity. Even rewilding low-grade land could negatively impact biodiversity if productive land elsewhere is used for farming. This issue, though discussed in conservation circles, is rarely addressed. One possible solution is to focus action on biodiversity nations, but this raises geopolitical challenges, says Steve Carver at the University of Leeds. For conservation to succeed, higher-income countries must lead by example, fulfilling their biodiversity obligations instead of offshoring them. Balmford suggests that a better approach could involve managing trade-offs domestically. If countries like the UK want vast wild landscapes, they must accept the costs, which may include more intensive farming or land conversion. For example, in Sierra Leone, conservationists are working with farmers to boost yields while protecting the Gola rainforest. Alister Scott from The Global Rewilding Alliance cautions against overburdening conservationists by shifting responsibility for land productivity. Instead, he advocates focusing on the root causes of land demand. Shifting the global food system to plant-based alternatives could reduce land competition, allowing both rich and poor nations to rewild. With a global change in diet, the world could meet its food needs without harming biodiversity. 1.Which of the following statements about rewilding projects is correct? A. Rewilding always results in increased food production in wealthier countries. B. Rewilding mainly involves monitoring conservation efforts to improve ecosystems. C. Rewilding efforts in nature-depleted countries always lead to a net gain in biodiversity. D. Rewilding can lead to the relocation of food production to regions with greater biodiversity. 2.The author cites the UK as an example mainly in order to ________. A. emphasize the benefits rewilding has brought to UK B. highlight the challenges of rewilding in wealthy nations C. argue for more land to be set aside for wildlife in the UK D. show the effectiveness of intensive farming methods in the UK 3.According to Balmford, a better approach to conservation involves ________. A. relying on other countries to manage their biodiversity B. ignoring the costs of conservation and doing anything at will C. avoiding any changes to land use in high-income countries D. wealthy countries accepting local changes for conservation 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. The Success of Biodiversity Efforts in the UK B. The Benefits of Rewilding in Wealthy Nations C. Balancing Conservation with Global Food Demands. D. Reducing Land Competition Through Plant-Based Diets / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题03阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.D3.A Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.C3.A4.D 主题语境02人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.B3.C Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.D 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.D2.B3.C4.C 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.C2.D3.D4A 主题语境03人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.D 112 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.D3.C4B Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B 主题语境04人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.D3.B 》 拓展培优 主题语境01人与社会-科学与技术 【答案】1.B2.B3.D4.C 主题语境02人与自我-做人与做事 【答案】1.D2.B3.B4B 主题语境03人与自然-环境 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.C 212 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）For years, the Empire State Building in New York was recognized as the tallest building in the world, but in recent decades, many much higher structures have been built. Read on to learn more about four of the tallest skyscrapers existing today. ● Buri Khalifa Buri Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is currently the tallest building in the world. The tower is part of a new development built on a man-made lake. Burj Khalifa has a distinctive shape so that the windows look out onto the Persian Gulf. A 304-room hotel occupies the lower floors and there is an observation deck on the 124th floor. The top floor is home to a private VIP club, closed to anyone except members. ● Shanghai World Financial Centre This skyscraper has the highest observation deck in the world, although the building itself is no longer the tallest. Construction stopped between 1998 and 2003 because of the Asian financial crisis, but it was eventually finished in 2008. The most distinctive feature in its design is the geometric opening at the top of the tower. ● International Commerce Centre This skyscraper in Hong Kong stands on top of Kowloon Station, which gave its name to the original proposal for the building. The tower is not as high as in earlier plans because of regulations that prevented buildings from being taller than the surrounding mountains. A five-star hotel occupies the upper fifteen floors of the building. There is an observation deck on the 100th floor and a number of five-star restaurants on the 101st floor. ● Petronas Tower These towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are the tallest twin buildings in the world. They were built on the site of the city’s horse-racing tracking and an exclusive shopping centre is located at the base. The towers are connected by a sky bridge on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest two-storey bridge in the world. It is open to the public, but only a limited number of free tickets are given out each day, and visitors are allowed no more than ten minutes on the bridge. 1.In which two buildings can you book a room? A. Buri Khalifa and Shanghai World Financial Centre. B. International Commerce Centre and Petronas Towers. C. Burj Khalifa and International Commerce Centre. D. Petronas Towers and Burj Khalifa. 2.________ is/are shorter than it/they was/were designed to be. A. Burj Khalifa B. Shanghai World Financial Centre C. Petronas Towers D. International Commerce Centre 3.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Shanghai World Financial Centre took longer to complete than planned. B. Visitors have to pay to stay on the two-storey bridge in Petronas Towers. C. International Commerce Centre is named after its investor. D. The top floor of Buri Khalifa is accessible to everyone. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. A 【解析】 本文属于说明文。短文介绍了现存的四座最高的摩天大楼。 【解析】 1.细节理解题。本题干的关键词“book a room”，根据第一个黑体字“Buri Khalifa”哈利法塔，结合下文中的“A 304-room hotel occupies the lower floors and there is an observation deck on the 124th floor. ”一家有304个房间的酒店位于较低的楼层，124楼有一个观景台。可知，在哈利法塔的较低楼层有一家拥有304个房间的酒店，这里你可以预订房间；结合“ International Commerce Centre”环球贸易广场，下文中“A five-star hotel occupies the upper fifteen floors of the building. There is an observation deck on the 100th floor and a number of five-star restaurants on the 101st floor.”一家五星级酒店占据了大楼的最高十五层。100楼有一个观景台，101楼有几家五星级餐厅。可知，环球贸易广场有一座五星级酒店，综上，可以预定房间的地方是Buri Khalifa和International Commerce Centre。选项C符合文意。故选C。 2.细节理解题。根据第三个黑体字“International Commerce Centre”下中的“The tower is not as high as in earlier plans because of regulations that prevented buildings from being taller than the surrounding mountains.”由于规定不允许建筑物高于周围的群山，这座大楼没有以前设计的那么高。据此可知，International Commerce Centre比设计的高度要低，选项D符合文意。故选D。 3.细节理解题。根据第二个黑体字“Shanghai World Financial Centre”中的“Construction stopped between 1998 and 2003 because of the Asian financial crisis, but it was eventually finished in 2008. ”由于亚洲金融危机，建筑工程在1998年至2003年间停工，但最终在2008年竣工。据此可知，上海环球金融中心的建筑工程因为金融危机停了5年，竣工时间最终在2008年完成。这比原预定的时间要晚，也就是比计划完成的时间长。选项A符合文意。根据最后一段中“ The towers are connected by a sky bridge on the 41st and 42nd floors, which is the highest two-storey bridge in the world. It is open to the public, but only a limited number of free tickets are given out each day, and visitors are allowed no more than ten minutes on the bridge.”塔楼由41楼和42楼的空中桥连接，这是世界上最高的两层桥。它对公众开放，但每天只发放有限的免费门票，游客在桥上的停留时间不得超过10分钟。据此可知，参观两层桥时，游客可持有限的免费门票，在桥上的停留时间不得超过10分钟。选项B和文意不符；结合第四段中“This skyscraper in Hong Kong stands on top of Kowloon Station, which gave its name to the original proposal for the building. ”这座香港的摩天大楼（环球贸易广场）坐落在九龙站的顶端，九龙站就是以它的名字命名的。讲述了九龙站的名字的来历，选项C提到说环球贸易广场是以其投资者命名的。文中并未提及；结合第一个黑体字“Buri Khalifa”中“The top floor is home to a private VIP club, closed to anyone except members.”顶层是私人贵宾俱乐部所在地，除了会员，不对任何人开放。选项D说哈利法塔的顶层对所有人开放和文意不符。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海闵行中学·期中）Science advances fastest when data and conclusions are shared as quickly as possible. Yet it is common practice for medical researchers to conceal results for months or years until research is published in an academic journal. Even then, the data supporting a study are often not revealed. The motive to withhold findings is powerful. Journal papers are the key measure of a scientist’s productivity. To win research money and get promoted, scientists need to increase an impressive list of publications. Yet the delays in spreading knowledge have the capacity to do real harm. Nor are elite journals the guardians of quality that they often claim to be. The number of papers so flawed that they need to be retracted has risen sharply in the past two decades. Studies in elite journals (such as Nature and Science) are no statistically stronger than those in lesser journals. Science should not, and need not, be restrained by journal publication. Three sensible reforms would ensure that researchers’ results could be communicated to more people more quickly, without any decline in quality. Step one is for the organizations that finance research to demand that scientists put their academic papers, along with their experimental data, in publicly accessible “databases” before they are sent to a journal. That would allow other researchers to make use of the findings without delay. Those opposing such “preprints” argue that they allow work of poor quality to grow wildly because it has not yet been peer-reviewed. That may surprise physicists and mathematicians, who have been posting work to arXiv, a preprint database, for more than 25 years with no ill effects. Step two is to improve the process of peer review itself. Journals currently administer a system of organizing anonymous peer reviewers to pass judgment on new research — a fact they use, in part, to justify their sky — high subscription prices. But this process tends to be abused. At its worst, groups of researchers are suspected of guaranteeing favorable reviews for each other’s work. Better that reviewers are named and that the reviews are published. The Gates foundation has announced its support for an online database where such open peer review of papers takes place. The database was launched last year by the Welcome Trust, meaning that the world’s two largest medical charities have thrown their weight behind it. Others should follow. Finally, science needs to stop relying so much on journal publication as the only recognized qualification for researchers and the only path to career progression. Tools exist that report how often a preprint has been viewed, for example, or whether a clinical data set has been cited in guidelines for doctors. A handful of firms are using artificial intelligence to assess the scientific importance of research, disregarding how it has been spread. Such approaches need encouragement. Journals may lose out, but science itself will benefit. 1.The passage primarily argues ________. A. why scientists should timely make public their information with other peers B. how a reliable system that promotes fast sharing of academic outcomes can be established C. how the scientific circle ensures the quality of those research papers published in journals D. what the difference is between the studies posted to preprint databases and the elite journals 2.Which of the following is NOT the reason why scientists hold back their findings? A. They want to climb up the career ladders. B. They want to show their capacity of yielding great researches. C. They want to ensure the scientific validity before releasing them. D. They want to get funded for their study. 3.What can help reduce academics’ dependence on journal publication? A. Using tools to report the frequency of a preprint being viewed. B. Firms using advanced technology to produce research. C. Citing doctors’ guideline in processing a clinical data. D. Finding methods to assess the way those studies are shared or spread. 4.Which one of the following statements will the author most probably agree with? A. Full trust can be put in elite journals like Science and Nature. B. The prospect of scientific journals undoubtedly outweighs that of science. C. The popularity of preprint will inevitably bring about a careless academic world. D. Organizations ought to employ an open measure to conduct the peer review. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章指出医学科研成果公布滞后、期刊质量被高估，提出三项改革：建立预印本数据库、开放同行评审、减少对期刊发表的依赖，以加快学术共享、推动科学发展。 (1)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Science should not, and need not, be restrained by journal publication. Three sensible reforms would ensure that researchers’ results could be communicated to more people more quickly, without any decline in quality.(科学不应也不必受到期刊发表的限制。实施三项合理的改革措施，能够确保研究人员的研究成果能够以更快的速度传递给更多的人，并且不会影响其质量)”结合文章指出医学科研成果公布滞后、期刊质量被高估，提出三项改革：建立预印本数据库、开放同行评审、减少对期刊发表的依赖，以加快学术共享、推动科学发展。可知，文章主要论述了如何建立一个能够促进学术成果快速共享的可靠系统。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“The motive to withhold findings is powerful. Journal papers are the key measure of a scientist’s productivity. To win research money and get promoted, scientists need to increase an impressive list of publications.(隐瞒研究结果的动机很强。期刊论文是衡量科学家产出的关键标准。为了获得研究资金和晋升，科学家需要增加令人印象深刻的发表清单)”可知，C选项“他们希望在公布之前先确保其科学性”并非是科学家们对研究成果有所保留的原因。故选C。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Finally, science needs to stop relying so much on journal publication as the only recognized qualification for researchers and the only path to career progression. Tools exist that report how often a preprint has been viewed, for example, or whether a clinical data set has been cited in guidelines for doctors. (最后，科学界需要停止过度依赖期刊发表作为衡量研究人员能力的唯一标准以及衡量职业发展路径的唯一方式。确实存在一些工具可以报告一份预印本被浏览的次数，或者某个临床数据集是否已被纳入医生的诊疗指南之中)”可知，利用工具来记录预印本的浏览次数能够帮助减少学者对期刊发表的依赖。故选A。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Better that reviewers are named and that the reviews are published. The Gates foundation has announced its support for an online database where such open peer review of papers takes place.(最好还是公布评审人员的姓名，并将评审结果公布于众。盖茨基金会已宣布支持建立一个在线数据库，用于此类公开的同行论文评审工作)”可知，作者认为组织应当采用开放的方式来进行同行评审。故选D。 主题语境02 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）Humans are born explorers and adventurers. We have this “desire” to explore new places and to go beyond. We have already climbed the highest mountain, explored the vastness of the Antarctica and the emptiness of Sahara. We have also reached outer space, stepped on the surface of our neighbour, the moon, and one day might even explore the vastness of our universe. There seems to be no end to humanity’s appetite for exploring our surroundings and the unknown. However, there are still some places on Earth that have not yet been reached or fully explored. And these places are some of the most isolated and mysterious places on this planet. Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. The trench measures around 2,550 km long and 70 km wide on average, and reaches a depth of over 10,994 metres at one small part known as the Challenger Deep. The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous. Still, life can be found in this part of the ocean. Previous expeditions to the trench have revealed a number of organisms and sea creatures, living in the deep sea. Vale do Javari, Brazil With an area of about 85,444. 82 km², Vale do Javari is one of the largest indigenous territories in Brazil. The rainforest was named after the vast Javari River, which is the most important river system in the region. It is one of the most isolated places on Earth and also one of the hardest places to reach. The isolation of this remote place is largely due to the thick forest and extreme geographic location. In spite of its isolation, the tropical rainforest is home to a great number of indigenous people or Indian tribes. Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest. Entering the region is prohibited by Brazilian law and the Vale do Javari is especially well-protected from outsiders and explorers by a local organisation dedicated to maintaining its rich biodiversity and protecting the forest from exploitation. Tsingy de Bemaraha Located near the western coast of Madagascar, the Tsingy de Bemaraha has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990 to protect its unique geography and preserve the mangrove forests. The place is also home to huge numbers of animals and even new species. Some of the biggest attractions in this protected reserve are the incredibly needle-shaped limestone formations. However, those formations pose great dangers to explorers. In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect, which makes exploring them extremely difficult and dangerous. Access to this nature reserve is limited, although tourists can reach the area either by road or plane. 1.Why is the Mariana Trench considered one of the least explored places on Earth? A. It is located too far from any continent. B. Its width makes it impossible to map accurately. C. It lacks any signs of life or scientific value. D. Its extreme depth leads to dangerous water pressure. 2.Based on the description of Vale do Javari, which of the following can be inferred about its indigenous tribes? A. They actively engage with modern society through trade. B. Their existence was confirmed through technological means. C. They rely on the Javari River for transportation to cities. D. Their population is precisely documented by Brazilian authorities. 3.What can be concluded about the Tsingy de Bemaraha from the local meaning of “Tsingy”? A. It is a popular tourist destination for hiking enthusiasts. B. The area is primarily covered by mangrove forests. C. Its limestone formations are exceptionally sharp and hazardous. D. Visitors must remove their shoes to enter the reserve. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马里亚纳海沟、雅瓦里谷和贝马拉哈地质公园三个地球上未被完全探索的偏远神秘之地。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean部分中的“The Mariana Trench is considered one of the least explored parts of the world due to its extreme depth. At this depth, the water pressure can be very dangerous.(由于其极深的深度，马里亚纳海沟被认为是世界上探索最少的地区之一。在这个深度，水压可能非常危险)”可知，马里亚纳海沟被认为是地球上探索最少的地方之一，是因为它极深的深度导致了危险的水压。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据Vale do Javari, Brazil部分中的“Those tribes, believed to be as many as 200 to 3,300 people, were first discovered through satellite images of the vast rainforest.(这些部落的人口估计在200到3300人之间，最初是通过这片广阔雨林的卫星图像被发现的)”可知，雅瓦里谷的土著部落的存在是通过卫星图像这一技术手段被证实的。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据Tsingy de Bemaraha部分中的“In fact, the word “Tsingy” is derived from a local word, which means “the place where one cannot walk barefoot.” The limestone formations are terribly sharp and can easily cut through flesh with deadly effect.(事实上，“青吉”一词来源于当地的一个词汇，意思是“不能光脚行走的地方”。这些石灰岩构造极其锋利，很容易割破皮肤，造成致命伤害)”可知，从Tsingy的当地含义可推断出，贝马拉哈地质公园的石灰岩构造异常锋利且具有危险性。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海曹杨第二中学·期中）Soon after sunset, a strange clicking fills the air at Hanningfield Reservoir in Essex. Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building. The noise sounds like experimental electronic music. About 20 years ago, conservationists first noticed soprano pipistrelles — tiny British bats — at Hanningfield. Since then, the colony has grown from around 500 in the early 2010s to over 2,000 today. This is just one example of a wider trend. Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working, even if they sometimes make building new homes or roads more difficult. Bats are harder to count than birds because they come out at night and make sounds we can’t hear. But studies of their feeding and roosting (栖息) habits show that nearly all common bat species have increased since the late 1990s. One type, the greater horseshoe bat, has tripled in number. In contrast, many bird populations are still falling. Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers. Old farm buildings, piles of dry grass, and broken farm machines, once perfect bat homes, disappeared. Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years. Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. British bats also seem less affected by white-nose syndrome, a deadly disease that has wiped out many bats in North America. These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere. For bat protectors, this creates a “licence to kill”. Public attitudes to bats have warmed over the years, though not to the point of adoration. Technology, like better bat detectors, might help more people learn to love them. The better you know something, the more you worry about it. 1.What do we know about the bats at Hanningfield Reservoir? A. Their sounds are being monitored by devices and volunteers. B. Their numbers have grown because of the relaxed regulations. C. They have caused huge disturbances to nearby construction. D. They represent the largest bat colony ever recorded in Britain. 2.Which line chart shows the correct trend of the bats population? A. B. C. D. 3.Why are bats subject to habitat losses? A. Because their natural habitats can keep them from various deadly diseases. B. Because they lose the magical power to protect the modern farm buildings. C. Because individual bats cannot survive without constant group communication. D. Because their low reproduction rate and long lifespan require stability for growth. 4.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage? A. Habitat Loss and Disease: The Ongoing Threats to Bat Survival B. Bats and Technology: How Detectors Are Changing Conservation C. From Past to Present: The Tragic Fate of UK’s Bat Populations D. The Comeback of Bats: A Conservation Success Story with Challenges 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国蝙蝠数量回升的保护成效，同时提及蝙蝠生存仍面临的栖息地等相关挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Some noises come from bat detectors, which change the high sounds made by bats into ones people can hear. Others come from small counters used by volunteers to count the bats flying out of a building.(一些声音来自蝙蝠探测器，它能将蝙蝠发出的高频声音转换为人耳可听见的声音。另一些声音来自志愿者使用的小型计数器，他们用这些计数器来统计从一栋建筑中飞出的蝙蝠数量)”可知，汉宁菲尔德水库的蝙蝠，其声音正被探测设备监测，同时志愿者也在通过计数器对它们进行统计监测。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Still, Britain likely has fewer bats than it did in the past. In the 18th century, the naturalist Gilbert White reported seeing hundreds at once over the Thames. But after World War II, poisonous chemicals, bad weather, and modern farming reduced their numbers.(尽管如此，英国的蝙蝠数量可能还是比过去少。在18世纪，博物学家吉尔伯特·怀特报告说，他在泰晤士河上同时看到了数百只。但在第二次世界大战后，有毒的化学物质、恶劣的天气和现代农业减少了它们的数量)”以及第五段中“Thankfully, strict environmental laws have made these losses rare. (值得庆幸的是，严格的环境法律使这些消失变得罕见)”可知，蝙蝠数量趋势是：18世纪有，二战时最多，之后开始减少，严格的法律实施后开始回升，但到目前其数量还是比以前少。符合该描述的是C选项对应的图表。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Because bats live long lives, have only one baby a year, and depend on group homes, losing even one large roost can hurt their numbers for years.(由于蝙蝠寿命长，每年只产一只幼崽，且依赖群体栖息地生存，即使失去一个大型栖息地，也会在未来几年影响它们的种群数量)”可知，蝙蝠寿命长、繁殖率低且依赖群体栖息地，这就要求它们的生存环境保持稳定，一旦栖息地遭到破坏，就容易出现种群数量受损的情况，所以它们易受栖息地丧失的影响。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“Bat numbers are rising in Britain, which shows that some environmental laws are working (英国的蝙蝠数量正在增加，这表明一些环境法规正在发挥作用)”，以及第六段中的“These days bats have the magical power of blocking housing and infrastructure, or raising its cost. In Norfolk, plans for a new road have been suspended because of rare barbastelle bats. A special bridge for bats along the HS2 railway is costing over £100 million. For a government eager for growth, this is unacceptable. A new law may reduce bat protections, letting developers destroy habitats as long as they pay to restore them elsewhere. (如今，蝙蝠竟拥有了阻碍住房与基础设施建设、或抬高其造价的“神奇影响力”。在诺福克郡，一条新建公路的规划因珍稀的长翼蝙蝠而被迫暂停。英国HS2高铁沿线一座专为蝙蝠修建的专用桥梁，耗资已超 1 亿英镑。对于一心渴求发展的政府而言，这样的情况令人无法接受。一项新法案或将削弱对蝙蝠的保护力度，允许开发商破坏蝙蝠栖息地，前提是他们出资在其他地方重建相应栖息地)”可知，文章既讲述了英国蝙蝠数量回升这一保护成功的案例，又阐述了其当下面临的建设阻碍、保护政策可能收紧等挑战。因此最适合的标题是 “蝙蝠的回归：一个伴随着挑战的保护成功故事”。故选D项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）Frida Kahlo was one of the most influential Latin American figures of the 20th century. As the daughter of a German father and a Mexican mother, she was born on July 6, 1907. She grew up in Coyoacan, on the outskirts of Mexico City. When she was seven, a viral disease called polio made her very sick, weakening the muscles in her right leg. While in school, Kahlo witnessed a number of bloody struggles between armed groups in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution. It was essentially a fight for better living conditions for the disadvantaged. Because of her experiences in Mexico City, Kahlo became a strong supporter of peasants' rights. Later, in 1925, she was in a bus accident that broke her backbone, dislocated her shoulder, and caused other terrible injuries. To relieve the boredom of recovery and to help deal with the pain and sadness of the accident, she began to paint. In her paintings, Kahlo really explored her identity. Her Work deals wither status as a woman, her mixed ancestry, her turbulent marriage to Mexican communist painter Diego Rivera, the pain of her injuries, and her commitment to revolutionary politics. Many people consider her paintings examples of surrealism, since much of what she painted was fantastical, but Kahlo never considered herself a surrealist. Kahlo's work is unique because she took the bright colors and dramatic symbolism of Mexican culture and combined them with traditions from European art. In the most famous painting called "Two Fridas," she paints two versions of herself, one in traditional Mexican clothes and another in European clothes of an earlier century. A vein (静脉) connects the hearts of the two women, and blood is dripping out from one end. This was painted just after she and Rivera got divorced. If you look closely. you can see that the Mexican Kahlo holds a portrait of Rivera. Symbols such as the exposed hearts and stormy sky suggest the pain that Kahlo felt. Check out how one of the hearts is broken. and the other one's whole. She seems to be suggesting that Rivera only loved the Mexican part of hers. In a lot of ways, Kahlo had an unhappy life. She died when she was only 47 years old. Her art is filled with sadness, but it also expresses pride in her Mexican heritage and the joy of being a woman. 1.What led Kahlo to support the rights of poor laborers? A. The fact that her father was a German migrant laborer. B. The time she spent working as a laborer during the 1920s. C. Her marriage to the Mexican nationalist painter Diego Rivera. D. Her experiences in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution. 2.Place the following events in time order: ①Kahlo was hurt in a bus accident; ②Kahlo witnessed the Mexican Revolution; ③Kahlo began painting. A. ①②③ B. ②①③ C. ②③① D. ③①② 3.The underlined word "turbulent" in Paragraph 3 most probably means________. A. artistically well-matched B. fantastic and extremely loving C. filled with dramatic ups and downs D. very politically conscious 4.How were Frida Kahlo's paintings similar to those of the surrealists? A. They both focused on gender identity. B. They both promoted socialist politics. C. They both contained dreamlike imagery D. They both combined Mexican and European art. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. C　4. C 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了著名墨西哥女画家弗里达·卡罗及其作品。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Because of her experiences in Mexico City, Kahlo became a strong supporter of peasants' rights.(因为在墨西哥城的经历，卡罗成为了农民权利的坚定支持者)”可知，卡罗在墨西哥革命期间在墨西哥城的经历促使她支持贫穷劳工的权利。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“While in school, Kahlo witnessed a number of bloody struggles between armed groups in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution. (在上学期间，卡罗目睹了墨西哥革命期间墨西哥城武装组织之间的多次血腥斗争)”、“Later, in 1925, she was in a bus accident that broke her backbone, dislocated her shoulder, and caused other terrible injuries. (后来，在1925年，她在一场公共汽车事故中脊椎骨折，肩膀脱臼，并造成其他严重的伤害)”和第三段“To relieve the boredom of recovery and to help deal with the pain and sadness of the accident, she began to paint. (为了缓解恢复期的无聊，也为了缓解事故带来的痛苦和悲伤，她开始画画)”可知，卡罗先见证了墨西哥革命，然后在一场公共汽车事故中受伤，最后开始绘画。所以按时间顺序排列为②①③。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据文章第四段 “This was painted just after she and Rivera got divorced. If you look closely. you can see that the Mexican Kahlo holds a portrait of Rivera. Symbols such as the exposed hearts and stormy sky suggest the pain that Kahlo felt. Check out how one of the hearts is broken. and the other one's whole. She seems to be suggesting that Rivera only loved the Mexican part of hers. (这幅画是她和里维拉离婚后画的。如果你仔细看。你可以看到墨西哥的卡罗拿着里维拉的画像。像暴露的心和暴风骤雨的天空这样的符号暗示着卡罗所感受到的痛苦。看看其中一颗心是如何破碎的。另一个是完整的。她似乎在暗示里维拉只爱她的墨西哥血统。)”可知，卡罗与丈夫里维拉的婚姻是动荡的、充满了戏剧性的起伏。所以turbulent为“动荡的、充满了戏剧性的起伏”之意。故选C。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Many people consider her paintings examples of surrealism, since much of what she painted was fantastical (许多人认为她的画是超现实主义的例子，因为她画的很多东西都是幻想的)”可知，弗里达·卡罗的画与超现实主义画家的画相似之处在于它们都包含幻想的，梦幻般的意象。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·上海吴淞中学·期中）With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaptation can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type. Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists — people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior. Many companies that are born digital — particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle — are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem. The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account. Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field. The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition. 1.Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize machine-learning operation? A. Technological problems B. Expert crisis. C. High cost. D. Customer interactions. 2.What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning? A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix. B. Machine learning plays an important role in existing applications. C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies. D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest. 3.The underlined word “fields” in the 3rd paragraph most probably means ______. A. avoids B. classifies C. creates D. solves 4.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. Data science: a forefront force in tech business B. Corporate competition: an obstacle to the transition C. Machine learning: a key to smart technology D. Technique experts: a decisive factor of the coming era 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍大数据时代下数据科学的需求热潮、应用场景，以及传统企业应用数据科学面临的挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation.(制约许多传统企业的因素将是开展正规机器学习业务的高昂成本。)”可知，传统企业推广机器学习业务的主要障碍是开展相关业务的高昂成本。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.(例如，Pinterest维护着100多个机器学习模型，这些模型可以应用于不同类型的问题，并且它不断地处理那些渴望使用这种资源来处理业务问题的经理们的请求。)”可知，Pinterest有100多个机器学习模型，且管理者迫切希望用其解决业务问题，未提及模型不足以解决问题。因此选项D“Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.(机器学习模型不足以解决Pinterest的业务问题。)”并未提及。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.(例如，Pinterest维护着100多个机器学习模型，这些模型可以应用于不同类型的问题，并且它不断地……那些渴望使用这种资源来处理业务问题的经理们的请求。)”可知，管理者迫切希望借助Pinterest的机器学习资源解决业务问题，因此会向其提出需求。“fields”在此处表示“处理、应对”，与选项 D“solves(解决)”含义最契合。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaptation can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type. (随着大数据时代的来临，数据科学理应备受追捧——其应用能深刻改变企业竞争力。无论是数字原生企业还是传统企业，都在纷纷展现自身的数据科学实力。因此，市场对这类专业人才的需求也日益旺盛。)”以及全文内容可知，本文核心围绕大数据时代下数据科学的市场需求、应用场景，以及传统企业与数字原生企业在该领域的布局差异、面临的挑战展开，数据科学是贯穿全文的核心主题。选项A“Data science: a forefront force in tech business(数据科学：科技行业的前沿力量)”能全面概括全文核心，既体现了数据科学的重要地位，也涵盖了企业应用相关内容。故选A。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·上海静安区市西中学·期中）Have you ever entered a store and noticed a pleasant smell of fresh bread or coffee? This is often not by chance. Many businesses now use a strategy called scent marketing to shape customer feelings and shopping behavior. By pumping specific smells in their stores, they create a welcoming environment that encourages people to stay longer and spend more. A well-known example comes from a Brooklyn supermarket that set up small scent machines. These devices release appealing smells like chocolate cookies or sea air at different times. The store manager found that customers not only stayed longer but also reported a better shopping experience. More importantly, sales of some items, especially baked foods, rose noticeably after the machines were installed. Why does this work so well? Research shows that smell is strongly connected to memory and emotion. This happens because the part of our brain that processes smells is close to the part that handles emotions and memories. When we smell something pleasant, it can bring back happy memories and make us feel good. For example, the smell of baking bread might remind you of your grandmother’s kitchen, making you feel warm and comfortable. When customers feel happy and relaxed, they are more likely to stay longer in the store and make purchases. Importantly, we usually notice these smells without full awareness, so their effect on our choices is subtle yet powerful. Besides supermarkets, many other places now use scent marketing. For example, some hotels release a relaxing smell of lavender (薰衣草) in their lobbies to help guests feel calm and welcome. Clothing stores might use light floral scents to create a fresh and clean environment, making customers more likely to try on clothes and enjoy their time shopping. This strategy is becoming more common because it offers a simple way to improve the customer’s experience without them even realizing it. However, some people worry that this practice is a form of manipulation. They question if it is right to use hidden methods to influence spending. Despite these concerns, scent marketing continues to grow in use across various industries, from hotels to car dealerships, showing that for many businesses, engaging the sense of smell is as important as visual appeal. 1.According to the passage, what specific result did the Brooklyn supermarket observe after installing scent machines? A. Customers complained about artificial smells. B. Sales of baked goods significantly increased. C. The machines were removed due to high costs. D. Customers preferred the smell of sea air over food scents. 2.Based on the explanation of how scent marketing works, why might a clothing store use light floral scents? A. To cover up unpleasant odors in the dressing rooms. B. To remind customers of nature and encourage eco-friendly purchases. C. To create an atmosphere where shoppers feel more comfortable. D. To alert customers to its potential stealth marketing. 3.The phrase “a form of manipulation” in the last paragraph refers to ________. A. making customers buy things they do not truly want B. using hidden methods to influence people without their awareness C. tricking people into believing products are more valuable than they are D. forcing businesses to use expensive scent machines 4.Which title best summarizes the main idea of the entire passage? A. The History of Supermarket Advertising B. The Science of Baking and Bread Smells C. Why Customers Dislike Scent Machines D. How Scents Secretly Shape Shopping Behavior 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍“气味营销”现象。文章指出商家利用特定气味营造购物环境，吸引顾客延长停留时间并增加消费。文章以布鲁克林超市为例说明其效果，解释气味与记忆和情绪的关联，并提及酒店、服装店等也运用此策略。最后，文章也讨论了这种做法引发的关于操控的争议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“A well-known example comes from a Brooklyn supermarket that set up small scent machines. These devices release appealing smells like chocolate cookies or sea air at different times. The store manager found that customers not only stayed longer but also reported a better shopping experience. More importantly, sales of some items, especially baked foods, rose noticeably after the machines were installed.(一个著名的例子来自布鲁克林的一家超市，这家超市安装了小型气味机。这些设备在不同时间释放出巧克力饼干或海风等诱人的气味。店经理发现，顾客不仅停留的时间更长，而且购物体验也更好。更重要的是，安装了这些机器后，一些商品，尤其是烘焙食品的销量明显上升。)”可知，布鲁克林超市安装了气味机后，观察到烘焙食品的销量显著增加。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Research shows that smell is strongly connected to memory and emotion. This happens because the part of our brain that processes smells is close to the part that handles emotions and memories. When we smell something pleasant, it can bring back happy memories and make us feel good.(研究表明，气味与记忆和情感紧密相连。这是因为我们大脑中处理气味的部分与处理情感和记忆的部分很近。当我们闻到令人愉快的气味时，它会唤起美好的回忆，让我们感觉良好。)”以及第四段“Clothing stores might use light floral scents to create a fresh and clean environment, making customers more likely to try on clothes and enjoy their time shopping.(服装店可能会使用淡淡的花香来营造一个清新干净的环境，让顾客更愿意试穿衣服，享受购物时光。)”可知，服装店使用淡淡的花香是为了创造一个让购物者感觉更舒适的环境。故选C。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“However, some people worry that this practice is a form of manipulation. They question if it is right to use hidden methods to influence spending.(然而，一些人担心这种做法是……。他们质疑使用隐藏的方法来影响消费是否正确。)”以及后文“Despite these concerns, scent marketing continues to grow in use across various industries, from hotels to car dealerships, showing that for many businesses, engaging the sense of smell is as important as visual appeal.(他们质疑使用隐蔽手段影响消费是否恰当。尽管存在这些担忧，气味营销在酒店业到汽车经销商等各个行业中的应用仍在不断扩大，这表明对许多企业来说，调动嗅觉感官与视觉吸引力一样重要。)”可知，一些人担心这种做法是一种隐蔽手段影响消费，质疑该方法是否正确，故划线词“a form of manipulation”指的是“一种操纵手段”，B选项“using hidden methods to influence people without their awareness(利用隐秘手段在人们毫无察觉的情况下对他们施加影响)”与划线词意思相近。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Many businesses now use a strategy called scent marketing to shape customer feelings and shopping behavior. By pumping specific smells in their stores, they create a welcoming environment that encourages people to stay longer and spend more.(许多企业现在使用一种称为气味营销的策略来塑造顾客的感受和购物行为。通过在商店里注入特定的气味，他们创造了一个欢迎的环境，鼓励人们停留更长时间，花更多的钱。)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了气味营销这一策略，以及它是如何秘密地影响购物行为的，因此，D选项“How Scents Secretly Shape Shopping Behavior(气味如何秘密地影响购物行为)”最符合文章主旨。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·上海育才中学·期中）On holiday, many will find themselves in places where they do not speak the language. Once upon a time, they might have carried a phrasebook. The rise of English has made that less necessary. But most people-at least seven of the world’s eight billion-still do not speak English. That leaves options like gestures, or, increasingly, technology. More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps’ conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours. You may still get a surprise or two. Google Translate may be the best-known name in machine translation, but it often makes mistakes. Take “my wife is gluten-free (不含谷蛋白的)”, the kind of thing you might say at a restaurant abroad. In French or Italian, Google Translate turns this into “my wife is without gluten”-true to the words rather than the meaning. DeepL, a rival, does better, offering various options, most of them along the correct lines. The best tool may not be a translation app at all. Though not marketed for the purpose, ChatGPT, an AI system that generates prose according to users’ prompts, is multilingual. Rather than entering an exact text to translate, users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that we would like the tasting menu, but that my wife is gluten-free, so we want substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speaking actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celiacata. It is a paraphrase rather than a translation, more like having a native-speaking dinner companion than an automated interpreter. Travel has long been a motivator for study-unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a declining pursuit. Douglas Hofstadter, a multilingualist, has argued that something profound will vanish when people talk through machines. He describes giving a halting, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end. Who would boast of taking a helicopter to the top of Mount Everest? Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of sustained contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanizing themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and pasta without incident (and sometimes without gluten). 1.What do most people do now if they can’t speak English in foreign places? A. Switch to their own mother languages. B. Refer to the phrasebooks they have carried. C. Turn to technology to get a spoken translation. D. Rely on free tools to communicate through gestures. 2.What advantage does ChatGPT have over translation apps? A. Including conversation mode. B. Providing more instant responses. C. Offering a wider range of languages. D. Producing more accurate translations. 3.The underlined word “halting” (in paragraph 5) most probably refers to ______. A. lasting a short time but containing many words B. showing strong emotions, especially by crying C. slow, stopping and starting repeatedly D. happening naturally, without planning 4.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Travel no longer motivates people to learn languages thanks to AI tools. B. People may lose interest in learning a new language due to translation apps. C. Not everyone has a real need to practice foreign languages while ordering food. D. A good command of Mandarin can give language learners a sense of accomplishment. 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在外国不会说英语时人们借助技术工具进行翻译以及由此引发的对语言学习的思考。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak.(越来越多的人开始使用简单、免费的工具，不仅用来翻译文本，还用于口语交流。)”可知，现在大多数人在国外不会说英语时会求助于技术来获得语音翻译。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Rather than entering an exact text to translate, users can tell ChatGPT to “write a message in Spanish to a waiter that we would like the tasting menu, but that my wife is gluten-free, so we want substitutions for anything that has gluten.” And out pops a perfect paragraph, including the way Spanish-speaking actually say “my wife is gluten-free”: mi esposa es celiacata. It is a paraphrase rather than a translation, more like having a native-speaking dinner companion than an automated interpreter.(用户不需要输入要翻译的确切文本，而是可以告诉ChatGPT“用西班牙语给服务员写一条信息，我们想要品尝菜单，但我妻子不吃谷蛋白，所以任何含谷蛋白的东西我们都要替换。”接着就会弹出一个完美的段落，包括说西班牙语的人实际上是怎么说“我妻子不吃谷蛋白”的：mi esposa es celiacata。这是一种意译，而不是翻译，更像是有一个说母语的晚餐伙伴，而不是一个自动翻译。)”可知，ChatGPT与翻译应用程序相比，它能产生更准确的翻译。故选D。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第五段中“He describes giving a halting, difficult speech in Mandarin, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of accomplishment at the end.(他描述了自己用普通话发表演讲时的艰难与halting，虽然这需要付出很多努力，但完成后却带来了一种成就感。谁会吹嘘自己乘坐直升机登上了珠穆朗玛峰之巅呢？)”可知，此处描述的是说中文的过程很艰难，需要付出很多努力，halting最可能的意思是“缓慢的，反复停顿和开始的”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Travel has long been a motivator for study-unless people start to feel AI tools offer a good-enough service. Some are concerned that apps are turning language acquisition into a declining pursuit.(长期以来，旅行一直是人们学习语言的动力——除非人们开始觉得人工智能工具提供的服务已经足够好。有些人担心，这些应用程序正在让语言学习逐渐走向衰落。)”可知，人们可能会因为翻译应用程序而对学习一门新语言失去兴趣 。故选B。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·上海控江中学·期中）A method for “reanimating” organ donors’ hearts works just as well as the standard approach to collecting hearts for transplantation, new trial data shows. If widely applied, the method could increase the heart donor pool by an estimated 30 per cent. “If we could snap our fingers and just get people to use this, I think it probably would go up even more than that,” said Dr Jacob Schroder, a transplant surgeon at the Duke University School of Medicine. “This really should be the standard of care.” Most transplanted hearts come from brain-dead donors who’ve died due to a complete loss of brain activity, rather than circulatory death (循环衰竭死亡), in which the heart stops. A brain-dead patient can be declared dead before their heart stops beating, and this allows doctors to remove the heart while it’s still perfused with oxygen-rich blood, and therefore not yet damaged by a lack of oxygen. The heart is then washed with a preservation solution, placed in an ice-filled cooler and rushed to its recipient (接受者). In the recent trial results, doctors compared the survival rates of transplant recipients who got hearts from brain-dead donors with the survival rates of those who got hearts from donors who’d died of circulatory death. A total of 166 US-based heart transplant patients were included in the primary analysis, 86 in the brain death group and 80 in the circulatory-death group. Six months post-surgery, the brain-death group had a 90 per cent survival rate and the circulatory-death group had a 94 per cent survival rate, suggesting that donation after circulatory death, or DCD, is an equally feasible approach to heart transplants. DCD is made possible by extracorporeal (体外的) machine perfusion, which involves hooking up the donor organ to a machine that pumps blood and nutrients through its tissues. The new trial tested a perfusion system called Organ Care System Heart, made by TransMedics, the trial’s funder. The system warms the blood that it pumps through the donor hearts, as compared with other perfusion systems, which still require the organ be cooled as part of the preservation process. Although the two groups had similar survival rates at six months, compared with the traditional heart transplant group, the DCD group had slightly higher rates of moderate to severe primary graft dysfunction (原发性移植器官功能不良), in which one or both of the heart’s ventricles (心室) show dangerous dysfunction within 24 hours of the transplantation surgery. However, none of the DCD patients had primary graft failure that resulted in retransplantation, while two people in the traditional transplant group did. Overall, the rate of serious negative events was very low and similar in both groups, as assessed out to 30 days post-surgery. The new trial involved multiple medical centres and builds upon previous evidence in favour of DCD, which mostly drew from isolated cases and small trials performed at single centres in Australia and the United Kingdom. 1.Why is Dr Jacob Schroder in favour of the new approach to collecting hearts? A. ‘Reanimating’ organ donors’ hearts work much better. B. The new approach standardizes the traditional routine. C. The sources of donated hearts will be greatly enriched. D. Patients widely apply for the approval of the approach. 2.The underlined word “perfused” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________. A. spread through B. portioned evenly C. perceived lacking D. draining off swiftly 3.How does a ‘reanimated’ heart compare with one from a brain-dead donor? A. A ‘reanimated’ heart doesn’t need to be cooled while the other does. B. The heart from brain-dead donors is more likely to suffer dysfunction. C. The DCD group has undergone retransplantation due to heart failure. D. Similar percentage of patients survive post-surgically at six months. 4.Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. A Debate on the Conventional and Novel Approaches B. ‘Reanimated’ Hearts Can Be Successfully Transplanted C. DCD — a Medical Breakthrough with Perfect Effects D. Standard Heart Transplantation Proves Unparalleled 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新试验证明，通过体外灌注技术“复活”循环死亡供体的心脏移植效果与传统脑死亡供体相当，可扩大供体库30%，尽管移植后中重度功能障碍率略高，但术后6个月存活率与严重并发症发生率无显著差异。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“If widely applied, the method could increase the heart donor pool by an estimated 30 per cent. (如果这种方法得到广泛应用，估计可以使心脏供体库增加30%。)”和Jacob Schroder博士所说的话“If we could snap our fingers and just get people to use this, I think it probably would go up even more than that (如果我们打个响指就能让人们使用它，我认为它可能会上升得更多)”可知，Jacob Schroder博士支持新方法是因为它能显著增加心脏供体来源。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“A brain-dead patient can be declared dead before their heart stops beating (一个脑死亡的病人可以在心脏停止跳动之前被宣布死亡)”和下文“and therefore not yet damaged by a lack of oxygen (因此还没有因为缺氧而受损)”可知，脑死亡供体被拆除心脏前，心脏仍在跳动，没有缺氧。由此可知，医生是在心脏仍充满富氧血液时将其取出，画线词意为“遍布，充满”，与spread through“蔓延”意思接近。B. 均匀分配；C. 被认为缺乏；D. 快速流失。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Six months post-surgery, the brain-death group had a 90 per cent survival rate and the circulatory-death group had a 94 per cent survival rate, suggesting that donation after circulatory death, or DCD, is an equally feasible approach to heart transplants. (术后6个月，脑死亡组的存活率为90%，循环死亡组的存活率为94%，这表明循环死亡后捐赠，或者说DCD，是心脏移植同样可行的方法。)”和最后一段中“Although the two groups had similar survival rates at six months (尽管两组在六个月时的存活率相似)”可知，两种心脏移植后患者术后6个月存活率相近。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“A method for “reanimating” organ donors’ hearts works just as well as the standard approach to collecting hearts for transplantation, new trial data shows. (新的试验数据显示，一种使器官捐献者的心脏“复活”的方法与收集用于移植的心脏的标准方法一样有效。)”可知，文章围绕循环死亡后心脏经灌注技术复活并成功移植这一试验结果展开，指出这种心脏移植方式的效果与传统脑死亡供体相当，可扩大供体库30%，尽管移植后中重度功能障碍率略高，但术后6个月存活率与严重并发症发生率无显著差异。因此，B项“‘复活’的心脏可以成功移植”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·上海复旦大学附属中学·期中）Water is the lifeblood of our planet, shaping our climate and supporting all life. Yet, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) highlights a pressing reality: the global water cycle is spinning out of balance, presenting one of the most significant challenges of the 21st century. The Global Water Crisis by the Numbers The scale of the challenge is reflected in these critical data points: 70% Agriculture uses around 70% of all water withdrawals. 50% In 2022, over 50% of global catchment areas and reservoirs displayed deviations from normal conditions. 50% Around half of the world’s population experiences severe water scarcity for at least some part of the year. 700 000+ Droughts between 1970and 2019 led to 0ver 700, 000 drought-related deaths and over 260 billion USD of economic losses. 74% Between 2001 and 2018, around 74% of all natural disasters were water related. 1.8 billion Around 1.8 billion people face significant flood risk worldwide. WMO’s Response: Data for a Water-Secure Future In response to these interconnected crises, WMO focuses on providing authoritative data and forecasts to support global water management. Key initiatives include: ●The Global Water Report: An annual assessment offering a consolidated overview of the world’s freshwater resources. ●Operational Forecasting: Delivering vital information on river flow, groundwater, and soil moisture to support climate adaptation. ●The HydroSOS System: Implementing the Hydrological Status and Outlook System to provide real-time assessment and prediction of water conditions at a global and regional scale. A Call for Integrated Action WMO underscores that solving the water crisis requires bridging critical gaps. Many nations lack the capacity to monitor their water resources effectively, and water policies are often underfunded and fragmented. The path forward lies in strengthened international cooperation, improved data sharing, and significant investment in monitoring technology and infrastructure to ensure water security for all. 1.According to the data panel, which of the following statements is accurate? A. The economic losses caused by droughts from 1970 to 2019 exceeded 700 billion USD. B. The majority of the world’s population suffers from severe water scarcity throughout the entire year. C. In 2022, the water levels in most of the world’s catchment areas and reservoirs remained within the normal range. D. Water-related disasters accounted for nearly three-quarters of all natural disasters in the first 18 years of this century. 2.What is the primary purpose of this web page? A. To showcase the organization’s success in predicting major water-related disasters. B. To advertise a newly launched international project for sustainable water conservation. C. To raise funds for the victims of droughts and floods who are living in water-stressed countries. D. To present a gloomy picture of global water challenges and the scientific response led by WMO. 3.Imagine you are a government official in a region that experiences both seasonal floods and droughts. Based on the passage, which WMO initiative would be most directly useful for your planning? A. The key parameters like groundwater levels and climate dynamics in Operational Forecasting. B. The HydroSOS system’s assessment and prediction of water conditions. C. The precise global figures on populations exposed to flood and drought risks. D. The detailed global statistics on freshwater resources in the Global Water Report. 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球水循环失衡的危机现状、相关数据、世界气象组织的应对举措及对联合行动的呼吁。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文中数据栏中的“74% Between 2001 and 2018, around 74% of all natural disasters were water related.(74%2001年至2018年间，约74%的自然灾害与水有关)”可知，本世纪前18 年（2001-2018 年），与水相关的灾害占所有自然灾害的近四分之三。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的 “Yet, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) highlights a pressing reality: the global water cycle is spinning out of balance, presenting one of the most significant challenges of the 21st century.(然而，世界气象组织（WMO）强调了一个紧迫的现实：全球水循环正失去平衡，这是21世纪面临的最重大挑战之一)”以及第三段中的“In response to these interconnected crises, WMO focuses on providing authoritative data and forecasts to support global water management.(为应对这些相互关联的危机，世界气象组织致力于提供权威数据和预测，以支持全球水资源管理)”可知，网页核心目的是呈现全球水资源危机的严峻形势以及世界气象组织的科学应对措施。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据WMO’s Response: Data for a Water-Secure Future中的“The HydroSOS System: Implementing the Hydrological Status and Outlook System to provide real-time assessment and prediction of water conditions at a global and regional scale.(水文预警系统：实施水文状况与展望系统，提供全球和区域层面水资源状况的实时评估和预测)”可知，该地区面临季节性洪涝和干旱，需要实时掌握并预测水资源动态以制定规划，水文预警系统的评估和预测功能最为直接适用。故选B项。 主题语境01 人与社会-科学与技术 （25-26高二上·上海同济第一附中·期中）Given the buzz it’s created, there’s a good chance you’ve heard about ChatGPT. It’s an interactive chatbot powered by machine learning. The technology has basically devoured the entire Internet, reading the collective works of humanity and learning patterns in language that it can recreate. All you have to do is give it a prompt (提示), and ChatGPT can do an endless array of things: write a story in a particular style, answer a question, explain a concept, compose an email—write a college essay-and it will spit out coherent, seemingly human—written text in seconds. The technology is both awesome and terrifying. 22-year-old Edward Tian is working feverishly on a new app to combat misuse of ChatGPT. Over the last couple years, Tian has been studying an AI system called GPT-3, a predecessor to ChatGPT that was less user-friendly and largely inaccessible to the general public because it was behind a paywall. As part of his studies this fall semester, Tian researched how to detect text written by the AI system while working at Princeton’s Natural Language Processing Lab. Then, as the semester was coming to a close, OpenAI, the company behind GPT-3 and other AI tools, released ChatGPT to the public for free. For the millions of people around the world who have used it since, interacting with the technology has been like getting a peek into the future; a future that not too long ago would have seemed like science fiction. For many users of the new technology, wonderment quickly turned to alarm. How-many jobs will this kill? Will this empower nefarious (恶意的) actors and further corrupt our public discourse (公共话语)? How will this disrupt our education system? What is the point of learning to write essays at school when AI-which is expected to get exponentially better in the near future-can do that for us? Tian had an idea. What if he applied what he had learned at school over the last couple years to help the public identify whether something has been written by a machine? Tian already had the know-how and even the software on his laptop to create such a program. Ironically, this software, called GitHub Co-Pilot, is powered by GPT-3. With its assistance, Tian was able to create a new app within three days. It’s a testament to the power of this technology to make us more productive. On January 2nd, Tian released his app GPTZero. It basically uses ChatGPT against itself, checking whether “there’s zero involvement or a lot of involvement” of the AI system in creating a given text. When Tian went to bed that night, he didn’t expect much for his app. When he woke up, his phone had blown up. He saw countless texts and DMs from journalists, principals, teachers, you name it, from places as far away as France and Switzerland. His app, which is hosted by a free platform, became so popular it crashed. Excited by the popularity and purpose of his app, the hosting platform has since granted Tian the resources needed to scale the app’s services to a mass audience. 1.Which of the following statements is TRUE about GPT-3? A. It’s designed and researched by Edward Tian in Princeton University B. Not many ordinary people have used it because it is not free. C. It is in the same AI system series as ChatGPT and GPTZero. D. It used to be less user-friendly than ChatGPT but has outdone it now. 2.Wonderment at ChatGPT quickly turned to alarm because many users have the following concerns over ChatGPT EXCEPT _______. A. AI may replace human beings in the future when it comes to writing essays. B. Actors may turn bad or even evil if the new technology is adopted in acting. C. The education system may be badly impacted by the misuse of the new technology. D. Many people may be out of employment because of the new technology. 3.Principals and teachers may get interested in Edward Tian’s new app probably because _______. A. the app is hosted by a free platform which is very popular. B. they know many journalists are also very interested in it. C. they are eager to share the resources Edward Tian is granted. D. they are worried about the possibility of students cheating in writing. 4.Which of the following expressions can best describe the principle behind GPTZero? A. Harm set, harm get. B. Birds of a feather flock together. C. Fight a man with his own weapon. D. Great minds think alike. 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。作者主要介绍了一位22岁的年轻人试图阻止ChatGPT颠覆写作。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。由文第三段第一句“Over the last couple years, Tian has been studying an AI system called GPT-3, a predecessor to ChatGPT that was less user-friendly and largely inaccessible to the general public because it was behind a paywall.”（在过去的几年里，田一直在研究一个名为GPT-3的人工智能系统，这是ChatGPT的前身，它对用户是不太友好的，而且公众基本上无法访问，因为它位于收费墙后面。）可知，GPT-3是需要收费的，一般人不使用它，故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。由文第五段“For many users of the new technology, wonderment quickly turned to alarm. How-many jobs will this kill? Will this empower nefarious (恶意的) actors and further corrupt our public discourse(公共话语)? How will this disrupt our education system? What is the point of learning to write essays at school when AI-which is expected to get exponentially better in the near future-can do that for us? ”（对于许多该项新技术的用户来说，惊奇很快变成了恐慌。这会消灭多少工作？这会使邪恶势力强大吗？并进一步败坏我们的公共话语? 这将如何破坏我们的教育系统？当人工智能有望在不久的将来取得指数级的进步时，在学校学习写论文有什么意义？）可知，作者并没有谈到对演员和表演行业的影响，故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。由倒数第二段末句“It basically uses ChatGPT against itself, checking whether “there’s zero involvement or a lot of involvement” of the AI system in creating a given text.”（基本上，它使用ChatGPT来对抗自身，检查人工智能系统在创建给定文本时是“零参与还是大量参与”。）可知，校长和老师可以用这个来测试学生是否在写作时作弊。由此推知，这很有可能是他们对田的新应用感兴趣的原因。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。由倒数第二段最后一句“It basically uses ChatGPT against itself, checking whether “there’s zero involvement or a lot of involvement” of the AI system in creating a given text.”（基本上，它使用ChatGPT来对抗自身，检查人工智能系统在创建给定文本时是“零参与还是大量参与”。）可知，该技术的逻辑是用自己来打败自己，C项“Fight a man with his own weapon.”（用他自己的武器去打一个人）符合该语义逻辑，故选C项。 主题语境02 人与自我-做人与做事 （25-26高二上·上海民办文绮中学·期中）Regret gets a bad press. It is a painful emotion experienced upon realizing that a different decision would have led to a better outcome. And it is something that we strive to avoid. In sharp contrast, our recent research on children’s decision making emphasizes that the ability to experience regret is a developmental achievement associated with learning to make better choices. How does one go about studying regret in children, given that they might not have the term “regret” in their vocabulary? Developmental psychologists ask children to make simple choices between two options. The ability to experience regret can be tested for by asking children to express how they feel about the outcome of their decision on a child-friendly rating scale before and then after they see what they could have won instead. Feeling worse in the light of information about the prize they would have won had they decided differently is interpreted as evidence of regret. Studies using this method show that regret doesn’t emerge until about six years of age and most samples of six-year-olds will contain children who are able to experience regret and children who are not. This means that we can examine the consequences of experiencing regret for decision making in a sample of these children. If regret is involved with learning how to make better decisions then we should see more adaptive decision making in children who experience regret than in those who do not. Adaptive decision making requires decisions that are sensible in the light of the child’s earlier experience. To test this assumption, we ran a two-day procedure. On the first day, children completed the regret task described above. On the second day, we presented children with exactly the same decision that they made the day before. We found that those who experienced regret over their decision the previous day were significantly more likely to make a different choice on day two. This suggests that the role of regret is to help children remember bad choices so that they can be avoided in the future. 1.What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To explain why regret is a harmful emotion for children’s development. B. To introduce a research method used in studying children’s emotions. C. To present a negative view of regret and warn people against it. D. To discuss new findings on the positive role of regret in children’s learning. 2.According to the passage, how is regret detected in children during the experiment? A. By asking them to describe their feelings using the word“ regret”. B. By comparing their reported feelings before and after seeing a better alternative. C. By observing whether they change their choice immediately. D. By analyzing their vocabulary related to emotions. 3.The underlined word“ adaptive” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A. quick and hurried B. sensible and experience-based C. random and unchangeable D. repeated and cautious 4.What can be inferred from the two-day experiment? A. Most children cannot experience regret until they are older than six. B. Children who feel regret are less likely to repeat a poor choice. C. The same decision will always be made if children feel regretful. D. Regret helps children remember the exact prize they missed. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨了“后悔”这一情绪并非全然负面，重点介绍了研究人员针对儿童“后悔”情绪展开的研究，以及该研究发现“后悔”情绪有助于儿童从错误中学习、做出更合理决策的结论。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“And it is something that we strive to avoid. In sharp contrast, our recent research on children’s decision making emphasizes that the ability to experience regret is a developmental achievement associated with learning to make better choices.(这是我们必须极力避免的情况。与之形成鲜明对比的是，我们最近对儿童决策能力的研究表明，能够产生后悔情绪是一种随着学习做出更好选择而逐渐形成的成长成果。)” 以及全文内容可知，最近关于儿童决策的研究强调，体验后悔的能力是一种发展成就，与学习做出更好的选择有关。因此推断文章主要探讨关于后悔在儿童学习过程中所起积极作用的新研究成果。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The ability to experience regret can be tested for by asking children to express how they feel about the outcome of their decision on a child-friendly rating scale before and then after they see what they could have won instead.(可以通过这样的方式来测试孩子是否具有后悔的能力：先让他们用适合儿童的评分标准表达自己对所做决定结果的感受，然后再让他们看看如果当初做出了不同的选择会有什么结果。)”可知，后悔是通过比较儿童在看到更好的替代选项前后的感受来检测的。故选B。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据下文“Adaptive decision making requires decisions that are sensible in the light of the child’s earlier experience.( Adaptive决策需要的是那些基于孩子先前经验而显得合理的决策。)”和“If regret is involved with learning how to make better decisions then we should see more adaptive decision making in children who experience regret than in those who do not. (如果后悔情绪与学会做出更明智的决策有关，那么在那些经历过后悔情绪的孩子中，我们应该会看到他们比那些未曾经历过后悔的孩子更adaptive地做出决策。)”可知，adaptive决策要求根据儿童之前的经验做出明智的决定。因此推断“adaptive”意为“明智且基于经验的”。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We found that those who experienced regret over their decision the previous day were significantly more likely to make a different choice on day two.( 我们发现，那些在前一天对自己的决定感到后悔的人，在第二天更有可能做出不同的选择。)”可知，对前一天的决定感到后悔的儿童在第二天更有可能做出不同的选择 ，因此可推断感到后悔的儿童不太可能重复之前的选择。故选B。 主题语境03 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·上海崇明中学·期中）Between 1990 and 2014, forests in Europe grew by 13 million hectares, roughly the size of Greece, but this came with a cost. To meet crop demands within the European Union, forests in tropical countries had to be cleared, with about 1 million hectares lost to make up for the drop in EU production. This phenomenon, called biodiversity “leakage,” is a key issue with conservation and rewilding projects, particularly those in wealthier, lower-biodiversity nations. Andrew Balmford from the University of Cambridge, part of a group of scientists advocating for greater attention to this issue, argues that restoring nature in wealthy yet nature-depleted (耗尽的) parts of the world often shifts production of food and other goods to more wildlife-abundant regions, leading to a net loss of biodiversity. This impact is rarely tracked, meaning the benefits of such conservation efforts may be overstated. The UK, for example, is among the most nature-depleted countries, with half its biodiversity lost due to habitat destruction for buildings and fuel production. This trend is seen in other industrialized regions, including parts of Europe and North America. While conservation groups promote rewilding to restore indigenous wildlife, Balmford warns that if productive farmland in countries like the UK is rewilded, it may lead to increased habitat destruction in other regions. For example, as more biodiversity countries increase production to meet food demands, the net result could be a loss of biodiversity. Even rewilding low-grade land could negatively impact biodiversity if productive land elsewhere is used for farming. This issue, though discussed in conservation circles, is rarely addressed. One possible solution is to focus action on biodiversity nations, but this raises geopolitical challenges, says Steve Carver at the University of Leeds. For conservation to succeed, higher-income countries must lead by example, fulfilling their biodiversity obligations instead of offshoring them. Balmford suggests that a better approach could involve managing trade-offs domestically. If countries like the UK want vast wild landscapes, they must accept the costs, which may include more intensive farming or land conversion. For example, in Sierra Leone, conservationists are working with farmers to boost yields while protecting the Gola rainforest. Alister Scott from The Global Rewilding Alliance cautions against overburdening conservationists by shifting responsibility for land productivity. Instead, he advocates focusing on the root causes of land demand. Shifting the global food system to plant-based alternatives could reduce land competition, allowing both rich and poor nations to rewild. With a global change in diet, the world could meet its food needs without harming biodiversity. 1.Which of the following statements about rewilding projects is correct? A. Rewilding always results in increased food production in wealthier countries. B. Rewilding mainly involves monitoring conservation efforts to improve ecosystems. C. Rewilding efforts in nature-depleted countries always lead to a net gain in biodiversity. D. Rewilding can lead to the relocation of food production to regions with greater biodiversity. 2.The author cites the UK as an example mainly in order to ________. A. emphasize the benefits rewilding has brought to UK B. highlight the challenges of rewilding in wealthy nations C. argue for more land to be set aside for wildlife in the UK D. show the effectiveness of intensive farming methods in the UK 3.According to Balmford, a better approach to conservation involves ________. A. relying on other countries to manage their biodiversity B. ignoring the costs of conservation and doing anything at will C. avoiding any changes to land use in high-income countries D. wealthy countries accepting local changes for conservation 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A. The Success of Biodiversity Efforts in the UK B. The Benefits of Rewilding in Wealthy Nations C. Balancing Conservation with Global Food Demands. D. Reducing Land Competition Through Plant-Based Diets 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是欧洲森林面积增长背后隐藏着“生物多样性泄漏”问题，专家指出，富裕国家应在国内承担生物多样性责任，而非将代价转嫁给海外；同时，推动全球饮食转型、减少土地需求，才是兼顾粮食安全与生态保护的根本出路。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“Andrew Balmford from the University of Cambridge, part of a group of scientists advocating for greater attention to this issue, argues that restoring nature in wealthy yet nature-depleted (耗尽的) parts of the world often shifts production of food and other goods to more wildlife-abundant regions, leading to a net loss of biodiversity.(剑桥大学的Andrew Balmford是一群倡导更加关注这一问题的科学家中的一员，他认为，在世界那些富裕但自然生态已遭耗尽的地区恢复自然，往往会使食品和其他商品的生产转移到野生动物更丰富的地区，从而导致生物多样性净损失)”可知，生态修复可能会导致食品生产转移到生物多样性更丰富的地区。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“While conservation groups promote rewilding to restore indigenous wildlife, Balmford warns that if productive farmland in countries like the UK is rewilded, it may lead to increased habitat destruction in other regions.(虽然保护组织提倡通过生态修复来恢复本土野生动物，但巴尔姆福德警告称，如果像英国这样的国家将生产性农田进行生态修复，可能会导致其他地区的栖息地遭到更多破坏)”可知，作者以英国为例，主要是为了强调富裕国家进行生态修复所面临的挑战。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Balmford suggests that a better approach could involve managing trade-offs domestically. If countries like the UK want vast wild landscapes, they must accept the costs, which may include more intensive farming or land conversion.(巴尔姆福德认为，更好的方法可能包括在国内进行权衡管理。如果像英国这样的国家想要广阔的荒野景观，就必须接受其带来的代价，这可能包括更集约的耕作或土地转换)”可知，根据巴尔姆福德的观点，更好的保护方法包括富裕国家接受为保护而进行的本地变革。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Alister Scott from The Global Rewilding Alliance cautions against overburdening conservationists by shifting responsibility for land productivity. Instead, he advocates focusing on the root causes of land demand. Shifting the global food system to plant-based alternatives could reduce land competition, allowing both rich and poor nations to rewild. With a global change in diet, the world could meet its food needs without harming biodiversity.(全球生态修复联盟的Alister Scott警告称，不要通过转移土地生产力的责任来给保护主义者增加过多负担。相反，他主张关注土地需求的根源。将全球食品系统转向植物性替代品可以减少土地竞争，使富国和穷国都能进行生态修复。随着全球饮食结构的改变，世界可以在不损害生物多样性的情况下满足粮食需求)”可知，本文主要讲的是欧洲森林面积增长背后隐藏着“生物多样性泄漏”问题，专家指出，富裕国家应在国内承担生物多样性责任，而非将代价转嫁给海外；同时，推动全球饮食转型、减少土地需求，才是兼顾粮食安全与生态保护的根本出路。因此最好的标题是C选项“Balancing Conservation with Global Food Demands(平衡保护与全球食品需求)”。故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $