专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，江西专用）高二英语上学期

函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 专题02阅读理解（说明文） 基础必练 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.C Passage 3 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.A 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A 主题语境03人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.D Passage 2 【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.D 主题语境04人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1.B2.C3.B4.A 进阶提升 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 1/3 可学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 【答案】1.D2.A3.B4.C 主题语境02人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1.D2.B3.D4.D 主题语境03人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.D3.A4.C Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.C 主题语境04人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.D Passage 3 【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.D 主题语境05人与自我-生活与学习 【答案】1.C2.D3.D4.C 主题语境06人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A Passage 2 【答案】1.D2.A3.B 拓展培优 213 函学科网 www.zxxk.com 让教与学更高效 主题语境01人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C 主题语境02人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.D Passage 2 【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.B Passage 3 【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.B Passage 4 【答案】1.D2.D3.B4D 3/3 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西鹰潭余江区第一中学·期中）Growing crops in piling rows indoors under controllable artificial lights can produce more food per square foot while using less land and water than traditional outdoor farms. But this vertical farming technique is also energy intensive and expensive. Researchers are now finding that adjusting light to cater to the unique requirements of each crop can promote stronger, healthier growth and simultaneously cut down on energy use. Researchers have developed a computer program that can control lighting to better both photosynthesis (光合作用) and electric bills. The computer program adjusts the intensity of grow lights hourly based on the changing cost of electricity. This “smart lighting” could potentially cut vertical farms’ electricity costs by up to 12 percent, says Leo Marcelis, leader of the research team. Such savings could lead to tens of thousands of dollars in annual cost reductions, backed by data from the 2021 Global CEA Census Report — a survey of the indoor and controlled environment agriculture industry. But how might indoor crops grow well under dynamic lighting? Marcelis and his colleagues tested how leafy greens reacted to light patterns that changed hourly. Plants were exposed to varying light intensities: one group of plants grew under high­-then-­low intensity lighting intervals (间隔), while another enjoyed brighter mornings and dimmer afternoons. Interestingly, both conditions resulted in leaves and mature weights similar to those grown under standard fixed lighting. While the new program operated without predetermined lighting conditions, Marcelis indicates there is potential for reducing electricity costs. Continued research that tests dynamic lighting on larger scales is needed, as the research was carried out at the single-­plant level, but not yet at the whole crop stand level, mentioned Marcelis. He also cautions against expecting immediate benefits from dynamic lighting for vertical farming. Other critical issues remain to be resolved before vertical farming can help feed the world. 1.What is a disadvantage of vertical farming? A. Cost­-effective. B. Labor-­intensive. C. Energy­-consuming. D. Technically-challenging. 2.What influences the adjustments of grow light intensity? A. Variations in power costs. B. Growth stages of the crops. C. Outdoor lighting conditions. D. Changing electricity supplies. 3.What did researchers find about indoor crops? A. They grow better under fixed lighting. B. They remain uninfluenced by sunlight. C. They output more under dynamic lighting. D. They react similarly to varying light patterns. 4.What may Marcelis agree with? A. There are still some limitations in the research. B. The new program helps save on electricity bills. C. Vertical farming will be a major trend in the future. D. Dynamic lighting is a useful way to get rid of hunger. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了垂直农业的相关信息，包括其优缺点、开发智能照明计算机程序以解决能源成本问题，以及室内作物对不同照明条件的反应研究结果。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第一段“Growing crops in piling rows indoors under controllable artificial lights can produce more food per square foot while using less land and water than traditional outdoor farms. But this vertical farming technique is also energy intensive and expensive. (在可控的人造光下，在室内成排种植作物可以比传统的户外农场每平方英尺生产更多的食物，同时使用更少的土地和水。但这种垂直农业技术也是需要密集且昂贵的能源。)”可知，垂直农业的一个缺点是很耗能的。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第二段“The computer program adjusts the intensity of grow lights hourly based on the changing cost of electricity.(计算机程序根据不断变化的电力成本每小时调整生长灯的强度)”可知，电力成本的变化影响生长光强度的调整。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第四段“But how might indoor crops grow well under dynamic lighting? Marcelis and his colleagues tested how leafy greens reacted to light patterns that changed hourly. Plants were exposed to varying light intensities: one group of plants grew under high-­then-­low intensity lighting intervals (间隔), while another enjoyed brighter mornings and dimmer afternoons. Interestingly, both conditions resulted in leaves and mature weights similar to those grown under standard fixed lighting.(但是，室内作物在动态照明下如何生长良好呢？Marcelis和他的同事们测试了绿叶蔬菜对每小时变化的光线模式的反应。植物暴露在不同的光照强度下：一组植物在高强度和低强度的光照间隔下生长，而另一组植物则享受更明亮的早晨和更暗淡的下午。有趣的是，这两种条件都导致叶子和成熟重量与标准固定光照下生长的叶子和成熟体重相似)”可知，研究人员发现，室内作物在不同的光线模式下反应相似。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。由文章最后一段“He also cautions against expecting immediate benefits from dynamic lighting for vertical farming. Other critical issues remain to be resolved before vertical farming can help feed the world.(他还警告说，不要指望动态照明能为垂直农业带来立竿见影的好处。在垂直农业能够帮助养活世界之前，其他关键问题仍有待解决)”可推知，这项研究仍然存在一些局限性，还有关键问题仍有待解决。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第二中学·期中）I often catch myself asking my questions to AI chatbots with a “please” and a “thank you.” Apparently, I am not alone. A 2024 survey found that approximately 67% of U.S. AI users are also polite and show gratitude toward AI search engines. Some even joked about the cost: if every polite word consumes electricity, the bill must be high. OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman replied: “Tens of millions of dollars well spent — you never know.” In reality, of course, AI chatbots do not appreciate politeness; they lack consciousness, feelings or social needs. From a purely utilitarian (功利主义的) standpoint, all those pleases and thank yous are just flushing money down the toilet. Still, there may be value that isn’t immediately measurable in showing gratitude toward AI. Psychologists Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough carried out an experiment in which they divided participants into three groups, asking the first to list things they are grateful for, while others listed daily troubles or simply kept journals. After 10 weeks, they found that the first group reported 25% higher happiness levels, stronger inner strength and even better physical health. What’s true of gratitude is also true of kindness and generosity more generally. Experiments at UC Riverside found that performing “five small acts of kindness per week” produced steady increases in happiness. This idea isn’t new. The medieval thinker Maimonides wrote that “it is better for a person to give one coin to a thousand poor people than to give a thousand coins to one poor person.” He believed that regular acts of goodness, like giving charity and expressing gratitude, make us happier in the long run by turning virtue into a habit. So perhaps all of our pleases and thank yous to AI have value, even if they cost OpenAI millions of dollars annually. Showing appreciation, even toward a machine, reinforces positive habits of courtesy (礼貌), patience and empathy. In our increasingly digital and automated world, preserving these human qualities may be more valuable than the cost of a little extra electricity. Ultimately, the beneficiary of our politeness isn’t the AI at all, but ourselves. 1.How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A. By quoting an expert. B. By telling a story. C. By presenting a phenomenon. D. By defining a concept. 2.What value of gratitude does the experiment in paragraph 3 show? A. It strengthens our bodies and minds. B. It reduces daily stress levels. C. It improves memory and creativity. D. It deepens social relationships. 3.Which of the following would Maimonides most likely approve of? A. Giving gifts to friends on birthdays. B. Making a large donation to a charity. C. Expressing gratitude on Thanksgiving Day. D. Volunteering weekly at a community kitchen. 4.What message does the author mainly convey in the text? A. Courtesy to AI saves electricity bills. B. AI improves the quality of human life. C. Politeness benefits humans rather than AI. D. AI learns empathy from human behavior. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章指出很多人对AI礼貌，虽AI无感知且看似无用，但相关实验和观点表明，这种行为能培养人类礼貌、同理心等品质，最终受益者是人类自身。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“I often catch myself asking my questions to AI chatbots with a “please” and a “thank you.” Apparently, I am not alone. A 2024 survey found that approximately 67% of U.S. AI users are also polite and show gratitude toward AI search engines. Some even joked about the cost: if every polite word consumes electricity, the bill must be high. OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman replied: “Tens of millions of dollars well spent — you never know.”(我常常会发现自己在向人工智能聊天机器人提问时会加上“请”和“谢谢”这样的词语。显然，我不是唯一一个这样做的。2024年的一项调查发现，大约67%的美国人工智能用户也会对人工智能搜索引擎表现出礼貌和感激之情。有些人甚至开玩笑说这要花费不少钱：如果每一个礼貌的词语都要消耗电能，那账单肯定很高。OpenAI的首席执行官萨姆·阿尔特曼回应道：“这花费了数千万美元——谁知道呢。”)”并结合下文对“对AI礼貌能培养人的礼貌、同理心等品质”的陈述可知，作者在第一段通过描述一个现象引入话题。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Still, there may be value that isn’t immediately measurable in showing gratitude toward AI. Psychologists Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough carried out an experiment in which they divided participants into three groups, asking the first to list things they are grateful for, while others listed daily troubles or simply kept journals. After 10 weeks, they found that the first group reported 25% higher happiness levels, stronger inner strength and even better physical health.( 不过，对人工智能表示感激所体现的价值可能并非是能够立即衡量出来的。心理学家罗伯特·埃蒙斯和迈克尔·麦卡洛开展了一项实验，他们将参与者分为三组，要求第一组列出他们所感激的事情，而其他两组则分别记录日常烦恼或只是进行日常日记记录。10周后，他们发现第一组的幸福感水平提高了25%，内心力量更强，身体状况也更好)”可知，第三段中的实验表明了感恩能增强我们的身体和心智。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“He believed that regular acts of goodness, like giving charity and expressing gratitude, make us happier in the long run by turning virtue into a habit.(他认为，定期的善举，比如进行慈善捐赠和表达感激之情，会通过将美德转化为习惯而使我们长期感到更幸福)”可知，迈蒙尼德认同每周到社区厨房做志愿服务的做法。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Showing appreciation, even toward a machine, reinforces positive habits of courtesy (礼貌), patience and empathy. In our increasingly digital and automated world, preserving these human qualities may be more valuable than the cost of a few extra electricity. Ultimately, the beneficiary of our politeness isn’t the AI at all, but ourselves.(向机器表达感激之情，哪怕只是向一台机器表示感谢，也能强化我们养成的礼貌、耐心和同理心等良好习惯。在我们这个日益数字化和自动化的世界里，保持这些人性特质可能比多消耗一些电能更有价值。最终，我们礼貌行为的受益者并非那台人工智能，而是我们自己)”可知，作者在这篇文章中主要传达了礼貌对人类有益，而非对人工智能有益。故选C。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）If you’re reading this in bed on your phone, you’re not alone. Many people use their phones before and after bedtime, especially young adults and teens. Still, you might want to stop soon. Using screens before bed or in bed is believed to disrupt sleep, although the exact reasons are not completely clear. In a new study, researchers looked into this issue by using data from a large survey of 45, 202 university students in Norway. They found that using screens in bed is linked to a 59 percent higher chance of insomnia (失眠) and can result in 24 minutes less sleep each night. “Sleep problems are very common among students and have serious effects on mental health, school performance, and overall well-being,” says Gunnhild Johnsen Hjetland, a clinical psychologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. “Because so many people use screens in bed, we wanted to see how different screen activities affect sleep. We thought social media might be worse for sleep because it is interactive (互动的) and can motivate (激发) emotions.” However, the study found that using social media is no worse for sleep than other screen activities. The type of screen activity doesn’t matter as much as the total time spent using screens in bed. The researchers found no significant differences between social media and other screen activities. This suggests that using screens in general is the main cause of sleep problems, likely because it takes up time that could be used for resting. “If you have trouble sleeping and think screen time might be a cause, try to reduce the use of screen in bed, and stop using screens at least 30 to 60 minutes before sleep,” says Hjetland. “If you use screens, consider turning off notifications (通知) to reduce disruptions during the night.” 1.How does the author begin the argument? A. By listing different opinions. B. By referring to scientific data. C. By mentioning a common act. D. By analyzing cause and effect. 2.Why did researchers initially guess social media could affect sleep more? A. It included emotional inspiration. B. It contained violent content. C. It was entirely used by students. D. It required frequent physical interaction. 3.Which is the practical advice Hjetland provides? A. Reading e-books instead of social media. B. Avoiding using screen for a while before bed. C. Increasing daytime physical activity. D. Stopping using screens after supper. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. Screen Time in Bed May Increase Sleeplessness B. Good Sleep Is Key to Students’ Performance C. Social Media Has the Worst Effect on Mental Health D. Reading on Phones Is Common Among Teens and Young Adults 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了睡前使用电子设备对睡眠的影响，并通过一项大规模调查数据说明床上使用屏幕与失眠风险增加及睡眠时间减少的关联，最后给出实用建议。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段首句“If you’re reading this in bed on your phone, you’re not alone. (如果你正在床上用手机阅读本文，你并不孤单。)”可知，作者通过描述一种普遍行为（睡前使用手机）引入话题。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段Gunnhild Johnsen Hjetland的观点“We thought social media might be worse for sleep because it is interactive and can motivate emotions. (我们认为社交媒体可能对睡眠更不利，因为它是互动的，可能激发情绪。)”可知，研究人员最初猜测社交媒体影响更大是因为其包含情感激发（emotional inspiration）。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段Hjetland的建议“try to reduce the use of screen in bed, and stop using screens at least 30 to 60 minutes before sleep (减少床上使用屏幕的时间，睡前至少30-60分钟停止使用)”可知，实用建议是睡前一段时间避免使用屏幕。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。全文围绕“床上使用屏幕”与“睡眠问题”的关联展开，重点说明屏幕使用时间（而非活动类型）是导致失眠的主因，尤其是第一段的“Using screens before bed or in bed is believed to disrupt sleep (睡前或在床上使用屏幕被认为会扰乱睡眠)”以及第二段的“They found that using screens in bed is linked to a 59 percent higher chance of insomnia (失眠) and can result in 24 minutes less sleep each night. (他们发现，在床上使用屏幕会使失眠的几率增加59%，并且会导致每晚睡眠时间减少24分钟。)”可知，A项“床上使用屏幕可能增加失眠”最贴合主题，适合作标题。故选A项。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）The art of adapting novels into a television series can be a difficult process. A TV series needs to flesh out (充实) character’s and satisfy fans. However, it continues to be one of the biggest markets for creating new TV shows. The good TV shows based on books manage to keep audiences’ attention while staying true to their original novels. These successful adaptations can become important parts of modern television while maintaining the features of their source materials. These shows include themes and beliefs from their original novels while introducing fresh ideas that keep viewers attracted. With their significant impact on the television industry, these adaptations have shaped the landscape of contemporary television, gaining praise from audiences. These shows bring the stories of amazing novels to life. For instance: Sherlock reinvents the stories in a modern setting, offers viewers a thrilling ride and shows how a skillful adaptation can satisfy fans while attracting a new generation of enthusiasts. Game of Thrones brings an epic fantasy world to life and shows a rich picture of amazing characters and complex story, showing that the heart of a story lies in its deeply imperfect humanity. Good Omens offers a unique combination of comedy and supernatural elements and perfectly catches the novel’s theme of friendship and human nature. These shows are just examples of the TV series that have been from beloved books. The successful TV shows based on books have a lasting appeal as an art form. By skillfully combining elements from their counterparts (对应的事物) with creative storytelling, these series broaden the possibilities of what can be achieved on the small screen. 1.What is important in adapting TV shows? A. Changing the original themes. B. Keeping the originals’features. C. Introducing the new characters. D. Including beautiful landscapes. 2.How is paragraph 3 developed? A. By giving examples. B. By analyzing causes and effects. C. By making comparisons. D. By presenting opinions and facts. 3.What is the author’s attitude to the successful TV series based on books? A. Worried. B. Unclear. C. Doubtful. D. Supportive. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. The key to making successful adapted TV series. B. The differences and similarities of adapted TV series. C. The secret to creating characters for adapted TV series. D. The advantages and disadvantages of adapted TV series. 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. D　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了小说改编电视剧的要点及成功案例等相关内容。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The good TV shows based on books manage to keep audiences’ attention while staying true to their original novels. These successful adaptations can become important parts of modern television while maintaining the features of their source materials.(根据书籍改编的优秀电视节目在忠实于原著的同时，还能吸引观众的注意力。这些成功的改编作品在保持原著特色的同时，也能成为现代电视的重要组成部分)”可知，改编电视剧重要的是保持原著特色。故选B。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“These shows bring the stories of amazing novels to life. For instance: Sherlock reinvents the stories in a modern setting, offers viewers a thrilling ride and shows how a skillful adaptation can satisfy fans while attracting a new generation of enthusiasts. Game of Thrones brings an epic fantasy world to life and shows a rich picture of amazing characters and complex story, showing that the heart of a story lies in its deeply imperfect humanity. Good Omens offers a unique combination of comedy and supernatural elements and perfectly catches the novel’s theme of friendship and human nature.(这些节目让精彩小说的故事栩栩如生。例如：《神探夏洛克》在现代背景下重新演绎了故事，为观众带来了一场惊心动魄的旅程，展示了娴熟的改编如何在满足粉丝的同时吸引新一代的爱好者。《权力的游戏》将一个史诗般的奇幻世界栩栩如生地呈现在观众面前，展现了丰富的人物形象和复杂的故事情节，表明故事的核心在于其深刻的不完美人性。《好兆头》将喜剧和超自然元素独特地结合在一起，完美地捕捉到了小说中关于友谊和人性的主题)”可知，第三段通过举例来展开论述。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“These shows are just examples of the TV series that have been from beloved books. The successful TV shows based on books have a lasting appeal as an art form. By skillfully combining elements from their counterparts with creative storytelling, these series broaden the possibilities of what can be achieved on the small screen.(这些剧集只是根据深受喜爱的书籍改编的电视剧的例子。根据书籍改编的成功电视剧作为一种艺术形式具有持久的吸引力。通过巧妙地将同类元素与创意故事相结合，这些系列剧拓宽了小屏幕上所能实现的可能性)”可知，作者对根据书籍改编的成功电视剧持支持的态度。故选D。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The good TV shows based on books manage to keep audiences’ attention while staying true to their original novels. These successful adaptations can become important parts of modern television while maintaining the features of their source materials.(优秀的改编自原著的电视剧既能吸引观众的注意力，又能忠实于原著。这些成功的改编可以成为现代电视的重要组成部分，同时保持其原始材料的特征。)”以及下文内容可知，文章围绕小说改编电视剧展开，介绍了成功改编需保持原著特色、结合新创意，还列举了成功案例，A选项“制作成功改编的电视剧的关键”最符合文章主旨。故选A。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）You really can make free phone calls using the Internet. Google Meet Google Meet is an app-to-app calling service that works across desktop and mobile platforms. Video meetings are encrypted (加密), it also supports audio calls, and you can form massive group calls with up to 100 people. What’s more appealing is that Google Meet displays real-time captions (字幕) as the other person is speaking. Google Voice Google Voice is one of the best ways to make a call over the Internet. You get a real phone number, so you can make free calls to an actual phone number. Free calls you make with Google Voice must be to numbers in the United States or Canada, and they’re limited to three hours. However, you can continue to make a free call to the same number over and over again. WhatsApp Meta-owned WhatsApp is a popular texting app with hundreds of millions of users. However, you can also call your WhatsApp friends right from the app using only your Internet connection. You just need to confirm your phone number to get started. Once you’re using the app, you can start a new conversation to clearly see which of your contacts are also using WhatsApp, and then you can call them for free no matter where in the world they’re located. Group calls can include as many as 32 people. 1.What is a feature of Google Meet? A. You can see what the speaker says. B. It can be used for free anywhere in the world. C. No password is needed to attend online meetings. D. Over 100 people can attend online meetings meantime. 2.Which of the following apps is limited to certain areas? A. Google Meet. B. Signal. C. Google Voice. D. WhatsApp. 3.In what section of a newspaper will the text probably appear? A. Health. B. Environment. C. Education. D. Technology. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章以简明扼要的方式介绍了几款能够实现互联网免费通话的服务应用，分别列举了它们的主要特点和功能。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。由Google Meet部分中的“What’s more appealing is that Google Meet display s real-time captions (字幕) as the other person is speaking.(更吸引人的是，Google Meet在对方说话的同时，还能实时显示字幕。)”可知，Google Meet的一个特点是它可以显示说话者正在说什么的实时字幕。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。由Google Voice部分中的“Free calls you make with Google Voice must be to numbers in the United States or Canada, and they’re limited to three hours.(你用谷歌语音拨打的免费电话必须是在美国或加拿大的号码，而且通话时间限制在三个小时以内。)”可知，Google Voice的免费通话功能限制在北美地区，即美国和加拿大。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“You really can make free phone calls using the Internet. (你真的可以用互联网打免费电话。)”可知，本文主要介绍了四款可以利用互联网进行免费通话的应用程序，内容涉及技术产品及其功能，因此最有可能出现在报纸的科技版块。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第二中学·期中）For a long time, scientists believed the beautiful songs of birds were purely a product of instinct (本能). Peter Marler, a pioneering British animal behaviorist, revolutionized this view through his research into how birds actually learn to sing, earning him the title “the father of birdsong.” Marler’s fascination began in his youth, observing chaffinches (苍头燕雀) in the English countryside. He noticed slight but consistent differences in the songs of birds from different regions, much like human dialects. This curiosity defined his career. In the 1950s, he began carefully recording these songs. Using a crucial tool called a spectrogram, which visually represents sound, he was able to scientifically confirm that these regional variations, or “dialects,” were indeed real. His famous study of the white-crowned sparrow in California clearly showed distinct dialects between northern and southern populations. The central question remained: were these dialects inherited or learned? To solve this, Marler designed a series of experiments that would later be regarded as models of clarity. He raised young birds in complete vocal isolation from adults. These isolated birds only produced simple, natural calls, proving that the full, complex song was not automatic. However, when he played recordings of adult songs to them during a critical learning period after hatching, they successfully learned and sang the complete tune. This was decisive evidence that birdsong is a culturally transmitted behavior. Initially, his theory faced doubts from a scientific community that favored instinct-based explanations. The mainstream view still favored instinct, and some dismissed his work as an exception rather than a rule. Marler, however, quietly continued his careful studies. Gradually, his well-designed methods and undeniable evidence won over the community. By transforming lines of numbers into meaningful maps of sound and behavior, he gave the world new eyes to see what had always been hidden in plain hearing. The impact of his work extended far beyond ornithology (鸟类学). It provided a powerful, simpler model for scientists studying the incredibly complex evolution of human language, suggesting our own speech may have roots in similar vocal learning processes. 1.What did Marler find while observing chaffinches? A. Seasonal variations in dialects. B. Regional differences in birdsong. C. Slight changes in bird population. D. Common features in bird species. 2.What do the underlined words “culturally transmitted” mean in paragraph 3? A. Found in human language. B. Spread within a single family. C. Passed down through genes. D. Learned from others in a community. 3.What can we infer about Marler? A. His findings were soon accepted. B. He truly respected others’ opinion. C. He was a patient and careful scientist. D. He was the first to study bird behavior. 4.Why was Marler’s theory significant? A. It supported rare bird protection. B. It proved the once-popular theory. C. It made bird research more popular. D. It promoted the study of human speech. 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章介绍“鸟类鸣叫之父”彼得・马(Peter Marler)，其通过研究发现鸟类鸣叫存在地区差异且需学习，颠覆本能论，还为人类语言研究提供模型。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“He noticed slight but consistent differences in the songs of birds from different regions, much like human dialects. (他注意到来自不同地区的鸟类，其歌声存在细微但一致的差异，很像人类的方言。)”可知，马勒观察苍头燕雀时发现了鸟类歌声的地区差异。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据第三段“He raised young birds in complete vocal isolation from adults. These isolated birds only produced simple, natural calls, proving that the full, complex song was not automatic. However, when he played recordings of adult songs to them during a critical learning period after hatching, they successfully learned and sang the complete tune. (他让幼鸟在完全隔绝成鸟叫声的环境中成长。这些被隔离的幼鸟仅能发出简单的本能鸣叫，这表明完整复杂的鸣唱并非天生。但如果在幼鸟孵化后的关键学习期给它们播放成鸟的鸣唱录音，它们就能成功学会并唱出完整的曲调。)”可知，鸟类的复杂歌声是通过学习同类的声音获得的。因此“culturally transmitted”指“在群体中向他人学习并传递”。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“In the 1950s, he began carefully recording these songs. Using a crucial tool called a spectrogram, which visually represents sound, he was able to scientifically confirm that these regional variations, or “dialects,” were indeed real.(20世纪50年代，他开始仔细录制这些鸣叫。借助一种名为声谱图的关键工具 —— 这种工具能将声音可视化呈现 —— 他得以用科学方法证实，这些区域性差异（即“方言”）确实存在。)”和第四段“Marler, however, quietly continued his careful studies. Gradually, his well-designed methods and undeniable evidence won over the community. (然而，马勒仍默默继续他严谨的研究。渐渐地，他设计精良的方法和无可辩驳的证据说服了科学界。)”可知，马勒是一位耐心且严谨的科学家。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段“It provided a powerful, simpler model for scientists studying the incredibly complex evolution of human language, suggesting our own speech may have roots in similar vocal learning processes. (它为研究人类语言极其复杂演化过程的科学家提供了一个有力且更简单的模型，表明我们人类的语言可能源于类似的声音学习过程。)”可知，马勒的理论意义在于推动了人类语言研究。故选D项。 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第十中学·期中）Flowering plants are very important to Earth’s ecosystems. They are necessary for life on Earth. Flowering plants are also called angiosperms (被子植物). Flowering plants include corn, wheat, rice and potatoes to maple, oak, apple and cherry trees. New research based on genome (基因组) data for 9, 506 species of flowering plants provides the deepest understanding yet of their evolutionary history. The research explains how angiosperms appeared and became widespread during the age of dinosaurs. It also offers explanations for how such plants have changed over time. The team of scientists created a new tree of life for angiosperms. A tree of life is a tool that biologists use to see the evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and other life forms. Their new tree of life covers 15 times more kinds of flowering plants than the closest comparable study. The study identified two periods of diversification among angiosperms. The first one occurred around 150 million to 140 million years ago during the Mesozoic era when 80 percent of major angiosperm species arose. The next one happened about 100 million years later during the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals. That period saw decreasing world temperatures. Researchers said angiosperms are more successful at reproducing than gymnosperms (裸子植物). Gymnosperms and angiosperms both have seeds. But the flowering plants have enclosed seeds that protect them from loss of water. This permits them to survive in a wider range of environments, from deserts to Antarctica. They also evolved the flower, a structure that permitted them to form relationships with animal pollinators, especially insects. Gymnosperms usually depend upon the wind for pollination. Angiosperms evolved a high diversity of fruit types, permitting effective seed spread. Flowering plants provide most of the calories humans eat, from grains to fruits to vegetables. “They’re sources of many of our medicines and hold potential solutions to global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, food security and renewable energy,” researchers said. 1.What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To show the types of angiosperms. B. To provide background information. C. To introduce the topic of the passage. D. To arouse readers’ interest in reading. 2.Which of the following can be inferred from the new study? A. It’s based on genome data for 9, 506 species of angiosperms. B. It proved high temperatures helps to diversify angiosperms. C. It possibly traced the common ancestor of flowering plants. D. It adopted more research techniques than previous studies. 3.Angiosperms show more advantages in ________ than gymnosperms. A. wind pollination B. adaptability C. medical values D. life cycles 4.What does the passage mainly talk about? A. New Research Learns Evolution of Flowering Plants. B. New Research Digs into More Kinds of Angiosperms. C. Flowering Plants are Important to Earth’s Ecosystems. D. Flowering Plants Provide necessities for human beings. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇科普说明文。文章基于一项新的基因组研究，揭示了被子植物的演化历史、多样化时期及其相较于裸子植物的生存优势，并阐述了开花植物对生态系统和人类的重要性。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。首段开篇点明“Flowering plants are very important to Earth’s ecosystems. They are necessary for life on Earth. Flowering plants are also called angiosperms (被子植物). Flowering plants include corn, wheat, rice and potatoes to maple, oak, apple and cherry trees.(开花植物对地球生态系统至关重要，它们是地球上生命存在的必要条件。开花植物也被称为被子植物。开花植物的种类繁多，既包括玉米、小麦、水稻、土豆等农作物，也涵盖枫树、橡树、苹果树和樱桃树等树木。)”可知，第一段为后文内容提供了必要的背景知识。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The team of scientists created a new tree of life for angiosperms. A tree of life is a tool that biologists use to see the evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and other life forms.(科学家团队为被子植物绘制了新的生命进化树。生命进化树是生物学家用于观察植物、动物及其他生命形式间进化关系的工具)” 可知，生命进化树可追溯生物间的进化关系，由此可推断，该研究绘制的被子植物生命进化树，有可能追溯到开花植物的共同祖先。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“This permits them to survive in a wider range of environments, from deserts to Antarctica. (这使得它们能够在更广泛的环境中生存，从沙漠到南极洲)”以及第六段进一步说明它们演化出花多种果实类型，便于与动物传粉者建立关系和有效传播种子。这些特点共同体现了被子植物更强的适应能力。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇简要提及开花植物的重要性后，从第二段开始就围绕“New research based on genome data for 9, 506 species of flowering plants provides the deepest understanding yet of their evolutionary history. (基于9, 506种开花植物基因组数据的新研究，为它们的进化史提供了迄今为止最深入的理解)”这一核心研究展开，详细阐述了该研究在构建被子植物生命之树、揭示其多样化时期、解释其成功演化原因等方面的发现。因此，全文主旨是一项关于开花植物演化的新研究。故选A项。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Each morning, the soft sound of slicing fills the air at a processing workshop in Zhangshu, Jiangxi province. Yuan Xiaoping, 69, stands by his workbench, skillfully slicing white peony root into pieces. The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice. Yuan is a nationally recognized inheritor (继承人) of the Zhangshu traditional Chinese medicine processing technique, a form of craftsmanship named as national intangible cultural heritage in 2018. For over 1,800 years, Zhangshu, China’s medicine capital, has perfected the art of traditional herb processing, transforming raw plants into precise medicine. This craft relies on four signature tools: sharp knives for paper-thin slicing, copper pots for controlled heating, mineral-rich local water, and secret methods passed from master to apprentice. Born into a family with a tradition in Chinese medicine, Yuan began working as an apprentice at the old Tiangitang pharmacy at the age of 16. He later studied under master craftsman Yu Shouxiang, who was renowned for his expertise in medicinal (药用的) cutting. Yuan devoted decades to mastering core skills of the craft, including some specialized methods. For him, the heart of the craft lies in two skills: cutting and processing. “Every step demands precision, but it’s the knife work that truly stands out: each slice cut to perfect thickness, almost like art. “Yuan said. “Processing is not just about preparing herbs. It demands reverence for the natural properties of medicinal herbs and the application of precise methods to unlock their medical value.” Despite modern production technologies, Yuan believes many essential steps remain dependent on experience. “Machines can cut, but they can’t read the color, smell or texture of herbs,” Yuan said. “Some techniques are simple in appearance, but they require years of repetition to do well.” 1.What can be learned about the technique? A. It features simplicity B. It is dismissed as impractical. C. It remains unchanged. D. It requires effort and accuracy. 2.What does the underlined word “reverence” (Para. 4) mean? A. Awe. B. Love. C. Talent. D. Blame. 3.Which of the following can best describe Yuan? A. Disciplined and energetic. B. Committed and highly-skilled. C. Hardworking and friendly. D. Forward-thinking and devoted. 4.What does Yuan’s story mainly show? A. Look before you leap. B. Honesty is the best policy. C. Practice makes perfect. D. Strike while the iron is hot. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了国家级非物质文化遗产樟树中药炮制技艺传承人袁小平的工作日常、学艺经历及对技艺的理解，并介绍了樟树中药炮制技艺的特点与价值。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice.(这套动作看似轻松自如，却是他50多年刻苦练习的成果。)”和第四段““Every step demands precision, but it’s the knife work that truly stands out: each slice cut to perfect thickness, almost like art. “Yuan said. (“每一步都讲究精准，但切片手艺最见真章——每一片都要切到厚度完美，几乎像艺术品一样。”袁小平说)”可知，樟树中药炮制技艺需要从业者付出长期刻苦的努力，且每一步都要求精准。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在语境“Processing is not just about preparing herbs. It demands reverence for the natural properties of medicinal herbs and the application of precise methods to unlock their medical value.(炮制不只是简单处理药材。它需要……药材的天然特性，还要用精准的方法激发其药用价值。)”可知，炮制药材不仅是处理药材，还需要对药材的天然特性持有某种态度，才能通过精准方法激发其药用价值。结合语境，这种态度应是尊重、敬畏之情。选项A“Awe”意为“敬畏”，与此相符。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice.(这套动作看似轻松自如，却是他50多年刻苦练习的成果。)”以及第三段“Yuan devoted decades to mastering core skills of the craft, including some specialized methods. For him, the heart of the craft lies in two skills: cutting and processing.(数十年来，袁小平潜心钻研这项技艺的核心技法，其中还包括一些特殊炮制方法。在他看来，这项技艺的核心在于两大工序：切片与炮制。)”可知，袁小平50多年刻苦练习技艺、数十年钻研核心技法，体现他对中药炮制技艺的专注投入；而他能娴熟切片、掌握独门技法，则体现了他技艺精湛。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice.(这套动作看似轻松自如，却是他50多年刻苦练习的成果。)”和第五段袁小平所说的话““Some techniques are simple in appearance, but they require years of repetition to do well. (有些技法看起来简单，却需要多年反复练习才能做好。)”可知，袁小平的技艺并非天生，而是靠50多年刻苦练习、多年反复打磨才达成，体现长期练习造就精湛技艺。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江西临川第一中学·期中）From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. Previous research had shown that ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study published in Transportation Research, researchers recorded ants on trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour hardly tend to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno. In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. Like ants on a trail, which use scent to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable. Still, ants can do a lot of things that cars can’t, the researcher points out. Ants can make trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. Plus, unlike cars, ants don’t crash; they can literally walk over one another. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise lead to a traffic jam with no obvious cause. 1.Which does not contribute to ants’ stable traffic at high densities? A. Steady speed. B. Proper distance. C. Continuous movement. D. Team spirit. 2.Which of the following agrees with Nicola Pugno’s opinion? A. Human drivers usually follow the traffic rules at rush hour. B. Autonomous vehicles may be programmed to improve traffic situation. C. Human drivers will drive more slowly than autonomous vehicles. D. Prioritizing interests can definitely lead to inefficient traffic flow. 3.What can we learn about autonomous vehicle network? A. It can keep vehicle speed under control. B. It can use scent to communicate with vehicles. C. It can provide drivers with changeable routes. D. It can form a solid and flexible traffic system. 4.What does the passage mainly talk about? A. What ants will do when they face traffic jams. B. What we can benefit from autonomous vehicles. C. Why we should keep good distances while driving. D. How ants may save you from future traffic jams. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究人员通过研究蚂蚁在高密度交通下的行为模式，发现蚂蚁通过保持稳定的行进速度和相互间适当的距离来避免交通堵塞，进而探讨如何将这些策略应用于自动驾驶汽车，以减少或避免交通拥堵。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others.(他们发现，这些蚂蚁不会发生拥堵现象，这是因为它们以3至20只为一组进行移动，移动速度几乎保持恒定，同时彼此之间保持着适当的距离，并且它们不会加速超越其他蚂蚁)”可知，蚂蚁在高密度下交通稳定的原因包括“速度稳定”、“适当距离”和“持续移动”，未提及“团队精神”。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road.(在他对这一未来的设想中，自动驾驶车辆将通过保持恒定速度和车距，或者不在道路上超越其他车辆的方式来避免交通拥堵)”可知，Nicola Pugno认为自动驾驶汽车可以通过编程来改善交通状况，即自动驾驶汽车可能被编程以改善交通状况。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Like ants on a trail, which use scent to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable.(就像蚂蚁沿着路径移动时依靠气味来协调彼此之间的行为一样，自动驾驶车辆网络也能帮助车辆保持恒定的速度，并收集和共享信息。诺亚·皮特尔-沃尔曼表示：“没有领导者”，但这种组织还是会出现的。而且在蚂蚁和车辆的交通中，这种分布式系统都可能非常强大且具有可变性)”可知，自动驾驶汽车网络将帮助汽车保持恒定速度，同时收集和共享信息，这种分布式系统都非常强大且可变。由此推知，自动驾驶汽车网络可以形成一个坚固而灵活的交通系统。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up.(从飞机上俯瞰，高速公路上缓慢行驶的汽车看起来就像蚂蚁一般渺小。但真正的蚂蚁——与汽车不同——能够避开这种时停时走的交通状况。在每英里有 15 辆车的车道上，一位司机猛踩刹车就可能引发持续的交通堵塞。研究人员正在研究这些昆虫的协作策略，以了解如何设计不会造成交通堵塞的自动驾驶汽车)”和最后一段“Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise lead to a traffic jam with no obvious cause.(如今的司机们可以从蚂蚁身上学到至少一点经验，以避免造成交通堵塞：在车与前车之间留出一段距离，这样在交通拥堵的情况下，司机们就能吸收一波刹车冲击力，否则这种冲击力可能会导致毫无明显原因的交通堵塞)”可知，文章围绕蚂蚁的交通策略展开，说明其对解决人类交通拥堵的启发，尤其是对自动驾驶汽车的借鉴意义。由此可知，“蚂蚁如何帮你摆脱未来交通拥堵”可以概括本文的主题。故选D项。 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）Why are parents viewed as so heroic? Developmental psychologists tell us that the relationship we have with our parents is the first significant relationship of our lives. It’s a relationship that has a lasting impact on our values, our will and our future behavior. Thus when we experience successes in our personal lives, it’s unsurprising that we attribute(将……归于) those victories, at least in part, to our parents. While Mother’s Day was met with instant enthusiasm, Father’s Day was initially met with rebuffs. Few people believed that fathers wanted or needed any acknowledgement. It wasn’t until 1972 that President Richard Nixon made Father’s Day an official holiday. However, the origin of Father’s Day isn’t entirely clear. There are several fascinating possibilities. Babylonian scholars have discovered a message carved in clay by a young man named Elmesu about 4,000 years ago. In the message, Elmesu wishes his father good health and a long life. Some believe this ancient message represents evidence of an established tradition of honoring fathers. There’s some debate about the origin of the Father’s Day that we celebrate today. In 1907, a West Virginian named Grace Golden Clayton felt very sad about the loss of her father in a mine explosion in Monongah, which killed 250 fathers. Clayton requested that her church establish a day to honor these lost fathers. The date she suggested was July 8th, the anniversary of her own father’s death. Fathers are given credit for being great teachers and mentors (导师). They lead by example and devote time to demonstrating life skills to us. Former governor of New York, Mario Cuomo, once said, “I talk and talk and talk, and I haven’t taught people for 50 years what my father has taught by example for one week.” Fathers are great providers and protectors. Sigmund Freud once wrote, “I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a father’s protection.” 1.Why do we tend to owe our successes to our parents? A. They shape us. B. They fully understand us. C. They are our beloved people. D. They have experience in achieving success. 2.What does the underlined word “rebuffs” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Laziness. B. Approval. C. Curiosity. D. Refusal. 3.Which of the following may Mario Cuomo agree with? A. Example has more followers than reason. B. The most powerful moral influence is talks. C. The bitterest truth is better than the sweetest lies. D. Well-developed communication skills are necessary. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. A lesson from a father B. Good fathers, great protection C. Our fathers, our heroes D. The significance of the parent-child relationship 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要探讨父母被视为英雄的原因，介绍父亲节的起源争议及父亲在孩子成长中的重要作用。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It’s a relationship that has a lasting impact on our values, our will and our future behavior. Thus when we experience successes in our personal lives, it’s unsurprising that we attribute(将……归于) those victories, at least in part, to our parents.(这种关系会对我们的价值观、意志和未来行为产生持久影响。因此，当我们在个人生活中取得成功时，我们将这些胜利至少部分归功于父母，这并不令人惊讶。)”可知，我们倾向于把成功归功于父母，是因为他们塑造了我们的价值观、意志和行为。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Few people believed that fathers wanted or needed any acknowledgement. It wasn’t until 1972 that President Richard Nixon made Father’s Day an official holiday.(很少有人认为父亲们想要或需要任何认可。直到1972年，理查德·尼克松总统才将父亲节定为法定假日。)”可知，父亲节最初并未得到认可，反而遭到拒绝，因此“rebuffs”意为“拒绝”。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Former governor of New York, Mario Cuomo, once said, “I talk and talk and talk, and I haven’t taught people for 50 years what my father has taught by example for one week.(纽约前州长马里奥·科莫曾说过：“我喋喋不休、反复说教了五十年，教给人们的东西，还不及我父亲用一周时间以身作则教会我的多。”)”可知，马里奥·科莫认为榜样的力量比说教更强，即“榜样比道理更能吸引人追随”。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇提出Why are parents viewed as so heroic?“父母为何被视为英雄”，随后围绕父亲节的起源展开，最后强调父亲作为导师、供养者和保护者的重要作用，核心始终围绕“父亲是英雄”这一主题展开。所以短文的最佳标题为“我们的父亲，我们的英雄”。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西临川第一中学·期中）A simple handshake may reveal more than just a greeting. A new study suggests that the way people shake hands could unconsciously communicate emotions and personality characteristics. Dr. Emily Carter, a behavioral psychologist leading the research, studies non-verbal (非口头的) communication and its role in relationships. Her curiosity about handshakes began during a leadership workshop. She noticed that participants’ handshakes varied significantly, and she wondered if these differences might carry meaningful information. To test her idea, she and her team conducted an experiment. The researchers found 200 volunteers and recorded their handshakes using high-speed cameras and pressure sensors. Participants were asked to shake hands with strangers, friends, and colleagues under different situations, such as meeting for the first time, resolving a conflict, or celebrating success. The team also measured participants’ heart rates and skin reactions to track emotional responses. The findings were illuminating. Strong, firm handshakes were often associated with confidence and enthusiasm, while weaker handshakes tended to signal nervousness or discomfort. Notably, longer handshakes with slight upward movements were linked to excitement, while short, rigid ones reflected tension. The study also illustrated that the temperature and moisture (湿度) of a person’s hand could reflect their emotional state. Warmer, slightly sweaty hands were more common when participants felt anxious or stressed, while cooler, dry hands were linked to calmness. Carter believes these insights have practical applications. For instance, business professionals could use handshake analysis to better understand their clients’ emotions during negotiations. Similarly, advisors might use it as a tool to understand a client’s emotional state without relying only on verbal communication. However, Carter cautions that handshakes are just one piece of the puzzle. “Human interaction is complex, and something as simple as a handshake can speak volumes,” she says. As scientists continue to explore the mysteries of non-verbal communication, it’s clear that no single gesture can tell the whole story. 1.How did Dr. Carter and her team study handshakes? A. By conducting surveys. B. By analyzing prior data. C. By observing participants. D. By interviewing volunteers. 2.What does the underlined word “illuminating” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Convincing. B. Revealing. C. Disturbing. D. Confusing. 3.What can we learn about handshake analysis? A. It helps interpret hidden emotions. B. It enhances communication skills. C. It contributes to bonding with clients. D. It facilitates the process of negotiation. 4.What can be inferred about human interaction according to the last paragraph? A. Non-verbal clues often mislead us. B. Handshakes are key to communication. C. One gesture cannot explain everything. D. Body language speaks louder than words. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究发现握手方式能无意识传递情绪与性格特质，以及研究过程、结果、应用及对人际互动的启示。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The researchers found 200 volunteers and recorded their handshakes using high-speed cameras and pressure sensors. Participants were asked to shake hands with strangers, friends, and colleagues under different situations, such as meeting for the first time, resolving a conflict, or celebrating success. The team also measured participants’ heart rates and skin reactions to track emotional responses.(研究人员找到了200名志愿者，并使用高速摄像机和压力传感器记录他们的握手情况。参与者被要求在不同场景下与陌生人、朋友和同事握手，例如初次见面、解决冲突或庆祝成功。该团队还测量了参与者的心率和皮肤反应，以追踪他们的情绪反应)”可知，卡特博士及其团队通过使用设备记录志愿者在不同场景下的握手、心率和皮肤反应来研究握手，本质是对参与者的观察。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Strong, firm handshakes were often associated with confidence and enthusiasm, while weaker handshakes tended to signal nervousness or discomfort. Notably, longer handshakes with slight upward movements were linked to excitement, while short, rigid ones reflected tension. The study also illustrated that the temperature and moisture (湿度) of a person’s hand could reflect their emotional state. Warmer, slightly sweaty hands were more common when participants felt anxious or stressed, while cooler, dry hands were linked to calmness.(有力、坚定的握手通常与自信和热情相关，而无力的握手往往暗示紧张或不适。值得注意的是，时间较长且带有轻微向上动作的握手与兴奋有关，而短暂、僵硬的握手则反映出紧张。该研究还表明，一个人手的温度和湿度可以反映其情绪状态。当参与者感到焦虑或压力大时，手部温暖且略带潮湿的情况更为常见，而手部凉爽、干燥则与平静有关)”可知，后文详细阐述了研究得出的关于握手与情绪、性格关联的具体结论，这些结论是有启发意义、能揭示真相的，因此“illuminating”意为“揭示真相的、有启发作用的”，与“Revealing”含义相近。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A new study suggests that the way people shake hands could unconsciously communicate emotions and personality characteristics.(一项新研究表明，人们的握手方式可能会无意识地传递情绪和性格特质)”以及第五段中的“For instance, business professionals could use handshake analysis to better understand their clients’ emotions during negotiations. Similarly, advisors might use it as a tool to understand a client’s emotional state without relying only on verbal communication.(例如，商业人士可以利用握手分析在谈判中更好地理解客户的情绪。同样，顾问也可以将其作为一种工具，不单纯依赖语言交流就能了解客户的情绪状态)”可知，握手分析有助于解读人们隐藏的情绪。故选A项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, Carter cautions that handshakes are just one piece of the puzzle. “Human interaction is complex, and something as simple as a handshake can speak volumes,” she says. As scientists continue to explore the mysteries of non-verbal communication, it’s clear that no single gesture can tell the whole story. (然而，卡特提醒道，握手只是其中的一部分。“人际互动很复杂，像握手这样简单的动作也能传递很多信息，”她说。随着科学家们继续探索非语言交流的奥秘，很明显，没有任何一个单一的手势能说明全部情况)”可知，卡特指出握手只是人际互动中的一个部分，没有单一手势能解释所有情况。由此推知，人际互动中一个手势无法说明一切。故选C项。 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）The idea behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is that the world would be a better place if all sorts of electronics would be computerized. Billions of tiny computers could monitor air quality and traffic patterns. It is estimated that there could be a trillion connected devices in the world by 2035 — more than 100 for every person. With continued growth in the IoT, regularly replacing a trillion batteries would be inconvenient. Researchers have built chips (芯片) that get energy from light or heat. But such resources producing only a small amount of power can’t be used to replace a battery, the maintenance of which can be difficult and costly, especially in places where a battery is hard to reach. Aline Eid and her colleagues proposed a better idea. Using a piece of equipment called the Rotman lens (透镜), they have designed a small, flexible antenna (天线) to harvest electrical power from signals of 5G mobile phone towers. Rotman lenses, which were invented in 1963, focus and redirect electromagnetic radiation. “Most people use Rotman lenses in the transmission (发送) mode,” says Dr. Eid. “We decided to change that concept and use them in the opposite mode.” Her lens is able to collect electromagnetic radiation from all directions. Letting it work in urban environments in which waves spread unpredictably improves the amount of harvestable power greatly. And 5G also offers more power in the first place. The standard on which it is based covers communications on a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, 5G’s frequencies ranging between 24 GHz and 100 GHz are rarely used, so 5G networks are unlikely to suffer from the disturbance from a huge number of devices. According to the team, their antenna can harvest useful quantities of power even at a long distance. Feeding their work into computer models suggests it should be able to harvest around six microwatts of power at a distance of 180 meters from a tower. That is enough to let the sort of simple, low-power chips that will make up the loT do useful work. If more power is needed, a bigger antenna can be used. 1.What has been a barrier in the development of IoT technology? A. How to efficiently power IoT devices. B. How to monitor a mass of tiny computers. C. How to reduce the cost of maintaining IoT chips. D. How to computerize different sorts of electronics. 2.What is the concept behind Aline’s using Rotman lenses? A. They can communicate with 5G frequencies. B. They can send radio signals to 5G towers. C. They can receive electromagnetic radiation. D. They can broadcast radiation waves in all directions. 3.What might be an advantage of using 5G networks to harvest electric power? A. Having stricter standards. B. Consuming less power to operate. C. Supporting a wide range of devices. D. Having little risk of being disturbed. 4.What does Aline’s team indicate by explaining their antenna? A. It can only harvest power at a short distance. B. It can’t harvest power from 5G signals effectively. C. It needs a very large antenna to harvest useful power. D. It can harvest enough power for simple IoT chips to work at a certain distance. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如何有效地给物联网设备供电一直困扰着科学家们。针对这一问题，研究人员给出了解决方案，修建物联网的目标未来可期。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“With continued growth in the IoT, regularly replacing a trillion batteries would be inconvenient. Researchers have built chips (芯片) that get energy from light or heat. But such resources producing only a small amount of power can’t be used to replace a battery, the maintenance of which can be difficult and costly, especially in places where a battery is hard to reach.( 随着物联网的持续发展，定期更换一万亿个电池将会很不方便。研究人员已经制造出可以从光或热中获取能量的芯片。但是这种只能产生少量电力的资源不能用来代替电池，电池的维护困难且昂贵，特别是在电池难以到达的地方。)”可知，物联网技术发展的障碍是如何高效地为物联网设备供电。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Rotman lenses, which were invented in 1963, focus and redirect electromagnetic radiation. “Most people use Rotman lenses in the transmission (发送) mode,” says Dr. Eid. “We decided to change that concept and use them in the opposite mode.”(罗特曼透镜发明于1963年，它可以聚焦和重定向电磁辐射。埃德博士说：“大多数人在传输模式下使用罗特曼透镜。”“我们决定改变这个概念，以相反的方式使用它们。”)”以及第四段中“Her lens is able to collect electromagnetic radiation from all directions.( 她的透镜能够收集来自四面八方的电磁辐射。)”可知，艾琳·艾德使用罗特曼透镜背后的理念在于这种镜片能够接收电磁辐射。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“And 5G also offers more power in the first place. The standard on which it is based covers communications on a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, 5G’s frequencies ranging between 24 GHz and 100 GHz are rarely used, so 5G networks are unlikely to suffer from the disturbance from a huge number of devices.( 首先，5G还提供了更大的功率。它所依据的标准涵盖了广泛频率范围内的通信。此外，5G的频率范围在24 GHz到100 GHz之间很少使用，因此5G网络不太可能受到大量设备的干扰。)”可知，使用5G网络收集电力的优势是几乎没有被干扰的风险。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“According to the team, their antenna can harvest useful quantities of power even at a long distance. Feeding their work into computer models suggests it should be able to harvest around six microwatts of power at a distance of 180 meters from a tower. That is enough to let the sort of simple, low-power chips that will make up the loT do useful work.( 据该团队称，他们的天线即使在很远的距离上也能收集到有用的能量。将他们的工作输入计算机模型表明，它应该能够在距离塔180米的地方收集大约6微瓦的电力。这足以让构成loT的那种简单、低功耗芯片发挥作用。)”可推知，艾琳的团队通过解释他们的天线说明了它可以收集足够的能量，让简单的物联网芯片在一定距离内工作。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西省部分学校联考·期中）University of Hawaii scientists are among a team of researchers who have discovered an innovative way to help adapt food crops around the world to Earth’s rapidly changing climate. A new study published in Nature Climate Change reveals how plant seed banks, home to millions of genetically diverse plants around the world, can help speed up the process of breeding (培育) crops better suited for climate change. “Climate-driven pressures on food crops touch every country on our planet and this technique holds promise for making more use of our global seed banks,” said co-author Michael Kantar of the UH Manoa College of tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience (CTAHR). According to Kantar, plant seed banks are essential for protecting the genetic (基因的) diversity of food crops. These “living libraries” store seeds and other genetic material, providing a vital resource for plant breeders working to develop new crop varieties that have a range of characteristics from drought resistance to disease tolerance (忍耐力). The researchers used sorghum (高粱), a grain grown for food, fuel, and livestock feed, to test a new method called environmental genetic selection. It combines DNA data with climate information to predict which plants are best suited for future conditions. “It can be applied to any crop that has the right data, including sorghum, barley, cannabis, pepper and dozens of other crops,” said Kantar. The approach also saves time. Instead of testing thousands of plants in the field, scientists use a smaller, diverse “mini-core” group to forecast how crops will perform in different environments. This helps breeders quickly select the best parents for new, climate-resilient varieties. “This method will help us keep pace with the hotter temperatures and increased risk of flooding from Earth’s changing climate and help develop new varieties to ensure food security,” Kantar said. Researchers discovered that nations with high sorghum use may need genetic resources from other countries to effectively adapt to climate change, stressing the value of global teamwork in securing the world’s food supply. 1.What is the purpose of the study of University of Hawaii? A. To secure food supply. B. To understand plant seed banks. C. To stop climate change. D. To speed up crop harvest. 2.Why are seed banks referred to as “living libraries”? A. They replace traditional farming methods. B. They provide genetic resources for new crops. C. They store rare plants from around the world. D. They protect crops from drought or disease. 3.Which word best describes environmental genetic selection? A. Inexpensive. B. Unpractical. C. Productive. D. Inconvenient. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Strategies for Improving crop Yields B. Innovative Methods for Storing Plant Seeds C. The Role of Global Seed Banks in Agriculture D. “Living Libraries” That Fight Climate Change 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了夏威夷大学研究人员发现的一种利用植物种子库帮助粮食作物适应气候变化的创新方法。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“University of Hawaii scientists are among a team of researchers who have discovered an innovative way to help adapt food crops around the world to Earth’s rapidly changing climate. (夏威夷大学的科学家们参与的一个研究团队发现了一种创新方法，可以帮助世界各地的粮食作物适应地球快速变化的气候)”以及第二段中“Climate-driven pressures on food crops touch every country on our planet and this technique holds promise for making more use of our global seed banks (气候因素对粮食作物造成的压力波及全球各个国家，而这项技术有望让我们更好地利用全球种子库资源)”可推知，该研究的目的是保障粮食供应。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“These “living libraries” store seeds and other genetic material, providing a vital resource for plant breeders working to develop new crop varieties that have a range of characteristics from drought resistance to disease tolerance (忍耐力). (这些“活的图书馆”储存种子和其他遗传物质，为植物育种家提供重要资源，这些育种家致力于培育具有从抗旱到抗病等一系列特性的新作物品种)”可知，种子库被称为“活的图书馆”是因为它们为新作物提供遗传资源。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第六段“The approach also saves time. Instead of testing thousands of plants in the field, scientists use a smaller, diverse “mini-core” group to forecast how crops will perform in different environments. This helps breeders quickly select the best parents for new, climate-resilient varieties. (这种方法还能节省时间。科学家们不用在田间测试数千株植物，而是使用一个更小、更多样化的“迷你核心”群体来预测作物在不同环境中的表现。这有助于育种家快速为新的、耐气候的品种选择最佳亲本)”可推知，这种方法是有成效的。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段中“A new study published in Nature Climate Change reveals how plant seed banks, home to millions of genetically diverse plants around the world, can help speed up the process of breeding (培育) crops better suited for climate change. (发表于《自然・气候变化》的一项新研究揭示，全球各地储存着数百万种遗传多样性植物的种子库，能够如何助力加快培育更适应气候变化的作物的进程)”可知，文章围绕植物种子库(“活的图书馆”)帮助作物适应气候变化的作用展开，D选项“对抗气候变化的‘活的图书馆’”最适合作为标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Children are born with the curiosity to explore. Yet over time they are becoming less curious about science. Why? This loss of interest may be partly the result of language cues (提示) children hear. And these cues don’t come just from parents; they can also come from school teachers who treat science as an identity rather than actions. When talking to children, many adults might say things like “Let’s be scientists today!” or “You’re such a good scientist!”. But this kind of identity-focused language, which focuses on science as an identity rather than activities and actions that people do, can be demoralizing for young children. One study showed that children as young as four, especially girls, kept their interest longer when their cue to participate in science activities was “Let’s do science” rather than “Let’s be scientists.” One possibility is that when thinking of a scientist, children might picture a white man. If they don’t share that identity, they lose interest in an activity designed “for scientists.” This stereotypical (刻板印象的) belief that science is reserved for only certain-kinds of people emerges surprisingly early. By the first grade, when asked to draw a scientist, children tend to draw a white man. The good news is that language cues can also be directed to promote engagement with science. Describing science as actions that we take, for example, seems to protect young children’s interest in science over time. But it’s also true that teenagers are actively trying on and ultimately forming different identities for themselves. So in contrast to its demoralizing effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. In another study, cueing a future identity based on science (such as “scientist” or “doctor”) motivated middle schoolers to do more homework and was associated with higher grades. Consequently, adults had better use different language cues for children of different age groups to maintain their curiosity about science. 1.What does the underlined word “demoralizing” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Inappropriate. B. Impolite. C. Unconvincing. D. Discouraging. 2.Why was action-focused language especially effective to young girls? A. Because it avoids identity conflict in girls’ mind. B. Because stereotypical belief is reserved for girls. C. Because it enhances girls’ engagement in science. D. Because it shows the activity is designed for girls. 3.What may be the author’s suggestion for parents and teachers? A. To treat language as cues. B. To use identity-focused language. C. To adopt flexible strategies. D. To help teenagers form identities. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why Is Action Better than Identity? B. How Do Parents Raise Young Scientists? C. How Does Age Affect Science Learning? D. What Affects Children’s Interest in Science? 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍儿童对科学的好奇心下降的原因，以及不同语言提示对不同年龄段儿童科学兴趣的影响，并给出相应建议。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“But this kind of identity-focused language, which focuses on science as an identity rather than activities and actions that people do, can be demoralizing for young children. One study showed that children as young as four, especially girls, kept their interest longer when their cue to participate in science activities was “Let’s do science” rather than “Let’s be scientists.”(但这种以身份为核心的语言，将科学视为一种身份，而非人们所做的活动和行动，可能会对幼儿造成demoralizing影响。一项研究表明，4岁的孩子，尤其是女孩，当参与科学活动的提示是“让我们做科学”而不是“让我们成为科学家”时，能保持更长时间的兴趣。)”可知，以身份为核心的语言会让幼儿难以保持兴趣，因此“demoralizing”意为“令人气馁的”。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“One possibility is that when thinking of a scientist, children might picture a white man. If they don’t share that identity, they lose interest in an activity designed “for scientists.”(一种可能性是，当想到科学家时，孩子们可能会想到一个白人男性。如果他们没有这种身份认同，就会对为“科学家”设计的活动失去兴趣。)”以及第二段中行动导向语言让幼儿（尤其女孩）保持兴趣的研究结果可知，行动导向语言对女孩特别有效，是因为它避免了女孩心中的身份冲突。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Consequently, adults had better use different language cues for children of different age groups to maintain their curiosity about science.(因此，成年人最好对不同年龄段的孩子使用不同的语言提示，以保持他们对科学的好奇心。)”可知，作者建议家长和老师采用灵活的策略，针对不同年龄段儿童使用不同语言提示。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段提出儿童对科学好奇心下降的问题及部分原因（语言提示），第二段对比不同语言提示对幼儿的影响，第三段解释身份导向语言产生负面影响的原因，第四段说明语言提示对青少年的积极影响，最后给出针对不同年龄段儿童使用不同语言提示的建议，由此可知，全文围绕“什么影响儿童对科学的兴趣”展开，因此D项“什么影响儿童对科学的兴趣？”适合作为标题。故选D项。 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）People have been attracted by games for thousands of years, and today the gaming market is about as big as all other forms of entertainment combined. People often find it hard to resist play. Why is this behavior so deep-rooted? The brain builds models of the world to anticipate events, yet games center on the unknown. Unpredictable events are particularly attractive because their unpredictability means something is missing in the brain’s world model. Uncertainty is like a signpost indicating that there’s more to learn. Children stop playing a puzzle game once they realize that, played correctly, it always ends in a draw (平局). Long before scientists studied play’s role in social learning, philosopher Plato argued that games were crucial because they taught children to follow rules. He believed they’d respect laws in the future. The ancient game of Go was also long celebrated by philosophers for improving its players’ insight. Competitive games, at their core, are about cooperation. They train individuals to obey rules and achieve goals in a fair and socially acceptable way. Games are more than just a form of amusement. As gambling (赌博) became popular in Europe during the Renaissance period, gamblers who tried to look for an advantage studied how dice (色子) worked. Their efforts to mathematize gambling led to the birth of probability theory. Chance could be studied and systematized and it operated according to laws. That the very unpredictability of dice throws could be formalized was revolutionary. Yet the randomness (随机性) of dice is an orderly kind of randomness, much less messy than that of real events. Though this may seem like an abstract problem, it’s thought to be partly responsible for the replication crisis (重复危机) in science because researchers can mistakenly use statistics that are better suited to game pieces to characterize their experimental results. Today, the business world widely uses probability theory and games have been adopted in the design of many of our modern social and economic systems. Game design decides what ads we’re served as we look through our feeds and controls our behaviors to make games work as intended. That’s why it’s crucial that we understand how these games influence us so that we can distinguish our actual values from those of the designers. Otherwise, the games are playing us. 1.Why are games particularly appealing to people? A. They allow players to achieve quick success. B. They provide players with a sense of control. C. They challenge brain’s ability to predict outcomes. D. They encourage the players to pursue high accuracy. 2.What attitude did ancient philosophers hold towards the role of games? A. Critical. B. Worried. C. Skeptical. D. Positive 3.What is the significance of gamblers’ study of dice throws? A. It informed us of the unpredictable future. B. It stressed the importance of careful selection. C. It helped free people from the replication crisis. D. It served as a driving force behind scientific progress. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. The Changes of Games Through History B. The Rise and Impact of Gambling in Europe C. The Role of Games in Shaping Human Behavior D. The Influence of Probability Theory on Modern Society 【答案】1. C　2. D　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了游戏对人类具有强大吸引力的原因，古代哲学家对游戏作用的看法，赌博研究对科学的推动，以及游戏在现代社会的广泛影响。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The brain builds models of the world to anticipate events, yet games center on the unknown. Unpredictable events are particularly attractive because their unpredictability means something is missing in the brain’s world model.(大脑会构建世界模型来预测事件，而游戏则以未知为核心。不可预测的事件特别有吸引力，因为它们的不可预测性意味着大脑的世界模型中缺少了某些东西。)”可知，游戏之所以吸引人，是因为它们以未知为核心，挑战了大脑预测结果的能力。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Long before scientists studied play’s role in social learning, philosopher Plato argued that games were crucial because they taught children to follow rules. He believed they’d respect laws in the future. The ancient game of Go was also long celebrated by philosophers for improving its players’ insight. (早在科学家研究游戏在社会学习中的作用之前，哲学家柏拉图就认为游戏至关重要——它能教会孩子遵守规则。他相信，这些孩子未来会尊重法律。而古老的围棋也一直为哲学家们所推崇，因其能提升棋手的洞察力。)”可知，古代哲学家对游戏的作用持积极态度。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Their efforts to mathematize gambling led to the birth of probability theory. Chance could be studied and systematized and it operated according to laws. That the very unpredictability of dice throws could be formalized was revolutionary.(他们将赌博数学化的努力催生了概率论。偶然性可以被研究和系统化，并且它是按照规律运作的。骰子投掷的不可预测性能够被形式化，这是具有革命性的。)”可知，文艺复兴时期赌博的兴起促使人们研究掷色子的规律，奠定了概率理论的基础，是科技发展的催化剂。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第一段分析游戏吸引人的原因，第二段介绍古代哲学家眼中游戏对人的塑造作用，第三段讲述赌博研究对科学的推动，第四段说明游戏在现代社会对人类行为的影响，全文围绕游戏在不同时期对人类行为的塑造作用展开，由此可知，“游戏在塑造人类行为中的作用”可以概括全文主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西省部分学校联考·期中）Forests play a crucial role in promoting health and well-being, but not all forests provide the same benefits. A large-scale international study, co-led by the University of Surrey and the University of Ghent, demonstrates how specific forest characteristics — such as canopy density (树冠密度) and tree species diversity — can affect various health outcomes. The research investigated 164 forests across 5 European countries, offering valuable insights for forest management and urban planning. The study examined 7 ecological characteristics of forests and their influence on human health. Tree species diversity was found to have a limited but positive effect on human health and well-being. Increasing tree species diversity is therefore considered a safe and beneficial intervention for forest managers, which also provides multiple co-benefits beyond human health, such as supporting associated non-tree biodiversity. Forest structures — particularly, the canopy structure — were found to have the strongest health impact, both with their own benefits and disadvantages. Dense canopy reduces heat stress by providing more shade and creating a more stable microclimate, while also improving air quality by increasing leaf surface area for fine particulate matter deposition (细颗粒物沉积) — both crucial elements in urban areas where heatwaves and airborne pollutants are more frequent. On the other hand, a dense canopy can also increase the risk of Lyme disease — as ticks (蜱虫) like it in wet environment — and lead to less light reaching the forest floor, which can slow the growth of medicinal plants, affecting their potential health benefits. “Our study shows that forests generally provide a mental health benefit, reducing anxiety and stress, regardless of their biodiversity or structure. Contact with forests could be prescribed (开处方) by the National Health Service (NHS), as research shows that NHS nature prescriptions are effective at improving mental health,” says Dr Melissa Marselle, a lecturer in Environmental Psychology. 1.Which factor determines the health benefits provided by a forest? A. The size of the forest. B. The history of the forest. C. The height of the forest. D. The species diversity of the forest. 2.What is a benefit of dense forest canopy? A. It increases sunlight for forest plants. B. It prevents all air pollutants effectively. C. It lowers the risk of heat-related issues. D. It reduces the sunlight that attracts ticks. 3.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A. The risk of Lyme disease. B. Downside of thick canopy. C. The growth of medicinal plants. D. The potential health benefits of canopy. 4.What advice may Dr Melissa give? A. Including forest visits in mental health treatment plans. B. Linking forest access to non-tree biodiversity plans. C. Prioritizing forest biodiversity for anxiety reduction. D. Expanding canopy coverage to maximize stress relief. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项国际研究，该研究探讨了森林的不同特征对人类健康的影响，强调了森林在促进健康和福祉方面的重要作用，同时也指出了并非所有森林都能提供相同的益处。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Tree species diversity was found to have a limited but positive effect on human health and well-being.(研究发现，树种多样性对人类健康和福祉的影响有限，但却是积极的。)”可知，森林的物种多样性是决定森林提供的健康益处的因素。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Dense canopy reduces heat stress by providing more shade and creating a more stable microclimate(茂密的树冠通过提供更多的阴凉和创造更稳定的微气候来减少热应激)”可知，茂密的森林树冠的好处是它降低了与热相关问题的风险。故选C。 (3)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第五段“On the other hand, a dense canopy can also increase the risk of Lyme disease — as ticks (蜱虫) like it in wet environment — and lead to less light reaching the forest floor, which can slow the growth of medicinal plants, affecting their potential health benefits.(另一方面，茂密的树冠也会增加莱姆病的风险，因为蜱虫喜欢潮湿的环境，而且会导致到达森林地面的光线减少，这会减缓药用植物的生长，影响它们的潜在健康益处。)”可知，第五段主要讲的是茂密树冠的缺点。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Our study shows that forests generally provide a mental health benefit, reducing anxiety and stress, regardless of their biodiversity or structure. Contact with forests could be prescribed (开处方) by the National Health Service (NHS), as research shows that NHS nature prescriptions are effective at improving mental health(我们的研究表明，森林通常对心理健康有益，可以减少焦虑和压力，无论其生物多样性或结构如何。国家卫生服务机构可以开出与森林接触的处方，因为研究表明，国家卫生服务机构的自然处方对改善心理健康有效)”可知，梅利莎博士可能会建议将森林游览纳入心理健康治疗计划。故选A。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Climate change could have large impacts on food production across the world. Rising temperatures might boost crop production in cold regions but negatively impact production in warmer areas. Wheat and rice — which benefit from more CO2 in the atmosphere — could see growing output, while corn and sorghum (高粱) could see a decline with warmer temperatures. Farmers can adjust their practices to a warmer climate in four key ways: Farmers can change WHAT they plant. This could be an entirely different type of crop: corn instead of wheat. Or a different variety of a specific crop. FOUR KEY WAYS Farmers can change WHERE crops are planted. If temperatures rise in fall, crop production can shift north or southwards towards more suitable temperatures. Farmers can change HOW crops are managed. Giving crops the right amount of water, nutrition, and protection from insects and disease can help reduce some impacts of climate change. Farmers can change WHEN they plant. Farmers can plant earlier or later in the year, depending on when spring arrives. Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work. A recent study by experts modeled three adaptation methods — changing WHAT, changing WHEN and changing both of them. The chart below shows their impact on the output of corn, rice, sorghum, soybean (大豆) and wheat. These three adaptation methods can already go some way to relieve climate pressures in some countries. But, of course, we don't only care about crop production at the global level. If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem. So there is more we can do in the future. 1.What should farmers change if they are short of money and labour? A. WHAT. B. WHERE. C. HOW. D. WHEN. 2.Which crop may benefit most if farmers plant improved varieties? A. Rice. B. Corn. C. Sorghum. D. Wheat. 3.What should be done in the future? A. To adopt the three methods. B. To help the farmers in need. C. To focus on crop production. D. To move to colder regions. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，围绕气候变化下农民适应方案展开，介绍了调整种植时间、更换作物品种等适应方式的特点，并指出未来需重点帮助粮食不安全地区农民适应气候变化。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据表格中“Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work.(调整种植日期不需要额外的成本或工作。)”可知，调整种植时间（WHEN）无需额外成本和人力，这种方式最适合资金和劳动力短缺的农民。故选D。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。结合图表可知，在“Changing WHAT only(仅更换作物品种)”的方案下，选项A对应的作物产量增幅最显著，说明这类作物从改良品种的适应方案中获益最为明显。故选A。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。文章最后一段指出“If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem.(如果特定地区的农民（尤其是那些粮食供应最不稳定的地区农民）无法适应气候变化，那么这仍然是一个重大问题。)”，由此可推断，未来的重点应是帮助有需求的农民。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·江西·期中）Chicago Booth’s Christopher K. Hsee is a behavioral scientist focusing on what he calls hedonomics (幸福经济学) . Rather than studying how to produce more “stuff”, hedonomics studies how to extract more happiness from the existing objects. Hsee and his Chicago Booth colleague Reid Hastie redefined the term in 2008. Their idea of hedonomics is based on the idea that people don't need more resources to be happier; they need to use existing resources differently. For example, suppose a child enjoys playing with wooden blocks at first but grows tired of them. Hedonomics suggests the child doesn't need more blocks to be happy; she needs to change how she plays with those blocks. The same principle applies to experiences. Instead of watching a TV show without control, watch two episodes (集) per day. Or better yet, apply another method: say you have six episodes to watch. You could watch two a day, or you could watch one on the first day, two on the second day, and three on the third day. That’s an increasing order. Or you could do the opposite, in a decreasing order, by watching three at the start and winding down. Instead of making full use of their resources, many people instead seek to add resources. Hsee, who has devoted much of the past decade to researching hedonomics, says that can have the opposite effect and lead to a phenomenon known as the “hedonic treadmill (享乐跑步机) ”. This phrase refers to the tendency of people enjoying happiness temporarily and keeping on finding new positive stimulation. Hsee, who grew up in China, recalls when “just having the ability to buy a cheap bicycle” in his city was a big deal. But by 2012 in China, nearly every family in cities had, on average, a color TV, air conditioner, washing machine, and refrigerator. Almost nine in ten had a personal computer. Hsee sees his friends, some now able to afford expensive cars, stuck on the hedonic treadmill as they seek to get more well-being. The problem is that it takes more and more things to make people happy. 1.What is the meaning of hedonomics? A. Following your ideas. B. Producing more resources. C. Pursuing what you want. D. Treasuring what you have. 2.What does the underlined part “winding down” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Watching closely. B. Reducing gradually. C. Observing carefully. D. Checking regularly. 3.What do people do when they are on the hedonic treadmill? A. They try to get more. B. They use resources wisely. C. They tend to be more positive. D. They lack material enjoyment. 4.What does the author truly want to convey in the last paragraph? A. People are content with their income. B. China’s economy is developing fast. C. One’s desires can hardly be satisfied. D. It’s impossible to achieve real happiness. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. A　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幸福经济学（hedonomics）这一概念，指出人们不需要更多资源来获得幸福，而是需要以不同的方式使用现有资源，并指出人们往往陷入“享乐跑步机”现象，即不断追求更多物质享受却难以获得持久幸福。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Their idea of hedonomics is based on the idea that people don’t need more resources to be happier; they need to use existing resources differently.(他们对幸福经济学的理解是基于这样一种观点，即人们不需要更多的资源来获得幸福；他们需要以不同的方式使用现有资源。)”可知，幸福经济学指的是珍惜你所拥有的。故选D。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据上文“Or better yet, apply another method: say you have six episodes to watch. You could watch two a day, or you could watch one on the first day, two on the second day, and three on the third day. That’s an increasing order. Or you could do the opposite, in a decreasing order(或者更优的是，采用另一种方法：假设你有六集要追，既可以每天看两集，也可以第一天看一集、第二天看两集、第三天看三集——这是递增的方式；也可以反过来，用递减的方式)”可知，作者提出了两种看电视剧的方式，一种是每天递增的方式，即第一天1集，第二天2集，第三天3集；另一种方式则相反，是每天递减。由此可知，wind down应该表示“逐渐减少”。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段“Hsee, who has devoted much of the past decade to researching hedonomics, says that can have the opposite effect and lead to a phenomenon known as the “hedonic treadmill”. This phrase refers to the tendency of people enjoying happiness temporarily and keeping on finding new positive stimulation.(Hsee在过去十年中大部分时间都致力于研究幸福经济学，他说这可能会产生相反的效果，并导致一种被称为“享乐跑步机”的现象。这个短语指的是人们暂时享受幸福并不断寻找新的积极刺激的趋势。)”可知，当人们处于享乐跑步机上时，他们会试图得到更多。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hsee sees his friends, some now able to afford expensive cars, stuck on the hedonic treadmill as they seek to get more well-being. The problem is that it takes more and more things to make people happy.(Hsee看到他的朋友们，有些人现在能买得起昂贵的汽车，却陷入了享乐跑步机，因为他们寻求更多的幸福。问题是，让人们快乐需要越来越多的东西。)”可知，作者在最后一段真正想表达的是一个人的欲望很难得到满足。故选C。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many-analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Elliot Gould, a Ph.D. student at the University of Melbourne, and their colleagues recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies, and show “the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects,” says Eric Uhlmann, an organizational psychologist. Gould says: Researchers have to decide which variables to control for, for example, and how to deal with missing data. “And those different choices that we make can kind of multiply.” It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. Anne Scheel, a metascientist at Utrecht University, says the many-analyst findings don’t mean fields like ecology and psychology can’t ensure reliable results. Such fields tend to ask broad questions that leave a lot of choices up to researchers. “The harder sciences seem to have more success coming to agreement on difficult questions,” she says. “I think that has something to do with how precisely things are defined.” 1.What did the BMC Biology paper focus on? A. The collection of data in ecology. B. The cause of contradictory results. C. The effect of choices on conclusions. D. The comparison of different methods. 2.What contributes to the varying conclusions according to paragraph 3? A. Research preference. B. Uniform data. C. Team division. D. Training gaps. 3.What has led Balazs Aczel to say “we are facing a very serious issue”? A. The uncertainty of ecological studies. B. The challenge in choosing questions. C. The restriction in research approaches. D. The evidence from multiple disciplines. 4.What is Anne Scheel’s suggestion on ensuring reliable results? A. Broadening scale. B. Deepening research. C. Increasing difficulty. D. Improving precision 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍《BMC生物学》论文发现科学家分析相同数据却得出不同结论及学者对此的观点。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The paper is the latest in a line of “many-analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology..(这篇论文是一系列“多分析师”项目中的最新一篇，这些项目研究科学家在数据分析过程中的决策如何导致结果不同——也是首个在生态学领域研究这种影响的项目)”可知，该论文聚焦“科学家的选择对结论产生的影响”。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies, and show “the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects,” says Eric Uhlmann, an organizational psychologist. Gould says: Researchers have to decide which variables to control for, for example, and how to deal with missing data. “And those different choices that we make can kind of multiply.”(组织心理学家埃里克·乌尔曼表示，这些发现与之前的多分析师研究结果一致，表明“研究者的主观选择在科学项目中具有重要作用”。古尔德说：例如，研究者必须决定控制哪些变量，以及如何处理缺失的数据。“而我们做出的这些不同选择，其影响可能会不断放大。”)”可知，研究者的主观选择偏好导致结论不同。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says.(但他表示，类似的发现在一系列领域——包括神经科学和经济学——都出现了，这表明“我们正面临一个非常严重的问题”)”可知，多学科出现类似现象的证据，让巴拉兹·阿采尔认为问题严重。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第五段中的““The harder sciences seem to have more success coming to agreement on difficult questions,” she says. “I think that has something to do with how precisely things are defined.”(“硬科学在难题上达成共识的成功率似乎更高，”她说。“我认为这与事物定义的精确程度有关。”)”可知，安妮·谢尔认为“精确性”有助于达成共识，因此建议通过提高精确性确保结果可靠。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）History is written, read, told — but rarely ever is it smelled. Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers(调香师)and museums for a unique project: to reveal what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries. A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago? As part of this three-year-long project called “Odeuropa”, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape: from the dry tobacco scents to the smelly canals. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents. The AI will also be trained to detect images of objects in the texts that might be scented. The team will then use this information to create an online encyclopedia(百科全书)of smells from Europe’s past. The encyclopedia will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and related practices, according to project leader Angela Lee. “This database will become a library for the smell heritage of Europe, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.” The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important. The researchers will then work with chemists and perfume makers to recreate past smells and figure out how to display the smells in museums and other historical sites. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. “The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them,” Lee said. Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories. But it’s also a key tool in telling the stories of others. “Scent gives us access to the past in a much more direct and emotional way than language and images,” Lee said. 1.Why did the researchers start the “Odeuropa” project? A. To rebuild a historical European street. B. To make perfumes of traditional scents. C. To find and recreate the smells of Europe. D. To reproduce the scented past of Europe. 2.What will the AI do in the project? A. Collect smell-related data. B. Write interesting stories behind smells. C. Detect objects by smell. D. Describe smells in different languages. 3.Which of the following is the biggest challenge the project faces? A. Scents of the past are hard to keep. B. Records of scents are rarely found. C. Technology to reproduce scents is poor. D. Display of smells in museums costs a lot. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The application of past scents. B. The effect of scents on memory. C. The role of scent in story-telling. D. The value of understanding scent. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Odeuropa项目将历史学家、科学家和调香师联合起来，重塑欧洲的历史气味，保护嗅觉遗产。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段中“As part of this three-year-long project called ‘Odeuropa’, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape”（作为这个名为“Odeuropa”的三年期项目的一部分，研究人员希望找到欧洲所有古老的气味——甚至重现这种古老的气味景观）可知研究人员启动 “Odeuropa”项目是为了找到欧洲所有古老的气味，甚至重现这种古老的气味。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents.”（为了做到这一点，他们将首先建立人工智能，并对其进行训练，以翻阅用七种不同语言编写的历史文本，寻找任何关于气味的描述。）可知人工智能在项目中会收集与气味有关的数据。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them”（这个项目更困难的部分将是找到对气味的描述，因为人们并不总是谈论或书写它们。）可推知该项目面临的最大挑战是气味的记录很少被发现。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories.”（气味是在我们的日常生活中起着核心作用，甚至作为一个强大的时间机器进入我们自己的过去，它有能力激活被遗忘的记忆。）可知最后一点主要讲的是气味对记忆的影响。故选B项。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand. C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition. 2.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey. C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test. 3.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task. C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product. C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women. 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·江西·期中）When Alice from Alice in Wonderland consumes a mysterious bottle labeled “drink me”, she quickly shrinks (收缩) to the floor. The Magic School Bus once got attacked by white blood cells when it shrunk down to explore a sick person’s bloodstream. And Ant-Man is famous for using his shrinking technology in Marvel films. But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life? Unfortunately, physicists say that technology with the power to make someone bite-sized would break the laws of physics. Still, scientists have fun thinking over how an imaginary shrinking machine might work. “It drives you to think about: What determines the size of things?” says physicist James Kakalios. Finding the answer can involve looking into the hearts of atoms (原子). Atoms are the building blocks of almost all matter in the universe. One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms. But an atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants (常数). Those constants don’t change. If shrinking atoms wouldn’t work, what about shortening the space between them? Atoms come together to build all kinds of molecules (分子). Atoms and molecules in the human body, though, are already packed closely together. Trying to get them even closer would be challenging. You could try to force the atoms together. But Kakalios says that even a tiny reduction in size would require enormous amounts of pressure. That would be bad news for any person who tried it on themselves. Kakalios says, “It would just flatten you, and you don’t want to do that.” Even if Alice or Ant-Man were somehow able to bypass the laws of physics to survive shrinkage, they would face other problems. For example, as their eyes shrunk, their ability to process visible wavelengths of light might become worse. Kakalios also notes that the science of making things smaller is not entirely imaginary. Although technology may not be able to shrink people, humans are remarkably good at shrinking our technology. 1.How does the author bring in the topic? A. By telling real life stories. B. By imagining our future life. C. By introducing the background. D. By describing scenes from some works. 2.What might scientists think of the technology of shrinking a person? A. Illegal. B. Inhuman. C. Imperfect. D. Impractical. 3.Which statement might Kakalios agree with? A. The atom’s size is changeable. B. The atoms and the molecules link tightly. C. Narrowing the space between atoms is easy. D. The science of making objects smaller is impossible. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. What Is Behind the Technology of Shrinking? B. How Is the Shrinking Technology Being Used? C. Should We Describe Shrinking Technology in Literature? D. Could We Ever Develop the Technology to Shrink Ourselves? 【答案】1. D　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章通过文学作品中的场景引出主题，探讨了人类是否能够像文学作品和电影中那样缩小自己的身体，并分析了缩小技术背后的科学原理和面临的挑战。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“When Alice from Alice in Wonderland consumes a mysterious bottle labeled “drink me”, she quickly shrinks (收缩) to the floor. The Magic School Bus once got attacked by white blood cells when it shrunk down to explore a sick person’s bloodstream. And Ant-Man is famous for using his shrinking technology in Marvel films. But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life?(《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中的爱丽丝喝了一瓶标有“喝我”的神秘药水后，迅速缩小到地板上。《魔法校车》在缩小以探索病人的血液时，曾受到白细胞的攻击。《蚁人》以在漫威电影中使用缩小技术而闻名。但在现实生活中，人类真的能变得这么小吗？)”可知，作者通过描述一些文学作品中的场景来引出“人类真的能变得这么小吗？”这一主题。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unfortunately, physicists say that technology with the power to make someone bite-sized would break the laws of physics.(遗憾的是物理学家指出，能将人类缩至一口大小技术实则违背了物理定律)”可知，科学家们认为缩小人的技术是不切实际的。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Atoms come together to build all kinds of molecules (分子). Atoms and molecules in the human body, though, are already packed closely together. (原子结合在一起构成各种分子。然而，人体中的原子和分子已经紧密地结合在一起)”第五段中“You could try to force the atoms together. But Kakalios says that even a tiny reduction in size would require enormous amounts of pressure. That would be bad news for any person who tried it on themselves. Kakalios says, “It would just flatten you, and you don’t want to do that.”(你或许试图将原子强行挤压在一起。但Kakalios指出，即便只是缩小一丁点，也需要施加巨大的压力。这对任何尝试者来说都将是致命噩耗——“你会被瞬间压扁，这绝对不是你想要的结局。”)”可知，Kakalios认为要通过挤压缩小人类是很困难的，说明他会赞同“原子和分子已经很紧密地结合在一起”这一说法。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life?(但是人类在现实生活中真的能变得这么小吗)”可知，文章主要探讨了人类是否能够像文学作品和电影中那样缩小自己的身体，并分析了缩小技术背后的科学原理和面临的挑战。故D项“Could We Ever Develop the Technology to Shrink Ourselves?(我们能否开发出缩小自己的技术)”概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西鹰潭余江区第一中学·期中）Growing crops in piling rows indoors under controllable artificial lights can produce more food per square foot while using less land and water than traditional outdoor farms. But this vertical farming technique is also energy intensive and expensive. Researchers are now finding that adjusting light to cater to the unique requirements of each crop can promote stronger, healthier growth and simultaneously cut down on energy use. Researchers have developed a computer program that can control lighting to better both photosynthesis (光合作用) and electric bills. The computer program adjusts the intensity of grow lights hourly based on the changing cost of electricity. This “smart lighting” could potentially cut vertical farms’ electricity costs by up to 12 percent, says Leo Marcelis, leader of the research team. Such savings could lead to tens of thousands of dollars in annual cost reductions, backed by data from the 2021 Global CEA Census Report — a survey of the indoor and controlled environment agriculture industry. But how might indoor crops grow well under dynamic lighting? Marcelis and his colleagues tested how leafy greens reacted to light patterns that changed hourly. Plants were exposed to varying light intensities: one group of plants grew under high­-then-­low intensity lighting intervals (间隔), while another enjoyed brighter mornings and dimmer afternoons. Interestingly, both conditions resulted in leaves and mature weights similar to those grown under standard fixed lighting. While the new program operated without predetermined lighting conditions, Marcelis indicates there is potential for reducing electricity costs. Continued research that tests dynamic lighting on larger scales is needed, as the research was carried out at the single-­plant level, but not yet at the whole crop stand level, mentioned Marcelis. He also cautions against expecting immediate benefits from dynamic lighting for vertical farming. Other critical issues remain to be resolved before vertical farming can help feed the world. 1.What is a disadvantage of vertical farming? A. Cost­-effective. B. Labor-­intensive. C. Energy­-consuming. D. Technically-challenging. 2.What influences the adjustments of grow light intensity? A. Variations in power costs. B. Growth stages of the crops. C. Outdoor lighting conditions. D. Changing electricity supplies. 3.What did researchers find about indoor crops? A. They grow better under fixed lighting. B. They remain uninfluenced by sunlight. C. They output more under dynamic lighting. D. They react similarly to varying light patterns. 4.What may Marcelis agree with? A. There are still some limitations in the research. B. The new program helps save on electricity bills. C. Vertical farming will be a major trend in the future. D. Dynamic lighting is a useful way to get rid of hunger. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第二中学·期中）I often catch myself asking my questions to AI chatbots with a “please” and a “thank you.” Apparently, I am not alone. A 2024 survey found that approximately 67% of U.S. AI users are also polite and show gratitude toward AI search engines. Some even joked about the cost: if every polite word consumes electricity, the bill must be high. OpenAI’s CEO Sam Altman replied: “Tens of millions of dollars well spent — you never know.” In reality, of course, AI chatbots do not appreciate politeness; they lack consciousness, feelings or social needs. From a purely utilitarian (功利主义的) standpoint, all those pleases and thank yous are just flushing money down the toilet. Still, there may be value that isn’t immediately measurable in showing gratitude toward AI. Psychologists Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough carried out an experiment in which they divided participants into three groups, asking the first to list things they are grateful for, while others listed daily troubles or simply kept journals. After 10 weeks, they found that the first group reported 25% higher happiness levels, stronger inner strength and even better physical health. What’s true of gratitude is also true of kindness and generosity more generally. Experiments at UC Riverside found that performing “five small acts of kindness per week” produced steady increases in happiness. This idea isn’t new. The medieval thinker Maimonides wrote that “it is better for a person to give one coin to a thousand poor people than to give a thousand coins to one poor person.” He believed that regular acts of goodness, like giving charity and expressing gratitude, make us happier in the long run by turning virtue into a habit. So perhaps all of our pleases and thank yous to AI have value, even if they cost OpenAI millions of dollars annually. Showing appreciation, even toward a machine, reinforces positive habits of courtesy (礼貌), patience and empathy. In our increasingly digital and automated world, preserving these human qualities may be more valuable than the cost of a little extra electricity. Ultimately, the beneficiary of our politeness isn’t the AI at all, but ourselves. 1.How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1? A. By quoting an expert. B. By telling a story. C. By presenting a phenomenon. D. By defining a concept. 2.What value of gratitude does the experiment in paragraph 3 show? A. It strengthens our bodies and minds. B. It reduces daily stress levels. C. It improves memory and creativity. D. It deepens social relationships. 3.Which of the following would Maimonides most likely approve of? A. Giving gifts to friends on birthdays. B. Making a large donation to a charity. C. Expressing gratitude on Thanksgiving Day. D. Volunteering weekly at a community kitchen. 4.What message does the author mainly convey in the text? A. Courtesy to AI saves electricity bills. B. AI improves the quality of human life. C. Politeness benefits humans rather than AI. D. AI learns empathy from human behavior. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）If you’re reading this in bed on your phone, you’re not alone. Many people use their phones before and after bedtime, especially young adults and teens. Still, you might want to stop soon. Using screens before bed or in bed is believed to disrupt sleep, although the exact reasons are not completely clear. In a new study, researchers looked into this issue by using data from a large survey of 45, 202 university students in Norway. They found that using screens in bed is linked to a 59 percent higher chance of insomnia (失眠) and can result in 24 minutes less sleep each night. “Sleep problems are very common among students and have serious effects on mental health, school performance, and overall well-being,” says Gunnhild Johnsen Hjetland, a clinical psychologist at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. “Because so many people use screens in bed, we wanted to see how different screen activities affect sleep. We thought social media might be worse for sleep because it is interactive (互动的) and can motivate (激发) emotions.” However, the study found that using social media is no worse for sleep than other screen activities. The type of screen activity doesn’t matter as much as the total time spent using screens in bed. The researchers found no significant differences between social media and other screen activities. This suggests that using screens in general is the main cause of sleep problems, likely because it takes up time that could be used for resting. “If you have trouble sleeping and think screen time might be a cause, try to reduce the use of screen in bed, and stop using screens at least 30 to 60 minutes before sleep,” says Hjetland. “If you use screens, consider turning off notifications (通知) to reduce disruptions during the night.” 1.How does the author begin the argument? A. By listing different opinions. B. By referring to scientific data. C. By mentioning a common act. D. By analyzing cause and effect. 2.Why did researchers initially guess social media could affect sleep more? A. It included emotional inspiration. B. It contained violent content. C. It was entirely used by students. D. It required frequent physical interaction. 3.Which is the practical advice Hjetland provides? A. Reading e-books instead of social media. B. Avoiding using screen for a while before bed. C. Increasing daytime physical activity. D. Stopping using screens after supper. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. Screen Time in Bed May Increase Sleeplessness B. Good Sleep Is Key to Students’ Performance C. Social Media Has the Worst Effect on Mental Health D. Reading on Phones Is Common Among Teens and Young Adults 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）The art of adapting novels into a television series can be a difficult process. A TV series needs to flesh out (充实) character’s and satisfy fans. However, it continues to be one of the biggest markets for creating new TV shows. The good TV shows based on books manage to keep audiences’ attention while staying true to their original novels. These successful adaptations can become important parts of modern television while maintaining the features of their source materials. These shows include themes and beliefs from their original novels while introducing fresh ideas that keep viewers attracted. With their significant impact on the television industry, these adaptations have shaped the landscape of contemporary television, gaining praise from audiences. These shows bring the stories of amazing novels to life. For instance: Sherlock reinvents the stories in a modern setting, offers viewers a thrilling ride and shows how a skillful adaptation can satisfy fans while attracting a new generation of enthusiasts. Game of Thrones brings an epic fantasy world to life and shows a rich picture of amazing characters and complex story, showing that the heart of a story lies in its deeply imperfect humanity. Good Omens offers a unique combination of comedy and supernatural elements and perfectly catches the novel’s theme of friendship and human nature. These shows are just examples of the TV series that have been from beloved books. The successful TV shows based on books have a lasting appeal as an art form. By skillfully combining elements from their counterparts (对应的事物) with creative storytelling, these series broaden the possibilities of what can be achieved on the small screen. 1.What is important in adapting TV shows? A. Changing the original themes. B. Keeping the originals’features. C. Introducing the new characters. D. Including beautiful landscapes. 2.How is paragraph 3 developed? A. By giving examples. B. By analyzing causes and effects. C. By making comparisons. D. By presenting opinions and facts. 3.What is the author’s attitude to the successful TV series based on books? A. Worried. B. Unclear. C. Doubtful. D. Supportive. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. The key to making successful adapted TV series. B. The differences and similarities of adapted TV series. C. The secret to creating characters for adapted TV series. D. The advantages and disadvantages of adapted TV series. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西莲花中学·期中）You really can make free phone calls using the Internet. Google Meet Google Meet is an app-to-app calling service that works across desktop and mobile platforms. Video meetings are encrypted (加密), it also supports audio calls, and you can form massive group calls with up to 100 people. What’s more appealing is that Google Meet displays real-time captions (字幕) as the other person is speaking. Google Voice Google Voice is one of the best ways to make a call over the Internet. You get a real phone number, so you can make free calls to an actual phone number. Free calls you make with Google Voice must be to numbers in the United States or Canada, and they’re limited to three hours. However, you can continue to make a free call to the same number over and over again. WhatsApp Meta-owned WhatsApp is a popular texting app with hundreds of millions of users. However, you can also call your WhatsApp friends right from the app using only your Internet connection. You just need to confirm your phone number to get started. Once you’re using the app, you can start a new conversation to clearly see which of your contacts are also using WhatsApp, and then you can call them for free no matter where in the world they’re located. Group calls can include as many as 32 people. 1.What is a feature of Google Meet? A. You can see what the speaker says. B. It can be used for free anywhere in the world. C. No password is needed to attend online meetings. D. Over 100 people can attend online meetings meantime. 2.Which of the following apps is limited to certain areas? A. Google Meet. B. Signal. C. Google Voice. D. WhatsApp. 3.In what section of a newspaper will the text probably appear? A. Health. B. Environment. C. Education. D. Technology. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第二中学·期中）For a long time, scientists believed the beautiful songs of birds were purely a product of instinct (本能). Peter Marler, a pioneering British animal behaviorist, revolutionized this view through his research into how birds actually learn to sing, earning him the title “the father of birdsong.” Marler’s fascination began in his youth, observing chaffinches (苍头燕雀) in the English countryside. He noticed slight but consistent differences in the songs of birds from different regions, much like human dialects. This curiosity defined his career. In the 1950s, he began carefully recording these songs. Using a crucial tool called a spectrogram, which visually represents sound, he was able to scientifically confirm that these regional variations, or “dialects,” were indeed real. His famous study of the white-crowned sparrow in California clearly showed distinct dialects between northern and southern populations. The central question remained: were these dialects inherited or learned? To solve this, Marler designed a series of experiments that would later be regarded as models of clarity. He raised young birds in complete vocal isolation from adults. These isolated birds only produced simple, natural calls, proving that the full, complex song was not automatic. However, when he played recordings of adult songs to them during a critical learning period after hatching, they successfully learned and sang the complete tune. This was decisive evidence that birdsong is a culturally transmitted behavior. Initially, his theory faced doubts from a scientific community that favored instinct-based explanations. The mainstream view still favored instinct, and some dismissed his work as an exception rather than a rule. Marler, however, quietly continued his careful studies. Gradually, his well-designed methods and undeniable evidence won over the community. By transforming lines of numbers into meaningful maps of sound and behavior, he gave the world new eyes to see what had always been hidden in plain hearing. The impact of his work extended far beyond ornithology (鸟类学). It provided a powerful, simpler model for scientists studying the incredibly complex evolution of human language, suggesting our own speech may have roots in similar vocal learning processes. 1.What did Marler find while observing chaffinches? A. Seasonal variations in dialects. B. Regional differences in birdsong. C. Slight changes in bird population. D. Common features in bird species. 2.What do the underlined words “culturally transmitted” mean in paragraph 3? A. Found in human language. B. Spread within a single family. C. Passed down through genes. D. Learned from others in a community. 3.What can we infer about Marler? A. His findings were soon accepted. B. He truly respected others’ opinion. C. He was a patient and careful scientist. D. He was the first to study bird behavior. 4.Why was Marler’s theory significant? A. It supported rare bird protection. B. It proved the once-popular theory. C. It made bird research more popular. D. It promoted the study of human speech. 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·江西南昌第十中学·期中）Flowering plants are very important to Earth’s ecosystems. They are necessary for life on Earth. Flowering plants are also called angiosperms (被子植物). Flowering plants include corn, wheat, rice and potatoes to maple, oak, apple and cherry trees. New research based on genome (基因组) data for 9, 506 species of flowering plants provides the deepest understanding yet of their evolutionary history. The research explains how angiosperms appeared and became widespread during the age of dinosaurs. It also offers explanations for how such plants have changed over time. The team of scientists created a new tree of life for angiosperms. A tree of life is a tool that biologists use to see the evolutionary relationships among plants, animals and other life forms. Their new tree of life covers 15 times more kinds of flowering plants than the closest comparable study. The study identified two periods of diversification among angiosperms. The first one occurred around 150 million to 140 million years ago during the Mesozoic era when 80 percent of major angiosperm species arose. The next one happened about 100 million years later during the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals. That period saw decreasing world temperatures. Researchers said angiosperms are more successful at reproducing than gymnosperms (裸子植物). Gymnosperms and angiosperms both have seeds. But the flowering plants have enclosed seeds that protect them from loss of water. This permits them to survive in a wider range of environments, from deserts to Antarctica. They also evolved the flower, a structure that permitted them to form relationships with animal pollinators, especially insects. Gymnosperms usually depend upon the wind for pollination. Angiosperms evolved a high diversity of fruit types, permitting effective seed spread. Flowering plants provide most of the calories humans eat, from grains to fruits to vegetables. “They’re sources of many of our medicines and hold potential solutions to global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, food security and renewable energy,” researchers said. 1.What is the function of paragraph 1? A. To show the types of angiosperms. B. To provide background information. C. To introduce the topic of the passage. D. To arouse readers’ interest in reading. 2.Which of the following can be inferred from the new study? A. It’s based on genome data for 9, 506 species of angiosperms. B. It proved high temperatures helps to diversify angiosperms. C. It possibly traced the common ancestor of flowering plants. D. It adopted more research techniques than previous studies. 3.Angiosperms show more advantages in ________ than gymnosperms. A. wind pollination B. adaptability C. medical values D. life cycles 4.What does the passage mainly talk about? A. New Research Learns Evolution of Flowering Plants. B. New Research Digs into More Kinds of Angiosperms. C. Flowering Plants are Important to Earth’s Ecosystems. D. Flowering Plants Provide necessities for human beings. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Each morning, the soft sound of slicing fills the air at a processing workshop in Zhangshu, Jiangxi province. Yuan Xiaoping, 69, stands by his workbench, skillfully slicing white peony root into pieces. The technique may seem effortless, but it is the result of more than 50 years of disciplined practice. Yuan is a nationally recognized inheritor (继承人) of the Zhangshu traditional Chinese medicine processing technique, a form of craftsmanship named as national intangible cultural heritage in 2018. For over 1,800 years, Zhangshu, China’s medicine capital, has perfected the art of traditional herb processing, transforming raw plants into precise medicine. This craft relies on four signature tools: sharp knives for paper-thin slicing, copper pots for controlled heating, mineral-rich local water, and secret methods passed from master to apprentice. Born into a family with a tradition in Chinese medicine, Yuan began working as an apprentice at the old Tiangitang pharmacy at the age of 16. He later studied under master craftsman Yu Shouxiang, who was renowned for his expertise in medicinal (药用的) cutting. Yuan devoted decades to mastering core skills of the craft, including some specialized methods. For him, the heart of the craft lies in two skills: cutting and processing. “Every step demands precision, but it’s the knife work that truly stands out: each slice cut to perfect thickness, almost like art. “Yuan said. “Processing is not just about preparing herbs. It demands reverence for the natural properties of medicinal herbs and the application of precise methods to unlock their medical value.” Despite modern production technologies, Yuan believes many essential steps remain dependent on experience. “Machines can cut, but they can’t read the color, smell or texture of herbs,” Yuan said. “Some techniques are simple in appearance, but they require years of repetition to do well.” 1.What can be learned about the technique? A. It features simplicity B. It is dismissed as impractical. C. It remains unchanged. D. It requires effort and accuracy. 2.What does the underlined word “reverence” (Para. 4) mean? A. Awe. B. Love. C. Talent. D. Blame. 3.Which of the following can best describe Yuan? A. Disciplined and energetic. B. Committed and highly-skilled. C. Hardworking and friendly. D. Forward-thinking and devoted. 4.What does Yuan’s story mainly show? A. Look before you leap. B. Honesty is the best policy. C. Practice makes perfect. D. Strike while the iron is hot. 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·江西临川第一中学·期中）From an airplane, cars crawling down the highway look like ants. But actual ants — unlike cars — can avoid the stop-and-go traffic. On a driveway with 15 vehicles per mile, one driver tapping their brakes can cause a persistent traffic jam. Researchers are now studying these insects’ cooperative strategies to learn how to program self-driving cars that don’t jam up. Previous research had shown that ants can maintain their flow even at high densities. So what’s their secret? In a recent study published in Transportation Research, researchers recorded ants on trails and used traffic-engineering models to analyze their movement. They found that the ants don’t jam because they travel in groups of 3 to 20 that move at nearly constant rates while keeping good distances between one another and they don’t speed up to pass others. Human drivers at rush hour hardly tend to follow such rules. “We’re maximizing the interests of individuals. That is why, at a given point, you start to have a traffic jam,” says study co-author Nicola Pugno. In his vision of this future, autonomous vehicles would avoid traffic jams by prioritizing constant speeds and headways or by not passing others on the road. Like ants on a trail, which use scent to control behavior while interacting with one another, the autonomous vehicle network would help cars keep constant speeds while collecting and sharing information. “There is no leader,” but this organization emerges anyway, says Noa Pinter-Wollman. And in both ant and vehicle traffic, this type of distributed system can be very strong and changeable. Still, ants can do a lot of things that cars can’t, the researcher points out. Ants can make trails as wide as they like, unlike drivers stuck on highways. Plus, unlike cars, ants don’t crash; they can literally walk over one another. Today’s drivers can learn at least one thing from ants to avoid causing a traffic jam: by leaving room between their car and the one ahead of them, drivers can absorb a wave of braking in dense traffic conditions that would otherwise lead to a traffic jam with no obvious cause. 1.Which does not contribute to ants’ stable traffic at high densities? A. Steady speed. B. Proper distance. C. Continuous movement. D. Team spirit. 2.Which of the following agrees with Nicola Pugno’s opinion? A. Human drivers usually follow the traffic rules at rush hour. B. Autonomous vehicles may be programmed to improve traffic situation. C. Human drivers will drive more slowly than autonomous vehicles. D. Prioritizing interests can definitely lead to inefficient traffic flow. 3.What can we learn about autonomous vehicle network? A. It can keep vehicle speed under control. B. It can use scent to communicate with vehicles. C. It can provide drivers with changeable routes. D. It can form a solid and flexible traffic system. 4.What does the passage mainly talk about? A. What ants will do when they face traffic jams. B. What we can benefit from autonomous vehicles. C. Why we should keep good distances while driving. D. How ants may save you from future traffic jams. 主题语境03 人与社会-社会服务与人际沟通 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）Why are parents viewed as so heroic? Developmental psychologists tell us that the relationship we have with our parents is the first significant relationship of our lives. It’s a relationship that has a lasting impact on our values, our will and our future behavior. Thus when we experience successes in our personal lives, it’s unsurprising that we attribute(将……归于) those victories, at least in part, to our parents. While Mother’s Day was met with instant enthusiasm, Father’s Day was initially met with rebuffs. Few people believed that fathers wanted or needed any acknowledgement. It wasn’t until 1972 that President Richard Nixon made Father’s Day an official holiday. However, the origin of Father’s Day isn’t entirely clear. There are several fascinating possibilities. Babylonian scholars have discovered a message carved in clay by a young man named Elmesu about 4,000 years ago. In the message, Elmesu wishes his father good health and a long life. Some believe this ancient message represents evidence of an established tradition of honoring fathers. There’s some debate about the origin of the Father’s Day that we celebrate today. In 1907, a West Virginian named Grace Golden Clayton felt very sad about the loss of her father in a mine explosion in Monongah, which killed 250 fathers. Clayton requested that her church establish a day to honor these lost fathers. The date she suggested was July 8th, the anniversary of her own father’s death. Fathers are given credit for being great teachers and mentors (导师). They lead by example and devote time to demonstrating life skills to us. Former governor of New York, Mario Cuomo, once said, “I talk and talk and talk, and I haven’t taught people for 50 years what my father has taught by example for one week.” Fathers are great providers and protectors. Sigmund Freud once wrote, “I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a father’s protection.” 1.Why do we tend to owe our successes to our parents? A. They shape us. B. They fully understand us. C. They are our beloved people. D. They have experience in achieving success. 2.What does the underlined word “rebuffs” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Laziness. B. Approval. C. Curiosity. D. Refusal. 3.Which of the following may Mario Cuomo agree with? A. Example has more followers than reason. B. The most powerful moral influence is talks. C. The bitterest truth is better than the sweetest lies. D. Well-developed communication skills are necessary. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. A lesson from a father B. Good fathers, great protection C. Our fathers, our heroes D. The significance of the parent-child relationship Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西临川第一中学·期中）A simple handshake may reveal more than just a greeting. A new study suggests that the way people shake hands could unconsciously communicate emotions and personality characteristics. Dr. Emily Carter, a behavioral psychologist leading the research, studies non-verbal (非口头的) communication and its role in relationships. Her curiosity about handshakes began during a leadership workshop. She noticed that participants’ handshakes varied significantly, and she wondered if these differences might carry meaningful information. To test her idea, she and her team conducted an experiment. The researchers found 200 volunteers and recorded their handshakes using high-speed cameras and pressure sensors. Participants were asked to shake hands with strangers, friends, and colleagues under different situations, such as meeting for the first time, resolving a conflict, or celebrating success. The team also measured participants’ heart rates and skin reactions to track emotional responses. The findings were illuminating. Strong, firm handshakes were often associated with confidence and enthusiasm, while weaker handshakes tended to signal nervousness or discomfort. Notably, longer handshakes with slight upward movements were linked to excitement, while short, rigid ones reflected tension. The study also illustrated that the temperature and moisture (湿度) of a person’s hand could reflect their emotional state. Warmer, slightly sweaty hands were more common when participants felt anxious or stressed, while cooler, dry hands were linked to calmness. Carter believes these insights have practical applications. For instance, business professionals could use handshake analysis to better understand their clients’ emotions during negotiations. Similarly, advisors might use it as a tool to understand a client’s emotional state without relying only on verbal communication. However, Carter cautions that handshakes are just one piece of the puzzle. “Human interaction is complex, and something as simple as a handshake can speak volumes,” she says. As scientists continue to explore the mysteries of non-verbal communication, it’s clear that no single gesture can tell the whole story. 1.How did Dr. Carter and her team study handshakes? A. By conducting surveys. B. By analyzing prior data. C. By observing participants. D. By interviewing volunteers. 2.What does the underlined word “illuminating” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Convincing. B. Revealing. C. Disturbing. D. Confusing. 3.What can we learn about handshake analysis? A. It helps interpret hidden emotions. B. It enhances communication skills. C. It contributes to bonding with clients. D. It facilitates the process of negotiation. 4.What can be inferred about human interaction according to the last paragraph? A. Non-verbal clues often mislead us. B. Handshakes are key to communication. C. One gesture cannot explain everything. D. Body language speaks louder than words. 主题语境04 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）The idea behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is that the world would be a better place if all sorts of electronics would be computerized. Billions of tiny computers could monitor air quality and traffic patterns. It is estimated that there could be a trillion connected devices in the world by 2035 — more than 100 for every person. With continued growth in the IoT, regularly replacing a trillion batteries would be inconvenient. Researchers have built chips (芯片) that get energy from light or heat. But such resources producing only a small amount of power can’t be used to replace a battery, the maintenance of which can be difficult and costly, especially in places where a battery is hard to reach. Aline Eid and her colleagues proposed a better idea. Using a piece of equipment called the Rotman lens (透镜), they have designed a small, flexible antenna (天线) to harvest electrical power from signals of 5G mobile phone towers. Rotman lenses, which were invented in 1963, focus and redirect electromagnetic radiation. “Most people use Rotman lenses in the transmission (发送) mode,” says Dr. Eid. “We decided to change that concept and use them in the opposite mode.” Her lens is able to collect electromagnetic radiation from all directions. Letting it work in urban environments in which waves spread unpredictably improves the amount of harvestable power greatly. And 5G also offers more power in the first place. The standard on which it is based covers communications on a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, 5G’s frequencies ranging between 24 GHz and 100 GHz are rarely used, so 5G networks are unlikely to suffer from the disturbance from a huge number of devices. According to the team, their antenna can harvest useful quantities of power even at a long distance. Feeding their work into computer models suggests it should be able to harvest around six microwatts of power at a distance of 180 meters from a tower. That is enough to let the sort of simple, low-power chips that will make up the loT do useful work. If more power is needed, a bigger antenna can be used. 1.What has been a barrier in the development of IoT technology? A. How to efficiently power IoT devices. B. How to monitor a mass of tiny computers. C. How to reduce the cost of maintaining IoT chips. D. How to computerize different sorts of electronics. 2.What is the concept behind Aline’s using Rotman lenses? A. They can communicate with 5G frequencies. B. They can send radio signals to 5G towers. C. They can receive electromagnetic radiation. D. They can broadcast radiation waves in all directions. 3.What might be an advantage of using 5G networks to harvest electric power? A. Having stricter standards. B. Consuming less power to operate. C. Supporting a wide range of devices. D. Having little risk of being disturbed. 4.What does Aline’s team indicate by explaining their antenna? A. It can only harvest power at a short distance. B. It can’t harvest power from 5G signals effectively. C. It needs a very large antenna to harvest useful power. D. It can harvest enough power for simple IoT chips to work at a certain distance. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西省部分学校联考·期中）University of Hawaii scientists are among a team of researchers who have discovered an innovative way to help adapt food crops around the world to Earth’s rapidly changing climate. A new study published in Nature Climate Change reveals how plant seed banks, home to millions of genetically diverse plants around the world, can help speed up the process of breeding (培育) crops better suited for climate change. “Climate-driven pressures on food crops touch every country on our planet and this technique holds promise for making more use of our global seed banks,” said co-author Michael Kantar of the UH Manoa College of tropical Agriculture and Human Resilience (CTAHR). According to Kantar, plant seed banks are essential for protecting the genetic (基因的) diversity of food crops. These “living libraries” store seeds and other genetic material, providing a vital resource for plant breeders working to develop new crop varieties that have a range of characteristics from drought resistance to disease tolerance (忍耐力). The researchers used sorghum (高粱), a grain grown for food, fuel, and livestock feed, to test a new method called environmental genetic selection. It combines DNA data with climate information to predict which plants are best suited for future conditions. “It can be applied to any crop that has the right data, including sorghum, barley, cannabis, pepper and dozens of other crops,” said Kantar. The approach also saves time. Instead of testing thousands of plants in the field, scientists use a smaller, diverse “mini-core” group to forecast how crops will perform in different environments. This helps breeders quickly select the best parents for new, climate-resilient varieties. “This method will help us keep pace with the hotter temperatures and increased risk of flooding from Earth’s changing climate and help develop new varieties to ensure food security,” Kantar said. Researchers discovered that nations with high sorghum use may need genetic resources from other countries to effectively adapt to climate change, stressing the value of global teamwork in securing the world’s food supply. 1.What is the purpose of the study of University of Hawaii? A. To secure food supply. B. To understand plant seed banks. C. To stop climate change. D. To speed up crop harvest. 2.Why are seed banks referred to as “living libraries”? A. They replace traditional farming methods. B. They provide genetic resources for new crops. C. They store rare plants from around the world. D. They protect crops from drought or disease. 3.Which word best describes environmental genetic selection? A. Inexpensive. B. Unpractical. C. Productive. D. Inconvenient. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Strategies for Improving crop Yields B. Innovative Methods for Storing Plant Seeds C. The Role of Global Seed Banks in Agriculture D. “Living Libraries” That Fight Climate Change Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Children are born with the curiosity to explore. Yet over time they are becoming less curious about science. Why? This loss of interest may be partly the result of language cues (提示) children hear. And these cues don’t come just from parents; they can also come from school teachers who treat science as an identity rather than actions. When talking to children, many adults might say things like “Let’s be scientists today!” or “You’re such a good scientist!”. But this kind of identity-focused language, which focuses on science as an identity rather than activities and actions that people do, can be demoralizing for young children. One study showed that children as young as four, especially girls, kept their interest longer when their cue to participate in science activities was “Let’s do science” rather than “Let’s be scientists.” One possibility is that when thinking of a scientist, children might picture a white man. If they don’t share that identity, they lose interest in an activity designed “for scientists.” This stereotypical (刻板印象的) belief that science is reserved for only certain-kinds of people emerges surprisingly early. By the first grade, when asked to draw a scientist, children tend to draw a white man. The good news is that language cues can also be directed to promote engagement with science. Describing science as actions that we take, for example, seems to protect young children’s interest in science over time. But it’s also true that teenagers are actively trying on and ultimately forming different identities for themselves. So in contrast to its demoralizing effects on young children, identity-focused language may help teens stay interested in science. In another study, cueing a future identity based on science (such as “scientist” or “doctor”) motivated middle schoolers to do more homework and was associated with higher grades. Consequently, adults had better use different language cues for children of different age groups to maintain their curiosity about science. 1.What does the underlined word “demoralizing” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Inappropriate. B. Impolite. C. Unconvincing. D. Discouraging. 2.Why was action-focused language especially effective to young girls? A. Because it avoids identity conflict in girls’ mind. B. Because stereotypical belief is reserved for girls. C. Because it enhances girls’ engagement in science. D. Because it shows the activity is designed for girls. 3.What may be the author’s suggestion for parents and teachers? A. To treat language as cues. B. To use identity-focused language. C. To adopt flexible strategies. D. To help teenagers form identities. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why Is Action Better than Identity? B. How Do Parents Raise Young Scientists? C. How Does Age Affect Science Learning? D. What Affects Children’s Interest in Science? 主题语境05 人与自我-生活与学习 （25-26高二上·江西南昌莲塘第一中学·期中）People have been attracted by games for thousands of years, and today the gaming market is about as big as all other forms of entertainment combined. People often find it hard to resist play. Why is this behavior so deep-rooted? The brain builds models of the world to anticipate events, yet games center on the unknown. Unpredictable events are particularly attractive because their unpredictability means something is missing in the brain’s world model. Uncertainty is like a signpost indicating that there’s more to learn. Children stop playing a puzzle game once they realize that, played correctly, it always ends in a draw (平局). Long before scientists studied play’s role in social learning, philosopher Plato argued that games were crucial because they taught children to follow rules. He believed they’d respect laws in the future. The ancient game of Go was also long celebrated by philosophers for improving its players’ insight. Competitive games, at their core, are about cooperation. They train individuals to obey rules and achieve goals in a fair and socially acceptable way. Games are more than just a form of amusement. As gambling (赌博) became popular in Europe during the Renaissance period, gamblers who tried to look for an advantage studied how dice (色子) worked. Their efforts to mathematize gambling led to the birth of probability theory. Chance could be studied and systematized and it operated according to laws. That the very unpredictability of dice throws could be formalized was revolutionary. Yet the randomness (随机性) of dice is an orderly kind of randomness, much less messy than that of real events. Though this may seem like an abstract problem, it’s thought to be partly responsible for the replication crisis (重复危机) in science because researchers can mistakenly use statistics that are better suited to game pieces to characterize their experimental results. Today, the business world widely uses probability theory and games have been adopted in the design of many of our modern social and economic systems. Game design decides what ads we’re served as we look through our feeds and controls our behaviors to make games work as intended. That’s why it’s crucial that we understand how these games influence us so that we can distinguish our actual values from those of the designers. Otherwise, the games are playing us. 1.Why are games particularly appealing to people? A. They allow players to achieve quick success. B. They provide players with a sense of control. C. They challenge brain’s ability to predict outcomes. D. They encourage the players to pursue high accuracy. 2.What attitude did ancient philosophers hold towards the role of games? A. Critical. B. Worried. C. Skeptical. D. Positive 3.What is the significance of gamblers’ study of dice throws? A. It informed us of the unpredictable future. B. It stressed the importance of careful selection. C. It helped free people from the replication crisis. D. It served as a driving force behind scientific progress. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. The Changes of Games Through History B. The Rise and Impact of Gambling in Europe C. The Role of Games in Shaping Human Behavior D. The Influence of Probability Theory on Modern Society 主题语境06 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西省部分学校联考·期中）Forests play a crucial role in promoting health and well-being, but not all forests provide the same benefits. A large-scale international study, co-led by the University of Surrey and the University of Ghent, demonstrates how specific forest characteristics — such as canopy density (树冠密度) and tree species diversity — can affect various health outcomes. The research investigated 164 forests across 5 European countries, offering valuable insights for forest management and urban planning. The study examined 7 ecological characteristics of forests and their influence on human health. Tree species diversity was found to have a limited but positive effect on human health and well-being. Increasing tree species diversity is therefore considered a safe and beneficial intervention for forest managers, which also provides multiple co-benefits beyond human health, such as supporting associated non-tree biodiversity. Forest structures — particularly, the canopy structure — were found to have the strongest health impact, both with their own benefits and disadvantages. Dense canopy reduces heat stress by providing more shade and creating a more stable microclimate, while also improving air quality by increasing leaf surface area for fine particulate matter deposition (细颗粒物沉积) — both crucial elements in urban areas where heatwaves and airborne pollutants are more frequent. On the other hand, a dense canopy can also increase the risk of Lyme disease — as ticks (蜱虫) like it in wet environment — and lead to less light reaching the forest floor, which can slow the growth of medicinal plants, affecting their potential health benefits. “Our study shows that forests generally provide a mental health benefit, reducing anxiety and stress, regardless of their biodiversity or structure. Contact with forests could be prescribed (开处方) by the National Health Service (NHS), as research shows that NHS nature prescriptions are effective at improving mental health,” says Dr Melissa Marselle, a lecturer in Environmental Psychology. 1.Which factor determines the health benefits provided by a forest? A. The size of the forest. B. The history of the forest. C. The height of the forest. D. The species diversity of the forest. 2.What is a benefit of dense forest canopy? A. It increases sunlight for forest plants. B. It prevents all air pollutants effectively. C. It lowers the risk of heat-related issues. D. It reduces the sunlight that attracts ticks. 3.What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about? A. The risk of Lyme disease. B. Downside of thick canopy. C. The growth of medicinal plants. D. The potential health benefits of canopy. 4.What advice may Dr Melissa give? A. Including forest visits in mental health treatment plans. B. Linking forest access to non-tree biodiversity plans. C. Prioritizing forest biodiversity for anxiety reduction. D. Expanding canopy coverage to maximize stress relief. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Climate change could have large impacts on food production across the world. Rising temperatures might boost crop production in cold regions but negatively impact production in warmer areas. Wheat and rice — which benefit from more CO2 in the atmosphere — could see growing output, while corn and sorghum (高粱) could see a decline with warmer temperatures. Farmers can adjust their practices to a warmer climate in four key ways: Farmers can change WHAT they plant. This could be an entirely different type of crop: corn instead of wheat. Or a different variety of a specific crop. FOUR KEY WAYS Farmers can change WHERE crops are planted. If temperatures rise in fall, crop production can shift north or southwards towards more suitable temperatures. Farmers can change HOW crops are managed. Giving crops the right amount of water, nutrition, and protection from insects and disease can help reduce some impacts of climate change. Farmers can change WHEN they plant. Farmers can plant earlier or later in the year, depending on when spring arrives. Adjusting planting dates requires no additional cost or work. A recent study by experts modeled three adaptation methods — changing WHAT, changing WHEN and changing both of them. The chart below shows their impact on the output of corn, rice, sorghum, soybean (大豆) and wheat. These three adaptation methods can already go some way to relieve climate pressures in some countries. But, of course, we don't only care about crop production at the global level. If farmers in particular regions — especially those that are most food-insecure — cannot adapt to climate change, this is still a major problem. So there is more we can do in the future. 1.What should farmers change if they are short of money and labour? A. WHAT. B. WHERE. C. HOW. D. WHEN. 2.Which crop may benefit most if farmers plant improved varieties? A. Rice. B. Corn. C. Sorghum. D. Wheat. 3.What should be done in the future? A. To adopt the three methods. B. To help the farmers in need. C. To focus on crop production. D. To move to colder regions. 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·江西·期中）Chicago Booth’s Christopher K. Hsee is a behavioral scientist focusing on what he calls hedonomics (幸福经济学) . Rather than studying how to produce more “stuff”, hedonomics studies how to extract more happiness from the existing objects. Hsee and his Chicago Booth colleague Reid Hastie redefined the term in 2008. Their idea of hedonomics is based on the idea that people don't need more resources to be happier; they need to use existing resources differently. For example, suppose a child enjoys playing with wooden blocks at first but grows tired of them. Hedonomics suggests the child doesn't need more blocks to be happy; she needs to change how she plays with those blocks. The same principle applies to experiences. Instead of watching a TV show without control, watch two episodes (集) per day. Or better yet, apply another method: say you have six episodes to watch. You could watch two a day, or you could watch one on the first day, two on the second day, and three on the third day. That’s an increasing order. Or you could do the opposite, in a decreasing order, by watching three at the start and winding down. Instead of making full use of their resources, many people instead seek to add resources. Hsee, who has devoted much of the past decade to researching hedonomics, says that can have the opposite effect and lead to a phenomenon known as the “hedonic treadmill (享乐跑步机) ”. This phrase refers to the tendency of people enjoying happiness temporarily and keeping on finding new positive stimulation. Hsee, who grew up in China, recalls when “just having the ability to buy a cheap bicycle” in his city was a big deal. But by 2012 in China, nearly every family in cities had, on average, a color TV, air conditioner, washing machine, and refrigerator. Almost nine in ten had a personal computer. Hsee sees his friends, some now able to afford expensive cars, stuck on the hedonic treadmill as they seek to get more well-being. The problem is that it takes more and more things to make people happy. 1.What is the meaning of hedonomics? A. Following your ideas. B. Producing more resources. C. Pursuing what you want. D. Treasuring what you have. 2.What does the underlined part “winding down” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Watching closely. B. Reducing gradually. C. Observing carefully. D. Checking regularly. 3.What do people do when they are on the hedonic treadmill? A. They try to get more. B. They use resources wisely. C. They tend to be more positive. D. They lack material enjoyment. 4.What does the author truly want to convey in the last paragraph? A. People are content with their income. B. China’s economy is developing fast. C. One’s desires can hardly be satisfied. D. It’s impossible to achieve real happiness. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）Give a group of scientists the same data and the same research question, and they should come up with similar answers in theory. But they don’t, according to a paper published in BMC Biology, which finds that 246 ecologists analyzing the same data sets reached widely varying conclusions, with some finding effects in totally opposite directions. The paper is the latest in a line of “many-analyst” projects that examine how results can vary because of scientists’ decisions during data analysis — and the first to study the effects in ecology. To find out how much those decisions affect the results, Elliot Gould, a Ph.D. student at the University of Melbourne, and their colleagues recruited 246 ecologists, working in 174 teams, to answer two different research questions, each based on a single data set. The findings match up with the results of previous many-analyst studies, and show “the powerful role of subjective researcher choices in scientific projects,” says Eric Uhlmann, an organizational psychologist. Gould says: Researchers have to decide which variables to control for, for example, and how to deal with missing data. “And those different choices that we make can kind of multiply.” It’s impossible to know whether the problem affects an entire field from just one or two examples, says Eötvös Loránd University metascientist Balazs Aczel. To find out, he is running a project to have multiple analysts each tackle a question from 100 randomly chosen social science papers. But similar findings have popped up in a range of fields — including neuroscience and economics — and suggest “we are facing a very serious issue,” he says. Anne Scheel, a metascientist at Utrecht University, says the many-analyst findings don’t mean fields like ecology and psychology can’t ensure reliable results. Such fields tend to ask broad questions that leave a lot of choices up to researchers. “The harder sciences seem to have more success coming to agreement on difficult questions,” she says. “I think that has something to do with how precisely things are defined.” 1.What did the BMC Biology paper focus on? A. The collection of data in ecology. B. The cause of contradictory results. C. The effect of choices on conclusions. D. The comparison of different methods. 2.What contributes to the varying conclusions according to paragraph 3? A. Research preference. B. Uniform data. C. Team division. D. Training gaps. 3.What has led Balazs Aczel to say “we are facing a very serious issue”? A. The uncertainty of ecological studies. B. The challenge in choosing questions. C. The restriction in research approaches. D. The evidence from multiple disciplines. 4.What is Anne Scheel’s suggestion on ensuring reliable results? A. Broadening scale. B. Deepening research. C. Increasing difficulty. D. Improving precision Passage 2 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）History is written, read, told — but rarely ever is it smelled. Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers(调香师)and museums for a unique project: to reveal what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries. A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago? As part of this three-year-long project called “Odeuropa”, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape: from the dry tobacco scents to the smelly canals. To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents. The AI will also be trained to detect images of objects in the texts that might be scented. The team will then use this information to create an online encyclopedia(百科全书)of smells from Europe’s past. The encyclopedia will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and related practices, according to project leader Angela Lee. “This database will become a library for the smell heritage of Europe, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.” The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important. The researchers will then work with chemists and perfume makers to recreate past smells and figure out how to display the smells in museums and other historical sites. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. “The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them,” Lee said. Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories. But it’s also a key tool in telling the stories of others. “Scent gives us access to the past in a much more direct and emotional way than language and images,” Lee said. 1.Why did the researchers start the “Odeuropa” project? A. To rebuild a historical European street. B. To make perfumes of traditional scents. C. To find and recreate the smells of Europe. D. To reproduce the scented past of Europe. 2.What will the AI do in the project? A. Collect smell-related data. B. Write interesting stories behind smells. C. Detect objects by smell. D. Describe smells in different languages. 3.Which of the following is the biggest challenge the project faces? A. Scents of the past are hard to keep. B. Records of scents are rarely found. C. Technology to reproduce scents is poor. D. Display of smells in museums costs a lot. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The application of past scents. B. The effect of scents on memory. C. The role of scent in story-telling. D. The value of understanding scent. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·江西景德镇一中·期中）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.” Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 1.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand. C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition. 2.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey. C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test. 3.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task. C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product. C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women. Passage 4 （25-26高二上·江西·期中）When Alice from Alice in Wonderland consumes a mysterious bottle labeled “drink me”, she quickly shrinks (收缩) to the floor. The Magic School Bus once got attacked by white blood cells when it shrunk down to explore a sick person’s bloodstream. And Ant-Man is famous for using his shrinking technology in Marvel films. But will humans ever be able to become smaller like this in real life? Unfortunately, physicists say that technology with the power to make someone bite-sized would break the laws of physics. Still, scientists have fun thinking over how an imaginary shrinking machine might work. “It drives you to think about: What determines the size of things?” says physicist James Kakalios. Finding the answer can involve looking into the hearts of atoms (原子). Atoms are the building blocks of almost all matter in the universe. One theoretical way to shrink something would be to reduce the size of its atoms. But an atom’s size depends on several fundamental constants (常数). Those constants don’t change. If shrinking atoms wouldn’t work, what about shortening the space between them? Atoms come together to build all kinds of molecules (分子). Atoms and molecules in the human body, though, are already packed closely together. Trying to get them even closer would be challenging. You could try to force the atoms together. But Kakalios says that even a tiny reduction in size would require enormous amounts of pressure. That would be bad news for any person who tried it on themselves. Kakalios says, “It would just flatten you, and you don’t want to do that.” Even if Alice or Ant-Man were somehow able to bypass the laws of physics to survive shrinkage, they would face other problems. For example, as their eyes shrunk, their ability to process visible wavelengths of light might become worse. Kakalios also notes that the science of making things smaller is not entirely imaginary. Although technology may not be able to shrink people, humans are remarkably good at shrinking our technology. 1.How does the author bring in the topic? A. By telling real life stories. B. By imagining our future life. C. By introducing the background. D. By describing scenes from some works. 2.What might scientists think of the technology of shrinking a person? A. Illegal. B. Inhuman. C. Imperfect. D. Impractical. 3.Which statement might Kakalios agree with? A. The atom’s size is changeable. B. The atoms and the molecules link tightly. C. Narrowing the space between atoms is easy. D. The science of making objects smaller is impossible. 4.What can be the best title for the text? A. What Is Behind the Technology of Shrinking? B. How Is the Shrinking Technology Being Used? C. Should We Describe Shrinking Technology in Literature? D. Could We Ever Develop the Technology to Shrink Ourselves? / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $