【周周有招】Unit 5 同步登顶班讲义第13讲（主旨题总抓细节）2026-2027学年人教版九年级英语上册

本讲义聚焦九年级英语Unit 5“改变世界的发明”主题，系统整合发明主题精读（莱特兄弟飞机发明）、构词法（invent/create等词族）、被动语态（六个易错点）、主旨大意题（拟标题技巧）及写作模块，构建从导入思考到精读分析、专项学习、应用实践再到自检总结的完整学习支架。 资料以“撞墙导入”激发学生思维品质，通过词族整理和句型仿写提升语言能力，自检清单与分层练习培养学习能力。如精读结合莱特兄弟故事学习定语从句，语法针对被动语态易错点设计练习，写作提供否定倒装等高级句型仿写，课中助力教师高效授课，课后帮助学生查漏补缺。

Unit 5 Power of Ideas 精品讲义2026秋九年级（上）英语-新教材人教版九年级全一册 第13讲 Inventions That Change the World 精读+词汇+语法+写作（学生版） 语篇精读 ● 发明主题精读、定语从句、被动语态、核心词汇 【课时安排】本讲为 Unit 5 Inventions That Change the World 综合课，聚焦发明主题精读、构词法与被动语态、主旨大意题，建议用时 1—2 课时。 一、撞墙导入：发明是“灵光一现”吗？ 先别急着翻课文。请判断下面三种关于发明的说法，你同意哪一种？可以在心里打勾，也可以多选。 ①发明家靠的是突如其来的灵感——灵感一到，发明就成了。 ②一件发明必须一次成功，容不得反复试错。 ③观察自然万物，常常能带来发明的灵感。 【点拨】很多同学会在①②上打勾，把发明神化成“天才的灵光一现”。可莱特兄弟的故事恰恰拆穿了这种想象：他们不是坐在树下等灵感，而是先撞上“如何让机器升空”“升空后如何操控”两个具体难题，再对着难题一样一样找解法。真正的发明，几乎都是从“一个具体的难题”开始的，灵感只是最后把线头接上的那一瞬。至于③，你先记在心里，读到完形填空你会再撞上它。 这一讲，我们把“思想怎么变成改变世界的发明”这条链一次走通：从莱特兄弟的飞机，到向自然借思路的蜘蛛网集水，最后落到“最伟大的发明家”爱迪生。落到考卷上，飞机这篇精读考定语从句和构词法，被动语态是单句填空的常客，主旨大意题是阅读理解的必考项——三条线，本讲一次收齐。 【考点挂钩】本讲对接湖北中考三大高频点：①完形与单句填空里的构词法（词性转换）；②单句语法填空的被动语态；③阅读理解的主旨大意题。 【可测目标】学完这一讲，你要能：①说出莱特兄弟解决的两个具体难题；②把“发明/创造”的动词正确变成名词、形容词或副词；③自己判断一个句子的谓语该不该用被动；④给一段新闻短文拟出最贴切的小标题。 二、文章精读：飞机的发明 The Invention of the Plane 【导言】读一篇关于莱特兄弟的精读短文。第一步看中文把握脉络，第二步读英文填出空格，第三步回读短文自查核对。 【测试材料·中文版】飞机的发明极大地改变了整个世界。它的发明者莱特兄弟最初根本没想过要改变世界，他们只是渴望能像鸟儿一样飞翔。为了攻克重于空气飞行器的飞行难题，兄弟俩开始研究滑翔机。他们遇到两大难题：如何让滑翔机升空，以及飞行途中如何操控它。他们通过观察鸟类飞行找到了破解办法，解决难题后，便给滑翔机加装了发动机。1903年12月，人类完成了史上首次飞机试飞。 如今飞机让环球旅行变得便捷又快速。从前需要数日、数周甚至数月的旅途，现在短短几小时就能抵达。这让各国人民的交流变得更加顺畅，世界也仿佛缩小了许多。 【测试材料·英文版】（空格处编号即空位所在位置，先在纸上完成） The invention of the plane, which has 1. ________ 2. ________ the whole world, was never the goal of the Wright brothers who 3. ________ it. All they wished was that they could fly 4. ________ just like birds. To 5. ________ heavier-than-air flight, they studied gliders that 6. ________ them two hard problems: how to 7. ________ gliders into the sky and how to keep them 8. ________ while they were flying. They studied the flight of birds until they found useful ways, and later 9. ________ an engine to their glider, which led to the first 10. ________ 11. ________ in December 1903. Now planes 12. ________ our cross-world trips that used to take months, so people from different 13. ________ can 14. ________ more easily and the world has become a 15. ________ village. 【点拨：这一空为什么这么填】这一篇考点很集中：副词修饰动词、词性转换（动词→名词、动词→形容词、名词→复数、形容词→比较级），以及动词形态。最容易错的是2和3——很多人被“which has”和“who”带偏。想一想：2号空前是助动词 has，助动词 has 后面必须接什么形式？3号空是 who 引导的定语从句的谓语，主语 the Wright brothers 是复数、时态用一般过去式，所以该用什么形式？判断依据就一条：先找出谓语动词，再看它前面有没有助动词或情态动词。 【句子仿写：用定语从句把两个信息揉成一句】精读里最值钱的是四处定语从句。它们的共同点：用一个 which/who/that 把两个信息绑进同一个句子，让表达更紧凑、更像书面英语，也是中考书面表达“把普通句变高级”最划算的一招。仿写时先搭句型骨架，再把中文意思填进英文骨架。 原句1：The invention of the plane, which has greatly transformed the whole world, was never the goal of the Wright brothers who created it. 句型结构：名词, which 定从, + 主句 + who 定从. 仿写1：这项改变人们生活的短视频，从来不是发明它的创作者最初的想法。（最初的 original） ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 原句2：All they wished was that they could fly freely just like birds. 句型结构：All + 定从 + was that 表从. 仿写2：我所期盼的只是我能像朋友们一样勇敢地表达自己。 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 原句3：To achieve heavier-than-air flight, they studied gliders that brought them two hard problems. 句型结构：To ..., 主语 + 谓语 + 名词 that 定从. 仿写3：为了提升英语成绩，我坚持练习，它带来两大收获：自信与进步。 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 原句4：Now planes shorten our cross-world trips that used to take months, so people from different countries can communicate more easily. 句型结构：主语 + 谓语 + 名词 that used to ..., so ... . 仿写4：如今线上课堂缩短了曾经要花数小时的通勤路程，所以各地学生能更便捷地学习知识。 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 三、核心词汇：让“发明”长成一个词族 【导言】记单词别一个一个死背，要按“词族”记：抓住一个动词，让名词、形容词、副词围着它长出来。这一讲收齐发明创造这条线的高频词族。 原词 词性变化 词义 invention n. invent v. → inventor n. 发明；发明家 creation n. create v. → creative adj. 创造；作品；有创造力的 produce v. product n. → production n. 生产；产品 lead v. leader n. → leadership n. 带领；领袖；领导力 rapid adj. rapidly adv. 迅速的 afford v. affordable adj. 买得起；负担得起的 widely adv. wide adj. → widen v. 广泛地；加宽 【点拨·构词三条规律】① 加 -er/-or 变“人”：invent→inventor、create→creator、lead→leader。② 加 -tion/-ment 变“名词”：invent→invention、produce→production、create→creation。③ 加 -ly 变“副词”：rapid→rapidly、wide→widely。看到括号里给动词、要填名词/形容词/副词时，先按这三条规律试，再带进句子里验意思。 【练习·基础层·单句语法填空】用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. Edison was a great ______________ (invent) who invented many useful things. 2. This new machine is one of the most useful ______________ (invent) in modern times. 3. These storybooks are ______________ (afford) for most middle school students. 4. My best friend ______________ (accompany) me to practice oral English every evening. 5. The ______________ (create) ideas from young students often surprise their teachers. 四、核心语法：被动语态，把“谁做的”暂时放一边 【导言】被动语态考的不是“会不会背 be+过去分词”，而是“这个句子的主语是动作的执行者还是承受者”。判断顺序只有三步：先找谓语动词，再看主语和动词之间是“谁做谁”的关系，最后给 be 定时态。 【精讲：被动语态六个易错点】 ① need doing / need to be done：物作主语时，need 后接 doing 或 to be done，都表“需要被……”。 ② 系动词用主动：smell / taste / sound / look 等系动词描述特性，用主动形式。 ③ 主动表被动：主语是“物”且表示特性时，用主动形式表被动义，如 This pen writes well. ④ 感官动词被动补 to：see/hear sb do 变成被动时，to 要补回来，如 was seen to play。 ⑤ 情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + 过去分词。 ⑥ get + 过去分词：表示“遭遇、意外”，口语常见。 【考点链接】湖北中考单句语法填空几乎每年都有一道被动语态，最爱在“need doing”“主动表被动”“感官动词被动”三处设陷阱。这三处就是本讲的命门。 【练习·中档层·单句语法填空】用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 2. If you leave the club, you won't ____________ (allow) back in. 3. Some hanfu lovers think that each design of hanfu has its own cultural meaning. They believe these ____________ (follow) strictly. 4. Later, he ____________ (punish) since he made a mistake. 5. The historic swim ____________ (complete) by Diana with the help of a crew of doctors, scientists and navigators on September 2. 6. Here are daily things that need ____________ (do), like bringing fuel and water on board. 7. —How clean your car is! —Thank you. It ____________ (wash) very often. 8. —Do you know when and where the 24th Winter Olympic Games ____________ (hold)? —In Beijing and Zhangjiakou, in 2022. 9. The film ____________ (show) many times since last Sunday. 10. I ____________ (tell) he didn't come just now. 11. This kind of pen ____________ (write) well, so most of the students choose to use it. 12. Can such a thing ____________ (stop) from happening again? 13. I promise that the dogs ____________ (take) good care of during the weekend. 14. Sometimes the young boy was seen ____________ (play) with fire alone. It's dangerous. 15. Lots of new words and useful expressions ____________ (learn) by us since the beginning of this term. 五、完形填空：向蜘蛛网借一个发明灵感 【导言】这一篇正好接上开篇的判断③——“观察自然能带来发明灵感”。先通读把握脉络，再逐空看语境选词，最后回读验证。 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述加拿大科学家 Robert 如何从蜘蛛网中获取灵感，解决智利北部村庄 Chungungo 缺水问题的故事。 【测试材料·完形填空】阅读下面短文，从每小题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 In the northern part of Chile, a small village named Chungungo lay between the Pacific Ocean and the Atacama Desert. This area was known for its heavy fog, which (1) the land (2) in lasting dim light but gave no help to the dry ground, leaving the village (3). One day, a Canadian scientist named Robert, on a worldwide research trip, found this desolate landscape. To his surprise, he saw many spider webs, showing that spiders lived in this tough environment. Interested, Robert (4) the webs under a microscope and found their strong (5), which let them get moisture from the fog. It gave him a great idea. "What if people could (6) the fog like the spiders' webs?" he wondered. With the help of the Chilean government, Robert created a(n) (7) material net made to harvest fog in thick areas. He built rows of these nets, making a web-shaped (8) that harvested the fog. The result was (9). As the fog passed through the nets, it (10) water drops, which fell into pipes under the nets for (11) and cleaning, providing fresh water. This creative solution (12) Chungungo, turning the dead land into a lively environment. Robert's discovery not only (13) the water shortage issue but also showed the importance of (14) and adaptation. It proved that nature holds answers for (15), and with clever thinking, humans can find these secrets to make their world better. 【选项】 1. A. preserved　B. decorated　C. covered　D. blocked 2. A. well　B. deep　C. fast　D. hard 3. A. useless　B. lifeless　C. homeless　D. endless 4. A. designed　B. organized　C. carved　D. examined 5. A. potential　B. custom　C. ability　D. category 6. A. digest　B. collect　C. borrow　D. simplify 7. A. artificial　B. natural　C. organic　D. widespread 8. A. society　B. principle　C. system　D. occupation 9. A. surprising　B. alarming　C. puzzling　D. disappointing 10. A. picked up　B. took on　C. gave away　D. turned into 11. A. saving　B. gathering　C. training　D. travelling 12. A. generated　B. followed　C. changed　D. praised 13. A. discovered　B. analysed　C. solved　D. investigated 14. A. direction　B. innovation　C. unity　D. progress 15. A. ambition　B. courage　C. dimension　D. living 【语境猜词】①water-collecting（合）＝water＋collecting，adj. 集水的　②shortage（派）＝short＋age，n. 短缺 【点拨】做完形先抓“故事线”：人物（Robert）→ 困难（缺水）→ 办法（学蜘蛛网）→ 结果（村庄改变）→ 启示（自然给答案）。把这条线抓准，多数空靠“语境顺着读”就能排除。 六、写作：The Greatest Inventor（最伟大的发明家） 【写作点拨】这是一道“以……为题写短文投稿”的应用文。三个提示问题（Who / Why / What did you learn）就是三段式骨架：先点明是谁，再写为什么最伟大（用具体事例支撑，别只喊“伟大”），最后写你从他身上学到什么（升华）。 【句型仿写：让三个句子立刻变高级】 ① 否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装 原句：Never will we enjoy convenient electric lights without his inventions. 结构：Never + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语, without + 名词. 仿写：没有坚持与努力，我们永远无法实现自己的梦想。 ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ② It is/was…that… 强调句 原句：It was his perseverance and courage that led him to final success. 结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其余部分. 仿写：正是不断的反思与练习帮助我们取得持续进步。（不断的 constant） ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ③ 现在分词作伴随状语 原句：As a tireless inventor, he kept testing thousands of materials, overcoming countless difficulties to create the first practical incandescent light. 结构：主语 + 谓语, 现在分词作伴随状语. 仿写：作为一名勤奋的学习者，他坚持整理错题，克服重重障碍提升各科成绩。（整理错题 sort out mistakes） ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 【参考范文】（第①空填 invent 的词族，第②空填 can 的否定式，第③④空填词性转换，第⑤空填固定搭配） There are many great ① ________ in history. Among them, I think Thomas Edison is the greatest one who has ② ________ human life greatly. Never could we enjoy ③ ________ ④ ________ electric lights without his inventions. As a tireless inventor, he kept ⑤ ________ thousands of materials, ⑥ ________ countless difficulties to create the first practical incandescent light. Because traditional oil lamps were dark and ⑦ ________, his invention brought bright and safe lighting to the whole world. Although he failed many times, he never ⑧ ________ ⑨ ________ his research. It was his ⑩ ________ and ⑪ ________ that led him to final success. Besides, he also ⑫ ________ many useful ⑬ ________ that benefit our daily life. From Edison, I have learned valuable lessons. If we want to achieve our dreams, we must keep trying ⑭ ________. His spirit encourages me to face ⑮ ________ and stick to my goals all the time. 【范文赏析】开头直接点明“爱迪生最伟大”；中间用两件事支撑——电灯的具体贡献、百折不挠的实验精神，并且自然带出了强调句（It was…that…）和倒装（Never could we…）；结尾落到“我从他身上学到坚持”，呼应题目第四个提示。整篇用的是本讲练过的三类高级句型，没有一句空喊伟大。 七、语篇技巧：主旨大意题，先抓“谁做了什么” 【方法点拨】主旨大意题（给新闻或短文拟标题）的核心只有一招：找出“谁（主体）做了什么事（核心事件）”，再把它压缩成一个简洁短语。干扰项最爱犯三个病：①偷换主体——把配角当主角；②范围过大或过小——太笼统，或只覆盖某一个细节；③拿细节当主旨。做题顺序：先排除范围明显不对的，再比较剩下的选项，必须“主体”和“事件”都对得上才选。 【实战·基础层→挑战层】 题1　Check out this Wind Tree! It looks like a tree with 36 green "leaves", but it's a small wind turbine (发电机). It's about 5 to 10 meters tall and easy to build. Each "leaf" can turn with the wind and create electricity. It can make 18,000 kilowatt-hours (千瓦时) a year. The best heading for this piece of news would be __________. A. Windy Tree Comes　B. "Leaves" Never Fall　C. Enough Power Works　D. "Trees" Produce Electricity 题2　Do you ever get annoyed that your Internet isn't working? How annoyed would you be if monkeys were the reason for your problems? This has been happening in a city in India, as macaque monkeys (猕猴) have been getting in the way of Internet services. The government has planned to lay broadband cables (宽带电缆) to connect India's villages, but they find it hard to stop monkeys from eating the cables. Macaque monkeys are sacred (神圣的) there, so they will not be hurt. How would you tell them not to chew the cables? What would be the best heading for this piece of news? A. Internet Isn't Working　B. Annoying Monkeys in India　C. Monkeys Break Internet　D. Challenges of the Indian Government 题3　Li Ming, a 15-year-old student in Wuhan, loves playing badminton but often felt frustrated because the shuttlecocks (羽毛球) always fell into the water pool next to his school playground. To solve this problem, he designed a special net with a long handle (长柄) that could pick up the shuttlecocks from the pool without students bending down. With the help of his teacher, he made a working model. His invention not only helped his classmates but also won a prize in the city science competition. The best heading for this piece of news would be __________. A. A Student's Useful Invention　B. Playing Badminton in Wuhan　C. A Prize for the School　D. How to Use a Long Handle 【点拨】题2最典型：B 和 C 都跟“猴子搞网络”有关，别急着定——比较哪个动词把“猴子做了什么”说得又准又简，哪个只说“烦人的猴子”、没说核心事件。标题题比的不是谁信息多，而是谁“主体+事件”压得最准。用这把尺子回读三个选项，你自己就能定下来。 八、带走：本讲自检清单 【自检清单】学完这一讲，逐条对照，能做到的打勾： □ 我能说出莱特兄弟解决的两个具体难题（升空、操控）。 □ 我能把 invent / create / produce / lead / rapid / afford / wide 的正确词性填进句子。 □ 见到 need doing、This pen writes well、was seen to play，我能立刻说出考点。 □ 我能用“名词 + which/who/that 定从”把两个信息合成一句。 □ 给一段新闻，我能用“谁做了什么”拟出最贴切的小标题。 【寄语】这一讲你带走的不是五个孤立的知识点，而是一条判断链：先找难题，再找方法，最后验证——发明是这样，做对一道完形、拟对一个标题，也是这样。 九、课后作业：独立完成一套题 【作业说明】课后独立完成下面这套题（素材与本讲正文不同，主题仍围绕“坚持与创造”），检验本讲所学。做完先自己打分。 【语篇一·单句语法填空】用括号内单词的正确形式填空。（考查构词法、时态、非谓语） 1. At the age of 85, Grandma Liu began ① (learn) to program. 2. Many people thought it was ② (possible) for such an old lady, but she never ③ (give) up. 3. Every evening, she spent two hours ④ (practice) on her computer. 4. With the help of her grandson, she ⑤ (create) her first app successfully. 5. Now thousands of old people use her app ⑥ (record) their memories. 6. Grandma Liu's story ⑦ (tell) us that age is never a reason to stop ⑧ (create). 7. As long as we keep ⑨ (try), we can always ⑩ (make) our dreams come true. 【语篇二·阅读理解】阅读短文，从每小题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 Every year, tons of plastic waste are thrown away. But a group of young scientists from a high school in Shenzhen found a creative way to deal with it. They used a special kind of bacteria (细菌) to break down plastic bags into a material that can be made into new products. The idea came to them when they saw many plastic bags floating in a river near their school. They spent two years testing and improving their method. Although they failed many times, they never stopped. Now their method can turn one kilogram of plastic waste into about 800 grams of reusable material. The team says they hope to make their method cheaper so that more factories can use it. 1. Where did the young scientists get their idea? A. From their science teacher.　B. From plastic bags floating in a river.　C. From a factory.　D. From a book. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the team's method? A. It can turn plastic waste into reusable material.　B. It was successful at the very beginning.　C. It costs very little now.　D. It can only deal with one plastic bag. 3. What is the best title for the passage? A. A Creative Way to Deal with Plastic Waste　B. The Use of Bacteria in School　C. A River Full of Plastic　D. How to Make Products Cheaper 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 Power of Ideas 精品讲义2026秋九年级（上）英语-新教材人教版九年级全一册 第13讲 Inventions That Change the World 精读+词汇+语法+写作（教师版） 语篇精读 ● 发明主题精读、定语从句、被动语态、核心词汇 一、撞墙导入：发明是“灵光一现”吗？ 先别急着翻课文。请判断下面三种关于发明的说法，你同意哪一种？可以在心里打勾，也可以多选。 ①发明家靠的是突如其来的灵感——灵感一到，发明就成了。 ②一件发明必须一次成功，容不得反复试错。 ③观察自然万物，常常能带来发明的灵感。 【教师点拨】很多同学会在①②上打勾，把发明神化成“天才的灵光一现”。可莱特兄弟的故事恰恰拆穿了这种想象：他们不是坐在树下等灵感，而是先撞上“如何让机器升空”“升空后如何操控”两个具体难题，再对着难题一样一样找解法。真正的发明，几乎都是从“一个具体的难题”开始的，灵感只是最后把线头接上的那一瞬。至于③，你先记在心里，读到完形填空你会再撞上它。 这一讲，我们把“思想怎么变成改变世界的发明”这条链一次走通：从莱特兄弟的飞机，到向自然借思路的蜘蛛网集水，最后落到“最伟大的发明家”爱迪生。落到考卷上，飞机这篇精读考定语从句和构词法，被动语态是单句填空的常客，主旨大意题是阅读理解的必考项——三条线，本讲一次收齐。 【考点挂钩】本讲对接湖北中考三大高频点：①完形与单句填空里的构词法（词性转换）；②单句语法填空的被动语态；③阅读理解的主旨大意题。 【可测目标】学完这一讲，你要能：①说出莱特兄弟解决的两个具体难题；②把“发明/创造”的动词正确变成名词、形容词或副词；③自己判断一个句子的谓语该不该用被动；④给一段新闻短文拟出最贴切的小标题。 二、文章精读：飞机的发明 The Invention of the Plane 【导言】读一篇关于莱特兄弟的精读短文。第一步看中文把握脉络，第二步读英文填出空格，第三步对照答案与解析。 【测试材料·中文版】飞机的发明极大地改变了整个世界。它的发明者莱特兄弟最初根本没想过要改变世界，他们只是渴望能像鸟儿一样飞翔。为了攻克重于空气飞行器的飞行难题，兄弟俩开始研究滑翔机。他们遇到两大难题：如何让滑翔机升空，以及飞行途中如何操控它。他们通过观察鸟类飞行找到了破解办法，解决难题后，便给滑翔机加装了发动机。1903年12月，人类完成了史上首次飞机试飞。 如今飞机让环球旅行变得便捷又快速。从前需要数日、数周甚至数月的旅途，现在短短几小时就能抵达。这让各国人民的交流变得更加顺畅，世界也仿佛缩小了许多。 【测试材料·英文版】（空格处编号即答案所在位置，先在纸上完成再核对） The invention of the plane, which has 1. greatly 2. transformed the whole world, was never the goal of the Wright brothers who 3. created it. All they wished was that they could fly 4. freely just like birds. To 5. achieve heavier-than-air flight, they studied gliders that 6. brought them two hard problems: how to 7. lift gliders into the sky and how to keep them 8. steady while they were flying. They studied the flight of birds until they found useful ways, and later 9. fixed an engine to their glider, which led to the first 10. successful 11. flight in December 1903. Now planes 12. shorten our cross-world trips that used to take months, so people from different 13. countries can 14. communicate more easily and the world has become a 15. closer village. 【点拨：这一空为什么这么填】这一篇考点很集中：副词修饰动词（1.greatly、4.freely）、词性转换（10.successful、11.flight、13.countries、14.communicate、15.closer），以及动词形态。最容易错的是2和3——很多人被“which has”和“who”带偏。看清楚：has transformed 是现在完成时，助动词 has 后面必须接过去分词；而 who created it 是整个定语从句的谓语，主语 the Wright brothers 是复数、时态用一般过去式，所以用 created。判断依据就一条：先找出谓语动词，再看它前面有没有助动词或情态动词。 【答案与解析】1. greatly（副词，修饰动词 transformed）　2. transformed（现在完成时 has+过去分词）　3. created（who 定语从句谓语，过去式）　4. freely（副词，修饰 fly）　5. achieve（to do 目的状语）　6. brought（that 定从谓语，过去式）　7. lift（how to do 结构）　8. steady（keep+宾语+形容词）　9. fixed（and 并列谓语，过去式）　10. successful（形容词，修饰 flight）　11. flight（名词）　12. shorten（动词，加 -en 后缀）　13. countries（可数名词复数）　14. communicate（情态动词 can 后动词原形）　15. closer（形容词比较级，表“更紧密的”） 【句子仿写：用定语从句把两个信息揉成一句】精读里最值钱的是三处定语从句。它们的共同点：用一个 which/who/that 把两个信息绑进同一个句子，让表达更紧凑、更像书面英语，也是中考书面表达“把普通句变高级”最划算的一招。仿写时先搭句型骨架，再把中文意思填进英文骨架。 原句1：The invention of the plane, which has greatly transformed the whole world, was never the goal of the Wright brothers who created it. 句型结构：名词, which 定从, + 主句 + who 定从. 仿写1：这项改变人们生活的短视频，从来不是发明它的创作者最初的想法。（最初的 original） The short video, which has greatly changed people's daily life, was never the original idea of the creators who invented it. 原句2：All they wished was that they could fly freely just like birds. 句型结构：All + 定从 + was that 表从. 仿写2：我所期盼的只是我能像朋友们一样勇敢地表达自己。 All I hope is that I can express myself bravely just like my friends. 原句3：To achieve heavier-than-air flight, they studied gliders that brought them two hard problems. 句型结构：To ..., 主语 + 谓语 + 名词 that 定从. 仿写3：为了提升英语成绩，我坚持练习，它带来两大收获：自信与进步。 To improve my English grades, I keep practising, which brings me two great gains: confidence and progress. 原句4：Now planes shorten our cross-world trips that used to take months, so people from different countries can communicate more easily. 句型结构：主语 + 谓语 + 名词 that used to ..., so ... . 仿写4：如今线上课堂缩短了曾经要花数小时的通勤路程，所以各地学生能更便捷地学习知识。 Now online classes cut down the long journeys that used to take hours, so students from different areas can learn knowledge more conveniently. 三、核心词汇：让“发明”长成一个词族 【导言】记单词别一个一个死背，要按“词族”记：抓住一个动词，让名词、形容词、副词围着它长出来。这一讲收齐发明创造这条线的高频词族。 原词 词性变化 词义 invention n. invent v. → inventor n. 发明；发明家 creation n. create v. → creative adj. 创造；作品；有创造力的 produce v. product n. → production n. 生产；产品 lead v. leader n. → leadership n. 带领；领袖；领导力 rapid adj. rapidly adv. 迅速的 afford v. affordable adj. 买得起；负担得起的 widely adv. wide adj. → widen v. 广泛地；加宽 【教师点拨·构词三条规律】① 加 -er/-or 变“人”：invent→inventor、create→creator、lead→leader。② 加 -tion/-ment 变“名词”：invent→invention、produce→production、create→creation。③ 加 -ly 变“副词”：rapid→rapidly、wide→widely。看到括号里给动词、要填名词/形容词/副词时，先按这三条规律试，再带进句子里验意思。 【练习·基础层·单句语法填空】用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. Edison was a great ______________ (invent) who invented many useful things. 2. This new machine is one of the most useful ______________ (invent) in modern times. 3. These storybooks are ______________ (afford) for most middle school students. 4. My best friend ______________ (accompany) me to practice oral English every evening. 5. The ______________ (create) ideas from young students often surprise their teachers. 【答案与解析】1. inventor（a great 后接指人名词，invent→inventor 发明家）　2. inventions（one of + 最高级 + 可数名词复数，invent→invention 的复数）　3. affordable（系动词 are 后接形容词作表语，afford→affordable 负担得起的）　4. accompanies（主语 friend 为单数，一般现在时变三单 accompanies）　5. creative（修饰名词 ideas 用形容词，create→creative 有创造力的） 四、核心语法：被动语态，把“谁做的”暂时放一边 【导言】被动语态考的不是“会不会背 be+过去分词”，而是“这个句子的主语是动作的执行者还是承受者”。判断顺序只有三步：先找谓语动词，再看主语和动词之间是“谁做谁”的关系，最后给 be 定时态。 【精讲：被动语态六个易错点】 ① need doing / need to be done：物作主语时，need 后接 doing 或 to be done，都表“需要被……”。 ② 系动词用主动：smell / taste / sound / look 等系动词描述特性，用主动形式。 ③ 主动表被动：主语是“物”且表示特性时，用主动形式表被动义，如 This pen writes well. ④ 感官动词被动补 to：see/hear sb do 变成被动时，to 要补回来，如 was seen to play。 ⑤ 情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + 过去分词。 ⑥ get + 过去分词：表示“遭遇、意外”，口语常见。 【考点链接】湖北中考单句语法填空几乎每年都有一道被动语态，最爱在“need doing”“主动表被动”“感官动词被动”三处设陷阱。这三处就是本讲的命门。 【练习·中档层·单句语法填空】用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。 1. Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 2. If you leave the club, you won't ____________ (allow) back in. 3. Some hanfu lovers think that each design of hanfu has its own cultural meaning. They believe these ____________ (follow) strictly. 4. Later, he ____________ (punish) since he made a mistake. 5. The historic swim ____________ (complete) by Diana with the help of a crew of doctors, scientists and navigators on September 2. 6. Here are daily things that need ____________ (do), like bringing fuel and water on board. 7. —How clean your car is! —Thank you. It ____________ (wash) very often. 8. —Do you know when and where the 24th Winter Olympic Games ____________ (hold)? —In Beijing and Zhangjiakou, in 2022. 9. The film ____________ (show) many times since last Sunday. 10. I ____________ (tell) he didn't come just now. 11. This kind of pen ____________ (write) well, so most of the students choose to use it. 12. Can such a thing ____________ (stop) from happening again? 13. I promise that the dogs ____________ (take) good care of during the weekend. 14. Sometimes the young boy was seen ____________ (play) with fire alone. It's dangerous. 15. Lots of new words and useful expressions ____________ (learn) by us since the beginning of this term. 【答案与解析】1. is regarded（主语 cycling 承受动作，一般现在被动；along with 不影响谓语，谓语随 cycling 用单数）　2. be allowed（将来时被动 won't be done）　3. should be followed（情态动词被动）　4. was punished（一般过去被动）　5. was completed（一般过去被动，by Diana 引出执行者）　6. doing / to be done（need doing = need to be done）　7. is washed（一般现在被动，表习惯）　8. will be held（将来时被动）　9. has been shown（现在完成被动，since last Sunday 用完成时）　10. was told（一般过去被动）　11. writes（主动表被动，pen 作主语表特性）　12. be stopped（情态动词被动）　13. will be taken（将来时被动；take good care of 变被动要保留介词 of）　14. to play（感官动词变被动补回 to）　15. have been learned / learnt（现在完成被动，since the beginning 表“自……以来”） 五、完形填空：向蜘蛛网借一个发明灵感 【导言】这一篇正好接上开篇的判断③——“观察自然能带来发明灵感”。先通读把握脉络，再逐空看语境选词，最后回读验证。 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述加拿大科学家 Robert 如何从蜘蛛网中获取灵感，解决智利北部村庄 Chungungo 缺水问题的故事。 【测试材料·完形填空】阅读下面短文，从每小题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 In the northern part of Chile, a small village named Chungungo lay between the Pacific Ocean and the Atacama Desert. This area was known for its heavy fog, which (1) the land (2) in lasting dim light but gave no help to the dry ground, leaving the village (3). One day, a Canadian scientist named Robert, on a worldwide research trip, found this desolate landscape. To his surprise, he saw many spider webs, showing that spiders lived in this tough environment. Interested, Robert (4) the webs under a microscope and found their strong (5), which let them get moisture from the fog. It gave him a great idea. "What if people could (6) the fog like the spiders' webs?" he wondered. With the help of the Chilean government, Robert created a(n) (7) material net made to harvest fog in thick areas. He built rows of these nets, making a web-shaped (8) that harvested the fog. The result was (9). As the fog passed through the nets, it (10) water drops, which fell into pipes under the nets for (11) and cleaning, providing fresh water. This creative solution (12) Chungungo, turning the dead land into a lively environment. Robert's discovery not only (13) the water shortage issue but also showed the importance of (14) and adaptation. It proved that nature holds answers for (15), and with clever thinking, humans can find these secrets to make their world better. 【选项】 1. A. preserved　B. decorated　C. covered　D. blocked 2. A. well　B. deep　C. fast　D. hard 3. A. useless　B. lifeless　C. homeless　D. endless 4. A. designed　B. organized　C. carved　D. examined 5. A. potential　B. custom　C. ability　D. category 6. A. digest　B. collect　C. borrow　D. simplify 7. A. artificial　B. natural　C. organic　D. widespread 8. A. society　B. principle　C. system　D. occupation 9. A. surprising　B. alarming　C. puzzling　D. disappointing 10. A. picked up　B. took on　C. gave away　D. turned into 11. A. saving　B. gathering　C. training　D. travelling 12. A. generated　B. followed　C. changed　D. praised 13. A. discovered　B. analysed　C. solved　D. investigated 14. A. direction　B. innovation　C. unity　D. progress 15. A. ambition　B. courage　C. dimension　D. living 【语境猜词】①water-collecting（合）＝water＋collecting，adj. 集水的　②shortage（派）＝short＋age，n. 短缺 【答案与解析】 1. C. covered（雾覆盖土地，笼罩在昏暗光线里）　2. B. deep（deep in 深处于……，雾把土地裹进持久的昏暗）　3. B. lifeless（留下死气沉沉的村庄，与后文 lively 呼应）　4. D. examined（用显微镜检查蜘蛛网）　5. C. ability（它们从雾中获取水分的强大能力）　6. B. collect（“如果人们也能像蜘蛛网那样收集雾呢”）　7. A. artificial（人造材料网，与 natural 相对）　8. C. system（织成网状的“系统”）　9. A. surprising（结果令人惊讶）　10. A. picked up（网收集起水滴）　11. B. gathering（收集、汇集，与 cleaning 并列）　12. C. changed（这个创意解决方案改变了 Chungungo）　13. C. solved（解决了缺水问题）　14. B. innovation（创新与适应）　15. D. living（自然为生活/生存提供答案） 【点拨】做完形先抓“故事线”：人物（Robert）→ 困难（缺水）→ 办法（学蜘蛛网）→ 结果（村庄改变）→ 启示（自然给答案）。把这条线抓准，多数空靠“语境顺着读”就能排除。 六、写作：The Greatest Inventor（最伟大的发明家） 【写作点拨】这是一道“以……为题写短文投稿”的应用文。三个提示问题（Who / Why / What did you learn）就是三段式骨架：先点明是谁，再写为什么最伟大（用具体事例支撑，别只喊“伟大”），最后写你从他身上学到什么（升华）。 【句型仿写：让三个句子立刻变高级】 ① 否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装 原句：Never will we enjoy convenient electric lights without his inventions. 结构：Never + 助动词 + 主语 + 谓语, without + 名词. 仿写：没有坚持与努力，我们永远无法实现自己的梦想。 Never will we realize our dreams without persistence and hard work. ② It is/was…that… 强调句 原句：It was his perseverance and courage that led him to final success. 结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其余部分. 仿写：正是不断的反思与练习帮助我们取得持续进步。（不断的 constant） It is constant reflection and practice that help us make steady progress. ③ 现在分词作伴随状语 原句：As a tireless inventor, he kept testing thousands of materials, overcoming countless difficulties to create the first practical incandescent light. 结构：主语 + 谓语, 现在分词作伴随状语. 仿写：作为一名勤奋的学习者，他坚持整理错题，克服重重障碍提升各科成绩。（整理错题 sort out mistakes） As a hard-working student, he keeps sorting out mistakes, overcoming many difficulties to improve all subjects. 【参考范文】（第①空填 invent 的词族，第②空填 can 的否定式，第③④空填词性转换，第⑤空填固定搭配） There are many great ① inventors in history. Among them, I think Thomas Edison is the greatest one who has ② changed human life greatly. Never could we enjoy ③ convenient ④ electric lights without his inventions. As a tireless inventor, he kept ⑤ testing thousands of materials, ⑥ overcoming countless difficulties to create the first practical incandescent light. Because traditional oil lamps were dark and ⑦ dangerous, his invention brought bright and safe lighting to the whole world. Although he failed many times, he never ⑧ gave ⑨ up his research. It was his ⑩ perseverance and ⑪ courage that led him to final success. Besides, he also ⑫ invented many useful ⑬ devices that benefit our daily life. From Edison, I have learned valuable lessons. If we want to achieve our dreams, we must keep trying ⑭ bravely. His spirit encourages me to face ⑮ challenges and stick to my goals all the time. 【范文赏析】开头直接点明“爱迪生最伟大”；中间用两件事支撑——电灯的具体贡献、百折不挠的实验精神，并且自然带出了强调句（It was…that…）和倒装（Never could we…）；结尾落到“我从他身上学到坚持”，呼应题目第四个提示。整篇用的是本讲练过的三类高级句型，没有一句空喊伟大。 七、语篇技巧：主旨大意题，先抓“谁做了什么” 【方法点拨】主旨大意题（给新闻或短文拟标题）的核心只有一招：找出“谁（主体）做了什么事（核心事件）”，再把它压缩成一个简洁短语。干扰项最爱犯三个病：①偷换主体——把配角当主角；②范围过大或过小——太笼统，或只覆盖某一个细节；③拿细节当主旨。做题顺序：先排除范围明显不对的，再比较剩下的选项，必须“主体”和“事件”都对得上才选。 【实战·基础层→挑战层】 题1　Check out this Wind Tree! It looks like a tree with 36 green "leaves", but it's a small wind turbine (发电机). It's about 5 to 10 meters tall and easy to build. Each "leaf" can turn with the wind and create electricity. It can make 18,000 kilowatt-hours (千瓦时) a year. The best heading for this piece of news would be __________. A. Windy Tree Comes　B. "Leaves" Never Fall　C. Enough Power Works　D. "Trees" Produce Electricity 题2　Do you ever get annoyed that your Internet isn't working? How annoyed would you be if monkeys were the reason for your problems? This has been happening in a city in India, as macaque monkeys (猕猴) have been getting in the way of Internet services. The government has planned to lay broadband cables (宽带电缆) to connect India's villages, but they find it hard to stop monkeys from eating the cables. Macaque monkeys are sacred (神圣的) there, so they will not be hurt. How would you tell them not to chew the cables? What would be the best heading for this piece of news? A. Internet Isn't Working　B. Annoying Monkeys in India　C. Monkeys Break Internet　D. Challenges of the Indian Government 题3　Li Ming, a 15-year-old student in Wuhan, loves playing badminton but often felt frustrated because the shuttlecocks (羽毛球) always fell into the water pool next to his school playground. To solve this problem, he designed a special net with a long handle (长柄) that could pick up the shuttlecocks from the pool without students bending down. With the help of his teacher, he made a working model. His invention not only helped his classmates but also won a prize in the city science competition. The best heading for this piece of news would be __________. A. A Student's Useful Invention　B. Playing Badminton in Wuhan　C. A Prize for the School　D. How to Use a Long Handle 【答案与解析】题1 D（主体是“风力发电树”，核心事件是“发电”；A 把主体写成“风”，B 只写树叶细节，C 范围过大）　题2 C（主体是“猴子”，事件是“弄断网络”；A 缺主体，B 主体对但没点出“弄断网络”这一核心，D 把主体换成了政府）　题3 A（主体是“学生李明”，事件是“实用的小发明”；B 只写运动场景，C 换主体为学校，D 把细节当主旨） 【点拨】题2最典型：B 和 C 都是“猴子搞网络”，但 C 用动词 break 把“猴子做了什么”说得又准又简，B 只说“烦人的猴子”，没说核心事件。标题题比的不是谁信息多，而是谁“主体+事件”压得最准。 八、带走：本讲自检清单 【自检清单】学完这一讲，逐条对照，能做到的打勾： □ 我能说出莱特兄弟解决的两个具体难题（升空、操控）。 □ 我能把 invent / create / produce / lead / rapid / afford / wide 的正确词性填进句子。 □ 见到 need doing、This pen writes well、was seen to play，我能立刻说出考点。 □ 我能用“名词 + which/who/that 定从”把两个信息合成一句。 □ 给一段新闻，我能用“谁做了什么”拟出最贴切的小标题。 【教师寄语】这一讲你带走的不是五个孤立的知识点，而是一条判断链：先找难题，再找方法，最后验证——发明是这样，做对一道完形、拟对一个标题，也是这样。 九、课后作业：独立完成一套题 【作业说明】课后独立完成下面这套题（素材与本讲正文不同，主题仍围绕“坚持与创造”），检验本讲所学。做完先自己打分，再对照答案与解析。 【语篇一·单句语法填空】用括号内单词的正确形式填空。（考查构词法、时态、非谓语） 1. At the age of 85, Grandma Liu began ① (learn) to program. 2. Many people thought it was ② (possible) for such an old lady, but she never ③ (give) up. 3. Every evening, she spent two hours ④ (practice) on her computer. 4. With the help of her grandson, she ⑤ (create) her first app successfully. 5. Now thousands of old people use her app ⑥ (record) their memories. 6. Grandma Liu's story ⑦ (tell) us that age is never a reason to stop ⑧ (create). 7. As long as we keep ⑨ (try), we can always ⑩ (make) our dreams come true. 【答案与解析】① learning（begin doing sth 开始做某事）　② impossible（形容词作表语，加前缀 im- 表否定）　③ gave（never 后接动词过去式，gave up 放弃）　④ practicing（spend time doing sth 花费时间做某事）　⑤ created（一般过去时）　⑥ to record（use sth to do sth 用某物去做某事）　⑦ tells（主语 story 单数，一般现在时三单）　⑧ creating（stop doing sth 停止做某事）　⑨ trying（keep doing sth 一直做某事）　⑩ make（情态动词 can 后接动词原形） 【语篇二·阅读理解】阅读短文，从每小题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 Every year, tons of plastic waste are thrown away. But a group of young scientists from a high school in Shenzhen found a creative way to deal with it. They used a special kind of bacteria (细菌) to break down plastic bags into a material that can be made into new products. The idea came to them when they saw many plastic bags floating in a river near their school. They spent two years testing and improving their method. Although they failed many times, they never stopped. Now their method can turn one kilogram of plastic waste into about 800 grams of reusable material. The team says they hope to make their method cheaper so that more factories can use it. 1. Where did the young scientists get their idea? A. From their science teacher.　B. From plastic bags floating in a river.　C. From a factory.　D. From a book. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the team's method? A. It can turn plastic waste into reusable material.　B. It was successful at the very beginning.　C. It costs very little now.　D. It can only deal with one plastic bag. 3. What is the best title for the passage? A. A Creative Way to Deal with Plastic Waste　B. The Use of Bacteria in School　C. A River Full of Plastic　D. How to Make Products Cheaper 【答案与解析】1. B（原文 The idea came to them when they saw many plastic bags floating in a river near their school）　2. A（原文 Now their method can turn one kilogram of plastic waste into about 800 grams of reusable material；B 错在 not at the very beginning，C 错在未实现 cheaper，D 与“one kilogram”矛盾）　3. A（全文主体是“处理塑料垃圾的创意方法”，B、C 只覆盖细节，D 与主旨无关） — — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $