【周周有招】同步登顶班讲义第4讲Unit 4 人与自然（动植物综合讲练）2026-2027学年人教版英语八年级上册

该初中英语单元复习讲义以“人与自然”为主题，通过语篇结构图梳理“名称—外形/习性—用途/文化—情感升华”的说明文脉络，用表格映射写作提示问题与高分句型，借助词族树呈现词性转换规律，系统构建阅读、写作、词汇、语法的知识体系。 讲义亮点在于“问题导入—方法拆解—分层训练”的设计，如“撞墙导入”通过学生常见错误引出词性判断要点，“三看三排除”法指导最佳标题选择培养思维品质，“四定法”句子还原训练提升语言能力。基础层到挑战层的分层练习适配不同学生，课后巩固题独立成篇，助力学生自主复习，教师可依此实施精准教学。

Unit 4 人与自然 精品讲义 · 2026 秋 八年级（上）英语 · 新教材人教版 第4讲　我最喜欢的动植物 综合讲练（学生版）　·　综合课 ● 阅读 · 写作 · 词汇 · 语法 姓名： 　 班级： 　 日期： 本讲安排 本讲建议 2—3 课时（90—135 分钟）。 1. 第 1 课时（约 60 分钟）：板块一「文章精读」＋板块二「写作工坊」，精读带出词性转换三步法与升华句，写作四步法当堂出纲； 1. 第 2 课时（约 40 分钟）：板块三「词汇」＋板块四「语法与词汇」＋板块五「无提示词」，当堂训练、当堂订正； 1. 第 3 课时（约 35 分钟，可弹性）：板块六「最佳标题」＋板块七「语篇顺序还原」＋导入回收自测； 1. 课后：板块八「课后巩固 · 主题通关」独立完成，教师即时讲评。 学习目标 学完本讲，你应当能做到： 1. 读懂「动植物介绍类」说明文，说出「名称—外形／习性—用途／文化—情感升华」的段落脉络，并能按指代链与逻辑标志还原被打乱的句段顺序； 1. 在写作中迁移 3 个核心高分句型（which 定语从句、What's amazing is...、not just... but for...），把平铺的简单句升格为有主次、有情感的征文； 1. 在语法填空中按「看成分—判词性—定词形」三步完成词性转换，区分 lively / living / alive、action / active / actively 等易错词族； 1. 运用「三看三排除」确定说明文最佳标题，识别「以偏概全、范围过大、无中生有、偷换概念」四类陷阱。 当堂检验标准：能独立完成板块八全部题目，并逐题说出判断依据，即视为达成。 本讲导航 本讲只做一件事：把「读得懂」变成「写得对、选得准」。 路径是 —— 先拆两篇范文，看清高分句是「怎么搭起来」的；再进写作工坊，把简单句的平铺升格为有层次的表达；随后集中突破 U4 词性转换与无提示词填空（这两块是八上期中失分最集中的地方）；最后用最佳标题与句子还原收束「读得准」。全讲讲一块练一块。 撞墙导入 先别急着做题，给下面三句「学生答案」挑毛病，把判断写在横线上，再对照判读要点。 ①「friendly 是副词吧？」——有同学一看到 -ly 结尾就判定副词，结果把 a friendly dog 硬判成副词句，整句判读失分。 我的判断： ■ 判读要点 friendly 是形容词，在此作定语修饰 dog。判定词性的依据是「名词前、be 后」，不是看结尾字母。-ly 只是常见的副词后缀，不等于副词后缀。 ② 最佳标题题只看首段？——第一段说「Xuan paper 是书法载体」，他立刻选 calligraphy carrier，结果连续误判。 我的判断： ■ 判读要点 首段原词往往正是命题人埋的「以偏概全」陷阱。calligraphy carrier 只复现首段，罩不住后文的制作工艺、耐久性与文人传承。标题不是首段原词的复现，而是全文的最大公约数。 ③ 题干给 weigh，就在动词位置填 weigh？——他没发现这个句子缺的其实是名词「重量」。 我的判断： ■ 判读要点 该句缺的是名词 weight（reduce one's weight）。提示词只给词义，不给成分；成分只能由空格在句中的位置决定。判词性的起点是「句子缺什么」，不是「题干给了什么」。 这三处「看似会、一做错」，正是本讲要拔掉的钉子。 板块一　文章精读 一、语篇精读 1 · 我的最爱植物（难度：基础层 ★） 任务情境：学校英文报征集以「我最喜欢的动植物」为主题的征文。假如你是李欣，请选择一种动物或植物，根据提示写一篇英语短文。 1. What is its name? 1. Where does it live / grow? 1. What are some interesting facts about it? 1. Something more about it? ■ 英文范文 · 设空精读 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 My favorite plant is bamboo, which 【1】 （combine） beauty and strength. It grows 【2】 warm and wet places like southern China. Bamboo has straight, hollow stems that stand tall. What's 【3】 （amaze） is how fast it grows — some types can grow almost one meter in one day! Its leaves stay green all year long, 【4】 （bring） life to every season. Bamboo is also very useful. People use it 【5】 （make） tools and instruments. In Chinese culture, it's 【6】 symbol of goodness. Poets and painters have loved bamboo for years, using it to show 【7】 （they） love for nature and noble spirits. I love bamboo not just for its 【8】 （useful） and beauty, 【9】 for the great meanings it 【10】 （carry） in Chinese culture. It teaches me to be strong and modest. 语篇结构图 总（引入）— 分（外形／生长／用途／文化）— 总（情感升华）。 第 4 段为情感落点，正好对应征文提示问题 4「something more about it」的升华要求。 长难句拆解 What's amazing is how fast it grows. ＝ 主语从句 What's amazing ＋ is ＋ 表语从句 how fast it grows（how ＋ adj. 引导表语从句，是写作高分结构）。 ■ 考场调用 · 写作迁移 What's amazing is... 只能用在「有趣事实」那一段（对应提示问题 3），不可用在名称段或升华段；升华段用 I love... not just for..., but for... 与 It teaches me to be...。三句各守一段，才是「有层次」，堆在同一段就是「简单句罗列」。 二、语篇精读 2 · 大熊猫（难度：中档层 ★★） 任务情境：在自然界中有许多令人惊叹的动植物。请选择其中一种，根据提示作详细介绍。 1. What is it? 1. What does it look like? 1. What problems does it meet? 1. Something more about it? ■ 英文范文 · 设空精读 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 One of 【1】 （amaze） animals in nature is the giant panda. It is loved by people worldwide 【2】 its cute look. Living mainly in bamboo forests in China, it has become a symbol of wildlife 【3】 （protect）. It is easy 【4】 （recognize） a giant panda: black patches around its eyes, black ears, and a white body make it unique. Its round face and chubby figure make it look like 【5】 soft toy. However, pandas are 【6】 （skill） climbers, and it is interesting to watch them climb trees nimbly. Sadly, giant pandas face serious problems. Losing their habitats because of human activities, they struggle 【7】 （find） enough bamboo. Also, they give birth to few 【8】 （baby） each year. 【9】 （luck）, people are trying to protect them. It is hopeful 【10】 with more efforts, these lovely animals will thrive forever. 板块二　写作工坊 · 征文四步法 一、审题 四个提示问题正好对应「名称—栖息地／外形—有趣事实—文化／情感升华」四段式： What is its name? → Where does it live / grow? → What are some interesting facts? → Something more? ■ 关键提醒 提示问题的顺序就是段落顺序，考场上一题一段，绝不合并、绝不跳题。 二、列纲 第 1 段引入＋总评；第 2 段外形／习性；第 3 段用途／文化；第 4 段情感升华。列纲时每段只写 1—2 个关键词，防止考场跑题。 三、高分句型与提示问题映射 提示问题 对应段落 推荐句型 What is its name? 名称／引入 My favorite... is..., which combines... and... Where does it live / grow? 栖息地 It grows / lives in... What are interesting facts? 趣事 What's amazing is how... / It can... Something more? 文化／升华 It's a symbol of... / I love... not just for..., but for... / It teaches me to be... ■ 避坑提示 not only... but also 与 not just... but... 不可混用 —— but also 后接并列成分，but for 后接介词宾语（名词／动名词）。 四、升格演示（错误路径） 学生原句（典型失分写法） I very like bamboo. Because it is beautiful and useful. 为什么这样写会失分 1. very like 是中文「很喜欢」的直译，副词 very 不能置于动词前修饰动词，应为 like... very much； 1. Because... 是从句，不能独立成句，原句第二句是碎片句（sentence fragment）； 1. 三个要点用 and 平铺，无主次、无层次，在「语言丰富性」一档拿不到高分。 升格路径 先并句（and → not just... but...）→ 再名词化（useful → usefulness，承接介词 for）→ 最后补定语从句（which...）： 升格句：I love bamboo not just for its usefulness and beauty, but for the great meanings it carries in Chinese culture. 这一步就是「简单句堆叠 → 有层次表达」的分水岭：并句给主次，名词化给密度，从句给层次。 五、高分自检三条 1. 内容档：四段齐全，四个提示问题无遗漏； 1. 语言档：至少 1 个 which 定语从句＋1 处名词化（-ness / -tion）； 1. 连贯档：段间有 however / also / what's more 等衔接词，不靠 and 一路平铺。 六、实战 · 课堂限时 ■ 任务 以 My Favorite Animal — 丹顶鹤 为题列纲（课堂 2 分钟，只列四段提纲关键词，不写全文）。 第 1 段（引入＋总评）： 第 2 段（外形／习性）： 第 3 段（趣事／文化）： 第 4 段（升华）： ■ 参考 示范首句：My favorite animal is the red-crowned crane, which combines grace and strength. 板块三　核心词汇 · U4 语境识词 词性判断三步法 1. 第 1 步看前后：冠词／形容词后填名词，动词后填副词，be 后填形容词； 1. 第 2 步看成分：句子缺主语／宾语→名词，缺定语→形容词，缺状语→副词； 1. 第 3 步看变形：提示词需几级变形（amaze → amazing → the most amazing）。 ■ 为什么第 1 步是「看前后」而不是「看提示词」 因为提示词只告诉你「词义」，不告诉你「成分」；而成分只能由空格在句中的位置决定。凡「题干给动词就填动词」的错法，都是把第 1 步跳过了。 一、语境识词（基础层） 1. He will shoot（拍摄） a short film this weekend, and every shot（镜头） in it is carefully designed. ■ 微点拨 shoot → shot（不规则变化）；shot 兼「镜头／射击」。 2. A rainbow will appear（出现） after the rain, and its beautiful appearance（外貌） always cheers people up. ■ 微点拨 appear → appearance（去 e＋ance）；disappear 加前缀 dis-。 3. The plane will land（降落） safely on the land（陆地） in ten minutes. ■ 微点拨 land 动词／名词同形，靠句子成分辨词性。 4. This box weighs 20 kilos — too heavy for a kid to carry. ■ 微点拨 weigh（v.）→ weight（n.）；weightless ＝ weight＋less。 5. We can connect（联系） with each other easily online, and the close connection（联系） brings us closer. ■ 微点拨 connect → connection（词尾 ct 直接加 -ion）。 6. We should protect（保护） wild plants because their protection helps animals. A protective（防护的） environment keeps them healthy. ■ 微点拨 protect → protection → protective（-ive 形容词后缀）。 7. Bees communicate（交流） through dance, and this communication helps them find flowers for pollen. ■ 微点拨 communicate → communication（去 e＋ation）。 8. The lively（生机勃勃的） forest is where many animals live, and the living（活着的） plants provide food and shelter. ■ 微点拨 lively ≠ living（定语）≠ alive（表语），三词分工见词族树。 9. We should take immediate action（行动） to solve the problem, and every small active（积极的） step will make a difference. ■ 微点拨 take action to do sth.；action → active → actively。 10. All the students went to the concert except（除……外） Lucy, and she is the only exception（例外） because she was ill. ■ 微点拨 except → exception。 二、词性转换 · 词族树 ■ 规律速记 -tion / -ment / -ness 多为名词，-ful / -ive / -able 多为形容词，-ly 多为副词，-less 表否定。 1. shoot v. 射击；拍摄 ｜ n. 幼苗 → shot n. 射击；镜头（兼 shoot 过去式／过去分词） 1. appear v. 出现；似乎 → appearance n. 外貌 → disappear v. 消失 → disappearance n. 失踪 1. weigh v. 有……重；称重量 → weight n. 重量 → weightless adj. 失重的 1. connect v. 连接 → connection n. 连接；联系人 → connected adj. 有联系的 1. act v.／n. 行动 → action n. 行动（★ take action to do sth.）→ active adj. → actively adv. → activity n. → actor / actress n. 1. communicate v. 交流 → communication n.（去 e＋ation）→ communicative adj. 1. protect v. 保护 → protection n. → protective adj. 防护的 1. except v.／prep. 除……外 → exception n. 例外 1. live v. 生活 ｜ adj. 现场的 → living adj. 活着的（定语）｜ n. 生计 → alive adj. 活着的（表语）→ lively adj. 活泼的 → life n. 生命 → lifelong adj. 终身的 三、易错警示 · 错误路径 ■ 误 凡 -ly 即副词。 正：以 -ly 结尾却常作形容词的词有 friendly / lonely / lively / silly / orderly / daily / weekly 等，靠「名词前、be 后」判定。（ugly 以 -y 结尾，本就是形容词，不属于此类。） ■ 误 die / dead / death 混用。 正：动词 die / 形容词 dead / 名词 death，看句子缺什么成分选词。 ■ 误 lively ＝ living。 正：lively 表「活泼的、生机勃勃的」（a lively dog）；living 表「活着的」，作定语（living plants）；alive 表「活着的」，作表语（The fish is still alive）。 四、即学即测（重点词族，5 题） ■ 答题指令 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The panda 【1】 （weigh） about 100 kilos when it grows up. 2. We should protect wild plants, because their 【2】 （protect） helps animals too. 3. The 【3】 （live） forest is full of sounds: birds singing, leaves moving. 4. Every small 【4】 （act） counts when we try to save wild animals. 5. All the animals went to the river 【5】 the sick one, which stayed in its home. 板块四　语法与词汇训练 一、单句语法填空 （一）基础巩固（难度：基础层） ■ 答题指令 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The bird 【1】 （shoot） out of the tree and disappeared in the distance. 2. It 【2】 （appear） that he has known the secret, but he never shows it. 3. The fog disappeared soon, and the plane 【3】 （land） successfully at last. 4. Regular exercise is helpful in reducing your 【4】 （weigh） and keeping healthy. 5. This bridge 【5】 （connect） the village with the town nearby. 6. All the students went out to play 【6】 Tom, who was ill. （二）能力提升（难度：中档层） ■ 答题指令 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The bridge 【1】 （connect） the two villages was built last year. 2. Taking part in more after-school 【2】 （active） can make our life richer. 3. We should take action 【3】 （protect） wild animals from being hurt. 4. The fish was still 【4】 （live） when we found it on the wet ground. 5. The medicine acts 【5】 （fast） than we expected. 6. She takes part in all kinds of activities 【6】 （active）. 二、词与短语填空（难度：中档层） ■ 说明 用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每词限用一次，其中有一个词是多余的。 ■ 方框 grow ／ tasty ／ turn around ／ smell ／ insects ／ plant ／ how Sunflowers are very cheerful and easy to 【1】 . They have big, bright yellow petals（花瓣） that look like the sun. That's 【2】 they get their name. Sunflowers can 【3】 quite tall in sunny places and do not need too much water. Young sunflowers 【4】 to follow the sun every day. They have 【5】 seeds and people like to eat them as snacks. Sunflower seeds can be made into cooking oil. Sunflowers are also good for the environment because they can attract bees and other helpful 【6】 . 三、综合填空（难度：挑战层） ■ 主题衔接 本讲由「植物／野生动物说明文」转入「动物描写类语篇」——话题换了，但动作不变：仍是「看成分 → 判词性 → 定词形」三步，用来检验词性转换能否迁移到新话题。 出处标注：新编 · 模拟（改编自 Guinness World Records 报道） ■ 答题指令 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Meet Giotto, the one-eyed, skateboarding bulldog! This 【1】 （live） dog is trying to break two Guinness World Records. One of them is to be the 【2】 （fast） dog to skate 100 meters. His 【3】 （own） are an elderly couple. At first, they wanted a calm dog. 【4】 , they then met Giotto, who is full of energy and always ready 【5】 （play）. "He's a rocket, and more than we expected," said the couple. 【6】 the playful dog first saw people skateboarding, he got very excited. His owners bought a cheap kids' skateboard 【7】 him, and he jumped on it in seconds. Even a recent health problem couldn't stop him. Giotto had to have one eye removed because of 【8】 （sick）. But he was back on the board in no time. "He skates just like before, maybe even 【9】 （well）," said his owners. "When he sees less danger, he feels less fear. He can skate for two or three hours without 【10】 （stop）. We think he is the best skating dog in the world!" 板块五　核心语法 · 无提示词综合填空 方法指导 · 四看法 1. 一看空格后是否名词（前填冠词／形容词／介词）； 1. 二看前后是否两个完整句（填连词）； 1. 三看固定搭配（the same as / a source of / be interested in）； 1. 四看是否缺代词或副词。 ■ 底层原理 无提示词填空的本质是 —— 句子结构已完整，只缺「粘合件」（冠词／介词／连词／代词／副词）。所以第一步永远是判「缺哪一类件」，而不是猜词义。凡是「读着顺就填」的做法，都会在同一类题上反复错。 一、无提示词单句填空（难度：中档层） ■ 答题指令 根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词，使句意完整、语法正确。 1. Sadly, people cut down trees too 【1】 , so many birds lose their homes. 2. I still remember the dying trees in that forest and 【2】 fear in the villagers' eyes. 3. 【3】 we know, Yunnan is a kingdom of wild fungi（真菌） that can be eaten. 4. Many students feel the same 【4】 Li Hua. 5. 【5】 I got home, my sister was watching a programme about pandas. 6. 【6】 the panda looks lovely, it is still in danger. 7. Scientists hope some 【7】 us could help protect wild animals. 8. We should protect wild animals instead 【8】 driving them away. 9. They are a source 【9】 food and medicine. 10. She became interested 【10】 wild flowers when she was young. 板块六　语篇技巧 · 说明文最佳标题题 方法 · 三看三排除 1. 一看首段找主题句； 1. 二看各段是否都围着它转（有段落跑题 → 以偏概全）； 1. 三看末段有无升华。 排除四类干扰：① 以偏概全　② 范围过大　③ 无中生有　④ 偷换概念（原文 wisdom，选项硬改成 hard work）。 ■ 底层原理 正确标题 = 覆盖所有段落的最大公约数。任何只覆盖一段的选项，无论它多像原文原词（尤其首段原词），都是干扰项。所以判标题的顺序是「先看末段升华 → 再验各段是否围着它转 → 最后排除」，而不是「扫首段、抄原词」。 一、阅读理解 · 最佳标题专项 ■ 答题指令 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以概括全文主旨的最佳标题。 第 1 篇（难度：中档层 ★★★） Some animals can easily find their way home after a long journey. How do they make it? Scientific research shows that they are born with certain unusual abilities for direction. A certain kind of ants, for example, can count their steps to avoid getting lost. They can go as far as 110 metres and bring food home. These ants live in the open desert, so they have nothing to guide them along the way. It's like someone walking six kilometres through a dark forest. Some fish have an unbelievable sense of smell. They can smell even a single drop of their home water in a large sea area. Some sea birds have a similar ability. They are able to make a smell map of their flying area. Some animals can sense the earth's magnetic field（磁场）, while humans can't. This magnetic field guides a certain kind of fish when they swim a long way to a place and then back. How can this kind of fish do that? It is still a mystery. Scientists have no good answers yet. However, animals with such unusual abilities still have difficulty dealing with environmental changes caused by human activities. For example, many birds depend on stars for direction, but they get lost easily at night when city lights are kept on all night. To solve this problem, we can simply turn off some lights at night. Clearly, one small act of humans may mean a lot to animals. 1. Which can be the best title for the passage? A. Birds' Sense of Light B. Fish's Sense of Smell C. Animals' Sense of Direction D. Animals' Sense of Magnetic Field 第 2 篇（难度：中档层 ★★★） Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty（618—907） scholar Zhang Yanyuan, in which he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy（书法） and painting. Handmade Xuan paper from Jingxian county, East China's Anhui province, was used only by the royal family for its supreme quality during the period. The traditional way of making Xuan paper is extremely difficult. The whole steps are so complex that even the most skilled craftsman can only master a few steps. The flow of ink decides the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper is perfect for the ink to be written or drawn on. During the papermaking process, the makers can create different canvases（画布） best suited for paintings or calligraphy. Xuan paper has been used by the Chinese literati（文人） for thousands of years. Unlike other forms of paper, it is very hard to be destroyed by time. It is this durability that has made the preservations（保存） of many valuable works from ancient China possible. Papermaking is a crystallization（结晶） of wisdom of the ancient Chinese, and Xuan paper is the highest level of papermaking. 2. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Xuan paper: crystallization of wisdom of the ancient Chinese B. Xuan paper: wisdom of the ancient Chinese hard work C. Xuan paper: a calligraphy carrier D. Xuan paper: traditional way of papermaking 第 3 篇［新编 · 模拟］（难度：基础层 ★★） The ginkgo tree is one of the oldest tree species on earth, often called a "living fossil". It can grow very tall and live for thousands of years, with fan-shaped leaves turning bright yellow in autumn. However, the ginkgo is more than just a beautiful tree. In Chinese culture, it stands for hope and long life. Ancient people planted it near temples for peace. Today many old ginkgo trees are still living. Protecting them means protecting a living link to the distant past. 3. What is the best title for the passage? A. Ginkgo: a living fossil B. Ginkgo: a tree with fan-shaped leaves C. Ginkgo: a symbol of hope and long life D. Ginkgo: a popular street tree 板块七　语篇顺序与句子还原专项 方法 · 四定法 说明文的句子不是随便排的，四个抓手可以把乱掉的顺序重新钉住： 1. 定首句：含主题词、定义句或总起句的句子先站队（常含 the life of... / ...is one of... 等总起表达）； 1. 定指代：this / these / such / the＋名词 必然回指上句出现过的名词 —— 指代链断了，顺序一定错； 1. 定逻辑标志：however / so / besides / for example / what's more / finally 各有站位，especially 段首的 What is even more surprising 必是递进； 1. 定顺序：说明文的展开顺序通常是 时间 → 空间 → 总分 → 因果，看内容属于哪一类，位置就定了。 ■ 底层原理 句子还原题考的不是「读得顺不顺」，而是指代链与逻辑链能否接上。凡是「哪个选项里有刚才出现过的词就选哪个」的做法，都会被命题人用「同词复现」的反例打中。 一、句子还原（五选五）（难度：中档层 ★★★） ■ 答题指令 阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的 A—E 五个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Do trees talk to each other? Scientists have found that trees in a forest are not silent at all. This network is made by fungi（真菌） in the soil. Trees also send warnings. When insects attack one tree, it produces special chemicals. 【4】 However, this network is easy to break. A. In fact, they are busy "talking" all the time. B. These fungi connect the roots of different trees. C. It sends them through the network to warn the trees nearby. D. What is even more surprising is that trees seem to care for one another. E. When people cut down too many trees, the network breaks and the "conversation" stops. 二、句子排序（难度：基础层 ★★） ■ 任务 下面是打乱顺序的五个句子，请按蝴蝶的生命周期重新排列。 A. After a few weeks, the caterpillar forms a hard shell around itself and becomes a pupa. B. Inside the pupa, an amazing change takes place: the body of the caterpillar is rebuilt. C. The life of a butterfly begins as a tiny egg on a leaf. D. Finally, a butterfly with wet wings comes out and waits for its wings to dry. E. The egg hatches into a caterpillar, which eats leaves and grows very quickly. 我的排列： 依据： 导入回收 · 三问自测 学完整讲，回到开头那三句「学生答案」，用新素材再验一次。 1. Our guide is a 【1】 （friend） person, so everyone likes asking him questions. 2. 判断并说明理由：做最佳标题题时，「选项里有首段出现过的原词，就可以锁定它」，这一说法对吗？ 我的判断： 3. 给下面两句排序，并说明依据： ① The panda is a symbol of peace in Chinese culture. ② The giant panda is one of the best-known animals in the world. 我的顺序： 依据： 板块八　课后巩固 · 主题通关 ■ 说明 本板块素材全部为本讲新编，未使用讲内原题。建议课后独立完成，用时 35 分钟。 一、综合填空（难度：中档层） ■ 答题指令 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Bees are among the most important animals on earth. They are not just honey makers, but nature's best 【1】 （help）. As they move from flower to flower, they carry pollen, and without this work many plants could not produce fruit. A bee colony is a busy world. Each bee has its own job, and they communicate with one another in a special way. What's amazing is 【2】 they "talk": a bee dances to tell the others where the food is and how far away it is. 【3】 （sad）, the number of bees is dropping in many parts of the world. Bees are losing their homes because of 【4】 （pollute） and the loss of wild flowers. We should take action 【5】 （protect） them. Planting more flowers in gardens and parks is one of the 【6】 （easy） things we can do. Bees are 【7】 symbol of hard work in many cultures. If bees disappear, we will lose not just honey 【8】 much of our food as well. 【9】 bees, our world would become much quieter and poorer. So every small 【10】 （act） in our garden — a pot of flowers, a corner left wild — can mean a new home for them. 二、阅读理解 · 最佳标题（难度：中档层 ★★★） ■ 答题指令 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以概括全文主旨的最佳标题。 Camels are often called "ships of the desert". They can travel for days across the sand without drinking water. Their humps do not store water, as many people wrongly believe — they store fat, which gives the camel energy when food is hard to find. Camels are perfectly built for desert life. Their long eyelashes and closable nostrils keep sand out. Their wide, soft feet stop them from sinking into the sand. They can also lose a large amount of water from their body without getting sick, and drink up to 40 litres at a time. However, even the strongest desert traveller is facing trouble. Rising temperatures and human activities are shrinking the wild places where camels live. In some areas, wild camels are now in danger of disappearing. Protecting camels is not just about saving one kind of animal. It is also about keeping the balance of desert life, in which every living thing — plant, insect and animal — depends on one another. 4. What is the best title for the passage? A. Camels: ships of the desert B. Camels: desert survivors worth protecting C. Camels: animals that store water in their humps D. Camels: the balance of desert life 三、单句语法填空（难度：基础层） ■ 答题指令 用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The elephant 【1】 （weigh） about 5 tons — few land animals are heavier. 2. Setting up nature reserves is one of the best ways of wildlife 【2】 （protect）. 3. The 【3】 （live） forest is full of sounds: birds singing, leaves moving. 4. We must take action 【4】 （save） the animals in danger. 5. Wild plants are a source 【5】 food and medicine for humans. 本讲口诀 · 一页带走 ■ 背下来 五条口诀，做完题再看一眼，能把方法带走。 1. 判词性：看前后 → 看成分 → 看变形；提示词给词义，句子给成分。 2. 填无提示词：先判缺哪一类「粘合件」（冠／介／连／代／副），再定词。 3. 选标题：最大公约数 —— 先看末段升华，再验各段，最后排除四类干扰。 4. 还原顺序：定首句 → 定指代 → 定逻辑标志 → 定顺序；同词复现不等于衔接得上。 5. 写征文：四问四段，一段一句型；先并句，再名词化，最后补从句。 — — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 人与自然 精品讲义2026秋八年级（上）英语-新教材人教版八年级上册 第4讲 我最喜欢的动植物 综合讲练（教师版） 综合课 ● 阅读·写作·词汇·语法 课时安排 本讲建议 2—3 课时（90—135 分钟）。 • 第 1 课时（约 60 分钟）：板块一「文章精读」+ 板块二「写作工坊」，精读带出词性转换三步法与升华句，写作四步法当堂出纲； • 第 2 课时（约 40 分钟）：板块三「词汇」+ 板块四「语法与词汇」+ 板块五「无提示词」，当堂训练、当堂订正； • 第 3 课时（约 35 分钟，可弹性）：板块六「最佳标题」+ 板块七「语篇顺序还原」+ 导入回收自测； • 课后：板块八「课后巩固·主题通关」独立完成，教师即时讲评。 学习目标 学完本讲，你应当能做到： 1. 读懂"动植物介绍类"说明文，说出"名称 — 外形／习性 — 用途／文化 — 情感升华"的段落脉络，并能按指代链与逻辑标志还原被打乱的句段顺序； 2. 在写作中迁移 3 个核心高分句型（which 定语从句、What's amazing is...、not just... but for...），把平铺的简单句升格为有主次、有情感的征文； 3. 在语法填空中按"看成分 — 判词性 — 定词形"三步完成词性转换，区分 lively / living / alive、action / active / actively 等易错词族； 4. 运用"三看三排除"确定说明文最佳标题，识别"以偏概全、范围过大、无中生有、偷换概念"四类陷阱。 当堂检验标准：能独立完成板块八全部题目，并逐题说出判断依据，即视为达成。 本讲导航 本讲只做一件事：把"读得懂"变成"写得对、选得准"。 路径是 —— 先拆两篇范文，看清高分句是"怎么搭起来"的；再进写作工坊，把简单句的平铺升格为有层次的表达；随后集中突破 U4 词性转换与无提示词填空（这两块是八上期中失分最集中的地方）；最后用最佳标题与句子还原收束"读得准"。全讲讲一块练一块，答案紧随其后。 撞墙导入 先别急着做题，给下面三句"学生答案"挑毛病。 ① "friendly 是副词吧？"——有同学一看到 -ly 结尾就判定副词，结果把 a friendly dog 硬判成副词句，整句判读失分。 【导入解答】 friendly 是形容词，在此作定语修饰 dog。判定词性的依据是"名词前、be 后"，不是看结尾字母。-ly 只是常见的副词后缀，不等于副词后缀。 ② 最佳标题题只看首段？——第一段说"Xuan paper 是书法载体"，他立刻选 calligraphy carrier，结果连续误判。 【导入解答】 首段原词往往正是命题人埋的"以偏概全"陷阱。calligraphy carrier 只复现首段，罩不住后文的制作工艺、耐久性与文人传承。标题不是首段原词的复现，而是全文的最大公约数。 ③ 题干给 weigh，就在动词位置填 weigh？——他没发现这个句子缺的其实是名词"重量"。 【导入解答】 该句缺的是名词 weight（reduce one's weight）。提示词只给词义，不给成分；成分只能由空格在句中的位置决定。判词性的起点是"句子缺什么"，不是"题干给了什么"。 这三处"看似会、一做错"，正是本讲要拔掉的钉子。 【板块一】文章精读 一、语篇精读 1 · 我的最爱植物（难度：基础层 ★） 任务情境：学校英文报征集以"我最喜欢的动植物"为主题的征文。假如你是李欣，请选择一种动物或植物，根据提示写一篇英语短文。 1. What is its name? 2. Where does it live / grow? 3. What are some interesting facts about it? 4. Something more about it? 英文范文（设空精读） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 My favorite plant is bamboo, which 【1】（combine） beauty and strength. It grows 【2】 warm and wet places like southern China. Bamboo has straight, hollow stems that stand tall. What's 【3】（amaze） is how fast it grows — some types can grow almost one meter in one day! Its leaves stay green all year long, 【4】（bring） life to every season. Bamboo is also very useful. People use it 【5】（make） tools and instruments. In Chinese culture, it's 【6】 symbol of goodness. Poets and painters have loved bamboo for years, using it to show 【7】（they） love for nature and noble spirits. I love bamboo not just for its 【8】（useful） and beauty, 【9】 for the great meanings it 【10】（carry） in Chinese culture. It teaches me to be strong and modest. 语篇结构图 总（引入）— 分（外形／生长／用途／文化）— 总（情感升华）。 第 4 段为情感落点，正好对应征文提示问题 4 "something more about it" 的升华要求。 长难句拆解 What's amazing is how fast it grows. ＝ 主语从句 What's amazing ＋ is ＋ 表语从句 how fast it grows（how ＋ adj. 引导表语从句，是写作高分结构）。 考场调用提示（写作迁移） What's amazing is... 只能用在"有趣事实"那一段（对应提示问题 3），不可用在名称段或升华段；升华段用 I love... not just for..., but for... 与 It teaches me to be...。三句各守一段，才是"有层次"，堆在同一段就是"简单句罗列"。 答案与解析 题号 答案 解析与易错路径 1 combines which 指代 bamboo（单数）→ 谓语动词用三单。易错：填 combine，未看出定语从句主谓一致 2 in grow in ＋ 地点。易错：漏填介词，或按汉语"生长在南方"直译而误填副词 3 amazing amaze → amazing；事物"令人惊叹"用 -ing 形容词。易错：填 amazed——-ed 形容词修饰人的感受，此处主语是事物 4 bringing 主动关系，现在分词作结果状语。易错：填 bring 原形，未识别逗号后不能接谓语 5 to make use sth. to do sth.。易错：填 making，把"用途"误判为"伴随动作" 6 a 无提示词，泛指"一种"象征。易错：填 the，把泛指误判为特指 7 their they → their；spirits 复数表"志向" 8 usefulness useful → usefulness，形容词名词化（加 -ness），承接介词 for。易错：填 useful，未识别 for 后需名词 9 but 无提示词，not just... but... 固定结构。易错：填 and——and 表并列，but 在此表"转折递进"，是固定搭配，不可替换 10 carries it 作主语 → 三单 二、语篇精读 2 · 大熊猫（难度：中档层 ★★） 任务情境：在自然界中有许多令人惊叹的动植物。请选择其中一种，根据提示作详细介绍。 1. What is it? 2. What does it look like? 3. What problems does it meet? 4. Something more about it? 英文范文（设空精读） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 One of 【1】（amaze） animals in nature is the giant panda. It is loved by people worldwide 【2】 its cute look. Living mainly in bamboo forests in China, it has become a symbol of wildlife 【3】（protect）. It is easy 【4】（recognize） a giant panda: black patches around its eyes, black ears, and a white body make it unique. Its round face and chubby figure make it look like 【5】 soft toy. However, pandas are 【6】（skill） climbers, and it is interesting to watch them climb trees nimbly. Sadly, giant pandas face serious problems. Losing their habitats because of human activities, they struggle 【7】（find） enough bamboo. Also, they give birth to few 【8】（baby） each year. 【9】（luck）, people are trying to protect them. It is hopeful 【10】 with more efforts, these lovely animals will thrive forever. 答案与解析 题号 答案 解析与易错路径 1 the most amazing One of ＋ the ＋ 最高级 ＋ 复数；三级变形 amaze → amazing → the most amazing。易错：只填 most amazing，漏掉 the——冠词是这一结构的组成部分 2 for be loved for 因……被喜爱。易错：填 by——by 后接"人"，for 后接"原因" 3 protection a symbol of ＋ 名词；protect → protection 4 to recognize It is ＋ adj. ＋ to do，it 为形式主语。易错：填 recognizing，把形式主语结构误判为动名词作主语 5 a 泛指"一个"，look like a soft toy 6 skilled skill → skilled，形容词修饰 climbers。易错：填 skill 原形，未做词性转换 7 to find struggle to do sth. 8 babies few ＋ 可数名词复数；baby → babies。易错：填 baby，忽略 few 后的复数要求 9 Luckily 句首评注性副词；luck → luckily。易错：填 Lucky——形容词不能修饰整句 10 that It is hopeful that... 主语从句，that 不可省。易错：填 what / if——what 无法引导陈述性从句，if 表"是否"与句意不符 【板块二】写作工坊 · 征文四步法 一、审题 四个提示问题正好对应"名称 — 栖息地／外形 — 有趣事实 — 文化／情感升华"四段式： What is its name? → Where does it live / grow? → What are some interesting facts? → Something more? 关键提醒：提示问题的顺序就是段落顺序，考场上一题一段，绝不合并、绝不跳题。 二、列纲 第 1 段引入＋总评；第 2 段外形／习性；第 3 段用途／文化；第 4 段情感升华。列纲时每段只写 1—2 个关键词，防止考场跑题。 三、高分句型与提示问题映射 提示问题 对应段落 推荐句型 What is its name? 名称／引入 My favorite... is..., which combines... and... Where does it live / grow? 栖息地 It grows / lives in... What are interesting facts? 趣事 What's amazing is how... / It can... Something more? 文化／升华 It's a symbol of... / I love... not just for..., but for... / It teaches me to be... 避坑提示：not only... but also 与 not just... but... 不可混用 —— but also 后接并列成分，but for 后接介词宾语（名词／动名词）。 四、升格演示（错误路径） 学生原句（典型失分写法） I very like bamboo. Because it is beautiful and useful. 为什么这样写会失分 1. very like 是中文"很喜欢"的直译，副词 very 不能置于动词前修饰动词，应为 like... very much； 2. Because... 是从句，不能独立成句，原句第二句是碎片句（sentence fragment）； 3. 三个要点用 and 平铺，无主次、无层次，在"语言丰富性"一档拿不到高分。 升格路径 先并句（and → not just... but...）→ 再名词化（useful → usefulness，承接介词 for）→ 最后补定语从句（which...）： 升格句：I love bamboo not just for its usefulness and beauty, but for the great meanings it carries in Chinese culture. 这一步就是"简单句堆叠 → 有层次表达"的分水岭：并句给主次，名词化给密度，从句给层次。 五、高分自检三条 1. 内容档：四段齐全，四个提示问题无遗漏； 2. 语言档：至少 1 个 which 定语从句 ＋ 1 处名词化（-ness / -tion）； 3. 连贯档：段间有 however / also / what's more 等衔接词，不靠 and 一路平铺。 六、实战 · 课堂限时 任务：以 My Favorite Animal — 丹顶鹤 为题列纲（课堂 2 分钟，只列四段提纲关键词，不写全文）。 【参考提纲】 • 第 1 段（引入＋总评）：red-crowned crane — a large, graceful bird / my favorite • 第 2 段（外形／习性）：white body, red crown, long legs / lives in wetlands, eats fish • 第 3 段（趣事／文化）：dances beautifully, flies very high / a symbol of long life and good luck • 第 4 段（升华）：not just for its beauty, but for what it stands for / teaches us to protect wetlands 【示范首句】：My favorite animal is the red-crowned crane, which combines grace and strength. 【板块三】核心词汇 · U4 语境识词 词性判断三步法 第 1 步看前后：冠词／形容词后填名词，动词后填副词，be 后填形容词； 第 2 步看成分：句子缺主语／宾语→名词，缺定语→形容词，缺状语→副词； 第 3 步看变形：提示词需几级变形（amaze → amazing → the most amazing）。 为什么第 1 步是"看前后"而不是"看提示词"？ 因为提示词只告诉你"词义"，不告诉你"成分"；而成分只能由空格在句中的位置决定。凡"题干给动词就填动词"的错法，都是把第 1 步跳过了。 一、语境识词（基础层） 1. He will shoot（拍摄） a short film this weekend, and every shot（镜头） in it is carefully designed. 【微点拨】shoot → shot（不规则变化）；shot 兼"镜头／射击"。 2. A rainbow will appear（出现） after the rain, and its beautiful appearance（外貌） always cheers people up. 【微点拨】appear → appearance（去 e ＋ ance）；disappear 加前缀 dis-。 3. The plane will land（降落） safely on the land（陆地） in ten minutes. 【微点拨】land 动词／名词同形，靠句子成分辨词性。 4. This box weighs 20 kilos — too heavy for a kid to carry. 【微点拨】weigh（v.）→ weight（n.）；weightless ＝ weight ＋ less。 5. We can connect（联系） with each other easily online, and the close connection（联系） brings us closer. 【微点拨】connect → connection（词尾 ct 直接加 -ion）。 6. We should protect（保护） wild plants because their protection helps animals. A protective（防护的） environment keeps them healthy. 【微点拨】protect → protection → protective（-ive 形容词后缀）。 7. Bees communicate（交流） through dance, and this communication helps them find flowers for pollen. 【微点拨】communicate → communication（去 e ＋ ation）。 8. The lively（生机勃勃的） forest is where many animals live, and the living（活着的） plants provide food and shelter. 【微点拨】lively ≠ living（定语）≠ alive（表语），三词分工见词族树。 9. We should take immediate action（行动） to solve the problem, and every small active（积极的） step will make a difference. 【微点拨】take action to do sth.；action → active → actively。 10. All the students went to the concert except（除……外） Lucy, and she is the only exception（例外） because she was ill. 【微点拨】except → exception。 二、词性转换 · 词族树 规律速记：-tion / -ment / -ness 多为名词，-ful / -ive / -able 多为形容词，-ly 多为副词，-less 表否定。 1. shoot v. 射击；拍摄 ｜ n. 幼苗 → shot n. 射击；镜头（兼 shoot 过去式／过去分词） 2. appear v. 出现；似乎 → appearance n. 外貌 → disappear v. 消失 → disappearance n. 失踪 3. weigh v. 有……重；称重量 → weight n. 重量 → weightless adj. 失重的 4. connect v. 连接 → connection n. 连接；联系人 → connected adj. 有联系的 5. act v.／n. 行动 → action n. 行动（★ take action to do sth.）→ active adj. → actively adv. → activity n. → actor / actress n. 6. communicate v. 交流 → communication n.（去 e ＋ ation）→ communicative adj. 7. protect v. 保护 → protection n. → protective adj. 防护的 8. except v.／prep. 除……外 → exception n. 例外 9. live v. 生活 ｜ adj. 现场的 → living adj. 活着的（定语）｜ n. 生计 → alive adj. 活着的（表语）→ lively adj. 活泼的 → life n. 生命 → lifelong adj. 终身的 三、易错警示 · 错误路径 误：凡 -ly 即副词。 正：以 -ly 结尾却常作形容词的词有 friendly / lonely / lively / silly / orderly / daily / weekly 等，靠"名词前、be 后"判定。（ugly 以 -y 结尾，本就是形容词，不属于此类。） 误：die / dead / death 混用。 正：动词 die / 形容词 dead / 名词 death，看句子缺什么成分选词。 误：lively ＝ living。 正：lively 表"活泼的、生机勃勃的"（a lively dog）；living 表"活着的"，作定语（living plants）；alive 表"活着的"，作表语（The fish is still alive）。 四、即学即测（重点词族，5 题） 答题指令：用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The panda 【1】（weigh） about 100 kilos when it grows up. 2. We should protect wild plants, because their 【2】（protect） helps animals too. 3. The 【3】（live） forest is full of sounds: birds singing, leaves moving. 4. Every small 【4】（act） counts when we try to save wild animals. 5. All the animals went to the river 【5】 the sick one, which stayed in its home. 答案与解析 1. weighs（主语三单；weigh v. 重达……） 2. protection（their ＋ 名词；protect → protection） 3. lively（修饰 forest，表"生机勃勃的"；易错：填 living——living 表"活着的"，不表"生机勃勃的"） 4. action（every ＋ 单数名词；act → action） 5. except（无提示词，"除……外"；易错：填 besides——besides 表"包含在内"，与句意相反） 【板块四】语法与词汇训练 一、单句语法填空 （一）基础巩固（难度：基础层） 答题指令：用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The bird 【1】（shoot） out of the tree and disappeared in the distance. 2. It 【2】（appear） that he has known the secret, but he never shows it. 3. The fog disappeared soon, and the plane 【3】（land） successfully at last. 4. Regular exercise is helpful in reducing your 【4】（weigh） and keeping healthy. 5. This bridge 【5】（connect） the village with the town nearby. 6. All the students went out to play 【6】 Tom, who was ill. 答案与解析 1. shot（shoot → shot 不规则变化；与 disappeared 并列） 2. appears（It appears that... 固定句型；易错：填 appeared，忽略后半句现在时语境） 3. landed（与 disappeared 并列的过去式） 4. weight（reduce one's weight 减肥；helpful 后接 in doing，不接 to do。易错：填 weigh 原形——介词/物主代词后需名词） 5. connects（bridge 作主语 → 三单） 6. except（无提示词，"除……外"） （二）能力提升（难度：中档层） 答题指令：用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The bridge 【1】（connect） the two villages was built last year. 2. Taking part in more after-school 【2】（active） can make our life richer. 3. We should take action 【3】（protect） wild animals from being hurt. 4. The fish was still 【4】（live） when we found it on the wet ground. 5. The medicine acts 【5】（fast） than we expected. 6. She takes part in all kinds of activities 【6】（active）. 答案与解析 1. connecting（主动关系，现在分词作后置定语；易错：填 connected——误判为被动，bridge 与 connect 是主动关系） 2. activities（after-school ＋ 名词复数） 3. to protect（take action to do sth.） 4. alive（live → alive；易错：填 living——living 作定语、alive 作表语，此处在 be 后作表语） 5. faster（than → 比较级） 6. actively（修饰动词用副词） 二、词与短语填空（难度：中档层） 说明：用方框中所给词的适当形式填空。每词限用一次，其中有一个词是多余的。 方框：grow ／ tasty ／ turn around ／ smell ／ insects ／ plant ／ how Sunflowers are very cheerful and easy to 【1】. They have big, bright yellow petals（花瓣） that look like the sun. That's 【2】 they get their name. Sunflowers can 【3】 quite tall in sunny places and do not need too much water. Young sunflowers 【4】 to follow the sun every day. They have 【5】 seeds and people like to eat them as snacks. Sunflower seeds can be made into cooking oil. Sunflowers are also good for the environment because they can attract bees and other helpful 【6】. 答案与解析 1. plant（easy to plant 易种植） 2. how（That's how... 表语从句，"那就是它们如何得名的"） 3. grow（can ＋ 原形，长高） 4. turn around（固定短语"转向"） 5. tasty（形容词修饰 seeds） 6. insects（helpful ＋ 名词复数） 多余词：smell 易错路径：第 1 空误填 grow —— grow 已用于第 3 空"长高"，且"易种植"强调人为动作，用 plant 更准确；方框题的第一步是"按空分配方框词"，不是"逐空挑一个顺眼的词"。 用法辨析：turn around（转向）≠ turn into（变成）≠ turn up（出现）。 三、综合填空（难度：挑战层） 主题衔接：本讲由"植物／野生动物说明文"转入"动物描写类语篇" —— 话题换了，但动作不变：仍是"看成分 → 判词性 → 定词形"三步，用来检验词性转换能否迁移到新话题。 出处标注：新编 · 模拟（改编自 Guinness World Records 报道） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Meet Giotto, the one-eyed, skateboarding bulldog! This 【1】（live） dog is trying to break two Guinness World Records. One of them is to be the 【2】（fast） dog to skate 100 meters. His 【3】（own） are an elderly couple. At first, they wanted a calm dog. 【4】, they then met Giotto, who is full of energy and always ready 【5】（play）. "He's a rocket, and more than we expected," said the couple. 【6】 the playful dog first saw people skateboarding, he got very excited. His owners bought a cheap kids' skateboard 【7】 him, and he jumped on it in seconds. Even a recent health problem couldn't stop him. Giotto had to have one eye removed because of 【8】（sick）. But he was back on the board in no time. "He skates just like before, maybe even 【9】（well）," said his owners. "When he sees less danger, he feels less fear. He can skate for two or three hours without 【10】（stop）. We think he is the best skating dog in the world!" 答案与解析 题号 答案 解析与易错路径 1 lively live → lively 形容词"活泼的"，修饰 dog。易错：填 living——"活着的狗"语义不通，此处要"活泼的" 2 fastest the ＋ 最高级 3 owners are 提示复数；own → owner → owners。易错：填 own 原形，未做"人"的名词化，也漏了复数 4 However 转折关系，句首且有逗号 5 to play be ready to do sth. 6 When 时间状语从句，"当……时" 7 for buy sth. for sb. 8 sickness because of ＋ 名词；sick → sickness。易错：填 sick 原形，未识别介词后需名词 9 better even ＋ 比较级 10 stopping without 为介词 → 动名词。易错：填 stop 原形——介词后绝不加动词原形 【板块五】核心语法 · 无提示词综合填空 方法指导 · 四看法 一看空格后是否名词（前填冠词／形容词／介词）；二看前后是否两个完整句（填连词）；三看固定搭配（the same as / a source of / be interested in）；四看是否缺代词或副词。 底层原理：无提示词填空的本质是 —— 句子结构已完整，只缺"粘合件"（冠词／介词／连词／代词／副词）。所以第一步永远是判"缺哪一类件"，而不是猜词义。凡是"读着顺就填"的做法，都会在同一类题上反复错。 一、无提示词单句填空（难度：中档层） 答题指令：根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词，使句意完整、语法正确。 1. Sadly, people cut down trees too 【1】, so many birds lose their homes. 2. I still remember the dying trees in that forest and 【2】 fear in the villagers' eyes. 3. 【3】 we know, Yunnan is a kingdom of wild fungi（真菌） that can be eaten. 4. Many students feel the same 【4】 Li Hua. 5. 【5】 I got home, my sister was watching a programme about pandas. 6. 【6】 the panda looks lovely, it is still in danger. 7. Scientists hope some 【7】 us could help protect wild animals. 8. We should protect wild animals instead 【8】 driving them away. 9. They are a source 【9】 food and medicine. 10. She became interested 【10】 wild flowers when she was young. 答案与解析 题号 答案 解析与易错路径 1 often too often 太频繁 2 the 特指"村民眼中的（那份）恐惧"，其后有 in the villagers' eyes 限定。易错：不填或填 a——有后置限定成分时需特指 3 As As we know 正如我们所知。易错：填 Like / For——固定搭配不可按中文直译 4 as the same as 与……相同。易错：填 like——like 表"像"，不表"与……相同" 5 When 时间状语从句，"当我到家时" 6 Although / Though 让步关系"尽管"；易错：填 But——But 是并列连词，不能引导从句，且与 although 不可连用 7 of some of us 我们中的一些人 8 of instead of 介词短语，后接动名词 9 of a source of ……的来源 10 in be interested in 对……感兴趣。易错：填 at / about——固定搭配须整体记忆 【板块六】语篇技巧 · 说明文最佳标题题 方法 · 三看三排除 一看首段找主题句；二看各段是否都围着它转（有段落跑题 → 以偏概全）；三看末段有无升华。 排除四类干扰：① 以偏概全 ② 范围过大 ③ 无中生有 ④ 偷换概念（原文 wisdom，选项硬改成 hard work）。 底层原理：正确标题 = 覆盖所有段落的最大公约数。任何只覆盖一段的选项，无论它多像原文原词（尤其首段原词），都是干扰项。所以判标题的顺序是"先看末段升华 → 再验各段是否围着它转 → 最后排除"，而不是"扫首段、抄原词"。 一、阅读理解 · 最佳标题专项 答题指令：阅读下面短文，从各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以概括全文主旨的最佳标题。 第 1 篇（难度：中档层 ★★★） Some animals can easily find their way home after a long journey. How do they make it? Scientific research shows that they are born with certain unusual abilities for direction. A certain kind of ants, for example, can count their steps to avoid getting lost. They can go as far as 110 metres and bring food home. These ants live in the open desert, so they have nothing to guide them along the way. It's like someone walking six kilometres through a dark forest. Some fish have an unbelievable sense of smell. They can smell even a single drop of their home water in a large sea area. Some sea birds have a similar ability. They are able to make a smell map of their flying area. Some animals can sense the earth's magnetic field（磁场）, while humans can't. This magnetic field guides a certain kind of fish when they swim a long way to a place and then back. How can this kind of fish do that? It is still a mystery. Scientists have no good answers yet. However, animals with such unusual abilities still have difficulty dealing with environmental changes caused by human activities. For example, many birds depend on stars for direction, but they get lost easily at night when city lights are kept on all night. To solve this problem, we can simply turn off some lights at night. Clearly, one small act of humans may mean a lot to animals. 1. Which can be the best title for the passage? A. Birds' Sense of Light B. Fish's Sense of Smell C. Animals' Sense of Direction D. Animals' Sense of Magnetic Field 答案：C 解析 • C 正确：首段 born with certain unusual abilities for direction 是主题句，后文蚂蚁（数步数）、鱼与海鸟（气味地图）、磁场导航、末段（人类活动干扰其方向感）全部围着 direction 转，是全文最大公约数。 • A 错误（偷换概念＋无中生有）：原文说鸟类靠 stars 导航、城市 lights 造成干扰；选项改成"对光的感知能力"，把"光污染干扰"偷换为"感知光"。 • B 错误（以偏概全）：只覆盖第 3 段前半部分。 • D 错误（以偏概全）：只覆盖第 4 段。 • 错误路径：看到第 3 段写鱼篇幅最长就选 B —— 被"最长段落"误导。判标题看的是"有没有段落跑题"，不是"哪一段最长"。 • 方法回扣：命中"二看各段是否都围着它转"，排除以偏概全（B、D）＋ 偷换概念（A）。 第 2 篇（难度：中档层 ★★★） Xuan paper first appeared in On Famous Paintings through the Ages, a book written by Tang Dynasty（618—907） scholar Zhang Yanyuan, in which he described Xuan paper as an ideal carrier for calligraphy（书法） and painting. Handmade Xuan paper from Jingxian county, East China's Anhui province, was used only by the royal family for its supreme quality during the period. The traditional way of making Xuan paper is extremely difficult. The whole steps are so complex that even the most skilled craftsman can only master a few steps. The flow of ink decides the output of Chinese art, and Xuan paper is perfect for the ink to be written or drawn on. During the papermaking process, the makers can create different canvases（画布） best suited for paintings or calligraphy. Xuan paper has been used by the Chinese literati（文人） for thousands of years. Unlike other forms of paper, it is very hard to be destroyed by time. It is this durability that has made the preservations（保存） of many valuable works from ancient China possible. Papermaking is a crystallization（结晶） of wisdom of the ancient Chinese, and Xuan paper is the highest level of papermaking. 2. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Xuan paper: crystallization of wisdom of the ancient Chinese B. Xuan paper: wisdom of the ancient Chinese hard work C. Xuan paper: a calligraphy carrier D. Xuan paper: traditional way of papermaking 答案：A 解析 • A 正确：末段 Papermaking is a crystallization of wisdom of the ancient Chinese, and Xuan paper is the highest level of papermaking 点明主旨；"crystallization of wisdom" 覆盖全文各段（历史渊源 → 皇家使用 → 制作工艺 → 墨韵特性 → 文人传承 → 智慧升华），是最大公约数。 • B 错误（偷换概念）：把原文的 wisdom（智慧） 硬改成 hard work（辛劳），概念被替换。 • C 错误（以偏概全）：calligraphy carrier 只复现首段 ideal carrier for calligraphy，罩不住第 3—5 段的工艺、耐久性与文人传承。 • D 错误（以偏概全）：只覆盖第 3 段的传统制作工艺。 • 错误路径：导入第 ② 句"看到首段 ideal carrier 就锁 C"，正是 C 项陷阱。正确做法是先看末段升华句，再验各段是否都围着 wisdom 转。 • 方法回扣：命中"三看末段有无升华"，排除偷换概念（B）＋ 以偏概全（C、D）。 第 3 篇［新编 · 模拟］（难度：基础层 ★★） The ginkgo tree is one of the oldest tree species on earth, often called a "living fossil". It can grow very tall and live for thousands of years, with fan-shaped leaves turning bright yellow in autumn. However, the ginkgo is more than just a beautiful tree. In Chinese culture, it stands for hope and long life. Ancient people planted it near temples for peace. Today many old ginkgo trees are still living. Protecting them means protecting a living link to the distant past. 3. What is the best title for the passage? A. Ginkgo: a living fossil B. Ginkgo: a tree with fan-shaped leaves C. Ginkgo: a symbol of hope and long life D. Ginkgo: a popular street tree 答案：A 解析 • A 正确："living fossil" 既承接首段 one of the oldest tree species，又呼应末段 protecting a living link to the distant past，罩住全篇（古老 → 外形 → 文化 → 保护），是最大公约数。 • B 错误（以偏概全）：fan-shaped leaves 只覆盖第 1 段的外形描写。 • C 错误（以偏概全）：symbol of hope and long life 只覆盖第 2 段的文化含义。 • D 错误（无中生有）：原文从未提及 street tree（行道树）。 • 错误路径：看到第 2 段"代表希望与长寿"就选 C —— 文化含义读起来很"高级"，但那只是段落主旨，不是篇章标题。 • 方法回扣：命中"二看各段是否都围着它转"，排除以偏概全（B、C）＋ 无中生有（D）。 【板块七】语篇顺序与句子还原专项 方法 · 四定法 说明文的句子不是随便排的，四个抓手可以把乱掉的顺序重新钉住： 1. 定首句：含主题词、定义句或总起句的句子先站队（常含 the life of... / ...is one of... 等总起表达）； 2. 定指代：this / these / such / the ＋ 名词 必然回指上句出现过的名词 —— 指代链断了，顺序一定错； 3. 定逻辑标志：however / so / besides / for example / what's more / finally 各有站位，especially 段首的 What is even more surprising 必是递进； 4. 定顺序：说明文的展开顺序通常是 时间 → 空间 → 总分 → 因果，看内容属于哪一类，位置就定了。 底层原理：句子还原题考的不是"读得顺不顺"，而是指代链与逻辑链能否接上。凡是"哪个选项里有刚才出现过的词就选哪个"的做法，都会被命题人用"同词复现"的反例打中。 一、句子还原（五选五）（难度：中档层 ★★★） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的 A—E 五个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Do trees talk to each other? Scientists have found that trees in a forest are not silent at all. 【1】 They use a hidden network under the ground. This network is made by fungi（真菌） in the soil. 【2】 Through it, trees can share water and even food with one another. Trees also send warnings. When insects attack one tree, it produces special chemicals. 【3】 【4】 Older trees sometimes feed young ones through the network, and a dying tree may pass its food to its neighbours. However, this network is easy to break. 【5】 Protecting old forests means protecting the whole conversation under our feet. A. In fact, they are busy "talking" all the time. B. These fungi connect the roots of different trees. C. It sends them through the network to warn the trees nearby. D. What is even more surprising is that trees seem to care for one another. E. When people cut down too many trees, the network breaks and the "conversation" stops. 答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E 解析 1. A：前句 not silent at all 与 A 的 busy "talking" all the time 正反呼应；后句 They use a hidden network 的 they 回指 trees，衔接自然。 2. B：空格前的 fungi 是首次出现的新信息，B 用 These fungi 回指，指代链闭合；且 connect the roots 与后句 Through it 呼应。 3. C：空格前 chemicals 为复数，C 中 them 恰回指 chemicals，send... to warn 与段首 send warnings 呼应。 4. D：段首缺总起句，D 的 What is even more surprising 是递进标志，引出"树木互相照料"这一层新意思。 5. E：段首 However, this network is easy to break 提出"易断裂"，E 用 When people cut down too many trees 给出断裂的具体条件，并与段末 Protecting old forests 形成"问题 → 对策"的收束。 错误路径：把 E 放到第 2 空 —— 理由是"E 里也有 network，和原文词一样"。错因：只看同词复现，不看逻辑标志。第 5 段段首有 However（转折到负面）且段末是保护倡议，E 的"砍树 → 网络断裂"必须落在"问题段"，若放在第 2 段则会打断"网络是什么 → 网络有什么用"的说明顺序。 二、句子排序（难度：基础层 ★★） 任务：下面是打乱顺序的五个句子，请按蝴蝶的生命周期重新排列。 A. After a few weeks, the caterpillar forms a hard shell around itself and becomes a pupa. B. Inside the pupa, an amazing change takes place: the body of the caterpillar is rebuilt. C. The life of a butterfly begins as a tiny egg on a leaf. D. Finally, a butterfly with wet wings comes out and waits for its wings to dry. E. The egg hatches into a caterpillar, which eats leaves and grows very quickly. 答案：C → E → A → B → D 解析 • 定首句：C 含总起表达 The life of a butterfly begins...，且 butterfly 是主题词的首次定义，必排第一。 • 定指代链：E 的 The egg 回指 C 的 egg → E 排第二；A 的 the caterpillar 回指 E 的 caterpillar → A 排第三；B 的 the pupa 回指 A 的 pupa → B 排第四。 • 定逻辑标志：D 的 Finally 是收尾标志，必排最后。 • 错误路径：把 B 排在 A 前面 —— 理由是"先讲变化再讲结蛹"。错因：B 中 the pupa 是定冠词＋名词，说明"蛹"在上文已出现过；若 B 在 A 前，指代链断裂，句子讲不通。 导入回收 · 三问自测 学完整讲，回到开头那三句"学生答案"，用新素材再验一次。 1. Our guide is a 【1】（friend） person, so everyone likes asking him questions. 2. 判断并说明理由：做最佳标题题时，"选项里有首段出现过的原词，就可以锁定它"，这一说法对吗？ 3. 给下面两句排序，并说明依据： ① The panda is a symbol of peace in Chinese culture. ② The giant panda is one of the best-known animals in the world. 参考答案 1. friendly（-ly 结尾却是形容词，在 be 后作表语。易错：填 friendly 以外的副词形式，或按"-ly 即副词"错判为 friendlily） 2. 不对。首段原词是最常见的"以偏概全"陷阱（如第 2 篇的 calligraphy carrier、第 1 篇的 Fish's Sense of Smell）。正确标题须覆盖所有段落，是全文的最大公约数；判读顺序是"先看末段升华 → 再验各段 → 最后排除"。 3. ② → ①。依据：② 含总起表达 one of the best-known animals，先给出说明对象；① 用 The panda 回指上文已出现的 panda，且进入文化含义这一分述层，属"总 → 分"展开。若反过来，① 的 the panda 无指代来源，指代链断裂。 【板块八】课后巩固 · 主题通关 说明：本板块素材全部为本讲新编，未使用讲内原题。建议课后独立完成，用时 35 分钟。 一、综合填空（难度：中档层） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Bees are among the most important animals on earth. They are not just honey makers, but nature's best 【1】（help）. As they move from flower to flower, they carry pollen, and without this work many plants could not produce fruit. A bee colony is a busy world. Each bee has its own job, and they communicate with one another in a special way. What's amazing is 【2】 they "talk": a bee dances to tell the others where the food is and how far away it is. 【3】（sad）, the number of bees is dropping in many parts of the world. Bees are losing their homes because of 【4】（pollute） and the loss of wild flowers. We should take action 【5】（protect） them. Planting more flowers in gardens and parks is one of the 【6】（easy） things we can do. Bees are 【7】 symbol of hard work in many cultures. If bees disappear, we will lose not just honey 【8】 much of our food as well. 【9】 bees, our world would become much quieter and poorer. So every small 【10】（act） in our garden — a pot of flowers, a corner left wild — can mean a new home for them. 答案与解析 题号 答案 解析与易错路径 1 helpers help → helper → helpers，与主语 They 呼应。易错：填 help 原形或 helpful——介词短语前有 nature's best，需名词，且复数与 They 一致 2 how What's amazing is how... 表语从句。易错：填 what——后文讲的是"方式"（跳舞告知方向与距离），how 表方式，what 表内容 3 Sadly 句首评注性副词；sad → sadly。易错：填 Sad 形容词 4 pollution because of ＋ 名词；pollute → pollution 5 to protect take action to do sth. 6 easiest one of the ＋ 最高级；easy → easiest。易错：填 easier——one of 后必须是最高级 7 a 泛指"一种"象征 8 but not just... but... 固定结构。易错：填 and——此处是固定搭配，表"不只是……而是……" 9 Without 介词，"如果没有蜜蜂"，与后句 would become 构成含蓄条件。易错：填 With——语义完全相反 10 action every ＋ 单数名词；act → action 二、阅读理解 · 最佳标题（难度：中档层 ★★★） 答题指令：阅读下面短文，从各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以概括全文主旨的最佳标题。 Camels are often called "ships of the desert". They can travel for days across the sand without drinking water. Their humps do not store water, as many people wrongly believe — they store fat, which gives the camel energy when food is hard to find. Camels are perfectly built for desert life. Their long eyelashes and closable nostrils keep sand out. Their wide, soft feet stop them from sinking into the sand. They can also lose a large amount of water from their body without getting sick, and drink up to 40 litres at a time. However, even the strongest desert traveller is facing trouble. Rising temperatures and human activities are shrinking the wild places where camels live. In some areas, wild camels are now in danger of disappearing. Protecting camels is not just about saving one kind of animal. It is also about keeping the balance of desert life, in which every living thing — plant, insect and animal — depends on one another. 4. What is the best title for the passage? A. Camels: ships of the desert B. Camels: desert survivors worth protecting C. Camels: animals that store water in their humps D. Camels: the balance of desert life 答案：B 解析 • B 正确：desert survivors 覆盖前两段（沙漠生存本领），worth protecting 覆盖后两段（面临困境 + 保护意义），四段全罩住，是最大公约数。 • A 错误（以偏概全）：ships of the desert 只复现首段，未涉及后文的困境与保护。 • C 错误（偷换概念）：原文明确说"驼峰储存的是 fat（脂肪），不是水"，选项把它改成了"储水"，概念被替换。 • D 错误（范围过大）：the balance of desert life 只在末段作为保护意义被提及，全篇的说明对象是骆驼而非整个沙漠生态平衡。 • 错误路径：看到 C 项"驼峰"在原文有同词复现就选 C —— 正是"同词复现 ≠ 同义"的典型陷阱；原文说的是 humps... store fat，选项却说 store water，与原文直接冲突。 • 方法回扣：命中"二看各段是否都围着它转"与"三看末段有无升华"，排除以偏概全（A）、偷换概念（C）、范围过大（D）。 三、单句语法填空（难度：基础层） 答题指令：用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或根据句意在空白处填入一个适当的词。 1. The elephant 【1】（weigh） about 5 tons — few land animals are heavier. 2. Setting up nature reserves is one of the best ways of wildlife 【2】（protect）. 3. The 【3】（live） forest is full of sounds: birds singing, leaves moving. 4. We must take action 【4】（save） the animals in danger. 5. Wild plants are a source 【5】 food and medicine for humans. 答案与解析 1. weighs（主语三单；weigh v. 重达……。易错：填 weights——weight 是名词，此处缺谓语） 2. protection（ways of ＋ 名词；protect → protection） 3. lively（修饰 forest，表"生机勃勃的"；易错：填 living——living 表"活着的"，不表"生机勃勃的"） 4. to save（take action to do sth.） 5. of（a source of ……的来源；易错：填 for——固定搭配须整体记忆） 本讲口诀 · 一页带走 1. 判词性：看前后 → 看成分 → 看变形；提示词给词义，句子给成分。 2. 填无提示词：先判缺哪一类"粘合件"（冠／介／连／代／副），再定词。 3. 选标题：最大公约数 —— 先看末段升华，再验各段，最后排除四类干扰。 4. 还原顺序：定首句 → 定指代 → 定逻辑标志 → 定顺序；同词复现不等于衔接得上。 5. 写征文：四问四段，一段一句型；先并句，再名词化，最后补从句。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $