【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第4讲 Unit 5 The Value of Money（语言点突破）-2026-2027学年高中英语（人教版）必修第三册（教师版+学生版）

Unit 5 The Value of Money 精品讲义2027春高一（下）英语-新教材人教版必修三 第4讲 The Million Pound Bank Note·语言点突破 语言点突破（学生版） 阅读课 ● 词汇句式与语法填空 ————————————————————— 【课时安排】本讲为 Unit 5 Reading and Thinking，建议用时 2 课时。 【学习目标】学完本讲应能完成的四件事： 1． 辨析 bet、spot、permit 等词的词性与一词多义，完成词形与词义判断。 2． 掌握 by accident、on the contrary、as a matter of fact 等短语在语境中的用法。 3． 识别情态动词表请求、推测、义务的语气层次，并完成语法填空。 4． 在读后续写中调用本讲语言点，完成微写作。 本讲定位：这一讲只做一件事：把剧本里的语言点，变成语法填空、写作里真正调得动的能力。命题者盯的，恰恰是台词中那些同时扛着语气、结构、词义三层信息的词——同一批词，讲懂了是得分点，讲不透就是失分点。 重难点：① 一词多义与词性转换——bet、spot、permit 这类“同一个词两副面孔”的陷阱；② 情态动词在“请求与推测”里的语气层次——could、would、must、ought to 到底差在哪一格。 一、核心词汇突破 （一）bet：名词“赌注”，动词“打赌” 原文：Two rich brothers ... have made a bet.（打了一个赌） 核心判断：bet 是高考语法填空里的“词性变色龙”。拿到它，先别急着回想意思，先看它在句子里担什么角色——成分决定词性，词性决定词形。 用法梳理： 　1. 名词用法：make a bet on sth. 就某事打赌；win / lose a bet 赌赢 / 赌输。 　2. 动词用法：bet money on sth. 在……上押钱；I bet (that)... 我敢打赌。 典型误判：学生在 made a ____ 结构里，忽略冠词 a 的存在，把 bet 当成谓语动词，错填 betted 或 bets。 认知冲突：为什么 made a bet 不能写成 made a betted？因为 betted 是动词过去式，而 a 是冠词——冠词不能修饰动词，就像你不会说 a ran 一样。 微语境判断： （1） He made a ______ (bet) with his friend on the result of the game. 判断依据：冠词 a 后应填______词。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ （2） I ______ (bet) he has already finished the work. 判断依据：主语 I 后缺______语。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ （二）spot：名词“斑点／地点”，动词“发现、认出” 原文：... I was spotted ...（我被人认出来了） 核心语义：spot 作动词，强调“在复杂背景或人群里一眼认出”，藏着“不易察觉、得费点眼力”的意味。比如 spot a mistake（找出错误）、spot a friend in a crowd（在人群中认出朋友）。 用法梳理： 　1. 名词用法：a spot on the map 地图上的一个点；on the spot 当场，立即。 　2. 动词用法：spot sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事；spot sb./sth. 认出/发现。 近义辨析：I saw him in the street.（我看见他在街上，落在视觉结果上）对比 I spotted him in the crowd.（我在人群中认出他，落在辨识的过程和难度上）。 典型误判：spot 作动词必须带宾语，不能说 I spotted in the crowd.，要说 I spotted him in the crowd. （3） Despite the dim light, the detective ______ (spot) the tiny clue on the floor. 判断依据：句子缺______语，动作发生在过去。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ （4） My mother doesn't ______ (permit) me to stay up late. 判断依据：助动词 doesn't 后接动词______形。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ （三）permit：动词“允许”，名词“许可证” 用法梳理： 　1. 动词用法：permit doing sth. 允许做某事；permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事。 　2. 名词用法：a parking permit 停车许可证。 易错点：permit 后接 doing 还是 to do？记住一句口诀：permit + doing 直接跟事，permit sb. + to do 先跟人再跟事。 原理剖析：Weather permitting 是“逻辑主语 + 现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。逻辑主语是 Weather，和 permit 之间是主动关系，所以用 permitting，相当于条件状语从句 If weather permits。高考里只要看到逗号隔开的 Weather ____，句子主干又完整，几乎必填 permitting。 典型误判：Weather permitted 是过去分词，表被动，“天气被允许”讲不通。独立主格中逻辑主语与分词是主动关系，必须用现在分词。 （5） Weather ______ (permit), we will have a picnic tomorrow. 判断依据：独立主格结构，逻辑主语 Weather 与 permit 是______动关系。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ （6） The school doesn't permit ______ (smoke) in the classroom. 判断依据：permit 后接______（doing/to do）。 　填词： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 二、高频短语突破 （一）by accident ＝ by chance 偶然地、意外地 原文：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. 反义：on purpose ＝ by design 故意地、有意地。 考点：meet sb. by accident 偶遇某人；It was by accident that...（强调句）正是偶然地……。 辨析：by accident 强调“非主观、碰巧”，与 by chance 完全同义。对比记忆最稳——by accident（碰巧）和 on purpose（故意）正好是一对反义词组。 （二）on the contrary 恰恰相反 用法：用于完全否定对方观点，表“恰恰相反”。 快速判断：完形或语法填空中要不要选 on the contrary，就看上下文是不是“A 认为 X，但 B 的观点是 Y，且 Y 与 X 完全对立”。如果只是陈述同一件事的两面（如“我喜欢音乐，我哥哥喜欢体育”），那就该用 on the other hand。 错句 问题 正确 I like music; on the contrary, my brother likes sports. 此处是补充另一面，不是反驳 I like music; on the other hand, my brother likes sports. —You seem tired. —On the contrary, I enjoy it. 正确用法：否定对方观点 保留 （三）as a matter of fact ＝ in fact ＝ actually 事实上 原文：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. 用法：引出事实，常用来纠正或补充前面的话。语法填空中可与 in fact、actually 互换。 （四）account for 解释……的原因；占（比例） 考点：account for 常考“解释原因”与“占比”两义。图表作文里常表“占……比例”，如 The service industry accounts for over 60% of the GDP. 派生：account（名词）账户；take ... into account 把……考虑进去。 设空信号表： 语境信号 填什么 偶遇 / 碰巧遇见 by accident 前句评价 + 后句相反 On the contrary 引出事实、纠正前文 As a matter of fact 缺课、迟到、失败等需解释 account for 实战 · 短语填空 从方框中选择合适的短语，并用其适当形式填空。 by accident　on the contrary　as a matter of fact　account for （1）I met my old classmate at the airport ______. （2）—You seem tired of the job. —______, I enjoy it very much. （3）______, I knew nothing about it until you told me. （4）He could not ______ his frequent absence from class. 三、情态动词：语气的“刻度尺” （一）认知冲突引入 先看一道高考改编题： —I called you last night, but you didn't answer. —Sorry, I ______ (watch) TV and didn't hear the phone. 不少同学会填 must watch，可这多半是错的。为什么？因为 must 表推测时，后面接的不一定是动词原形。先带着这个悬念往下读，读完“推测公式”再回头验证。今天就来拆这类“一步之遥”的致命错误。 （二）表“请求与许可”：礼貌分等级 这一幕里请求句反复出现，正好构成一张“礼貌刻度表”： 情态动词 礼貌程度 例句 can 一般 Can you help me? could 较礼貌 Could you offer me...? may 正式 May we ask what you're doing...? would 委婉 Would you step inside a moment, please? 即时检测：请把下列请求按礼貌程度从低到高排序。 A. Might I borrow your pen?　B. Can you lend me a hand? C. I was wondering if you could possibly help me.　D. Could you close the window? 我的排序：____ < ____ < ____ < ____ （三）表“推测”：确定度从高到低 核心公式：拿到一道推测题，依次问三件事—— 　先定性：是肯定推测、否定推测，还是疑问推测？ 　再定时：是对现在的推测（do/be doing），还是对过去的推测（have done）？ 　最后定级：是八九不离十（must/can't），还是模棱两可（may/might）？ 易错点：must 表推测只能用在肯定句。“他不可能在看书”要说 He can't be reading，不是 He mustn't be reading——mustn't 表“禁止”，不是“不可能”。 错句 问题 正确 He mustn't be reading. mustn't 表禁止，不表不可能 He can't be reading. Must he be in the library? must 表推测不用于疑问句 Can he be in the library? 陷阱警示：He mustn't be in the library. 这句话在绝大多数语境下都是错的，因为 mustn't 的意思是“禁止”，不是“不可能”。“他不可能在图书馆”的正确说法是 He can't be in the library.。记住：must 表推测只用于肯定句，否定推测请找 can't。 （四）ought to ＝ should 应当 原文：Now, if you'll excuse me, I ought to be on my way.（我该走了） ought to do sth. 应当做某事；否定形式 ought not to do。 易错点：ought to 后接动词原形，to 不能省。学生常把 ought to 误写成 ought（丢掉 to），或把它当成“必须”——它其实是“应该、情理上应当”，语气比 must 弱。 （五）高考链接：情态动词 + have done 结构 含义 例句 must have done 对过去的肯定推测 He must have forgotten his keys. can't have done 对过去的否定推测 She can't have finished so soon. should have done 本该做而没做 You should have told her earlier. shouldn't have done 本不该做而做了 You shouldn't have told her the truth. needn't have done 本不必做而做了 You needn't have waited for me. 情景配对：把左侧情景与右侧最合适的句子连线。 情景 句子 1. 你迟到了，老师很生气。 A. It must have rained last night. 2. 地上湿了，昨晚肯定下雨了。 B. You should have arrived on time. 3. 我带了伞，其实没必要带。 C. I needn't have brought an umbrella. 我的连线：1—____　2—____　3—____ 实战 · 语法填空（情态动词） （1）—Whose book is this? —It ______ (must) be Tom's. His name is on it. 　思考方向：先定性——肯定推测；再定时——对现在的推测；最后定级——有名字为证，八九不离十，用 must。 （2）He ______ (not be) in the library now. I just saw him in the playground. 　思考方向：否定推测，对现在发否定，用 can't be。 （3）You ______ (ought) to apologize to her for what you said. 　思考方向：ought to 是固定搭配，表“应当”，to 不能省略。 （4）—Could I use your pen? —Yes, you ______. 　思考方向：问句用 could 表礼貌，答语用 can 表允许，这是固定的应答规则。 （5）He ______ (must / forget) his keys; he can't open the door. 　思考方向：对过去的肯定推测，用 must have forgotten。 （6）You ______ (should / not tell) her the truth. It hurt her. 　思考方向：本不该做而做了，用 shouldn't have told。 四、高考题型实战 【基础层 · 单句语法填空】 He made a ______ (bet) with his friend on the result of the game. I ______ (bet) he has already finished the work. The police ______ (spot) the thief hiding behind the wall. My mother doesn't ______ (permit) me to stay up late. Weather ______ (permit), we will have a picnic tomorrow. I met my old classmate at the airport ______ accident. —You seem tired of the job. —______ the contrary, I enjoy it very much. ______ a matter of fact, I knew nothing about it until you told me. He could not ______ for his frequent absence from class. You ______ (ought) to apologize to her for what you said. 【进阶层 · 语篇语法填空】 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Two wealthy brothers once made a ______1______ (bet) on whether a poor young man could survive a month in London with a million-pound note. They soon ______2______ (spot) a homeless young man named Henry and invited him inside. Henry told them that he had arrived in Britain ______3______ accident after his ship sank. When asked about his plans, he answered that he had none ______4______ said he would be glad to accept any kind of work. ______5______ (contrary to) what the brothers expected, Henry showed no greed. He even ______6______ (refuse) to accept the envelope at first, saying he had nothing ______7______ (give) in return. ______8______ the contrary, he behaved with surprising honesty. “Patience,” Roderick said ______9______ (gentle), “you will know the reason by then.” The story reminds us that what really matters is not money itself ______10______ how we use it. 【挑战层 · 读后续写微写作】 写作是语言点的终极检验。读后续写要求顺着原文的思路往下写，这里先练一个微写作：写亨利在下午两点打开信封后的反应，至少用上本讲 3 个语言点（by accident、contrary to、ought to、permit 等）。 【写作要求】紧扣人物性格——“存疑→克制→想凭自己证明价值”；至少用 3 个本讲语言点；情态动词落得要准（如用 ought to 表“他提醒自己该怎么做”）。 我的微写作： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 五、课后巩固 基础巩固 在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 （1）They made a ______ (bet) on who would win the game. （2）I ______ (bet) she will pass the exam easily. （3）The teacher ______ (spot) him cheating in the exam. （4）The rules don't permit ______ (park) here. （5）Weather ______ (permit), we will go hiking tomorrow. （6）She met her future husband ______ accident. （7）______ the contrary, I think the plan will work. （8）______ a matter of fact, I have never been there before. （9）How do you account ______ your long absence? （10）You ______ (ought) to see a doctor at once. 能力提升 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A poor fisherman once saved a drowning merchant. In gratitude, the merchant gave him a small bag of gold coins. The fisherman, who had never owned such wealth, was overjoyed. However, instead of spending it all at once, he decided to save most of it. “I ______1______ (ought) to use this money wisely,” he thought. One day, a neighbor fell ill and needed medicine. The fisherman, ______2______ (contrary) to his usual caution, bought the medicine for him. The neighbor recovered and later helped the fisherman during a storm. The story shows that money, when used with kindness, ______3______ (account) for more than just material comfort. It builds bonds. As a matter of fact, the fisherman's generosity brought him greater security than the gold ever could. He learned that true wealth lies not in what we possess, but in ______4______ we share. 拓展写作 请以 The Value of Money 为题，写一篇 80 词左右的短文，至少用上本讲 3 个语言点（by accident、on the contrary、account for、ought to、permit 等），并且必须使用一个情态动词表推测或义务。 【写作要求】叙事要有“转折”，不能平铺直叙；情态动词落得稳，句子就立得住。 我的短文： ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ 六、高频短语速记 记忆诀窍：不要单个背，要成对背——by accident 和 on purpose 是一对反义，on the contrary 和 on the other hand 是一对易混。成对记忆，考场才分得清。 短语 含义 对仗/易混 by accident 碰巧 反义：on purpose（故意） by chance 碰巧 同义：by accident on purpose 故意 同义：by design on the contrary 恰恰相反 易混：on the other hand（补充另一面） as a matter of fact 事实上 同义：in fact / actually account for 解释／占比 派生：take... into account make a bet 打赌 注意：bet 为名词 on the spot 当场 注意：spot 为名词 七、本讲易错清单 带走一句话：这一讲的十处易错，九成栽在“词性”和“语气”两处。做题前先问自己——这个空要的是名词还是动词、是肯定还是否定、是对现在还是对过去，答案往往就自己浮出来了。 易错点 错误路径 正确路径 bet 词性 made a betted made a bet spot 缺宾语 I spotted in the crowd. I spotted him in the crowd. permit 搭配 permit sb. doing permit sb. to do 独立主格 Weather permitted Weather permitting 情态动词否定推测 He mustn't be reading. He can't be reading. 情态动词疑问推测 Must he be in the library? Can he be in the library? on the contrary 误用 补充另一面时用 on the contrary 用 on the other hand ought to 丢 to ought apologize ought to apologize Could I...? 答语 Yes, you could. Yes, you can. 情态动词 + have done must forget must have forgotten 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 The Value of Money 精品讲义2027春高一（下）英语-新教材人教版必修三 第4讲 The Million Pound Bank Note·语言点突破 阅读课 ● 词汇句式与语法填空（教师版） 【课时安排】 本讲为 Unit 5 Reading and Thinking ，建议用时 2 课时。 【学习目标】 1. 能辨析 bet、spot、permit 等词的词性与一词多义，完成词形与词义判断。 2. 能掌握 by accident、on the contrary、as a matter of fact 等短语在语境中的用法。 3. 能识别情态动词表请求、推测、义务的语气层次，并完成语法填空。 4. 能在读后续写中调用本讲语言点，完成微写作。 【本讲定位】 这一讲只做一件事：把剧本里的语言点，变成语法填空、写作里真正调得动的能力。命题者盯的，恰恰是台词中那些同时扛着语气、结构、词义三层信息的词——同一批词，讲懂了是得分点，讲不透就是失分点。 【重难点】 ① 一词多义与词性转换——bet、spot、permit 这类“同一个词两副面孔”的陷阱； ② 情态动词在“请求与推测”里的语气层次——could、would、must、ought to 到底差在哪一格。 一、核心词汇突破 （一）bet：名词“赌注”，动词“打赌” 原文：Two rich brothers ... have made a bet.（打了一个赌） 核心判断：bet 是高考语法填空里的“词性变色龙”。拿到它，先别急着回想意思，先看它在句子里担什么角色——成分决定词性，词性决定词形。 用法梳理： 1. 名词用法：make a bet on sth. 就某事打赌；win / lose a bet 赌赢 / 赌输。 2. 动词用法：bet money on sth. 在……上押钱；I bet (that)... 我敢打赌。 典型误判：学生在 made a ____ 结构里，忽略冠词 a 的存在，把 bet 当成谓语动词，错填 betted 或 bets。 认知冲突：为什么 made a bet 不能写成 made a betted？因为 betted 是动词过去式，而 a 是冠词——冠词不能修饰动词，就像你不会说 a ran 一样。 微语境判断： （1）He made a ______ (bet) with his friend on the result of the game. 判断依据：冠词 a 后应填______词。　　答案：名词；bet （2）I ______ (bet) he has already finished the work. 判断依据：主语 I 后缺______语。　　答案：谓；bet （二）spot：名词“斑点／地点”，动词“发现、认出” 原文：... I was spotted ...（我被人认出来了） 核心语义：spot 作动词，强调“在复杂背景或人群里一眼认出”，藏着“不易察觉、得费点眼力”的意味。比如 spot a mistake（找出错误）、spot a friend in a crowd（在人群中认出朋友）。 用法梳理： 1. 名词用法：a spot on the map 地图上的一个点；on the spot 当场，立即。 2. 动词用法：spot sb. doing sth. 发现某人正在做某事；spot sb./sth. 认出/发现。 近义辨析：I saw him in the street.（我看见他在街上，落在视觉结果上）对比 I spotted him in the crowd.（我在人群中认出他，落在辨识的过程和难度上）。 典型误判：spot 作动词必须带宾语，不能说 I spotted in the crowd.，要说 I spotted him in the crowd. 微语境判断： （3）Despite the dim light, the detective ______ (spot) the tiny clue on the floor. 判断依据：句子缺______语，动作发生在过去。　　答案：谓；spotted （4）My mother doesn't ______ (permit) me to stay up late. 判断依据：助动词 doesn't 后接动词______形。　　答案：原；permit （三）permit：动词“允许”，名词“许可证” 用法梳理： 1. 动词用法：permit doing sth. 允许做某事；permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事。 2. 名词用法：a parking permit 停车许可证。 易错点：permit 后接 doing 还是 to do？记住一句口诀：permit + doing 直接跟事，permit sb. + to do 先跟人再跟事。 原理剖析：Weather permitting 是“逻辑主语 + 现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。逻辑主语是 Weather，和 permit 之间是主动关系，所以用 permitting，相当于条件状语从句 If weather permits。高考里只要看到逗号隔开的 Weather ____，句子主干又完整，几乎必填 permitting。 典型误判：Weather permitted 是过去分词，表被动，“天气被允许”讲不通。独立主格中逻辑主语与分词是主动关系，必须用现在分词。 微语境判断： （5）Weather ______ (permit), we will have a picnic tomorrow. 判断依据：独立主格结构，逻辑主语 Weather 与 permit 是______动关系。　　答案：主；permitting （6）The school doesn't permit ______ (smoke) in the classroom. 判断依据：permit 后接______（doing/to do）。　　答案：doing；smoking 二、高频短语突破 （一）by accident ＝ by chance 偶然地、意外地 原文：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. 反义：on purpose ＝ by design 故意地、有意地。 考点：meet sb. by accident 偶遇某人；It was by accident that...（强调句）正是偶然地……。 辨析：by accident 强调“非主观、碰巧”，与 by chance 完全同义。对比记忆最稳——by accident（碰巧）和 on purpose（故意）正好是一对反义词组。 （二）on the contrary 恰恰相反 用法：用于完全否定对方观点，表“恰恰相反”。 快速判断：完形或语法填空中要不要选 on the contrary，就看上下文是不是“A 认为 X，但 B 的观点是 Y，且 Y 与 X 完全对立”。如果只是陈述同一件事的两面（如“我喜欢音乐，我哥哥喜欢体育”），那就该用 on the other hand。 错句 问题 正确 I like music; on the contrary, my brother likes sports. 此处是补充另一面，不是反驳 I like music; on the other hand, my brother likes sports. —You seem tired. —On the contrary, I enjoy it. 正确用法：否定对方观点 保留 （三）as a matter of fact ＝ in fact ＝ actually 事实上 原文：As a matter of fact, I landed in Britain by accident. 用法：引出事实，常用来纠正或补充前面的话。语法填空中可与 in fact、actually 互换。 （四）account for 解释……的原因；占（比例） 考点：account for 常考“解释原因”与“占比”两义。图表作文里常表“占……比例”，如 The service industry accounts for over 60% of the GDP. 派生：account（名词）账户；take ... into account 把……考虑进去。 设空信号表： 语境信号 填什么 偶遇 / 碰巧遇见 by accident 前句评价 + 后句相反 On the contrary 引出事实、纠正前文 As a matter of fact 缺课、迟到、失败等需解释 account for 实战·短语填空： 从方框中选择合适的短语，并用其适当形式填空。 by accident　on the contrary　as a matter of fact　account for （1）I met my old classmate at the airport ______. （2）—You seem tired of the job. —______, I enjoy it very much. （3）______, I knew nothing about it until you told me. （4）He could not ______ his frequent absence from class. 答案： （1）by accident （2）On the contrary （3）As a matter of fact （4）account for 解析： （1）“met... at the airport”表“偶遇”，用 by accident；（2）横线前是别人的评价 You seem tired，横线后是 I enjoy it——“别人说 X，我说相反”，这正是 on the contrary 的功能信号；（3）I knew nothing 表“事实上我一无所知”，用 As a matter of fact 引出事实；（4）absence from class（缺课）需要“解释原因”，用 account for。做题时先把“语境要表达的功能”定下来（偶遇／反驳／引出事实／解释原因），再对号入座。 三、情态动词：语气的“刻度尺” （一）认知冲突引入 先看一道高考改编题： —I called you last night, but you didn't answer. —Sorry, I ______ (watch) TV and didn't hear the phone. 不少同学填 must watch，可正确答案是 must have been watching。为什么？因为 must 表推测时，后面接的不一定是动词原形。今天就来拆这类“一步之遥”的致命错误。 （二）表“请求与许可”：礼貌分等级 这一幕里请求句反复出现，正好构成一张“礼貌刻度表”： 情态动词 礼貌程度 例句 can 一般 Can you help me? could 较礼貌 Could you offer me...? may 正式 May we ask what you're doing...? would 委婉 Would you step inside a moment, please? 即时检测：请把下列请求按礼貌程度从低到高排序。 A. Might I borrow your pen?　B. Can you lend me a hand?　C. I was wondering if you could possibly help me.　D. Could you close the window? 答案： B < D < A < C （三）表“推测”：确定度从高到低 核心公式：拿到一道推测题，依次问三件事—— 先定性：是肯定推测、否定推测，还是疑问推测？ 再定时：是对现在的推测（do/be doing），还是对过去的推测（have done）？ 最后定级：是八九不离十（must/can't），还是模棱两可（may/might）？ 易错点：must 表推测只能用在肯定句。“他不可能在看书”要说 He can't be reading，不是 He mustn't be reading——mustn't 表“禁止”，不是“不可能”。 陷阱警示：He mustn't be in the library. 这句话在绝大多数语境下都是错的，因为 mustn't 的意思是“禁止”，不是“不可能”。“他不可能在图书馆”的正确说法是 He can't be in the library.。记住：must 表推测只用于肯定句，否定推测请找 can't。 错误路径演示： 错句 问题 正确 He mustn't be reading. mustn't 表禁止，不表不可能 He can't be reading. Must he be in the library? must 表推测不用于疑问句 Can he be in the library? （四）ought to ＝ should 应当 原文：Now, if you'll excuse me, I ought to be on my way.（我该走了） ought to do sth. 应当做某事；否定形式 ought not to do。 易错点：ought to 后接动词原形，to 不能省。学生常把 ought to 误写成 ought（丢掉 to），或把它当成“必须”——它其实是“应该、情理上应当”，语气比 must 弱。 （五）高考链接：情态动词 + have done 结构 含义 例句 must have done 对过去的肯定推测 He must have forgotten his keys. can't have done 对过去的否定推测 She can't have finished so soon. should have done 本该做而没做 You should have told her earlier. shouldn't have done 本不该做而做了 You shouldn't have told her the truth. needn't have done 本不必做而做了 You needn't have waited for me. 情景配对：把左侧情景与右侧最合适的句子连线。 情景 句子 1. 你迟到了，老师很生气。 A. It must have rained last night. 2. 地上湿了，昨晚肯定下雨了。 B. You should have arrived on time. 3. 我带了伞，其实没必要带。 C. I needn't have brought an umbrella. 答案： 1-B，2-A，3-C 实战·语法填空（情态动词）： （1）—Whose book is this? —It ______ (must) be Tom's. His name is on it. 先定性——肯定推测；再定时——对现在的推测；最后定级——有名字为证，八九不离十，用 must。 （2）He ______ (not be) in the library now. I just saw him in the playground. 否定推测，对现在发否定，用 can't be。 （3）You ______ (ought) to apologize to her for what you said. ought to 是固定搭配，表“应当”，to 不能省略。 （4）—Could I use your pen? —Yes, you ______. 问句用 could 表礼貌，答语用 can 表允许，这是固定的应答规则。 （5）He ______ (must / forget) his keys; he can't open the door. 对过去的肯定推测，用 must have forgotten。 （6）You ______ (should / not tell) her the truth. It hurt her. 本不该做而做了，用 shouldn't have told。 答案： （1）must （2）can't be （3）ought （4）can （5）must have forgotten （6）shouldn't have told 四、高考题型实战 基础层 · 单句语法填空 （1）He made a ______ (bet) with his friend on the result of the game. made a 是典型的“冠词＋名词”结构，括号内 bet 必须以名词形式出现。注意 bet 的名词和动词原形同形，无需变形。 （2）I ______ (bet) he has already finished the work. 主语 I 后缺谓语动词，bet 作动词时过去式仍为 bet。 （3）The police ______ (spot) the thief hiding behind the wall. 句子缺谓语，动作发生在过去，填过去式 spotted。 （4）My mother doesn't ______ (permit) me to stay up late. 助动词 doesn't 后接动词原形，填 permit。 （5）Weather ______ (permit), we will have a picnic tomorrow. 独立主格结构，逻辑主语 Weather 与 permit 是主动关系，填现在分词 permitting。 （6）I met my old classmate at the airport ______ accident. 固定搭配 by accident（偶然）。 （7）—You seem tired of the job. —______ the contrary, I enjoy it very much. 前后观点相反，用 On the contrary。 （8）______ a matter of fact, I knew nothing about it until you told me. 固定搭配 As a matter of fact（事实上）。 （9）He could not ______ for his frequent absence from class. 需要“解释原因”，用 account for。 （10）You ______ (ought) to apologize to her for what you said. ought to 是固定搭配，填 ought。 答案： （1）bet （2）bet （3）spotted （4）permit （5）permitting （6）by （7）On （8）As （9）account （10）ought 进阶层 · 语篇语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Two wealthy brothers once made a ______1______ (bet) on whether a poor young man could survive a month in London with a million-pound note. They soon ______2______ (spot) a homeless young man named Henry and invited him inside. Henry told them that he had arrived in Britain ______3______ accident after his ship sank. When asked about his plans, he answered that he had none ______4______ said he would be glad to accept any kind of work. ______5______ (contrary to) what the brothers expected, Henry showed no greed. He even ______6______ (refuse) to accept the envelope at first, saying he had nothing ______7______ (give) in return. ______8______ the contrary, he behaved with surprising honesty. “Patience,” Roderick said ______9______ (gentle), “you will know the reason by then.” The story reminds us that what really matters is not money itself ______10______ how we use it. 答案： 1. bet　2. spotted　3. by　4. and　5. Contrary to　6. refused　7. to give　8. On　9. gently　10. but 解析（逐空）： 第1空：空前是 made a，冠词 a 提示缺名词，填 bet。常见错填：betted。 第2空：句子缺谓语，动作发生在过去，填过去式 spotted（spot 表“发现、认出”）。常见错填：spot。 第3空：arrived in Britain ______ accident 是固定搭配 by accident（偶然），填介词 by。常见错填：on。 第4空：he had none ______ said... 中 and 连接主句两个并列谓语 answered 和 said；that he had none 是 answered 的宾语从句。常见错填：but。 第5空：空后是 what 从句，空前是句首，填 Contrary to（与……相反，表对比），引导“与兄弟俩预期不同”。此处不能用 Unlike——Contrary to 是本讲重点短语，且更贴合语境。 第6空：句子缺谓语，even 提示强调，动作在过去，填过去式 refused。常见错填：refuse。 第7空：nothing ______ (give) in return 中不定式作后置定语，表“要还的东西”，填 to give。常见错填：given。 第8空：固定搭配 On the contrary（恰恰相反），填介词 On。常见错填：In。 第9空：修饰动词 said，需副词，填 gently。常见错填：gentle。 第10空：本句是 what really matters is not... but... 结构，填 but，把“不是钱本身，而是我们如何使用它”连起来。常见错填：that。 整篇回顾：十个设空点——第1空考名词，第2、6空考动词时态，第3、8空考介词固定搭配，第4空考连词，第5空考介词短语，第7空考非谓语，第9空考副词，第10空考 not... but... 结构——正好把本讲考点串成一张网。 挑战层 · 读后续写微写作 写作是语言点的终极检验。读后续写要求顺着原文的思路往下写，这里先练一个微写作：写亨利在下午两点打开信封后的反应，至少用上本讲 3 个语言点（by accident、contrary to、ought to、permit 等）。 参考范文： At two o'clock sharp, Henry finally opened the envelope. As the million-pound note came into sight, his eyes grew wide. “Good heavens!” he cried. He had arrived in Britain by accident and had been penniless just hours ago, and now a fortune lay in his hands. Contrary to his earlier doubts, he now felt a strange calm. “I ought to use this chance wisely,” he whispered to himself. Instead of spending it recklessly, he decided to keep the note untouched and prove that a man could live a month on his own efforts. After all, money is but a tool; it is what we do with it that gives it value. 技法拆解： his eyes grew wide 是典型的“反应式”描写，用身体反应代替 He was surprised.，这是续写的高级技法。 whispered to himself 通过动作细节展现人物内心的自我对话，比直接写 He thought 更生动。 语言点运用示范： by accident 在这里不只是交代背景——前文刚说他 penniless，转眼光景就变了，一个“碰巧”反而衬出命运的戏剧性。 ought to 精准刻画了 Henry 内心道德准则的觉醒，为下文 keep the note untouched 的行为提供了动机。 Contrary to 直接呼应原文中 Henry 不贪财的性格特点，保持了人物的一致性。 教师点拨：续写要扣“人物不变”——亨利前面是诚实、守底线的，后面就不能突然变贪婪；他拿到钱的反应，必须是“存疑→克制→想凭自己证明价值”，这才接得上第一幕里问 Why 的性格。同时注意：情态动词落得准，是续写里最不着痕迹的加分点——比如用 ought to 表“他提醒自己该怎么做”，语气就比 must 更像亨利本人的克制。 五、课后巩固 基础巩固 在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 （1）They made a ______ (bet) on who would win the game. （2）I ______ (bet) she will pass the exam easily. （3）The teacher ______ (spot) him cheating in the exam. （4）The rules don't permit ______ (park) here. （5）Weather ______ (permit), we will go hiking tomorrow. （6）She met her future husband ______ accident. （7）______ the contrary, I think the plan will work. （8）______ a matter of fact, I have never been there before. （9）How do you account ______ your long absence? （10）You ______ (ought) to see a doctor at once. 答案： （1）bet （2）bet （3）spotted （4）parking （5）permitting （6）by （7）On （8）As （9）for （10）ought 解析： （1）冠词 a 后填名词 bet；（2）I 后缺谓语，填 bet；（3）过去时填 spotted；（4）permit doing sth. 填 parking；（5）独立主格填 permitting；（6）by accident；（7）On the contrary；（8）As a matter of fact；（9）account for；（10）ought to。 能力提升 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A poor fisherman once saved a drowning merchant. In gratitude, the merchant gave him a small bag of gold coins. The fisherman, who had never owned such wealth, was overjoyed. However, instead of spending it all at once, he decided to save most of it. “I ______1______ (ought) to use this money wisely,” he thought. One day, a neighbor fell ill and needed medicine. The fisherman, ______2______ (contrary) to his usual caution, bought the medicine for him. The neighbor recovered and later helped the fisherman during a storm. The story shows that money, when used with kindness, ______3______ (account) for more than just material comfort. It builds bonds. As a matter of fact, the fisherman's generosity brought him greater security than the gold ever could. He learned that true wealth lies not in what we possess, but in ______4______ we share. 答案： 1. ought　2. contrary　3. accounts　4. what 解析： 第1空：ought to 是固定搭配，填 ought。第2空：contrary to 是固定短语，填 contrary。第3空：主语 money 是第三人称单数，且为一般现在时，填 accounts。第4空：in ______ we share 是宾语从句，从句缺宾语，填 what。 拓展写作 请以 The Value of Money 为题，写一篇 80 词左右的短文，至少用上本讲 3 个语言点（by accident、on the contrary、account for、ought to、permit 等），并且必须使用一个情态动词表推测或义务。 参考范文： The value of money is often exaggerated. Some people argue that wealth can buy happiness. On the contrary, I firmly believe that true fulfillment comes from within. I recall finding a wallet by accident once. Although it contained a considerable sum, I knew I ought to return it. The owner, a struggling student, was overwhelmed with gratitude. That moment taught me a lesson no amount of money could buy: integrity must outweigh material gain. Money is a tool, not a master. 教师点拨：范文用上了 on the contrary、by accident、ought to 三个本讲语言点，并且用了情态动词 must 表义务（must outweigh）。写作时注意：叙事要有“转折”，不能平铺直叙；情态动词落得稳，句子就立得住。 六、高频短语速记 短语 含义 对仗/易混 by accident 碰巧 反义：on purpose（故意） by chance 碰巧 同义：by accident on purpose 故意 同义：by design on the contrary 恰恰相反 易混：on the other hand（补充另一面） as a matter of fact 事实上 同义：in fact / actually account for 解释／占比 派生：take... into account make a bet 打赌 注意：bet 为名词 on the spot 当场 注意：spot 为名词 记忆诀窍：不要单个背，要成对背——by accident 和 on purpose 是一对反义，on the contrary 和 on the other hand 是一对易混。成对记忆，考场才分得清。 七、本讲易错清单 易错点 错误路径 正确路径 bet 词性 made a betted made a bet spot 缺宾语 I spotted in the crowd. I spotted him in the crowd. permit 搭配 permit sb. doing permit sb. to do 独立主格 Weather permitted Weather permitting 情态动词否定推测 He mustn't be reading. He can't be reading. 情态动词疑问推测 Must he be in the library? Can he be in the library? on the contrary 误用 补充另一面时用 on the contrary 用 on the other hand ought to 丢 to ought apologize ought to apologize Could I...? 答语 Yes, you could. Yes, you can. 情态动词 + have done must forget must have forgotten 带走一句话：这一讲的十处易错，九成栽在“词性”和“语气”两处。做题前先问自己——这个空要的是名词还是动词、是肯定还是否定、是对现在还是对过去，答案往往就自己浮出来了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $