专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，浙江专用）高二英语上学期

**基本信息** 聚焦高二说明文阅读，精选浙江各地期中真题，覆盖人与社会、自我、自然五大主题语境，融合科技前沿（如AI共情、电动汽车充电）与社会热点（如预制菜、抗毒血清生产），适配期中能力检测需求。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解（说明文）|多篇（每篇3-4题）|人与社会（历史文化/科技）、人与自然（环境生态）、人与自我（生活学习）|以“无籽水果培育”“动物幽默行为”等跨学科素材设题，通过细节理解（如“streetlight chargers优势”）、推理判断（如“halo effect影响”）、词义猜测（如“pan out”“detrimental”）等题梯度考查语言能力与思维品质，贴合高考真题命题趋势。|

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. C 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. A Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. B Passage 3 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. C 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. C　4. A 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C Passage 3 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. C 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B　4. D 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. A Passage 3 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. D Passage 2 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. B 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. B 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. A 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 【答案】1. B　2. B　3. C　4. A Passage 2 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. D Passage 3 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 【答案】1. A　2. B　3. B　4. C Passage 2 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. D　4. A 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. A　4. D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·浙江S9联盟-11月·期中）Social interactions are essential for our well-being and happiness, research has shown. And now a large study supports that finding and suggests there are many ways to squeeze in more companionship — and happiness — into our busy lives. The study found that across more than 80 different types of activities, people reported being happier doing almost anything with other people than doing it alone. The activities ranged from the simple everyday things — getting gas, doing homework, commuting, grocery shopping — to ones that may not seem like social activities, such as reading, doing car repairs or managing finances. “What we see is that participants consistently rate every common daily activity as more enjoyable when they’ re interacting with somebody else,” said Elizabeth Dunn, a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia and senior author of the study, published in August in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Even researchers who study the positive effects of social interactions did not expect the effects to be so widespread. “I was still surprised by the magnitude and extremity of the effects,” said Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago who researches how we often underestimate the impact of socializing and was not involved in the study. “Because so many different activities with others are associated with a happiness boost, the research suggests that we are leaving some happiness on the table by engaging in everyday activities alone,” Dunn said. 1.What main finding did the study get? A. Doing almost any activity with others makes people happier. B. People feel happier doing most activities alone than with others. C. Social interactions are only important for people’s physical health. D. Only exciting activities can bring happiness when done with others. 2.Which of the following activities is NOT mentioned as part of the study? A. Buying food. B. Handling money. C. Traveling to work or school. D. Having a long-distance trip. 3.Why was Nicholas Epley surprised by the study’s results? A. The study only focused on a small number of daily activities. B. He found that people always overestimate the impact of socializing. C. He found that the positive effects of socializing were so far-reaching. D. The study showed that solo activities are more enjoyable than group activities. 4.What does Elizabeth Dunn mean by saying “we are leaving some happiness on the table”? A. People are wasting food that could bring happiness when shared. B. People should put more happiness in a physical “table” for storage. C. People are missing out on happiness by doing daily activities alone. D. People need to spend more money on social activities to get happiness. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。介绍了一项大型心理学研究，该研究发现与他人共同进行日常活动能显著提升幸福感。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“The study found that across more than 80 different types of activities, people reported being happier doing almost anything with other people than doing it alone. (研究发现，在80多种不同类型的活动中，人们报告说，几乎做任何事时，与他人一起都比独自一人更快乐)”可知，几乎所有事情和别人一起做都更快乐。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The activities ranged from the simple everyday things — getting gas, doing homework, commuting, grocery shopping — to ones that may not seem like social activities, such as reading, doing car repairs or managing finances. (这些活动包括简单的日常生活，如加油、做作业、上下班、购物，也包括一些看起来不像是社交活动的活动，如阅读、修车或理财)”可知，A选项Buying food对应grocery shopping，B选项Handling money对应managing finances，C选项Traveling to work or school对应commuting。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““I was still surprised by the magnitude and extremity of the effects,” said Nicholas Epley (Nicholas Epley说：“我仍然对这些影响的规模和极端程度感到惊讶。”)”可知，Nicholas Epley惊讶于社交活动带来的积极效应的广度和强度，即他没想到其影响如此深远。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Because so many different activities with others are associated with a happiness boost, the research suggests that we are leaving some happiness on the table by engaging in everyday activities alone (因为和别人一起做很多不同的活动都能提升幸福感，所以研究表明，我们独自参加日常活动会让我们失去一些幸福感)”可知，人们因独自进行日常活动而错失幸福。故选C项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）Electric vehicles (EVs) can help cut fuel expenses and lower emissions compared to gasoline-powered cars. However, their success depends heavily on the availability of convenient charging options. For people living in apartments or dense urban neighborhoods, access to charging stations is often limited, which continues to slow wider EV adoption. To help close this gap, researchers at Penn State designed a framework to develop and assess streetlight-based charging systems as a solution. The team set up 23 upgraded streetlights in Kansas City, Missouri, to test the concept. Their findings showed that streetlight chargers were not only more cost-efficient and time-efficient than traditional charging stations, but they also produced fewer environmental impacts. Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the researchers partnered with organizations and companies to upgrade existing streetlights to function as EV chargers. They then established a framework — focused on demand, practicality and benefits — for other communities to use to develop streetlight EV charger s. To determine demand, the researchers looked at factors including land use, station density, points of interest nearby, and traffic volume and then used the data to train artificial intelligence models to make demand predictions based on these factors. Compared to traditional EV charging ports, the researchers found that streetlight charger s were much cheaper to set up, since the streetlights already existed. They also found that the streetlight chargers offered significantly faster charging speeds, likely because they draw power from dedicated electrical lines and face less competition from multiple vehicles charging at the same time. The streetlight charging stations also benefited the environment, since there were energy savings and greenhouse gas reductions by using locations where cars were already parking. For next steps, the researchers said they would like to build on their models by adding more detailed socioeconomic data and weather information. It will help identify communities with limited EV access or adoption potential, ensuring a fairer setup of facilities. Weather data is also critical, as extreme temperatures can affect battery performance, travel frequency and overall energy demand. 1.What is the primary focus of the Penn State research project? A. The comparison of electric and gasoline vehicles. B. The creation of a highly efficient EV charging network. C. The development of energy-saving streetlights. D. The application of AI in urban traffic management. 2.What did the researchers do to determine demand for streetlight chargers? A. They surveyed public charging habits. B. They developed a beneficial framework. C. They trained AI models for predictions. D. They upgraded the existing streetlights. 3.What is an advantage of streetlight chargers over traditional ports? A. They win greater public favor. B. They require much less maintenance. C. They charge significantly faster. D. They use more eco-friendly materials. 4.According to the text, what will the research team do next? A. Improve their models with more specific data. B. Expand the system to rural areas nationwide. C. Design new chargers for extreme weather. D. Lower the production costs for electric vehicles. 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。介绍一项关于路灯式电动汽车充电系统的研究成果，解释其设计原理、实施过程、优势及未来方向。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“Electric vehicles (EVs) can help cut fuel expenses and lower emissions compared to gasoline-powered cars. However, their success depends heavily on the availability of convenient charging options. For people living in apartments or dense urban neighborhoods, access to charging stations is often limited, which continues to slow wider EV adoption. (与汽油动力汽车相比，电动汽车（EV）有助于削减燃料费用并降低排放。然而，电动汽车的成功在很大程度上取决于便捷充电选项的普及程度。对于居住在公寓或人口密集的城市社区的人们来说，充电站的获取途径往往有限，这继续阻碍着电动汽车的更广泛普及)”以及第二段“ To help close this gap, researchers at Penn State designed a framework to develop and assess streetlight-based charging systems as a solution. (为了帮助缩小这一差距，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员设计了一个框架，以开发和评估基于路灯的充电系统作为解决方案。)”可推知，宾夕法尼亚州立大学研究项目的主要重点是建立高效的电动汽车充电网络。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“To determine demand, the researchers looked at factors including land use, station density, points of interest nearby, and traffic volume and then used the data to train artificial intelligence models to make demand predictions based on these factors. (为了确定需求，研究人员研究了包括土地使用、车站密度、附近兴趣点和交通量在内的因素，然后使用数据训练人工智能模型，根据这些因素做出需求预测。)”可知，研究人员训练人工智能模型进行预测来确定对路灯充电器的需求。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段“Compared to traditional EV charging ports, the researchers found that streetlight charger s were much cheaper to set up, since the streetlights already existed. They also found that the streetlight charger s offered significantly faster charging speeds, likely because they draw power from dedicated electrical lines and face less competition from multiple vehicles charging at the same time. (研究人员发现，与传统的电动汽车充电端口相比，路灯充电器的安装成本要低得多，因为路灯已经存在了。他们还发现，路灯充电器的充电速度要快得多，这可能是因为它们从专用的电线中获取电力，因此面临的多辆车同时充电的竞争更少。)”可知，路灯充电器与传统充电端口相比，它们的充电速度快得多。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“For next steps, the researchers said they would like to build on their models by adding more detailed socioeconomic data and weather information. It will help identify communities with limited EV access or adoption potential, ensuring a fairer setup of facilities. Weather data is also critical, as extreme temperatures can affect battery performance, travel frequency and overall energy demand. (对于下一步，研究人员表示，他们希望通过添加更详细的社会经济数据和天气信息来建立他们的模型。它将有助于确定电动汽车接入或采用潜力有限的社区，确保更公平的设施设置。天气数据也很重要，因为极端温度会影响电池性能、出行频率和整体能源需求。)”可知，研究小组下一步准备用更具体的数据改进他们的模型。故选A项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州西湖区杭师大附中·期中）Enjoying a juicy watermelon is one of summer’s greatest pleasures, particularly when you don’t have to avoid any seeds. Indeed, humans have adapted many fruits to be seedless in search of a more pleasant eating experience. The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation (随机的基因突变) produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. Cuttings of the branch were joined to other trees, and today, all of the world’s navel oranges are copies of this original. A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. Scientists have a few guesses about why plants might have developed these abilities and they tried out the combinations in experiments. For one, plants can hybridize more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. Even if some combinations don’t pan out, researchers have recorded examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents. Lastly, because the purpose of fruit is to draw animals near to help spread their seeds, the production of fruits without fertilization (受精) may ultimately allow trees to produce more fruit at a lower energetic cost if they don’t need to make seeds, too. Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. Many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but they’re boosted to grow in the wild for that same reason. There are very few, if any, wild navel oranges, and yet it’s estimated that California will produce 76 million cartons of them this year alone. “My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them,” Smith told Live Science. “And we will never stop eating watermelons, and being able to make seedless ones just means we eat more watermelons.” 1.What is the similarity between the orange and grape mentioned in the text? A. Being native to ancient Rome. B. Being seedless due to genetic change. C. Being grown from seeds rather than cuttings. D. Being joined to other plants for a sweeter taste. 2.What does the underlined phrase “pan out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Die out. B. Fall through. C. Come apart. D. Work out. 3.Why is the existence of seedless fruits considered a thought experiment? A. It contributes to the balance of nature. B. People still have doubts regarding seedless fruits. C. It inspires thinking on natural selection and human activity. D. Seedless fruits have a high demand but limited production. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Hybridization: The Key to Seedless Fruits’ Success B. Seedless Fruits: A Human-Aided Evolutionary Wonder C. The Journey of Seedless Fruits: From Mutation to Market D. Genetic Mutations: The Only Way to Create Seedless Fruits 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了无籽水果的起源、发展以及它们与人类活动的关系。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. (例如，脐橙，一种通常无籽的甜橙，是在很久以前随机的基因突变产生了一个无籽果实的单枝后产生的)”和“A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. (类似的发现导致了无籽葡萄的出现，无籽葡萄被认为最早出现在古罗马，然后在19世纪70年代传到了美洲)”可知，脐橙和无籽葡萄的相似之处在于都是由于基因变化而变得无籽。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。画线部分的上文“Scientists have a few guesses about why plants might have developed these abilities and they tried out the combinations in experiments. For one, plants can hybridize more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. (科学家们对植物为什么会发展出这些能力有一些猜测，他们在实验中尝试了这些组合。首先，植物比某些动物更容易杂交，而杂交释放了新的潜力)”提到科学家们尝试不同的组合，用杂交的手段释放新的潜力，Even if“即使”表示让步关系，再结合画线部分的下文“researchers have recorded examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents (研究人员也记录了“杂交优势”的例子，在这种情况下，杂交后代比其父母中的任何一个都更适合)”可推知，虽然有些组合可能不成功，但也存在杂交优势的例子，画线部分意思应该是“成功，奏效”，与Work out意思最为接近。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. Many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but they’re boosted to grow in the wild for that same reason. (科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的植物进化生物学家Stacey Smith表示，不管无籽水果存在的原因是什么，它们都代表了一个有趣的思想实验。如果没有人类的参与，许多水果无法继续生存，但出于同样的原因，它们被鼓励在野外生长)”可知，无籽水果的存在依赖于人类的干预，而不是自然选择。由此推知，无籽水果的存在是一个有趣的思想实验，是因为这引发了关于自然选择和人类活动之间关系的思考。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中Smith所说的话“My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them (我个人的看法是，所有在人类照料下的植物都在某种意义上取得了胜利，因为它们不需要自己繁殖。我们为它们完成了这个活动)”可知，文章主要介绍了无籽水果的起源、发展以及它们与人类活动的关系。文章提到，无籽水果的出现是由于基因突变和人类的选择性繁殖，并且它们的生存依赖于人类的干预。因此，B项“无籽水果：人类辅助的进化奇迹”最能概括文章的核心内容，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州学军中学·期中）Do you ever talk to yourself? Although it’s not always a conscious habit, most of us practice self-talk on a daily basis, as a way of guiding, motivating or supporting ourselves. Over the years, research has shown that self-talk can increase productivity, motivation and confidence, and even help manage feelings. “There is solid evidence that self-talk strategies improve learning and performance,” according to sport psychologist Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, who studies the phenomenon of self-talk. He explains that there are generally three reasons why we practice self-talk: to instruct, to motivate or to evaluate. Instructional self-talk happens when we need to guide ourselves through a specific task, such as learning a new skill. Motivational self-talk usually is used when we want to prepare ourselves for something challenging; it can help to increase confidence. Evaluative self - talk mostly is related to past events or actions. Hatzigeorgiadis stresses that if we want to use such self-talk to good advantage, it needs to be short, precise and, most of all, consistent. Of course, self-talk also can be ineffective and even detrimental if it’s not done right. “It is a matter of personal preference or what works for each person; but generally, it is advised that self - talk be positively rather than negatively phrased and focus on what you should do rather than on what you should avoid,” Hatzigeorgiadis says. So, for example, it would be better to say “stay cool” instead of “don’t get upset”. Although both instructions convey the same meaning, you should use positive words rather than negative ones. In this way you can avoid ill results. Another thing that can make a difference when practicing self-talk is the way you address yourself. According to research published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, using “you” rather than “I” when talking to yourself tends to be more effective. The researchers explain that when you think of yourself as another person, it allows you to give more objective and useful feedback. 1.What does the research say about self-talk? A. It is always an unconscious behavior. B. It is a daily habit for everyone. C. It may help strengthen memory. D. It can make people feel better. 2.What can be concluded from Hatzigeorgiadis’ explanation? A. Self-talk occurs in different situations. B. Self-talk usually makes one brave. C. Self-talk arises with various feelings. D. Self-talk only works when learning a new skill. 3.What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Confusing. B. Useless. C. Harmful. D. Unbearable. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Self-talk: a close relation to the past. B. Self-talk: a great way to avoid ill results. C. Self-talk: a useful tool to benefit our life. D. Self-talk: a matter of personal preference. 【答案】1. D　2. A　3. C　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了自言自语带来的好处、产生的主要原因以及自言自语时需要注意的问题。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Over the years, research has shown that self-talk can increase productivity, motivation and confidence, and even help manage feelings.(多年来，研究表明自我对话能够提高工作效率、增强动力和信心，甚至有助于管理情绪。)”可知，自言自语可以改善心情，让人感觉更好。故选D。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Instructional self-talk happens when we need to guide ourselves through a specific task, such as learning a new skill. Motivational self-talk usually is used when we want to prepare ourselves for something challenging; it can help to increase confidence. Evaluative self - talk mostly is related to past events or actions.(当我们需要引导自己完成一项特定任务，比如学习一项新技能时，就会进行指导性自我对话。当我们想要为挑战性的事情做好准备时，通常会使用激励性自我对话；它有助于增强信心。评估性自我对话则大多与过去的事件或行为有关。)”可知，从Hatzigeorgiadis的解释中可以得出的结论是自我对话发生在不同情境中。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。第四段第一句“Hatzigeorgiadis stresses that if we want to use such self-talk to good advantage, it needs to be short, precise and, most of all, consistent.(Hatzigeorgiadis强调，若想让这类自我暗示发挥良好效用，它就必须简洁、精准，且最为关键的是，要始终如一。)”讲述了从自言自语中获益的方式，即让自言自语具备三个特点：short(简洁的) 、precise(精准的) 、consistent(始终如一的) 。再结合画线词所在句和第五段尾句“In this way you can avoid ill results.(这样你就可以避免坏结果。)”可知，画线词所在句表示如果自言自语的方式不对，自言自语可能无效甚至带来坏的影响。画线词detrimental与下文中的ill意思相近，意为“坏的，有害的”。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Over the years, research has shown that self-talk can increase productivity, motivation and confidence, and even help manage feelings.(多年来，研究表明，自言自语可以提高工作效率、动力和信心，甚至有助于管理情绪。)”及全文可知，文章介绍了自言自语带来的好处、产生的主要原因以及自言自语时需要注意的问题。文章的核心内容是如何从自言自语中受益，换言之：善加利用，自言自语是能让我们受益的好方法。所以“Self-talk: a useful tool to benefit our life(自言自语：有益于我们生活的有用工具)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江宁波鄞州中学·期中）Laughter is often called the best medicine, but according to a new study led by researchers from Pennsylvania State University, it could also serve as an effective parenting tool. “Humor can teach people cognitive (认知的) flexibility, relieve stress, and promote creative problem solving and resilience,” noted Benjamin Levi, the senior author of the study. The researchers surveyed 312 individuals aged 18 to 45. More than half reported being raised by caregivers who used humor, and 71.8% agreed that humor can be an effective parenting tool. The majority also said they either use or plan to use humor with their children and believe it has more potential benefits than drawbacks. The researchers also found that among those who reported that their parents used humor, 50.5% said they had a good relationship with their parents, and 44.2% felt their parents did a good job raising them. On the contrary, among those whose parents didn’t use humor, only 2.9% reported having a good relationship with their parents, and just 3.6% believed their parents had done a good job. According to the study’s first author Lucy Emery, both business and parenting are hierarchical (等级制的). “In business, humor is shown to help reduce hierarchies, create better environments for collaboration and creativity, and relieve tension,” she said, noting that while parent-child relationships are more loving than business relationships, stressful situations are common in parenting. “Humor can help reduce that tension and hierarchy, making both parties feel better about stressful situations.” The study authors noted that if these findings are generalizable, they potentially open the door to a much deeper exploration of how “parenting humor” can be appropriately applied to enhancing the experiences of both children and their parents. “To that end, we should examine how parents currently use different kinds of humor, and how to map these uses of humor onto existing knowledge and theory,” Levi said. 1.What’s the purpose of the new study? A. To prove strict parenting is outdated. B. To measure different people’s sense of humor. C. To explore humor’s role in parenting. D. To compare humor in parenting and business. 2.What might happen to humorous parents according to the study? A. They bond better with their children. B. They tend to be successful in business. C. They avoid conflicts with their children. D. They face challenges in establishing authority. 3.What is humor’s role in business? A. Creating a formal environment. B. Maintaining authority structures. C. Making relationships feel more balanced. D. Increasing power differences between parties. 4.How does the author end this text? A. By offering choices of new research methods. B. By discussing the direction for further research. C. By stressing the need to involve more participants. D. By mentioning potential applications of the findings. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍宾州州立大学关于幽默可作育儿工具的研究及发现。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Laughter is often called the best medicine, but according to a new study led by researchers from Pennsylvania State University, it could also serve as an effective parenting tool.(笑常被称为最佳良药，但据宾夕法尼亚州立大学研究人员主导的一项新研究显示，笑也可以作为一种有效的育儿工具)”以及全文围绕幽默在育儿中的作用展开研究可推知，这项新研究的目的是探索幽默在育儿中的作用。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The researchers also found that among those who reported that their parents used humor, 50.5% said they had a good relationship with their parents, and 44.2% felt their parents did a good job raising them.(研究人员还发现，在那些表示父母曾使用幽默的受访者中，50.5% 的人表示自己与父母关系良好，44.2% 的人认为父母在抚养自己方面做得很好)”可知，根据这项研究，幽默的父母可能会与他们的孩子建立更好的关系。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中““In business, humor is shown to help reduce hierarchies, create better environments for collaboration and creativity, and relieve tension,” she said, noting that while parent-child relationships are more loving than business relationships, stressful situations are common in parenting.(她表示：“在商业领域，有证据表明幽默有助于减少等级差异，为协作与创新创造更良好的环境，还能缓解紧张气氛。” 她同时指出，尽管亲子关系比商业关系更具爱意，但育儿过程中也常出现充满压力的情况)”可知，幽默在商业中的作用是减少等级差异，让关系更平衡。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中““To that end, we should examine how parents currently use different kinds of humor, and how to map these uses of humor onto existing knowledge and theory,” Levi said.(莱维表示：“为此，我们应当研究父母目前是如何运用不同类型幽默的，以及如何将这些幽默的运用方式与现有知识和理论对应起来。”)”可推知，作者通过讨论进一步研究的方向来结束这篇文章。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州西湖区杭师大附中·期中）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1.Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A. the reading text is long B. they are in a classroom C. the reading material is complex D. they are middle or high schoolers 2.Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A. Reading too quickly. B. Poor performance on tests. C. Changes in reading speed. D. Spending much time reading. 3.What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A. Change the reading materials. B. Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C. Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D. Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4.What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 【答案】1. C　2. C　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了学生在阅读复杂或具有技术性的文本时容易分心，并且对其后果进行了分析，提出了解决的方法，并强调培养有效阅读策略的重要性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical—the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history.”(在课堂上，学生在阅读具有挑战性或高度技术性的文本时往往会注意力涣散——这类文本可能出现在中学生或高中生的科学、数学或历史内容中)”可知，学生在阅读复杂材料时容易失去注意力。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material.(研究人员发现，阅读速度的变化、长时间停留在同一段落，以及跳过单词是学生难以集中注意力或理解材料的信号)”可知，“心不在焉的阅读”的信号是阅读速度发生变化。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages—and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading”—they were able to successfully re-route their attention.(当学生被训练识别出他们在句子层面上失去信息或在段落中卡住时——并被教授“计划、监控和调节阅读”的策略——他们能够成功地重新集中注意力)”可知，学生应学会识别什么时候注意力涣散了。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.(试着讲清楚，阅读专家蒂莫西·沙纳汉说，当我们教学生如何克服难懂的文本时，“我们实际上是在向他们展示如何进入我们社会的所有这些不同领域。”)”可知，Shanahan对帮助学生克服困难文本持支持态度。故选A。 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·浙江浙南名校联盟-11月·期中）Biodiversity, the foundation of ecosystems and human societies, is crucial to maintaining essential ecological processes. However, it is declining globally, with Asia — a region rich in biodiversity — facing significant threats from human activities and climate change. These challenges are damaging ecosystems across the region, from mangroves (红树林) in the Sundarbans to Japan’s northern islands. Deforestation and Land Use Change Deforestation and changes in land use are major threats to biodiversity. Increasing population pressures and agricultural expansion lead to the change of forests into farmland, urban areas, and industrial zones. Southeast Asia, particularly countries like Indonesia and Myanmar, experiences some of the world’s highest deforestation rates as forests are cleared for palm oil plantations or infrastructure (基础设施) projects. This loss and breaking up of habitats endanger species by affecting their ability to feed and reproduce. Pollution and Overuse Pollution and the overuse of resources also degrade ecosystems. Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. Overfishing and illegal wildlife trade further endanger species, leading to ecosystem imbalances. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Climate change worsens these problems by increasing the frequency of cyclones, floods, and droughts. Seaside habitats like the Bay of Bengal’s mangrove forests face severe problems due to rising sea levels, which cause saltwater spread and threaten both biodiversity and livelihoods. The IPCC warns that extreme weather is likely to increase in South and Southeast Asia. Invasive Species and Disease Invasive alien species pose another serious risk. For instance, the apple snail, introduced to Southeast Asia from South America, now affects 1.4 million hectares of rice fields in the Philippines, reducing crop yields and threatening native species. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires coordinated global efforts, sustainable practices, and policies to protect Asia’s rich biodiversity for future generations. 1.What harm has Bangladesh’s textile industry caused to biodiversity? A. Expansion of rice fields. B. Overfishing in seaside waters. C. River pollution from untreated wastewater. D. Clearing mangroves for urban development. 2.Which region is significantly affected by extreme weather and sea-level rise? A. The Sundarbans. B. The Bay of Bengal. C. Japan's northern islands. D. Southeast Asian rainforests. 3.What can be inferred as key contributing factors to biodiversity loss in Asia? A. Lack of environmental protection policies. B. Growing population and human production activities. C. Habitat loss and invasive alien species. D. Frequent extreme weather and rising sea levels. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章讲述亚洲生物多样性丰富却受森林砍伐、污染、气候变化、外来物种入侵等多重威胁，需全球协同采取可持续举措与政策加以保护。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. (孟加拉国的纺织业等工业活动将未经处理的废水排入河流，破坏水生栖息地并危害下游社区。)”可知，孟加拉国纺织业的危害是未经处理的废水造成河流污染。故选C项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Climate change worsens these problems by increasing the frequency of cyclones, floods, and droughts. Seaside habitats like the Bay of Bengal’s mangrove forests face severe problems due to rising sea levels, which cause saltwater spread and threaten both biodiversity and livelihoods. The IPCC warns that extreme weather is likely to increase in South and Southeast Asia.(气候变化通过增加飓风、洪水和干旱的发生频率，加剧了这些问题。孟加拉湾红树林等滨海栖息地因海平面上升遭遇严峻挑战，海水入侵现象蔓延，既威胁生物多样性，也危及民生。IPCC（政府间气候变化专门委员会）警告，南亚和东南亚地区的极端天气可能会愈发频繁。)”可知，孟加拉湾受极端天气和海平面上升影响显著。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“Increasing population pressures and agricultural expansion lead to the change of forests into farmland, urban areas, and industrial zones. (人口压力增加和农业扩张导致森林转变为农田、城市区域和工业区。)”、第三段“Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. Overfishing and illegal wildlife trade further endanger species, leading to ecosystem imbalances.(诸如孟加拉国纺织业等工业活动，将未经处理的废水排入河流，既破坏水生栖息地，又危害下游社区。过度捕捞与非法野生动物贸易则进一步危及物种生存，导致生态系统失衡。)”可知，人口增长和人类生产活动是亚洲生物多样性丧失的关键推动因素。故选B项。 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江强基联盟A卷-11月·期中）The following four books highlight women’s leadership in climate action, with a special focus on the vital role of young women. The Quickening: Creation and Community at the ends of the Earth by Elizabeth Rush (Milkweed Editions 2023/2024) It documents a 2019 exploration to Thwaites Glacier, which is critical to global sea-level rise. Besides recording the groundbreaking voyage, the book explores a personal question: What does it mean to have a child in extreme climate changes? The Quickening is an astonishing, vital book about Antarctica, climate change, and motherhood. Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question: Deciding Whether to Have Children in an Uncertain Future by Jade Sasser (Princeton University Press 2024) Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question is the first comprehensive study on how environmental emotions like eco-anxiety and climate guilt affect people’s decisions about having children. Sasser connects climate emotions with climate justice, stressing that culturally proper mental health services are key to ensuring justice for at-risk communities. Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” by Emily Raboteau (Henry Holt 2024) The book, from a mother’s perspective, shares pilgrimages (朝圣之旅) to help her children grow in a crisis-filled era. With a camera, she seeks safe spaces for her kids, reflects on Black womanhood, motherhood and urban possibilities, and celebrates the beauty and weakness of nature. Combining reportage, autobiography and stories of protection, this creative work offers profound hope. Magic in a Drop of Water: How Ruth Patrick Taught the World about Water Pollution by Julie Winterbottom and illustrated by Susan Reagan (Rocky Pond Books 2025) It tells that as a brilliant scientist and a pioneer in studying water pollution, Ruth Patrick taught the world how to care for the environment. Born in 1907, Ruth Patrick was one of the only women in her field when she made her breakthrough discovery about biodiversity and the ecosystem of rivers, forever changing how ecologists understand pollution. 1.What do the four books have in common? A. They were published in 2024. B. They were authored by mothers. C. They are about the climate change. D. They showcase women’s involvement in climate action. 2.Whose book centers on the impact of environmental issues on people’s decision making? A. Elizabeth Rush. B. Jade Sasser. C. Julie Winterbottom. D. Emily Raboteau. 3.How would Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” benefit the readers? A. It teaches readers how to care for the environment. B. It helps readers adopt a positive attitude towards pollution. C. It provides readers with information about Antarctica climate change. D. It enables readers to learn how to survive in an environmentally challenged era. 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四本聚焦女性在气候行动中领导力的书籍，涵盖其主题、内容及核心价值。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段“The following four books highlight women’s leadership in climate action, with a special focus on the vital role of young women.(以下四本书聚焦女性在气候行动中的领导力，特别关注年轻女性的重要作用)”可知，四本书的共同点是展示女性参与气候行动。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question is the first comprehensive study on how environmental emotions like eco-anxiety and climate guilt affect people’s decisions about having children.(《气候焦虑与生育抉择》是首项全面研究生态焦虑、气候负罪感等环境情绪如何影响人们生育决策的著作)”可知，Jade Sasser的书围绕环境问题对人们决策的影响展开。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The book, from a mother’s perspective, shares pilgrimages to help her children grow in a crisis-filled era.(这本书从一位母亲的视角出发，分享了在危机四伏的时代里，为帮助孩子成长而进行的朝圣之旅)”可知，该书能让读者学习如何在环境挑战时代生存。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江S9联盟-11月·期中）China is experiencing consistent extreme heat, with meteorological (气象学) departments issuing repeated heat warnings. Many cities have been jokingly called “barbecue mode” by netizens, yet the public has shown diverse creative ways to beat the heat. In Fuling District, Chongqing, despite the 43℃ outdoor temperature, tourists enjoy spicy hotpot in a 26℃ pool. The scenic area also offers “watermelon hotpot” using hollowed (空心的) watermelons as pots. In Wuhan, Hubei, residents turn air raid shelters (防空洞) into natural “air-conditioned rooms”. The Sheshan civil defense facility stays at a steady 19℃, where the elderly play chess, young people use free Wi-Fi, and a staff member notes it’s more popular than trendy cafes. In Zhengzhou, Henan, subway stations become midday rest spots for workers. Construction worker Zhang Wei says it’s 40℃ outside but only 28℃ inside, saving on AC costs. Local authorities help residents find shelters and cooling spots via mobile searches, with some upgraded to community service hubs. In Suzhou, Jiangsu, people make traditional bean soup look like small garden scenes. They use mint water, candied fruits (to look like small pavilions), and jelly pieces (to look like fish). Old ways to stay cool also come back. For example, nobles in the Yuan Dynasty used ice blocks to cool fruit, and sellers in the Jin Dynasty sold “ice snow cold water”. Jia Xiaolong, deputy head of the National Climate Center, states China has seen record-breaking temperatures since the flood season, with the average temperature the second-highest on record. Forty-five national weather stations logged all-time high daily temperatures, with Xingping in Shaanxi hitting 43.1℃. China prioritizes climate change adaptation and released a 2024 national plan to build early warning systems for climate-related health risks. 1.Which of the following is NOT a creative heat-relief way in modern times? A. Eating hotpot in a cool pool. B. Selling “ice snow cold water”. C. Using air raid shelters as lounges. D. Making bean soup look like a garden. 2.Why do construction workers like Zhang Wei rest in Zhengzhou’s subway stations? A. The stations provide free meals and drinks. B. They can use high-speed Wi-Fi to work online. C. The stations have special beds for workers to nap. D. The temperature there is much lower than outside. 3.What can we learn about China’s response to climate change from the passage? A. It has asked all cities to copy Suzhou’s bean soup idea. B. It put forward a national plan providing early warnings. C. It has built more swimming pools to help people cool down. D. It has closed some hot tourist spots to avoid heat-related accidents. 4.What would be the best title for this passage? A. China’s National Plan to Fight Climate Change B. Severe Heatwaves Break Records Across China C. Innovative approaches to Escaping Heat in China D. Ancient Cooling Techniques Making a Comeback in China 【答案】1. B　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国多地极端高温背景下民众创新的降温方式，并提及古代智慧与政策响应。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“Old ways to stay cool also come back. For example, nobles in the Yuan Dynasty used ice blocks to cool fruit, and sellers in the Jin Dynasty sold “ice snow cold water”. (传统的保持凉爽的方法也回来了。例如，元朝的贵族用冰块来冷却水果，晋朝的商贩卖“冰雪凉水”。)”可知，售卖“冰雪凉水”是古代的降温方式，非现代创新方法。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In Zhengzhou, Henan, subway stations become midday rest spots for workers. Construction worker Zhang Wei says it’s 40℃ outside but only 28℃ inside, saving on AC costs. (在河南郑州，地铁站成了上班族中午休息的地方。建筑工人张伟说，室外40摄氏度，室内只有28摄氏度，节省了空调费用。)”可知，张伟这样的建筑工人在地铁站休息是因为那里的温度远低于室外。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“China prioritizes climate change adaptation and released a 2024 national plan to build early warning systems for climate-related health risks. (中国将适应气候变化列为首要任务，并发布2024年国家计划以建立气候健康风险预警系统。)”可知，面对气候变化，中国提出了国家预警方案。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Many cities have been jokingly called “barbecue mode” by netizens, yet the public has shown diverse creative ways to beat the heat. (许多城市都被网友戏称为“烧烤模式”，然而公众却展示了各种各样的创意方式来降温。)”可知，文章以中国多地极端高温为背景，聚焦中国各地的降温创新方式，如重庆泳池火锅、武汉防空洞纳凉、郑州地铁站休息、苏州创意绿豆汤等。因此，C项“中国的创新避暑方法”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州外国语学校·期中）When we think about what makes humans unique, a good sense of humor is often high on the list. Laughter and playful teasing seem like traits only we possess. However, recent research suggests that animals — particularly great apes — may also engage in behavior that resembles humor. A study led by primatologist (灵长类动物学家) Isabelle Laumer at the Max Planck Institute reveals fascinating insights. “We documented young apes deliberately sneaking up to hit adults, then waiting expectantly for a reaction,” Laumer explains. “This isn’t random play — it meets all the criteria of intentional teasing.” Over 75 hours of video recordings showed this behavior mirrors how human children joke: repetitive, surprising, and aimed at seeking responses. The researchers noted that the apes even paused to watch for the adult’s reaction, much like a child waiting to see if their joke landed. But humor in animals may not be limited to apes. Dog owners often notice their pets making breathy, snorting sounds during play, which some scientists interpret as laughter. In a 2025 study, researchers found that playing these sounds to shelter dogs reduced their stress levels. Similarly, dolphins emit joyful sounds during play-fighting, elephants trumpet excitedly when playing, and some parrots tease other animals — like confusing dogs with whistles — just for fun. Why might animals exhibit humor? In humans, laughter strengthens social connections and eases tension. Scientists argue that playful teasing in apes or “laughter” in dogs could serve a similar purpose — breaking the ice and reinforcing relationships. Some researchers believe these behaviors may have evolved (进化) to help animals manage complex social ranks or reduce conflict. However, Laumer cautions that more research is needed to confirm this theory, as observing humor in animals remains challenging. While we may never know if animals understand punchlines, their behaviors hint at humor’s deep evolutionary roots. As Laumer reflects: “The line between human and animal laughter isn’t as sharp as we thought.” 1.What did Laumer’s study find about young apes? A. They enjoy teasing others. B. They often fight in groups. C. They seek adult protection. D. They learn from human kids. 2.What does the underlined word “trumpet” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Wag. B. Smile. C. Nod. D. Shout. 3.Why might animals show humor? A. To improve social status. B. To strengthen social bonds. C. To win in complex conflicts. D. To get much more pleasure. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Animal Social Behaviors B. Do Animals Copy Our Laughs? C. Animals Play Tricks Too D. Why Animals Understand Humor? 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了动物（尤其是类人猿）可能也有类似幽默的行为，以及动物展现幽默的可能原因。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“We documented young apes deliberately sneaking up to hit adults, then waiting expectantly for a reaction,” Laumer explains. “This isn’t random play — it meets all the criteria of intentional teasing.(“我们记录到幼猿故意偷偷靠近并击打成年猿，然后满怀期待地等待反应，”劳默解释道。“这不是随意的玩耍——它符合故意逗弄的所有标准。”)”可知，劳默的研究发现幼猿喜欢逗弄别人。故选A。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Similarly, dolphins emit joyful sounds during play-fighting, elephants trumpet excitedly when playing, and some parrots tease other animals — like confusing dogs with whistles — just for fun.(同样，海豚在玩耍打斗时会发出欢快的声音，大象在玩耍时会兴奋地trumpet，一些鹦鹉为了好玩会逗弄其他动物——比如用口哨声迷惑狗)”可知，海豚玩耍打斗时发出欢快的声音，鹦鹉会吹口哨逗弄其他动物，由此可推测大象玩耍时发出的声音也是比较欢快、大声的，所以trumpet意为“大声叫喊”，与shout意思相近。故选D。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中“In humans, laughter strengthens social connections and eases tension. Scientists argue that playful teasing in apes or “laughter” in dogs could serve a similar purpose — breaking the ice and reinforcing relationships.(在人类中，笑声能加强社会联系，缓解紧张情绪。科学家认为，类人猿的嬉戏逗弄或狗的“笑声”可能也有类似的作用——打破僵局，加强关系)”可知，动物展现幽默可能是为了加强社会联系。故选B。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“However, recent research suggests that animals — particularly great apes — may also engage in behavior that resembles humor.(然而，最近的研究表明，动物——尤其是类人猿——也可能表现出类似幽默的行为)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了动物（尤其是类人猿）可能也有类似幽默的行为，所以C选项“Animals Play Tricks Too(动物也会恶作剧)”适合作为文章标题。故选C。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江北仑中学·期中）Suppose you come across two doctors. One is handsome while the other looks plain. Who would you trust with your surgery? Most people would probably want to get treated by the handsome one. And most people are likely to be wrong about that. When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them. The halo effect was once studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike, who asked flight commanders to evaluate their pilots in various distinct aspects such as physical appearance, intelligence, and leadership. He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills — a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influence the specific qualities they credited to their pilots. Some pilots profited from their halo. The halo effect also explains why some teachers give better-looking students higher grades. One study looked at the grades of 4,500 pupils, who were sorted by volunteers into three groups: below-average, average, and above-average looking. The researchers then compared students’ grades between classes taken in conventional classrooms with those taken online where there was no face-to-face interaction. The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms. Since the physical appearance of good-looking people seems to naturally make them also appear intelligent, strong, and trustworthy, here is one good rule. If you meet with an accident and have to choose between two equally qualified doctors, ignore their halo and choose the less handsome one. He might have worked twice as hard to gain the same reputation and is likely better at his job. 1.What is the purpose of the second paragraph? A. To explore a natural wonder. B. To spread scientific knowledge. C. To explain a psychological tendency. D. To interpret social rules at the workplace. 2.How did the commanders tend to evaluate their pilots in Thorndike’s study? A. In a general way. B. With common sense. C. From a specific aspect. D. By an objective criterion. 3.What does the 4,500-pupil study find about better-looking students? A. They were fairly treated by their teachers. B. They were less attentive in online courses. C. They probably had natural learning abilities. D. They were overvalued in conventional classes. 4.What can be learned about the halo effect? A. It relieves appearance anxiety. B. It leads to inaccurate judgments. C. It causes trust crisis among people. D. It intensifies workplace competition. 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. D　4. B 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了光环效应的表现和影响。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them. (当你看太阳的时候，你有时会看得很清楚。但有时你会看到它比实际形状大得多。被称为光晕的光圈使它看起来更大。这种效应被称为光环效应，当一个人、产品或公司像太阳一样发光时也会发生。然后我们就看不清它们，把各种不相关的品质和它们联系在一起。)”可知，第二段的目的是解释一种心理倾向，即光环效应。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。由文章第三段中“He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills-a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influence the specific qualities they credited to their pilots. Some pilots profited from their halo. (他发现，那些在外貌上得分高的飞行员，在智力和领导能力上也得分高——这种联系似乎是错误的。看来指挥官们无法独立于他人来评价具体的品质。他们从广义上看待飞行员，要么“好”，要么“坏”，并让这种总体感觉影响他们认为飞行员具有的具体品质。一些飞行员从他们的光环中获利。)”可知，指挥官们倾向于用总体感觉来评估他们的飞行员。故选A。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。由文章第四段中“The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms. (研究人员发现，与传统课堂相比，被评为长得好看的学生在网络课程上的成绩明显较低。)”可知，长相更好的学生在传统课堂被高估了。故选D。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them. (这种效应被称为光环效应，当一个人、产品或公司像太阳一样发光时也会发生。然后我们就看不清它们，把各种不相关的品质和它们联系在一起。)”和第四段中“The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms. (研究人员发现，与传统课堂相比，被评为长得好看的学生在网络课程上的成绩明显较低。)”可知，光环效应会导致不准确的判断。故选B。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江宁波鄞州中学·期中）Labubu dolls, first introduced by artist Kasing Lung, have evolved from book characters into a global pop-culture phenomenon. Their recent surge in popularity is significantly driven by celebrity influence, with figures like Rihanna and David Beckham being spotted with them. The unique aesthetic (审美) of Labubu — a contrast of cute, fluffy ears with sharp teeth — fits with the global anime (动漫) style. However, their appeal is not merely aesthetic. The manufacturer, Pop Mart, employs clever marketing strategies. They release products in limited quantities, creating a sense of urgency. Furthermore, the dolls are primarily sold in “blind boxes”, where the specific model inside is unknown until purchase. This introduces a lottery-like excitement and the potential to acquire a rare doll with high resale value, transforming the act of buying from a simple purchase into a collectible hunt. Critically, this “movement” is targeted at adults, not children. The trend is rooted in deeper cultural currents. Labubu offers a form of escape, providing a psychological comfort by echoing the simplicity of childhood and offering a temporary relief from the complexities of modern life. Beyond psychological comfort, the doll holds symbolic weight in a consumer society. In a world where homes are full and ownership often defines identity, owning a rare doll that fits on a handbag still feels special. As one article suggests, in our pursuit of these dolls, we may see a reflection of our own desires and identities. However, this phenomenon also raises questions about modern consumption. The compulsive buying behavior driven by blind boxes and limited editions can lead to excessive spending and waste. While these dolls bring joy and community to many, observers caution that the line between a meaningful hobby and impulsive consumption can sometimes become blurred, reminding consumers to find a balance between emotional satisfaction and rational behavior. 1.What is the key marketing feature that makes buying Labubu dolls similar to a lottery? A. Celebrity support. B. Limited quantity releases. C. The blind box sales method. D. Symbolic meaning in consumer society. 2.What can be inferred about adult consumers of Labubu dolls from the passage? A. They prefer simple childhood memories over modern complexities. B. They are mainly interested in the dolls’ investment value. C. They care more about quality than appearance. D. They have replaced traditional toys with these dolls. 3.The word “compulsive” in the last paragraph most likely means ________. A. reasonable. B. selective. C. uncontrollable. D. calculated. 4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The Dangers of Blind Box Marketing Strategies B. Labubu Dolls: More Than Just Child's Play C. How Celebrities Shape Modern Shopping Trends D. The Art Behind Labubu’s Unique Aesthetic Design 【答案】1. C　2. A　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Labubu玩偶从书籍角色演变为全球流行文化现象的原因、影响及相关思考。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Furthermore, the dolls are primarily sold in “blind boxes”, where the specific model inside is unknown until purchase. This introduces a lottery-like excitement and the potential to acquire a rare doll with high resale value, transforming the act of buying from a simple purchase into a collectible hunt.(此外，这些玩偶主要以“盲盒”的形式出售，在购买之前，里面的具体款式是未知的。这引入了一种类似彩票的兴奋感，以及获得具有高转售价值的稀有玩偶的潜力，将购买行为从简单的购买转变为收藏品搜寻)”可知，使购买Labubu玩偶类似于买彩票的关键营销特征是盲盒销售方式。故选C。 (2)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“Critically, this “movement” is targeted at adults, not children. The trend is rooted in deeper cultural currents. Labubu offers a form of escape, providing a psychological comfort by echoing the simplicity of childhood and offering a temporary relief from the complexities of modern life.(至关重要的是，这个“运动”的目标人群是成年人，而不是儿童。这一趋势植根于更深层次的文化潮流。Labubu提供了一种逃避的形式，通过呼应童年的简单，为人们提供心理安慰，并让人们暂时从现代生活的复杂中解脱出来)”可推断出，成年消费者更喜欢简单的童年记忆而非现代生活的复杂。故选A。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“However, this phenomenon also raises questions about modern consumption. The compulsive buying behavior driven by blind boxes and limited editions can lead to excessive spending and waste.(然而，这一现象也引发了人们对现代消费的质疑。由盲盒和限量版驱动的compulsive购买行为会导致过度消费和浪费)”可知，这种购买行为是不受控制的，会导致过度消费和浪费，所以“compulsive”意思是“无法控制的”，与uncontrollable意思相近。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。文章开篇介绍Labubu玩偶从书籍角色演变为全球流行文化现象，接着阐述其受欢迎的原因，包括独特的审美、巧妙的营销策略等，还提到它对成年人的心理意义以及在消费社会中的象征意义，最后指出这一现象引发的对现代消费的思考。所以B选项“Labubu玩偶：不仅仅是孩子的游戏”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选B。 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）Poetry and music are sister arts. Both rely on sound and rhythm (韵律) to communicate their message. Both have the ability to calm, to disturb, to frighten, to anger, or to spread joy. Because of the closeness of this relationship, it’s easy to see why many poets use music as a theme for their writing. Listen is a glorious celebration of the magic of music, enjoyed through the magic of poetry. It’s a list poem, with the title’s powerful moving into the nature of the sounds, and then encouraging readers to taste music and feel it through their body. It ends with a coming together of instruments through time and space, leading to a splendid description of music’s magic. The poet Peter Sutton describes the writing process that produced Listen. When he was working on poems inspired by music and his own play, the title and first line of Listen introduced themselves as a thought stored in a computer file. It was while developing this train of thought that the four elements of the poem suggested themselves as Listen, Taste, Touch and Sound. Peter recalls, “Originally, the poem was in open form, though already containing sound patterns, such as alliteration and internal rhymes. To create these, I made much use of a dictionary.” He adds, “I would not claim that to be hard work, but it was certainly time-consuming.” Finding the perfect word is not useful only for fitting into the rhythm. When a revised word shifts the poem’s direction, it can reveal something new not just for the reader but as a bonus for the poet. It’s no coincidence that the beautifully crafted result is a very special piece of writing. 1.Why do many poets choose music as a theme in their writing? A. Music and poetry both rely on visual elements to convey meaning. B. Music can be used to express only anger or joy. C. Poetry and music share common artistic bases and emotional purposes. D. Poetry is unable to communicate emotions without music. 2.How does the poem Listen guide its readers to experience music? A. By explaining musical theories. B. By involving various senses. C. By describing its magic directly. D. By comparing different instruments. 3.What inspired the four elements of the poem Listen? A. The success of the poet’s own play. B. The development of the poet’s thought. C. The storage of the thought in a computer file. D. The advice from other famous writers. 4.What does the author of the text convey about finding the perfect word? A. It takes much time and effort. B. It relies heavily on dictionary use. C. It seeks mainly to surprise its readers. D. It has value beyond fitting the rhythm. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了诗歌与音乐作为姊妹艺术，如何通过声音和韵律传递情感。文章以诗歌Listen为例，介绍了其创作过程和主题，说明诗人如何运用感官体验和精心选词来描绘音乐的魅力，强调了诗歌创作中寻找完美词语的重要性。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Poetry and music are sister arts. Both rely on sound and rhythm (韵律) to communicate their message. Both have the ability to calm, to disturb, to frighten, to anger, or to spread joy. Because of the closeness of this relationship, it’s easy to see why many poets use music as a theme for their writing. (诗歌和音乐是姐妹艺术。两者都依靠声音和节奏来传达信息。两者都有能力使人平静、不安、恐惧、愤怒或传播快乐。由于这种关系的密切性，很容易理解为什么许多诗人用音乐作为他们写作的主题。)”可知，诗歌和音乐有共同的艺术基础和情感目的，这使得许多诗人选择音乐作为写作主题。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Listen is a glorious celebration of the magic of music, enjoyed through the magic of poetry. It’s a list poem, with the title’s powerful moving into the nature of the sounds, and then encouraging readers to taste music and feel it through their body. (《倾听》是对音乐魔力的辉煌庆祝，通过诗歌的魔力来享受。这是一首列表诗，标题的强大力量深入到声音的本质，然后鼓励读者品尝音乐，并通过身体感受音乐。)”可知，这首诗通过调动读者的各种感官来引导他们体验音乐。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“When he was working on poems inspired by music and his own play, the title and first line of Listen introduced themselves as a thought stored in a computer file. It was while developing this train of thought that the four elements of the poem suggested themselves as Listen, Taste, Touch and Sound. (当他在创作受音乐和自己的戏剧启发的诗歌时，《倾听》的标题和第一行作为存储在计算机文件中的一个想法出现了。正是在发展这一思路的过程中，这首诗的四个元素——听、尝、触摸和声音——自己浮现了出来。)”可知，这首诗的四个元素是在诗人发展他的思路时浮现出来的。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Finding the perfect word is not useful only for fitting into the rhythm. When a revised word shifts the poem’s direction, it can reveal something new not just for the reader but as a bonus for the poet. (找到完美的词语不仅仅是为了符合节奏。当一个修改过的词语改变了诗的方向时，它不仅可以为读者揭示新的东西，而且对诗人来说也是一种额外的收获。)”可知，找到完美的词语不仅仅是为了符合节奏，它还有超越节奏的价值。故选D。 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江台金七校联考·期中）Rising carbon dioxide levels and climate change are reshaping the environments in which crops grow, and one urgent consequence is an increased risk of plant disease. There is a real danger that some infections could spread more widely across climates — potentially leading to agricultural disasters. To reduce this risk, seed companies and plant scientists should work together now to build a library of useful crop genes before it’s too late. Part of the problem is that centuries of selective breeding have made the genomes (基因组) of most valuable crops very narrow. They grow great in today’s conditions, but become less able to cope with change. A small or previously unknown disease could spread rapidly through a genetically uniform crop, driving global prices sharply upward and causing widespread malnutrition and suffering. Fortunately, the threat has a clear solution. All crops have wild relatives that are not useful for farming but carry much more genetic variety that can protect crops against future pathogens (病原体). As insurance, those genes should be stored — usually as seeds — until they are needed to be put into a crop’s genome. Nevertheless, the current gene banks have too few samples of two-thirds of the relevant wild relatives, and many species are not stored at all. You might expect large agribusinesses to help. Yet firms like Bayer and Syngenta still treat future-proofing crops as a government job, finding it too uncertain to attract commercial investment. Academic plant scientists can also help, but the work is routine and gets little reward. Curing an outbreak builds careers; preventing a possible one brings little recognition. To act, plant scientists need motivations — pay and research funding. Major funders, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, must shift money toward preparing for future threats. Another barrier is political considerations. The U.S. National Science Foundation is said to reject proposals that mention “climate change,” because some politicians deny it. Europe also needs to change its cautious attitude to genetic engineering. Gene editing will be essential, even if it makes some European consumers and policymakers uneasy. The sooner they accept it, the better. 1.Why are some small diseases likely to infect crops rapidly? A. The price of curing such diseases is too high. B. The change brought by global warming is dramatic. C. The genomes that resist diseases are removed from most crops. D. Natural genetic variation is lost due to long-term artificial selection. 2.What’s an obvious solution to new diseases for crops? A. Buying insurance for all crops at the bank. B. Storing seed samples of wild crop relatives. C. Putting protective genomes into all crops. D. Reducing genetic variety of future pathogens. 3.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Large companies are enthusiastic about government jobs. B. Plant scientists offer considerable help to earn recognition. C. European countries consider genetic editing as a vital step. D. Political ideas partly get in the way of genetic engineering. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Crop Yields in the Future Century B. Preserving Rare Seeds Against Future Pathogens C. Building a Gene Library Before Crop Diseases Worsen D. Funding and Investment to Boost Agricultural Innovation 【答案】1. D　2. B　3. D　4. C 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章指出气候变化增加了作物病害风险，因作物基因单一易受感染。作者建议建立作物野生近缘种基因库，并呼吁加强资金投入、克服政治障碍以应对未来农业威胁。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Part of the problem is that centuries of selective breeding have made the genomes(基因组) of most valuable crops very narrow. They grow great in today’s conditions, but become less able to cope with change. A small or previously unknown disease could spread rapidly through a genetically uniform crop, driving global prices sharply upward and causing widespread malnutrition and suffering.(部分原因在于，数百年来的有选择性培育使得大多数重要农作物的基因组变得非常单一。它们在现在的条件下生长得很好，但应对变化的能力却降低了。一种微小或以前未知的疾病可能会在基因单一的作物中迅速传播，推动全球价格急剧上涨，并导致广泛的营养不良和问题。)”可知，由于长期的人工选择，大多数重要农作物的基因组变得非常单一，应对变化的能力下降，由此导致一些小疾病可能迅速感染作物。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“All crops have wild relatives that are not useful for farming but carry much more genetic variety that can protect crops against future pathogens (病原体). As insurance, those genes should be stored — usually as seeds — until they are needed to be put into a crop’s genome.(所有作物都有野生近亲，这些近亲对农业没有用处，但携带更多的遗传变异，可以保护作物免受未来病原体的侵害。作为保险，这些基因应该被储存起来——通常以种子的形式——直到需要它们被放入作物的基因组中。)”可知，储存野生作物近亲的种子样本是应对新作物疾病的一个明显解决方案。故选B项。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Yet firms like Bayer and Syngenta still treat future-proofing crops as a government job, finding it too uncertain to attract commercial investment.(然而，像拜耳和先正达这样的公司仍然将未来抗灾作物视为政府的工作，认为这太不确定，无法吸引商业投资。)”和最后一段中“Another barrier is political considerations. The U.S. National Science Foundation is said to reject proposals that mention “climate change,” because some politicians deny it. Europe also needs to change its cautious attitude to genetic engineering.(另一个障碍是政治考虑。据说美国国家科学基金会拒绝提及“气候变化”的提案，因为一些政客否认这一点。欧洲也需要改变其对基因工程的谨慎态度。)”可知，政治观念在一定程度上阻碍了基因工程的发展。故选D项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“To reduce this risk, seed companies and plant scientists should work together now to build a library of useful crop genes before it’s too late.(为了降低这种风险，种子公司和植物科学家现在应该共同努力，在为时已晚之前建立一个有用的作物基因库。)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了由于气候变化和人工选择导致的作物遗传多样性减少，以及由此带来的作物疾病风险增加的问题，并提出了建立作物基因库作为解决方案。因此，C项“Building a Gene Library Before Crop Diseases Worsen(在作物疾病恶化之前建立基因库)”最符合文章主旨。故选C项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江环大罗山·期中）It seems no one can really agree on the question of “What’s so funny?”. So, imagine trying to teach a robot how to laugh. But that’s exactly what a team of researchers at Kyoto University in Japan are trying to design, an AI that takes its cues through a shared laughter system. The scientists describe their innovative approach to building a funny bone for the Japanese android “Erica” in the latest issue of the journal Frontiers in Robotics and AI. “We think that one of the important functions of conversational AI is empathy (移情，共鸣),”explained lead author Dr Koji Inoue, an assistant professor at Kyoto University in the Department of Intelligence Science and Technology within the Graduate School of Informatics. “One way a robot can empathize with users is to share their laughter.” In the shared-laughter model, a human first laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter. The type of laughter is also important, because in some cases a polite chuckle may be more appropriate than a loud snort of laughter. The team tested Erica’s new sense of humor by creating four different short dialogues between a person and Erica with her new shared-laughter system. Then they asked more than 130 people in total to listen to each dialogue within the three different conditions — shared-laughter system, no laughter, all laughter — and evaluated the interactions based on human-likeness, naturalness and understanding. The shared-laughter system performed better than either baseline(基准). “Robots should actually have a distinct character, and we think that they can show this through their conversational behaviors, such as laughing, eye gaze, gestures and speaking style,” Inoue added, “We do not think this is an easy problem at all, and it may well take more than 10 to 20 years before we can finally have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.” 1.Why does the author mention the question in the beginning? A. To review different views on humour. B. To invite readers to join the discussion. C. To emphasize the difficulty of the research. D. To clarify the value of a sense of humour. 2.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A. The study purpose. B. The working principle. C. The test result. D. The research impact. 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Erica was designed to tell jokes in four dialogues. B. Over 130 people had live conversations with Erica. C. The shared-laughter dialogues came out on top. D. Listeners laughed most in the shared-laughter system. 4.What is Inove’s attitude towards conversational AI’s development? A. Realistic B. Optimistic C. Critical D. Indifferent 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文，文章围绕“教机器人笑”这一研究展开，介绍了日本京都大学的研究团队为机器人“Erica”设计共享笑料系统的相关情况。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“It seems no one can really agree on the question of “What’s so funny?”. So, imagine trying to teach a robot how to laugh. But that’s exactly what a team of researchers at Kyoto University in Japan are trying to design, an AI that takes its cues through a shared laughter system (似乎没有人能真正就“什么东西这么好笑？”这个问题达成一致。那么，想象一下教机器人如何笑会是怎样的场景。而这正是日本京都大学的一个研究团队正在努力设计的——一个通过共享笑料系统获取线索的人工智能)”可知，作者开篇提出“什么是好笑的”这一没有统一答案的问题，是为了引出“教机器人笑”的研究，从而强调该研究的难度。故选C。 (2)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据第三段“In the shared-laughter model, a human first laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter. The type of laughter is also important, because in some cases a polite chuckle may be more appropriate than a loud snort of laughter (在共享笑料模型中，人类先笑，然后人工智能系统以笑作为共鸣回应。这种方法需要设计三个子系统——一个用于检测笑料，第二个用于判断是否要笑，第三个用于选择合适的笑的类型。笑的类型也很重要，因为在某些情况下，礼貌的轻笑可能比大声的喷笑更合适)”可知，第三段主要介绍了共享笑料系统的工作原理，包括运作模式、所需子系统及笑的类型选择。故选B。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段“The team tested Erica’s new sense of humor by creating four different short dialogues between a person and Erica with her new shared-laughter system. Then they asked more than 130 people in total to listen to each dialogue within the three different conditions — shared-laughter system, no laughter, all laughter — and evaluated the interactions based on human-likeness, naturalness and understanding. The shared-laughter system performed better than either baseline (基准) (该团队通过构建一个人与搭载新共享笑料系统的“Erica”之间的四个不同短对话，来测试“Erica”新的幽默感。然后，他们让总共130多人在三种不同条件下聆听每个对话——共享笑料系统、无笑料、全笑料——并根据拟人化程度、自然度和理解度对互动进行评估。共享笑料系统的表现优于两个基准组)”可知，采用共享笑料系统的对话表现最佳。故选C。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Inoue added, “We do not think this is an easy problem at all, and it may well take more than 10 to 20 years before we can finally have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.” (井上补充道：“我们认为这绝不是一个容易的问题，要实现像和朋友一样与机器人随意聊天，很可能需要10到20年以上的时间。”)”可知，井上既承认研究的难度，又对未来实现目标有合理预期，其态度是务实的、现实的。故选A。 Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江合作组织-11月·期中）One day I typed into ChatGPT all about my upset feelings and it instantly responded, offering a list of practical advice. Nowadays millions of people are already turning to Chat-GPT and specialist therapy (治疗) chatbots for convenient and inexpensive mental health support. Some experts say this is a boon. After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment and burnout, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans. But others worry about the consequences of people seeking emotional support from machines that can only pretend to care. Some even wonder if the rise of so-called empathetic AI might change the way we interact with one another. Indeed, empathy is one of our species’ defining qualities, developing as it did in pace with social interaction. One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980and 2019, which shows that the empathiser must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling. They must also be affected by those emotions and differentiate between themselves and the other person, grasping that the other person’s feelings aren’t their own while still being able to imagine their experience. On the first point, in recent years, AI-powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. But when it comes to the other criteria, AI still misses the mark in many ways. Empathy is interpersonal, with continued feedback helping to perfect the empathiser’s response, which also requires some degree of intuitive (直觉的) awareness of an individual and their situation. All of this helps to explain conversations like the ones I had with ChatGPT. At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chat-bots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. 1.What does the underlined word “boon” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Trap. B. Prize. C. Blessing. D. Challenge. 2.What does the recent analysis show about empathy? A. It calls for clear communication. B. It starts with emotion identification. C. It rules out individual difference. D. It depends on rich imagination. 3.What can AI do according to Paragraph 4? A. Provide data-driven feedback. B. Recognize one’s real desire. C. Update large language models. D. Predict one’s behavior by intuition. 4.What does the author think of ChatGPT? A. Its development should be sped up. B. Its intelligence is winning more favor. C. Its application should be strictly managed. D. Its artificial kindness is no match for humans’. 【答案】1. C　2. B　3. A　4. D 【解析】【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI聊天机器人在提供心理支持方面的利弊，以及与人类真正同理心的差距。 (1)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Some experts say this is a boon. After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment and burnout, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans. (一些专家认为这是一件boon。毕竟，人工智能不会受到尴尬情绪的影响，也不会感到疲惫不堪，它或许能够比人类更坦率、更不知疲倦地表达同理心。)”可知，这里提到人工智能因为不受尴尬和疲惫的影响，可能在表达同理心上比人类更开放、不知疲倦，因此某些专家认为，这是人工智能在心理健康支持方面的优势，是一种好事。所以boon在这里意为“好事，益处”，与选项C“Blessing (好事)”意思相符。故选C。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段的“One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980and 2019, which shows that the empathiser must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling. (最近有一项关于同理心的分析，研究了1980年至2019年间发表的52项研究，结果表明，产生同理心的人首先必须能够识别出对方的感受。)”可知，关于同理心的最近分析表明，同理心的首要条件是能够识别另一个人的感受。故选B。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段的“On the first point, in recent years, AI-powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. (从第一点来看，近年来，由人工智能驱动的聊天机器人在识别人类情感的能力方面取得了进展，它们大多由大型语言模型（LLMs）驱动，这种模型的工作原理是根据训练数据来预测哪些单词最有可能一起出现。通过这种方式，像ChatGPT这样的大型语言模型似乎在大多数时候都能识别我们的情绪，并做出恰当的回应。)”可知，人工智能如ChatGPT 能够识别我们的情感并做出适当的反应，这是基于大量语言模型对数据的预测能力，即能够提供数据驱动的反馈。故选A。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段的“But when it comes to the other criteria, AI still misses the mark in many ways. Empathy is interpersonal, with continued feedback helping to perfect the empathiser’s response, which also requires some degree of intuitive (直觉的) awareness of an individual and their situation. (但在其他标准方面，人工智能在很多方面仍未达标。同理心是一种人际关系的体现，持续的反馈有助于完善产生同理心者的回应，这也需要对一个人及其处境有一定程度的直觉意识。)”以及最后一段的“At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chat-bots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. (最终，尽管我在网上与多个聊天机器人进行了交流，但我还是做了我一直知道自己必须做的事：我拿起电话，给一个朋友打了电话。)”可知，虽然ChatGPT能提供一定的帮助，但在作者看来，它的人工善意仍然不能与真实的人类情感交流相比。由此可推知，作者认为它的人工善意无法与人类的相比。故选D。 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）A groundbreaking study recently published in Nature Aging has shed new light on the relationship between inflammation (炎症) and aging, suggesting that inflammation commonly related to aging, known as “inflammaging”, may not be a universal phenomenon. Historically, scientists have viewed inflammaging as a primary driver of age-related diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and dementia. This condition is characterized by the immune system’s chronic (慢性的) state of overactivity, which can lead to organ damage and various health problems. However, the findings from the new study challenge the assumption that this biological process occurs similarly across different populations. The study involved analyzing blood samples from over 2,800 individuals to assess levels of inflammation-causing substances. The researchers identified the same pattern of increasing inflammatory markers in the Italian and Singaporean participants, linked to a higher rate of chronic diseases. In contrast, the native Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli from Malaysia showed no such pattern. Despite high inflammatory markers, the Tsimane experience significantly lower rates of chronic illnesses common in industrialized nations. These results raise critical questions about the nature of inflammaging. One potential explanation is that the phenomenon may be a byproduct of sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets popular in modern societies. In contrast, traditional lifestyles characterized by higher physical activity and diverse diets might lead to a different immune response where inflammation serves a protective role, rather than an unhealthy one. The implications of this study are profound. What is beneficial for individuals in urban settings may not necessarily hold true for those following traditional lifestyles. Moreover, the research highlights a significant gap in our understanding of human health, emphasizing the need for more inclusive studies that encompass diverse populations and environments. The study serves as a critical reminder that our perceptions of aging are shaped by our environments and lifestyles. What has been perceived as a universal truth in the biology of aging may, in fact, reflect local adaptations influenced by cultural practices and health behaviors. 1.What is the finding of the study published in Nature Aging? A. Evidence denies that inflammatory is universal. B. Analysis confirms that inflammatory drives age-related diseases. C. Results suggest that inflammatory benefits the elderly. D. Data indicate that inflammatory weakens with age universally. 2.What did the study reveal about the Tsimane people? A. Effective local medicines for age-related illnesses. B. Sharp decrease in inflammation with age. C. Unique genetic protection against chronic diseases. D. High inflammation yet low chronic disease rates. 3.What does the underlined word “sedentary” probably mean in paragraph 4? A. Socially isolated. B. Physically inactive. C. Nutritionally poor. D. Chronically stressful. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Urban lifestyles offer the defense against chronic diseases. B. Genetic factors play a role in human health outcomes. C. Universal drug treatments represent the future for elderly care. D. Specific contexts shape aging processes across populations. 【答案】1. A　2. D　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了发表在《自然·衰老》杂志上的一项研究，该研究分析了不同人群的炎症水平，发现与衰老相关的炎症并非普遍现象。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“A groundbreaking study recently published in Nature Aging has shed new light on the relationship between inflammation and aging, suggesting that inflammation commonly related to aging, known as “inflammaging”, may not be a universal phenomenon.(最近发表在《自然·衰老》上的一项开创性研究揭示了炎症与衰老之间的新关系，表明与衰老相关的常见炎症，即“炎症衰老”，可能并非普遍现象。)”可知，发表在《自然·衰老》上的研究发现炎症并非普遍现象。故选A项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“In contrast, the native Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli from Malaysia showed no such pattern. Despite high inflammatory markers, the Tsimane experience significantly lower rates of chronic illnesses common in industrialized nations.(相比之下，玻利维亚亚马逊地区的土著齐曼内人和马来西亚的奥朗阿斯利人没有表现出这种模式。尽管炎症标志物水平较高，但齐曼内人患工业化国家常见慢性病的比率要低得多。)”可知，齐曼内人炎症高但慢性病发病率低。故选D项。 (3)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据文章第四段中的“One potential explanation is that the phenomenon may be a byproduct of sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets popular in modern societies.(一种可能的解释是，这种现象可能是现代社会中流行的sedentary的生活方式和高热量饮食的副产品。)”以及“In contrast, traditional lifestyles characterized by higher physical activity and diverse diets might lead to a different immune response where inflammation serves a protective role, rather than an unhealthy one.(相比之下，以更高的身体活动和多样化的饮食为特征的传统生活方式可能会导致不同的免疫反应，在这种反应中，炎症起到保护作用，而不是不健康的作用。)”可知，这里将现代生活方式和传统生活方式进行对比，传统生活方式是高体力活动，那么现代生活方式就是体力活动少，即久坐不动的，所以“sedentary”意思是“久坐不动的，缺乏运动的”，选项B“Physically inactive.(身体不活跃的)”符合题意。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The study serves as a critical reminder that our perceptions of aging are shaped by our environments and lifestyles. What has been perceived as a universal truth in the biology of aging may, in fact, reflect local adaptations influenced by cultural practices and health behaviors.(这项研究是一个重要的提醒，即我们对衰老的认知是由我们的环境和生活方式塑造的。在衰老生物学中被认为是普遍真理的东西，实际上可能反映了受文化习俗和健康行为影响的局部适应性。)”可知，文章主要讲述了不同人群的衰老过程受特定环境和生活方式的影响，选项D“Specific contexts shape aging processes across populations.(特定环境塑造了不同人群的衰老过程)”符合题意。故选D项。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江卓越高中联盟-11月·期中）In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. These are pre-cooked, seasoned, and packaged meals that require little to no preparation, offering a quick and convenient dining option without sacrificing major taste or nutrition. As people grow increasingly busier, time for cooking has become a rare resource. Prefabricated dishes address this pressing need by offering a significant reduction in meal preparation time. Other factors also contribute to their popularity — such as the convenience of e-commerce and delivery services that allow easy online ordering and quick home delivery, and the role of modern technology like vacuum and adjusted atmosphere packaging slows food spoilage. Along with precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality, it is ultimately the fundamental demand for time-saving solutions in a nonstop world that serves as the primary driving force for their widespread acceptance. However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. Additionally, when compared to traditional freshly prepared meals, they often fall short in keeping the original flavor and nutritional value. In response, governments have carried out stricter safety standards and enhanced quality control measures. Meanwhile, certain manufacturers are actively exploring the use of natural ingredients and reducing additives to improve nutritional composition. As a growing trend in China’s food industry, prefabricated dishes provide undeniable convenience, yet consumers are advised to remain cautious about their dietary choices. The future of the industry relies on balanced development — where convenience, safety, and health can coexist. 1.What is the main reason behind the popularity of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. The social trend of pursuing a modern lifestyle. B. The government’s strong promotion and supports. C. The superior flavor they offer compared to home-cooked meals. D. The time-saving convenience they provide in a fast-paced society. 2.The underlined word “spoilage” in Paragraph 2 most probably means the process of ______. A. losing nutritional value B. changing original flavor C. becoming bad or unfit to eat D. being delivered to customers 3.Which of the following best describes the current situation of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. They are gradually replacing traditional cooking in most households. B. They are achieving widespread acceptance and also arousing doubts. C. They are considered as equally nutritious as freshly prepared meals. D. They have mostly addressed food safety issues through regulations. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward the industry’s future? A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Critical. D. Indifferent. 【答案】1. D　2. C　3. B　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了预制菜在中国迅速流行的原因、带来的问题以及目前的发展现状，并对其未来提出了期望。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中“As people grow increasingly busier, time for cooking has become a rare resource. Prefabricated dishes address this pressing need by offering a significant reduction in meal preparation time. (随着人们越来越忙，烹饪时间成为一种稀缺资源。预制菜通过大幅减少备餐时间来解决这一迫切需求)”和“Along with precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality, it is ultimately the fundamental demand for time-saving solutions in a nonstop world that serves as the primary driving force for their widespread acceptance. (除了精确的温度控制和杀菌技术能确保安全与质量外，最终而言，在这个不停运转的世界里，人们对省时解决方案的基本需求才是它们被广泛接受的主要驱动力)”可知，预制菜受欢迎的主要原因是它们在快节奏的社会中提供了节省时间的便利。故选D项。 (2)题解析： 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“the role of modern technology like vacuum and adjusted atmosphere packaging slows food spoilage (真空和气调包装等现代技术的作用减缓了食物的spoilage)”及“precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality (精确的温度控制和杀菌技术能确保安全与质量)”可知，真空包装、气调包装与温控杀菌技术的核心作用是保障食品安全与品质，减缓食物变质。因此，spoilage指的是“食物变质、不宜食用的过程”。故选C项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. (近年来，预制菜在中国迅速流行起来)”和第三段中“However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. (然而，预制菜的兴起并非没有担忧。健康问题仍然是首要考虑因素，因为一些产品含有添加剂和防腐剂，过量食用可能会带来风险)”可知，预制菜获得了广泛接受，但也引起了一些担忧。故选B项。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“As a growing trend in China’s food industry, prefabricated dishes provide undeniable convenience, yet consumers are advised to remain cautious about their dietary choices. The future of the industry relies on balanced development — where convenience, safety, and health can coexist. (作为中国食品行业的一个日益增长的趋势，预制菜提供了不可否认的便利性，但建议消费者在饮食选择上保持谨慎。该行业的未来取决于均衡发展——让便利、安全与健康能够共存)”可知，作者既提到了预制菜的便利性，也指出了其存在的问题，并对其未来提出了期望。因此，作者对预制菜行业的未来持客观态度。故选B项。 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江北仑中学·期中）A smoke bomb from a party started a major blaze (火焰) near Los Angeles in September,just one of many recent wildfires ignited (引燃) by people. Now, an analysis of satellite data shows human-caused blazes spread much faster and kill more trees than ones ignited by lightning. Fire has always been a part of California’s natural history. But several centuries of human settlement have created new conditions that promote its spread.Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States,and 97% of all those that threaten homes. Human-caused fires always seemed more extreme, says Stijn Hantson,a fire ecologist at the University of California,Irvine,who led the new research. But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes. To examine those differences, Hantson and his colleagues analyzed satellite data for 214 wildfires in California between 2012 and 2018.Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns,the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. However, there is no fundamental difference in the chemistry of a human-caused blaze. “A fire is a fire” Hantson says. “It’s the surrounding things that matter.” Causes of fires ranging from improperly thrown cigarettes to sparking (冒火花) power lines could ignite a blaze on any given day, he says, while lightning strikes and dry thunderstorms only happen seasonally. The researchers tracked meteorological data and found that human-caused fires were more likely to start on days with extreme weather conditions,and were more associated with drier,less-forested landscapes. This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network. 1.The author uses some data in paragraph 2 to show that ________. A. wildfires are mostly caused by humans B. most wildfires threaten people’s homes C. wildfire is a part of California’s natural history D. wildfires break out frequently in the United States 2.What’s the purpose of Hantson’s research? A. To prove how extreme human-caused fires are. B. To find out the causes and solutions of wildfires. C. To explore the speed and effects of wildfires caused by humans. D. To examine the differences between a human-caused blaze and a nature-caused one. 3.How is the result presented in paragraph 4? A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By analyzing cause and effect. D. By giving definitions. 4.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Human-caused fires and lightning-caused fires are basically different. B. Lightning strikes and thunderstorms can always lead to wildfires. C. Wildfires only happen in dry,less-forested areas. D. Humans are to blame for the extended fire season. 【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. D 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要介绍了人为引发的火灾比起由闪电引发的火灾传播更快，对生态系统的影响更大。研究人员通过分析卫星数据发现，在加利福尼亚州的214起火灾中，人为引发的火灾每天传播大约1.83公里，比闪电引发的火灾传播速度快两倍。人为引发的火灾还更加猛烈，对树木的破坏程度是闪电引发火灾的两到三倍。此外，研究人员还发现，人为引发的火灾更容易在极端天气条件下发生，并且更多发生在干燥、森林覆盖较少的地区。这些研究结果有助于科学家们对人类如何延长火灾季节的理解。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段“Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States, and 97% of all those that threaten homes(研究表明，美国84%的野火和97%的威胁家园的野火都是人为点火造成的)”可知，作者在第二段中使用了一些数据来表明野火大多是由人类引起的。故选A。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段“But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes.(但他指出，没有人研究过它们传播速度有多快，以及它们对加州生态系统的影响。)”及第四段“Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns, the team reports(人为引起的火灾通常每天蔓延约1.83公里，比闪电燃烧的速度快两倍多。)可知，汉森研究的目的是探索人类引起的野火的速度和影响。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第四段“Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns, the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. (研究小组报告称，人为引起的火灾通常每天蔓延约1.83公里，比闪电燃烧的速度快两倍多。火势蔓延得更快，燃烧得也更猛烈，闪电造成的树木死亡的数量是树木的“两倍或三倍”) ”可知，第四段主要通过对比来展示结果。故选B。 (4)题解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network(这增加了科学家对人类如何延长火灾季节的理解，”国家生态观察网络的生态学家内森·米特凯维奇说)”可推断，火灾季节延长应归咎于人类。故选D。 Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江合作组织-11月·期中）At dawn in California’s Central Valley, birds sing their morning songs and some of them dive down from the branches of a tree that has stood its ground for centuries. A few feet above the tree’s base is a white ring, indicating how high the San Joaquin River once rose. Dos Rios is supposed to flood — it’s a floodplain, recently transformed into California’s newest state park. Just 15 years ago, this area looked quite different. In the summer months, the River flowed lazily around the edges of this park, but in the spring, when snow melted, the river took on a forceful character, sweeping through this land, which caused damage to crops and homes nearby. Therefore, in 2008, Rentner, president of the nonprofit organization River Partners, began the process of buying the land from a farming family. Since then, her team has been transforming the land into what it naturally was. Reengineering involves cutting holes into levees (防洪堤) to release floodwaters, avoiding the nearby communities. The solution is designed to work with nature instead of against it, making Dos Rios a new place for people to enjoy nature. For indigenous (土著的) people who were forced to leave their homes, this new park also means a lot. With the construction of a 3-acre Native Use Garden, indigenous people plan to plant native plants that would be beneficial not only to the habitat, but also for indigenous herbs and cultural practices. Now, the land, just like a time machine, looks more like it did hundreds of years ago, before farms and towns cropped up. Though holding great promise, the 2.5-square-mile area is a small part of a vast agricultural region, and even restoring that much land has been no easy task. However, Rentner is optimistic, “We are thinking about doing 10 more Dos Rioses just in the next decade. Maybe more.” 1.What was Dos Rios like before becoming a state park? A. A valley covered with trees. B. A plain threatened by floods. C. A natural reserve rich in water. D. A city park famous for birds. 2.What is the working principle of River Partners? A. Boosting the yields in the local fields. B. Making the most of natural resources. C. Operating in harmony with the natural world. D. Putting the safety of local communities first. 3.What is the purpose of Paragraph 4 mentioning the indigenous people? A. To show the park only benefits indigenous culture. B. To explain why indigenous people left their homes. C. To illustrate the park’s significance beyond ecological restoration. D. To describe the construction process of the Native Use Garden. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Dos Rios in California: A Secret Wonderland B. California’s Newest State Park: A Time Machine C. Indigenous People in Central Valley: A Living Legend D. Nonprofit Organization River Partners: A Green Pioneer 【答案】1. B　2. C　3. C　4. B 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了加州多斯里奥地区从农田改造为州立公园，通过顺应自然的方式恢复洪泛区生态的过程及意义。 (1)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Just 15 years ago, this area looked quite different. In the summer months, the River flowed lazily around the edges of this park, but in the spring, when snow melted, the river took on a forceful character, sweeping through this land, which caused damage to crops and homes nearby.(就在15年前，这个地区看起来完全不同。在夏季的几个月里，这条河在公园的边缘慵懒地流淌，但在春天，当雪融化时，这条河变得有力，席卷了这片土地，给附近的庄稼和房屋造成了破坏。)”可知，多斯里奥成为州立公园前是洪泛区，春季融雪时河水汹涌，会席卷这片土地并破坏周边农作物和房屋。故选B。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The solution is designed to work with nature instead of against it, making Dos Rios a new place for people to enjoy nature.(该解决方案旨在与自然合作，而不是与自然对抗，使Dos Rios成为人们享受自然的新地方。)”可知，河流伙伴的工作原则是顺应自然、与自然和谐共处。故选C。 (3)题解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“For indigenous (土著的) people who were forced to leave their homes, this new park also means a lot. With the construction of a 3-acre Native Use Garden, indigenous people plan to plant native plants that would be beneficial not only to the habitat, but also for indigenous herbs and cultural practices.(对于被迫离开家园的土著居民来说，这个新公园也意味着很多。随着一个3英亩的本土使用花园的建设，土著居民计划种植本土植物，这不仅有利于栖息地，而且有利于本土草药和文化习俗。)”可知，提及土著居民是为了说明新公园的意义不仅限于生态修复，还为被迫离开家园的土著居民提供了恢复文化习俗、种植原生植物的机会，这体现了公园在生态价值之外的文化与社会意义。故选C。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“At dawn in California’s Central Valley, birds sing their morning songs and some of them dive down from the branches of a tree that has stood its ground for centuries. A few feet above the tree’s base is a white ring, indicating how high the San Joaquin River once rose. Dos Rios is supposed to flood — it’s a floodplain, recently transformed into California’s newest state park.(黎明时分的加利福尼亚中央谷地，鸟儿唱着晨曲，有些从一棵屹立数百年的古树枝头俯冲而下。树干底部上方几英尺处有一道白环，标记着圣华金河曾经的最高水位。多斯里奥本就该遭遇洪水——这里是一片洪泛区，如今刚被改造成加利福尼亚州最新的州立公园。)”和最后一段“Now, the land, just like a time machine, looks more like it did hundreds of years ago, before farms and towns cropped up.(如今，这片土地宛如一台时光机，模样更接近数百年前农场与城镇兴起之前的状态。)”以及全文内容可知，文章围绕加州多斯里奥从受洪水威胁的农田，经“河流伙伴”组织顺应自然的改造，成为兼具生态修复与文化意义的新州立公园展开。选项B“California’s Newest State Park: A Time Machine (加利福尼亚最新州立公园：一台时光机)”既点明核心主体，又用文中“时光机”的比喻呼应土地恢复百年前原貌的特点，贴合全文主旨。故选B。 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·浙江浙里特色联盟-11月·期中）A few weeks ago, a popular tweet perfectly described a phenomenon familiar to many of us. The post — a response to someone’s question “What do you hate most about yourself?” — read simply: “I can be really mean when I’m overstimulated.” Judging by the retweets, it seems 55,000 people could relate. If you’ve ever yelled at your parent after a bad day, you may understand the meaning behind the tweet. We’re not exactly at our best in moments like these, but they’re part of the human response to being overstimulated. “Our brain receives information from our senses — sight, touch, smell, sound and taste — so this helps us understand our environment,” said Manahil Riaz, a mental health expert in Texas. “To be overstimulated means that our senses have received a lot of information, and now we are feeling stressed as we’re receiving this information.” “When you’re overstimulated, your prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质) goes offline,” said Emma Shandy Anway, an expert in California. “This part of your brain helps you think clearly when making decisions,” she noted. “When we’re stressed out, the prefrontal cortex goes from careful and clear-thinking to quick-acting,” Anway said. “In these conditions, your brain’s not thinking about maintaining relationships or effectively solving problems,” Riaz noted. “Instead, it’s frightened.” It’s normal to feel stressed at times. We’re all human, and being a human is hard. “Anytime our nervous system is out of balance, we have to find that way to teach our body that we’re not in danger,” Anway said. She recommends deep breathing through the nose, “When my breath slows down, my nervous system starts to slow down, and that will, in turn, slow my thoughts down.” It’s also important to notice what you give your attention to when you’re feeling overstimulated. Practicing mindfulness skills in the moment — like, say, naming three things around you that are green — is a way to calm down when stressed. Besides, tiny routines like a phone-free morning can stop too much pressure before it starts. 1.What does the popular tweet mainly reveal? A. People hate being mean. B. Pressure causes bad reactions. C. Social media spreads anger. D. Everyone dislikes themselves. 2.According to experts, “overstimulated” means the brain ______. A. receives too much information B. processes data too slowly C. stops receiving any messages D. makes reasonable decisions 3.What is Anway’s suggestion when we feel overstimulated? A. Slowing our body down. B. Using the phone. C. Taking a deep breath. D. Ignoring the feeling. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Overstimulation: Process and Solutions B. Overstimulation: Just ignore it and Move On C. Overstimulation: Tiny Routines Can Help D. Overstimulation: Name Things to deal with it 【答案】1. B　2. A　3. C　4. A 【解析】【导语】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍“过度刺激”这一普遍现象，解释其含义、对大脑的影响，以及专家提出的深呼吸、正念练习等缓解方法。 (1)题解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The post — a response to someone’s question “What do you hate most about yourself?” —read simply: “I can be really mean when I’m overstimulated.” Judging by the retweets, it seems 55,000 people could relate. If you’ve ever yelled at your parent after a bad day, you may understand the meaning behind the tweet. (这条推文是对某人“你最讨厌自己什么？”这一问题的回应，内容很简单：“当我过度刺激时，我可能会变得非常刻薄。”从转发量来看，似乎有5.5万人对此有共鸣。如果你曾在糟糕的一天后对父母大喊大叫，你可能会理解这条推文背后的含义。)”可知，这条热门推文揭示了过度刺激（压力的一种表现）会让人产生刻薄、大喊大叫等不良反应。故选B项。 (2)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To be overstimulated means that our senses have received a lot of information, and now we are feeling stressed as we’re receiving this information. (过度刺激意味着我们的感官接收了大量信息，而现在我们在接收这些信息时感到压力。)”可知，专家认为“过度刺激”指大脑接收了过多信息。故选A项。 (3)题解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“She recommends deep breathing through the nose, “When my breath slows down, my nervous system starts to slow down, and that will, in turn, slow my thoughts down.” (她建议用鼻子深呼吸：“当我的呼吸慢下来时，我的神经系统开始慢下来，这反过来也会让我的思绪慢下来。”)”可知，Anway建议在感到过度刺激时进行深呼吸。故选C项。 (4)题解析： 主旨大意题。通读全文，第二段解释了“过度刺激”的定义，第三段说明其对大脑的影响，第四、五段给出缓解过度刺激的方法，由此可知，文章围绕“过度刺激”的相关原理及解决办法展开，因此“过度刺激：过程与解决方案”最适合作为标题。故选A项。 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江浙东北ZDB联盟·期中）Most people visit national parks expecting to see natural wonders like forests, waterfalls, and animals. What they don’t expect are piles of trash left by tourists who don’t think about how such waste hurts the environment. Now, there’s an app to not only track this waste but also get rid of it. According to Travel + Leisure, the community group 5 Gyres Institute has developed an app called TrashBlitz that will record trash thrown away in national parks. By noting what kinds of trash are found, the goal is to encourage people to cut down on waste that pollutes the parks. If you’re walking through Yellowstone and find a place with lots of empty bottles or wrappers, you can use the TrashBlitz app to write down where the trash is and any clean-up work you do. This data can then be used to create plans for policy changes, including possible laws and activities to tell visitors to clean up and use things that can be recycled or used again. The group’s 2024 clean-up effort had 259 events at 58 sites, like Olympic National Park. The group collected information as well as reports from volunteers. Based on the data, they found the biggest problem is plastic, which makes up about 77% of all reported trash. Food wrappers are the most common type of plastic litter, but soda bottles, wet wipes, and bottle caps are also usual. Paper is the second most found trash, and metals and fabrics make up the rest. “I found small colorful pieces of plastic in Biscayne National Park,” a volunteer said. “I also saw lots of bags, cups, and takeout boxes broken into tiny pieces along the roads to Everglades National Park. The smaller plastic gets, the more easily it can enter the food chain and the harder it is to remove from nature.” TrashBlitz isn’t just for parks: It works for local clean-ups in communities too. Recent reports include surveys in Los Angeles, Denver, and Austin. Their work is supported by laws: In 2022, the U. S. Department of the Interior said it would not allow people to use single-use plastics in parks. 1.Why was the app invented? A. To help reuse trash in national parks. B. To solve trash problems in national parks. C. To find volunteers to clean national parks. D. To punish those wh$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·浙江S9联盟-11月·期中）Social interactions are essential for our well-being and happiness, research has shown. And now a large study supports that finding and suggests there are many ways to squeeze in more companionship — and happiness — into our busy lives. The study found that across more than 80 different types of activities, people reported being happier doing almost anything with other people than doing it alone. The activities ranged from the simple everyday things — getting gas, doing homework, commuting, grocery shopping — to ones that may not seem like social activities, such as reading, doing car repairs or managing finances. “What we see is that participants consistently rate every common daily activity as more enjoyable when they’ re interacting with somebody else,” said Elizabeth Dunn, a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia and senior author of the study, published in August in Social Psychological and Personality Science. Even researchers who study the positive effects of social interactions did not expect the effects to be so widespread. “I was still surprised by the magnitude and extremity of the effects,” said Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago who researches how we often underestimate the impact of socializing and was not involved in the study. “Because so many different activities with others are associated with a happiness boost, the research suggests that we are leaving some happiness on the table by engaging in everyday activities alone,” Dunn said. 1.What main finding did the study get? A. Doing almost any activity with others makes people happier. B. People feel happier doing most activities alone than with others. C. Social interactions are only important for people’s physical health. D. Only exciting activities can bring happiness when done with others. 2.Which of the following activities is NOT mentioned as part of the study? A. Buying food. B. Handling money. C. Traveling to work or school. D. Having a long-distance trip. 3.Why was Nicholas Epley surprised by the study’s results? A. The study only focused on a small number of daily activities. B. He found that people always overestimate the impact of socializing. C. He found that the positive effects of socializing were so far-reaching. D. The study showed that solo activities are more enjoyable than group activities. 4.What does Elizabeth Dunn mean by saying “we are leaving some happiness on the table”? A. People are wasting food that could bring happiness when shared. B. People should put more happiness in a physical “table” for storage. C. People are missing out on happiness by doing daily activities alone. D. People need to spend more money on social activities to get happiness. 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）Electric vehicles (EVs) can help cut fuel expenses and lower emissions compared to gasoline-powered cars. However, their success depends heavily on the availability of convenient charging options. For people living in apartments or dense urban neighborhoods, access to charging stations is often limited, which continues to slow wider EV adoption. To help close this gap, researchers at Penn State designed a framework to develop and assess streetlight-based charging systems as a solution. The team set up 23 upgraded streetlights in Kansas City, Missouri, to test the concept. Their findings showed that streetlight chargers were not only more cost-efficient and time-efficient than traditional charging stations, but they also produced fewer environmental impacts. Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the researchers partnered with organizations and companies to upgrade existing streetlights to function as EV chargers. They then established a framework — focused on demand, practicality and benefits — for other communities to use to develop streetlight EV charger s. To determine demand, the researchers looked at factors including land use, station density, points of interest nearby, and traffic volume and then used the data to train artificial intelligence models to make demand predictions based on these factors. Compared to traditional EV charging ports, the researchers found that streetlight charger s were much cheaper to set up, since the streetlights already existed. They also found that the streetlight chargers offered significantly faster charging speeds, likely because they draw power from dedicated electrical lines and face less competition from multiple vehicles charging at the same time. The streetlight charging stations also benefited the environment, since there were energy savings and greenhouse gas reductions by using locations where cars were already parking. For next steps, the researchers said they would like to build on their models by adding more detailed socioeconomic data and weather information. It will help identify communities with limited EV access or adoption potential, ensuring a fairer setup of facilities. Weather data is also critical, as extreme temperatures can affect battery performance, travel frequency and overall energy demand. 1.What is the primary focus of the Penn State research project? A. The comparison of electric and gasoline vehicles. B. The creation of a highly efficient EV charging network. C. The development of energy-saving streetlights. D. The application of AI in urban traffic management. 2.What did the researchers do to determine demand for streetlight chargers? A. They surveyed public charging habits. B. They developed a beneficial framework. C. They trained AI models for predictions. D. They upgraded the existing streetlights. 3.What is an advantage of streetlight chargers over traditional ports? A. They win greater public favor. B. They require much less maintenance. C. They charge significantly faster. D. They use more eco-friendly materials. 4.According to the text, what will the research team do next? A. Improve their models with more specific data. B. Expand the system to rural areas nationwide. C. Design new chargers for extreme weather. D. Lower the production costs for electric vehicles. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州西湖区杭师大附中·期中）Enjoying a juicy watermelon is one of summer’s greatest pleasures, particularly when you don’t have to avoid any seeds. Indeed, humans have adapted many fruits to be seedless in search of a more pleasant eating experience. The navel orange (a sweet orange that is usually seedless), for example, came about after a random genetic mutation (随机的基因突变) produced a single branch with seedless fruit long ago. Cuttings of the branch were joined to other trees, and today, all of the world’s navel oranges are copies of this original. A similar discovery led to seedless grapes, which are thought to first appear in ancient Rome before making their way to the Americas in the 1870s. Scientists have a few guesses about why plants might have developed these abilities and they tried out the combinations in experiments. For one, plants can hybridize more easily than some kinds of animals, and hybridization unlocks the new potential. Even if some combinations don’t pan out, researchers have recorded examples of “hybrid advantage”, in which a hybrid is fitter than either of its parents. Lastly, because the purpose of fruit is to draw animals near to help spread their seeds, the production of fruits without fertilization (受精) may ultimately allow trees to produce more fruit at a lower energetic cost if they don’t need to make seeds, too. Regardless of why seedless fruits exist, they represent an interesting thought experiment, according to Stacey Smith, a plant evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. Many are unable to continue surviving without human involvement, but they’re boosted to grow in the wild for that same reason. There are very few, if any, wild navel oranges, and yet it’s estimated that California will produce 76 million cartons of them this year alone. “My personal take is that all plants under human care have won in some sense, because they don’t have to make more of themselves. We do it for them,” Smith told Live Science. “And we will never stop eating watermelons, and being able to make seedless ones just means we eat more watermelons.” 1.What is the similarity between the orange and grape mentioned in the text? A. Being native to ancient Rome. B. Being seedless due to genetic change. C. Being grown from seeds rather than cuttings. D. Being joined to other plants for a sweeter taste. 2.What does the underlined phrase “pan out” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Die out. B. Fall through. C. Come apart. D. Work out. 3.Why is the existence of seedless fruits considered a thought experiment? A. It contributes to the balance of nature. B. People still have doubts regarding seedless fruits. C. It inspires thinking on natural selection and human activity. D. Seedless fruits have a high demand but limited production. 4.What is the best title of the text? A. Hybridization: The Key to Seedless Fruits’ Success B. Seedless Fruits: A Human-Aided Evolutionary Wonder C. The Journey of Seedless Fruits: From Mutation to Market D. Genetic Mutations: The Only Way to Create Seedless Fruits Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州学军中学·期中）Do you ever talk to yourself? Although it’s not always a conscious habit, most of us practice self-talk on a daily basis, as a way of guiding, motivating or supporting ourselves. Over the years, research has shown that self-talk can increase productivity, motivation and confidence, and even help manage feelings. “There is solid evidence that self-talk strategies improve learning and performance,” according to sport psychologist Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, who studies the phenomenon of self-talk. He explains that there are generally three reasons why we practice self-talk: to instruct, to motivate or to evaluate. Instructional self-talk happens when we need to guide ourselves through a specific task, such as learning a new skill. Motivational self-talk usually is used when we want to prepare ourselves for something challenging; it can help to increase confidence. Evaluative self - talk mostly is related to past events or actions. Hatzigeorgiadis stresses that if we want to use such self-talk to good advantage, it needs to be short, precise and, most of all, consistent. Of course, self-talk also can be ineffective and even detrimental if it’s not done right. “It is a matter of personal preference or what works for each person; but generally, it is advised that self - talk be positively rather than negatively phrased and focus on what you should do rather than on what you should avoid,” Hatzigeorgiadis says. So, for example, it would be better to say “stay cool” instead of “don’t get upset”. Although both instructions convey the same meaning, you should use positive words rather than negative ones. In this way you can avoid ill results. Another thing that can make a difference when practicing self-talk is the way you address yourself. According to research published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, using “you” rather than “I” when talking to yourself tends to be more effective. The researchers explain that when you think of yourself as another person, it allows you to give more objective and useful feedback. 1.What does the research say about self-talk? A. It is always an unconscious behavior. B. It is a daily habit for everyone. C. It may help strengthen memory. D. It can make people feel better. 2.What can be concluded from Hatzigeorgiadis’ explanation? A. Self-talk occurs in different situations. B. Self-talk usually makes one brave. C. Self-talk arises with various feelings. D. Self-talk only works when learning a new skill. 3.What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Confusing. B. Useless. C. Harmful. D. Unbearable. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Self-talk: a close relation to the past. B. Self-talk: a great way to avoid ill results. C. Self-talk: a useful tool to benefit our life. D. Self-talk: a matter of personal preference. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江宁波鄞州中学·期中）Laughter is often called the best medicine, but according to a new study led by researchers from Pennsylvania State University, it could also serve as an effective parenting tool. “Humor can teach people cognitive (认知的) flexibility, relieve stress, and promote creative problem solving and resilience,” noted Benjamin Levi, the senior author of the study. The researchers surveyed 312 individuals aged 18 to 45. More than half reported being raised by caregivers who used humor, and 71.8% agreed that humor can be an effective parenting tool. The majority also said they either use or plan to use humor with their children and believe it has more potential benefits than drawbacks. The researchers also found that among those who reported that their parents used humor, 50.5% said they had a good relationship with their parents, and 44.2% felt their parents did a good job raising them. On the contrary, among those whose parents didn’t use humor, only 2.9% reported having a good relationship with their parents, and just 3.6% believed their parents had done a good job. According to the study’s first author Lucy Emery, both business and parenting are hierarchical (等级制的). “In business, humor is shown to help reduce hierarchies, create better environments for collaboration and creativity, and relieve tension,” she said, noting that while parent-child relationships are more loving than business relationships, stressful situations are common in parenting. “Humor can help reduce that tension and hierarchy, making both parties feel better about stressful situations.” The study authors noted that if these findings are generalizable, they potentially open the door to a much deeper exploration of how “parenting humor” can be appropriately applied to enhancing the experiences of both children and their parents. “To that end, we should examine how parents currently use different kinds of humor, and how to map these uses of humor onto existing knowledge and theory,” Levi said. 1.What’s the purpose of the new study? A. To prove strict parenting is outdated. B. To measure different people’s sense of humor. C. To explore humor’s role in parenting. D. To compare humor in parenting and business. 2.What might happen to humorous parents according to the study? A. They bond better with their children. B. They tend to be successful in business. C. They avoid conflicts with their children. D. They face challenges in establishing authority. 3.What is humor’s role in business? A. Creating a formal environment. B. Maintaining authority structures. C. Making relationships feel more balanced. D. Increasing power differences between parties. 4.How does the author end this text? A. By offering choices of new research methods. B. By discussing the direction for further research. C. By stressing the need to involve more participants. D. By mentioning potential applications of the findings. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州西湖区杭师大附中·期中）We’ve all had the experience. We’re reading along and suddenly realize that although our eyes are scanning the words on the page, nothing is actually registering. Minutes pass before we realize that we’ve lost the plot entirely. In classrooms, students tend to experience this drift (偏移) in attention while reading texts that are challenging or highly technical — the sorts of passages middle schoolers and high schoolers might encounter in science, math, or history. In a 2024 study of “mindless reading,” researchers from the University of Wü rzburg tracked the reading speed and attention of undergraduates studying a complex science text. At multiple points during the exercise, prompts (提示) appeared asking students “Was your mind wandering when you read the last sentence?” Students confirmed multiple instances of loss of attention. Researchers found that variations in reading speed, lingering (逗留) on the same passage for long periods, and skipping words were signals that students were struggling to remain focused or to understand the material, and also predicted poorer performance on later tests. But these problems are not insolvable. The University of Wü rzburg researchers also concluded that when students were trained to recognize when they lost track of sentence-level information or got stuck on passages — and were taught strategies to “plan, monitor, and regulate their reading” — they were able to successfully re-route their attention. To convince students of the importance of effective reading strategies, it’s important to explain the long-term benefits of sticking through complex texts. For example, learning how to make sense of a technical science text may help if students decide to work in engineering. The skills they use to make sense of a history text may help in future legal careers. Try to make it clear, literacy expert Timothy Shanahan says, that when we teach students how to push through difficult texts, “what we’re really doing is showing them how to gain access to all of these different fields in our society.” 1.Students tend to lose their focus while reading if ________. A. the reading text is long B. they are in a classroom C. the reading material is complex D. they are middle or high schoolers 2.Which of the following is a signal of “mindless reading”? A. Reading too quickly. B. Poor performance on tests. C. Changes in reading speed. D. Spending much time reading. 3.What should students do if they experience “mindless reading”? A. Change the reading materials. B. Get to know why they get stuck on passages. C. Learn to notice when their attention wanders. D. Pay more attention to sentence-level information. 4.What is Shanahan’s attitude to helping students push through difficult texts? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 主题语境04 人与自然-环境 （25-26高二上·浙江浙南名校联盟-11月·期中）Biodiversity, the foundation of ecosystems and human societies, is crucial to maintaining essential ecological processes. However, it is declining globally, with Asia — a region rich in biodiversity — facing significant threats from human activities and climate change. These challenges are damaging ecosystems across the region, from mangroves (红树林) in the Sundarbans to Japan’s northern islands. Deforestation and Land Use Change Deforestation and changes in land use are major threats to biodiversity. Increasing population pressures and agricultural expansion lead to the change of forests into farmland, urban areas, and industrial zones. Southeast Asia, particularly countries like Indonesia and Myanmar, experiences some of the world’s highest deforestation rates as forests are cleared for palm oil plantations or infrastructure (基础设施) projects. This loss and breaking up of habitats endanger species by affecting their ability to feed and reproduce. Pollution and Overuse Pollution and the overuse of resources also degrade ecosystems. Industrial activities, such as Bangladesh’s textile industry, release untreated wastewater into rivers, destroying aquatic habitats and harming downstream communities. Overfishing and illegal wildlife trade further endanger species, leading to ecosystem imbalances. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Climate change worsens these problems by increasing the frequency of cyclones, floods, and droughts. Seaside habitats like the Bay of Bengal’s mangrove forests face severe problems due to rising sea levels, which cause saltwater spread and threaten both biodiversity and livelihoods. The IPCC warns that extreme weather is likely to increase in South and Southeast Asia. Invasive Species and Disease Invasive alien species pose another serious risk. For instance, the apple snail, introduced to Southeast Asia from South America, now affects 1.4 million hectares of rice fields in the Philippines, reducing crop yields and threatening native species. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires coordinated global efforts, sustainable practices, and policies to protect Asia’s rich biodiversity for future generations. 1.What harm has Bangladesh’s textile industry caused to biodiversity? A. Expansion of rice fields. B. Overfishing in seaside waters. C. River pollution from untreated wastewater. D. Clearing mangroves for urban development. 2.Which region is significantly affected by extreme weather and sea-level rise? A. The Sundarbans. B. The Bay of Bengal. C. Japan's northern islands. D. Southeast Asian rainforests. 3.What can be inferred as key contributing factors to biodiversity loss in Asia? A. Lack of environmental protection policies. B. Growing population and human production activities. C. Habitat loss and invasive alien species. D. Frequent extreme weather and rising sea levels. 主题语境05 人与自然-自然生态 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江强基联盟A卷-11月·期中）The following four books highlight women’s leadership in climate action, with a special focus on the vital role of young women. The Quickening: Creation and Community at the ends of the Earth by Elizabeth Rush (Milkweed Editions 2023/2024) It documents a 2019 exploration to Thwaites Glacier, which is critical to global sea-level rise. Besides recording the groundbreaking voyage, the book explores a personal question: What does it mean to have a child in extreme climate changes? The Quickening is an astonishing, vital book about Antarctica, climate change, and motherhood. Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question: Deciding Whether to Have Children in an Uncertain Future by Jade Sasser (Princeton University Press 2024) Climate Anxiety and the Kid Question is the first comprehensive study on how environmental emotions like eco-anxiety and climate guilt affect people’s decisions about having children. Sasser connects climate emotions with climate justice, stressing that culturally proper mental health services are key to ensuring justice for at-risk communities. Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” by Emily Raboteau (Henry Holt 2024) The book, from a mother’s perspective, shares pilgrimages (朝圣之旅) to help her children grow in a crisis-filled era. With a camera, she seeks safe spaces for her kids, reflects on Black womanhood, motherhood and urban possibilities, and celebrates the beauty and weakness of nature. Combining reportage, autobiography and stories of protection, this creative work offers profound hope. Magic in a Drop of Water: How Ruth Patrick Taught the World about Water Pollution by Julie Winterbottom and illustrated by Susan Reagan (Rocky Pond Books 2025) It tells that as a brilliant scientist and a pioneer in studying water pollution, Ruth Patrick taught the world how to care for the environment. Born in 1907, Ruth Patrick was one of the only women in her field when she made her breakthrough discovery about biodiversity and the ecosystem of rivers, forever changing how ecologists understand pollution. 1.What do the four books have in common? A. They were published in 2024. B. They were authored by mothers. C. They are about the climate change. D. They showcase women’s involvement in climate action. 2.Whose book centers on the impact of environmental issues on people’s decision making? A. Elizabeth Rush. B. Jade Sasser. C. Julie Winterbottom. D. Emily Raboteau. 3.How would Lessons for Survival: Mothering Against “The Apocalyptic” benefit the readers? A. It teaches readers how to care for the environment. B. It helps readers adopt a positive attitude towards pollution. C. It provides readers with information about Antarctica climate change. D. It enables readers to learn how to survive in an environmentally challenged era. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江S9联盟-11月·期中）China is experiencing consistent extreme heat, with meteorological (气象学) departments issuing repeated heat warnings. Many cities have been jokingly called “barbecue mode” by netizens, yet the public has shown diverse creative ways to beat the heat. In Fuling District, Chongqing, despite the 43℃ outdoor temperature, tourists enjoy spicy hotpot in a 26℃ pool. The scenic area also offers “watermelon hotpot” using hollowed (空心的) watermelons as pots. In Wuhan, Hubei, residents turn air raid shelters (防空洞) into natural “air-conditioned rooms”. The Sheshan civil defense facility stays at a steady 19℃, where the elderly play chess, young people use free Wi-Fi, and a staff member notes it’s more popular than trendy cafes. In Zhengzhou, Henan, subway stations become midday rest spots for workers. Construction worker Zhang Wei says it’s 40℃ outside but only 28℃ inside, saving on AC costs. Local authorities help residents find shelters and cooling spots via mobile searches, with some upgraded to community service hubs. In Suzhou, Jiangsu, people make traditional bean soup look like small garden scenes. They use mint water, candied fruits (to look like small pavilions), and jelly pieces (to look like fish). Old ways to stay cool also come back. For example, nobles in the Yuan Dynasty used ice blocks to cool fruit, and sellers in the Jin Dynasty sold “ice snow cold water”. Jia Xiaolong, deputy head of the National Climate Center, states China has seen record-breaking temperatures since the flood season, with the average temperature the second-highest on record. Forty-five national weather stations logged all-time high daily temperatures, with Xingping in Shaanxi hitting 43.1℃. China prioritizes climate change adaptation and released a 2024 national plan to build early warning systems for climate-related health risks. 1.Which of the following is NOT a creative heat-relief way in modern times? A. Eating hotpot in a cool pool. B. Selling “ice snow cold water”. C. Using air raid shelters as lounges. D. Making bean soup look like a garden. 2.Why do construction workers like Zhang Wei rest in Zhengzhou’s subway stations? A. The stations provide free meals and drinks. B. They can use high-speed Wi-Fi to work online. C. The stations have special beds for workers to nap. D. The temperature there is much lower than outside. 3.What can we learn about China’s response to climate change from the passage? A. It has asked all cities to copy Suzhou’s bean soup idea. B. It put forward a national plan providing early warnings. C. It has built more swimming pools to help people cool down. D. It has closed some hot tourist spots to avoid heat-related accidents. 4.What would be the best title for this passage? A. China’s National Plan to Fight Climate Change B. Severe Heatwaves Break Records Across China C. Innovative approaches to Escaping Heat in China D. Ancient Cooling Techniques Making a Comeback in China Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江杭州外国语学校·期中）When we think about what makes humans unique, a good sense of humor is often high on the list. Laughter and playful teasing seem like traits only we possess. However, recent research suggests that animals — particularly great apes — may also engage in behavior that resembles humor. A study led by primatologist (灵长类动物学家) Isabelle Laumer at the Max Planck Institute reveals fascinating insights. “We documented young apes deliberately sneaking up to hit adults, then waiting expectantly for a reaction,” Laumer explains. “This isn’t random play — it meets all the criteria of intentional teasing.” Over 75 hours of video recordings showed this behavior mirrors how human children joke: repetitive, surprising, and aimed at seeking responses. The researchers noted that the apes even paused to watch for the adult’s reaction, much like a child waiting to see if their joke landed. But humor in animals may not be limited to apes. Dog owners often notice their pets making breathy, snorting sounds during play, which some scientists interpret as laughter. In a 2025 study, researchers found that playing these sounds to shelter dogs reduced their stress levels. Similarly, dolphins emit joyful sounds during play-fighting, elephants trumpet excitedly when playing, and some parrots tease other animals — like confusing dogs with whistles — just for fun. Why might animals exhibit humor? In humans, laughter strengthens social connections and eases tension. Scientists argue that playful teasing in apes or “laughter” in dogs could serve a similar purpose — breaking the ice and reinforcing relationships. Some researchers believe these behaviors may have evolved (进化) to help animals manage complex social ranks or reduce conflict. However, Laumer cautions that more research is needed to confirm this theory, as observing humor in animals remains challenging. While we may never know if animals understand punchlines, their behaviors hint at humor’s deep evolutionary roots. As Laumer reflects: “The line between human and animal laughter isn’t as sharp as we thought.” 1.What did Laumer’s study find about young apes? A. They enjoy teasing others. B. They often fight in groups. C. They seek adult protection. D. They learn from human kids. 2.What does the underlined word “trumpet” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Wag. B. Smile. C. Nod. D. Shout. 3.Why might animals show humor? A. To improve social status. B. To strengthen social bonds. C. To win in complex conflicts. D. To get much more pleasure. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Animal Social Behaviors B. Do Animals Copy Our Laughs? C. Animals Play Tricks Too D. Why Animals Understand Humor? 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江北仑中学·期中）Suppose you come across two doctors. One is handsome while the other looks plain. Who would you trust with your surgery? Most people would probably want to get treated by the handsome one. And most people are likely to be wrong about that. When you look at the sun, you sometimes see it clearly. But sometimes you’ll see it shining way bigger than its actual shape. That circle of light called a halo makes it look bigger. This effect, known as the halo effect, also happens when a person, product, or company shines like the sun. Then we don’t see them clearly and associate all sorts of unrelated qualities to them. The halo effect was once studied by the psychologist Edward Thorndike, who asked flight commanders to evaluate their pilots in various distinct aspects such as physical appearance, intelligence, and leadership. He found that the pilots who got high scores for their physical appearance, also got rated high on intelligence and leadership skills — a link that seemed wrong. It appears that the commanders were unable to evaluate specific qualities independently of others. They thought of their pilots in broad terms, either “good” or “bad”, and allowed this general feeling to influence the specific qualities they credited to their pilots. Some pilots profited from their halo. The halo effect also explains why some teachers give better-looking students higher grades. One study looked at the grades of 4,500 pupils, who were sorted by volunteers into three groups: below-average, average, and above-average looking. The researchers then compared students’ grades between classes taken in conventional classrooms with those taken online where there was no face-to-face interaction. The researchers found that students who were rated as good-looking earned significantly lower grades in online courses compared to conventional classrooms. Since the physical appearance of good-looking people seems to naturally make them also appear intelligent, strong, and trustworthy, here is one good rule. If you meet with an accident and have to choose between two equally qualified doctors, ignore their halo and choose the less handsome one. He might have worked twice as hard to gain the same reputation and is likely better at his job. 1.What is the purpose of the second paragraph? A. To explore a natural wonder. B. To spread scientific knowledge. C. To explain a psychological tendency. D. To interpret social rules at the workplace. 2.How did the commanders tend to evaluate their pilots in Thorndike’s study? A. In a general way. B. With common sense. C. From a specific aspect. D. By an objective criterion. 3.What does the 4,500-pupil study find about better-looking students? A. They were fairly treated by their teachers. B. They were less attentive in online courses. C. They probably had natural learning abilities. D. They were overvalued in conventional classes. 4.What can be learned about the halo effect? A. It relieves appearance anxiety. B. It leads to inaccurate judgments. C. It causes trust crisis among people. D. It intensifies workplace competition. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江宁波鄞州中学·期中）Labubu dolls, first introduced by artist Kasing Lung, have evolved from book characters into a global pop-culture phenomenon. Their recent surge in popularity is significantly driven by celebrity influence, with figures like Rihanna and David Beckham being spotted with them. The unique aesthetic (审美) of Labubu — a contrast of cute, fluffy ears with sharp teeth — fits with the global anime (动漫) style. However, their appeal is not merely aesthetic. The manufacturer, Pop Mart, employs clever marketing strategies. They release products in limited quantities, creating a sense of urgency. Furthermore, the dolls are primarily sold in “blind boxes”, where the specific model inside is unknown until purchase. This introduces a lottery-like excitement and the potential to acquire a rare doll with high resale value, transforming the act of buying from a simple purchase into a collectible hunt. Critically, this “movement” is targeted at adults, not children. The trend is rooted in deeper cultural currents. Labubu offers a form of escape, providing a psychological comfort by echoing the simplicity of childhood and offering a temporary relief from the complexities of modern life. Beyond psychological comfort, the doll holds symbolic weight in a consumer society. In a world where homes are full and ownership often defines identity, owning a rare doll that fits on a handbag still feels special. As one article suggests, in our pursuit of these dolls, we may see a reflection of our own desires and identities. However, this phenomenon also raises questions about modern consumption. The compulsive buying behavior driven by blind boxes and limited editions can lead to excessive spending and waste. While these dolls bring joy and community to many, observers caution that the line between a meaningful hobby and impulsive consumption can sometimes become blurred, reminding consumers to find a balance between emotional satisfaction and rational behavior. 1.What is the key marketing feature that makes buying Labubu dolls similar to a lottery? A. Celebrity support. B. Limited quantity releases. C. The blind box sales method. D. Symbolic meaning in consumer society. 2.What can be inferred about adult consumers of Labubu dolls from the passage? A. They prefer simple childhood memories over modern complexities. B. They are mainly interested in the dolls’ investment value. C. They care more about quality than appearance. D. They have replaced traditional toys with these dolls. 3.The word “compulsive” in the last paragraph most likely means ________. A. reasonable. B. selective. C. uncontrollable. D. calculated. 4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. The Dangers of Blind Box Marketing Strategies B. Labubu Dolls: More Than Just Child's Play C. How Celebrities Shape Modern Shopping Trends D. The Art Behind Labubu’s Unique Aesthetic Design 主题语境02 人与社会-文学、艺术与体育 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）Poetry and music are sister arts. Both rely on sound and rhythm (韵律) to communicate their message. Both have the ability to calm, to disturb, to frighten, to anger, or to spread joy. Because of the closeness of this relationship, it’s easy to see why many poets use music as a theme for their writing. Listen is a glorious celebration of the magic of music, enjoyed through the magic of poetry. It’s a list poem, with the title’s powerful moving into the nature of the sounds, and then encouraging readers to taste music and feel it through their body. It ends with a coming together of instruments through time and space, leading to a splendid description of music’s magic. The poet Peter Sutton describes the writing process that produced Listen. When he was working on poems inspired by music and his own play, the title and first line of Listen introduced themselves as a thought stored in a computer file. It was while developing this train of thought that the four elements of the poem suggested themselves as Listen, Taste, Touch and Sound. Peter recalls, “Originally, the poem was in open form, though already containing sound patterns, such as alliteration and internal rhymes. To create these, I made much use of a dictionary.” He adds, “I would not claim that to be hard work, but it was certainly time-consuming.” Finding the perfect word is not useful only for fitting into the rhythm. When a revised word shifts the poem’s direction, it can reveal something new not just for the reader but as a bonus for the poet. It’s no coincidence that the beautifully crafted result is a very special piece of writing. 1.Why do many poets choose music as a theme in their writing? A. Music and poetry both rely on visual elements to convey meaning. B. Music can be used to express only anger or joy. C. Poetry and music share common artistic bases and emotional purposes. D. Poetry is unable to communicate emotions without music. 2.How does the poem Listen guide its readers to experience music? A. By explaining musical theories. B. By involving various senses. C. By describing its magic directly. D. By comparing different instruments. 3.What inspired the four elements of the poem Listen? A. The success of the poet’s own play. B. The development of the poet’s thought. C. The storage of the thought in a computer file. D. The advice from other famous writers. 4.What does the author of the text convey about finding the perfect word? A. It takes much time and effort. B. It relies heavily on dictionary use. C. It seeks mainly to surprise its readers. D. It has value beyond fitting the rhythm. 主题语境03 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江台金七校联考·期中）Rising carbon dioxide levels and climate change are reshaping the environments in which crops grow, and one urgent consequence is an increased risk of plant disease. There is a real danger that some infections could spread more widely across climates — potentially leading to agricultural disasters. To reduce this risk, seed companies and plant scientists should work together now to build a library of useful crop genes before it’s too late. Part of the problem is that centuries of selective breeding have made the genomes (基因组) of most valuable crops very narrow. They grow great in today’s conditions, but become less able to cope with change. A small or previously unknown disease could spread rapidly through a genetically uniform crop, driving global prices sharply upward and causing widespread malnutrition and suffering. Fortunately, the threat has a clear solution. All crops have wild relatives that are not useful for farming but carry much more genetic variety that can protect crops against future pathogens (病原体). As insurance, those genes should be stored — usually as seeds — until they are needed to be put into a crop’s genome. Nevertheless, the current gene banks have too few samples of two-thirds of the relevant wild relatives, and many species are not stored at all. You might expect large agribusinesses to help. Yet firms like Bayer and Syngenta still treat future-proofing crops as a government job, finding it too uncertain to attract commercial investment. Academic plant scientists can also help, but the work is routine and gets little reward. Curing an outbreak builds careers; preventing a possible one brings little recognition. To act, plant scientists need motivations — pay and research funding. Major funders, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, must shift money toward preparing for future threats. Another barrier is political considerations. The U.S. National Science Foundation is said to reject proposals that mention “climate change,” because some politicians deny it. Europe also needs to change its cautious attitude to genetic engineering. Gene editing will be essential, even if it makes some European consumers and policymakers uneasy. The sooner they accept it, the better. 1.Why are some small diseases likely to infect crops rapidly? A. The price of curing such diseases is too high. B. The change brought by global warming is dramatic. C. The genomes that resist diseases are removed from most crops. D. Natural genetic variation is lost due to long-term artificial selection. 2.What’s an obvious solution to new diseases for crops? A. Buying insurance for all crops at the bank. B. Storing seed samples of wild crop relatives. C. Putting protective genomes into all crops. D. Reducing genetic variety of future pathogens. 3.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Large companies are enthusiastic about government jobs. B. Plant scientists offer considerable help to earn recognition. C. European countries consider genetic editing as a vital step. D. Political ideas partly get in the way of genetic engineering. 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Crop Yields in the Future Century B. Preserving Rare Seeds Against Future Pathogens C. Building a Gene Library Before Crop Diseases Worsen D. Funding and Investment to Boost Agricultural Innovation Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江环大罗山·期中）It seems no one can really agree on the question of “What’s so funny?”. So, imagine trying to teach a robot how to laugh. But that’s exactly what a team of researchers at Kyoto University in Japan are trying to design, an AI that takes its cues through a shared laughter system. The scientists describe their innovative approach to building a funny bone for the Japanese android “Erica” in the latest issue of the journal Frontiers in Robotics and AI. “We think that one of the important functions of conversational AI is empathy (移情，共鸣),”explained lead author Dr Koji Inoue, an assistant professor at Kyoto University in the Department of Intelligence Science and Technology within the Graduate School of Informatics. “One way a robot can empathize with users is to share their laughter.” In the shared-laughter model, a human first laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter. The type of laughter is also important, because in some cases a polite chuckle may be more appropriate than a loud snort of laughter. The team tested Erica’s new sense of humor by creating four different short dialogues between a person and Erica with her new shared-laughter system. Then they asked more than 130 people in total to listen to each dialogue within the three different conditions — shared-laughter system, no laughter, all laughter — and evaluated the interactions based on human-likeness, naturalness and understanding. The shared-laughter system performed better than either baseline(基准). “Robots should actually have a distinct character, and we think that they can show this through their conversational behaviors, such as laughing, eye gaze, gestures and speaking style,” Inoue added, “We do not think this is an easy problem at all, and it may well take more than 10 to 20 years before we can finally have a casual chat with a robot like we would with a friend.” 1.Why does the author mention the question in the beginning? A. To review different views on humour. B. To invite readers to join the discussion. C. To emphasize the difficulty of the research. D. To clarify the value of a sense of humour. 2.What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A. The study purpose. B. The working principle. C. The test result. D. The research impact. 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Erica was designed to tell jokes in four dialogues. B. Over 130 people had live conversations with Erica. C. The shared-laughter dialogues came out on top. D. Listeners laughed most in the shared-laughter system. 4.What is Inove’s attitude towards conversational AI’s development? A. Realistic B. Optimistic C. Critical D. Indifferent Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江合作组织-11月·期中）One day I typed into ChatGPT all about my upset feelings and it instantly responded, offering a list of practical advice. Nowadays millions of people are already turning to Chat-GPT and specialist therapy (治疗) chatbots for convenient and inexpensive mental health support. Some experts say this is a boon. After all, AI, undisturbed by embarrassment and burnout, might be able to express empathy (同理心) more openly and tirelessly than humans. But others worry about the consequences of people seeking emotional support from machines that can only pretend to care. Some even wonder if the rise of so-called empathetic AI might change the way we interact with one another. Indeed, empathy is one of our species’ defining qualities, developing as it did in pace with social interaction. One recent analysis about empathy looked at 52 studies published between 1980and 2019, which shows that the empathiser must first be able to recognize how the other person is feeling. They must also be affected by those emotions and differentiate between themselves and the other person, grasping that the other person’s feelings aren’t their own while still being able to imagine their experience. On the first point, in recent years, AI-powered chatbots have made progress in their ability to read human emotions, most powered by large language models (LLMs) that work by predicting which words are most likely to appear together based on training data. In this way, LLMs like ChatGPT can seemingly identify our feelings and respond appropriately most of the time. But when it comes to the other criteria, AI still misses the mark in many ways. Empathy is interpersonal, with continued feedback helping to perfect the empathiser’s response, which also requires some degree of intuitive (直觉的) awareness of an individual and their situation. All of this helps to explain conversations like the ones I had with ChatGPT. At the end of the day, despite talking to multiple chat-bots online, I did what I knew I had to do all along: I picked up my phone and called a friend. 1.What does the underlined word “boon” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. Trap. B. Prize. C. Blessing. D. Challenge. 2.What does the recent analysis show about empathy? A. It calls for clear communication. B. It starts with emotion identification. C. It rules out individual difference. D. It depends on rich imagination. 3.What can AI do according to Paragraph 4? A. Provide data-driven feedback. B. Recognize one’s real desire. C. Update large language models. D. Predict one’s behavior by intuition. 4.What does the author think of ChatGPT? A. Its development should be sped up. B. Its intelligence is winning more favor. C. Its application should be strictly managed. D. Its artificial kindness is no match for humans’. 主题语境04 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江衢州五校·期中）A groundbreaking study recently published in Nature Aging has shed new light on the relationship between inflammation (炎症) and aging, suggesting that inflammation commonly related to aging, known as “inflammaging”, may not be a universal phenomenon. Historically, scientists have viewed inflammaging as a primary driver of age-related diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and dementia. This condition is characterized by the immune system’s chronic (慢性的) state of overactivity, which can lead to organ damage and various health problems. However, the findings from the new study challenge the assumption that this biological process occurs similarly across different populations. The study involved analyzing blood samples from over 2,800 individuals to assess levels of inflammation-causing substances. The researchers identified the same pattern of increasing inflammatory markers in the Italian and Singaporean participants, linked to a higher rate of chronic diseases. In contrast, the native Tsimane people of the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli from Malaysia showed no such pattern. Despite high inflammatory markers, the Tsimane experience significantly lower rates of chronic illnesses common in industrialized nations. These results raise critical questions about the nature of inflammaging. One potential explanation is that the phenomenon may be a byproduct of sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets popular in modern societies. In contrast, traditional lifestyles characterized by higher physical activity and diverse diets might lead to a different immune response where inflammation serves a protective role, rather than an unhealthy one. The implications of this study are profound. What is beneficial for individuals in urban settings may not necessarily hold true for those following traditional lifestyles. Moreover, the research highlights a significant gap in our understanding of human health, emphasizing the need for more inclusive studies that encompass diverse populations and environments. The study serves as a critical reminder that our perceptions of aging are shaped by our environments and lifestyles. What has been perceived as a universal truth in the biology of aging may, in fact, reflect local adaptations influenced by cultural practices and health behaviors. 1.What is the finding of the study published in Nature Aging? A. Evidence denies that inflammatory is universal. B. Analysis confirms that inflammatory drives age-related diseases. C. Results suggest that inflammatory benefits the elderly. D. Data indicate that inflammatory weakens with age universally. 2.What did the study reveal about the Tsimane people? A. Effective local medicines for age-related illnesses. B. Sharp decrease in inflammation with age. C. Unique genetic protection against chronic diseases. D. High inflammation yet low chronic disease rates. 3.What does the underlined word “sedentary” probably mean in paragraph 4? A. Socially isolated. B. Physically inactive. C. Nutritionally poor. D. Chronically stressful. 4.What is the main idea of the text? A. Urban lifestyles offer the defense against chronic diseases. B. Genetic factors play a role in human health outcomes. C. Universal drug treatments represent the future for elderly care. D. Specific contexts shape aging processes across populations. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江卓越高中联盟-11月·期中）In recent years, prefabricated dishes have grown rapidly popular in China. These are pre-cooked, seasoned, and packaged meals that require little to no preparation, offering a quick and convenient dining option without sacrificing major taste or nutrition. As people grow increasingly busier, time for cooking has become a rare resource. Prefabricated dishes address this pressing need by offering a significant reduction in meal preparation time. Other factors also contribute to their popularity — such as the convenience of e-commerce and delivery services that allow easy online ordering and quick home delivery, and the role of modern technology like vacuum and adjusted atmosphere packaging slows food spoilage. Along with precise temperature control and bacteria-killing techniques that ensure safety and quality, it is ultimately the fundamental demand for time-saving solutions in a nonstop world that serves as the primary driving force for their widespread acceptance. However, the rise of prefabricated dishes is not without concerns. Health issues remain a primary consideration, as some products contain additives and preservatives, which could pose risks if consumed excessively. Additionally, when compared to traditional freshly prepared meals, they often fall short in keeping the original flavor and nutritional value. In response, governments have carried out stricter safety standards and enhanced quality control measures. Meanwhile, certain manufacturers are actively exploring the use of natural ingredients and reducing additives to improve nutritional composition. As a growing trend in China’s food industry, prefabricated dishes provide undeniable convenience, yet consumers are advised to remain cautious about their dietary choices. The future of the industry relies on balanced development — where convenience, safety, and health can coexist. 1.What is the main reason behind the popularity of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. The social trend of pursuing a modern lifestyle. B. The government’s strong promotion and supports. C. The superior flavor they offer compared to home-cooked meals. D. The time-saving convenience they provide in a fast-paced society. 2.The underlined word “spoilage” in Paragraph 2 most probably means the process of ______. A. losing nutritional value B. changing original flavor C. becoming bad or unfit to eat D. being delivered to customers 3.Which of the following best describes the current situation of prefabricated dishes according to the text? A. They are gradually replacing traditional cooking in most households. B. They are achieving widespread acceptance and also arousing doubts. C. They are considered as equally nutritious as freshly prepared meals. D. They have mostly addressed food safety issues through regulations. 4.What is the author’s attitude toward the industry’s future? A. Favorable. B. Objective. C. Critical. D. Indifferent. 主题语境05 人与自然-环境 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江北仑中学·期中）A smoke bomb from a party started a major blaze (火焰) near Los Angeles in September,just one of many recent wildfires ignited (引燃) by people. Now, an analysis of satellite data shows human-caused blazes spread much faster and kill more trees than ones ignited by lightning. Fire has always been a part of California’s natural history. But several centuries of human settlement have created new conditions that promote its spread.Studies have shown human ignition is to blame for 84% of all wildfires in the United States,and 97% of all those that threaten homes. Human-caused fires always seemed more extreme, says Stijn Hantson,a fire ecologist at the University of California,Irvine,who led the new research. But measurements of how fast they spread and their impacts on ecosystems (生态系统) in California had not been explored, he notes. To examine those differences, Hantson and his colleagues analyzed satellite data for 214 wildfires in California between 2012 and 2018.Human-caused fires typically spread about 1.83 kilometers per day, more than twice as fast as lightning-ignited burns,the team reports.The faster spreading fires also burned more violently and killed “double or triple” the trees as lightning-caused ones. However, there is no fundamental difference in the chemistry of a human-caused blaze. “A fire is a fire” Hantson says. “It’s the surrounding things that matter.” Causes of fires ranging from improperly thrown cigarettes to sparking (冒火花) power lines could ignite a blaze on any given day, he says, while lightning strikes and dry thunderstorms only happen seasonally. The researchers tracked meteorological data and found that human-caused fires were more likely to start on days with extreme weather conditions,and were more associated with drier,less-forested landscapes. This adds to scientists’ understanding of how humans are extending the fire season, says Nathan Mietkiewicz, an ecologist with the National Ecological Observation Network. 1.The author uses some data in paragraph 2 to show that ________. A. wildfires are mostly caused by humans B. most wildfires threaten people’s homes C. wildfire is a part of California’s natural history D. wildfires break out frequently in the United States 2.What’s the purpose of Hantson’s research? A. To prove how extreme human-caused fires are. B. To find out the causes and solutions of wildfires. C. To explore the speed and effects of wildfires caused by humans. D. To examine the differences between a human-caused blaze and a nature-caused one. 3.How is the result presented in paragraph 4? A. By giving examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By analyzing cause and effect. D. By giving definitions. 4.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A. Human-caused fires and lightning-caused fires are basically different. B. Lightning strikes and thunderstorms can always lead to wildfires. C. Wildfires only happen in dry,less-forested areas. D. Humans are to blame for the extended fire season. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江合作组织-11月·期中）At dawn in California’s Central Valley, birds sing their morning songs and some of them dive down from the branches of a tree that has stood its ground for centuries. A few feet above the tree’s base is a white ring, indicating how high the San Joaquin River once rose. Dos Rios is supposed to flood — it’s a floodplain, recently transformed into California’s newest state park. Just 15 years ago, this area looked quite different. In the summer months, the River flowed lazily around the edges of this park, but in the spring, when snow melted, the river took on a forceful character, sweeping through this land, which caused damage to crops and homes nearby. Therefore, in 2008, Rentner, president of the nonprofit organization River Partners, began the process of buying the land from a farming family. Since then, her team has been transforming the land into what it naturally was. Reengineering involves cutting holes into levees (防洪堤) to release floodwaters, avoiding the nearby communities. The solution is designed to work with nature instead of against it, making Dos Rios a new place for people to enjoy nature. For indigenous (土著的) people who were forced to leave their homes, this new park also means a lot. With the construction of a 3-acre Native Use Garden, indigenous people plan to plant native plants that would be beneficial not only to the habitat, but also for indigenous herbs and cultural practices. Now, the land, just like a time machine, looks more like it did hundreds of years ago, before farms and towns cropped up. Though holding great promise, the 2.5-square-mile area is a small part of a vast agricultural region, and even restoring that much land has been no easy task. However, Rentner is optimistic, “We are thinking about doing 10 more Dos Rioses just in the next decade. Maybe more.” 1.What was Dos Rios like before becoming a state park? A. A valley covered with trees. B. A plain threatened by floods. C. A natural reserve rich in water. D. A city park famous for birds. 2.What is the working principle of River Partners? A. Boosting the yields in the local fields. B. Making the most of natural resources. C. Operating in harmony with the natural world. D. Putting the safety of local communities first. 3.What is the purpose of Paragraph 4 mentioning the indigenous people? A. To show the park only benefits indigenous culture. B. To explain why indigenous people left their homes. C. To illustrate the park’s significance beyond ecological restoration. D. To describe the construction process of the Native Use Garden. 4.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A. Dos Rios in California: A Secret Wonderland B. California’s Newest State Park: A Time Machine C. Indigenous People in Central Valley: A Living Legend D. Nonprofit Organization River Partners: A Green Pioneer 主题语境01 人与社会-历史、社会与文化 （25-26高二上·浙江浙里特色联盟-11月·期中）A few weeks ago, a popular tweet perfectly described a phenomenon familiar to many of us. The post — a response to someone’s question “What do you hate most about yourself?” — read simply: “I can be really mean when I’m overstimulated.” Judging by the retweets, it seems 55,000 people could relate. If you’ve ever yelled at your parent after a bad day, you may understand the meaning behind the tweet. We’re not exactly at our best in moments like these, but they’re part of the human response to being overstimulated. “Our brain receives information from our senses — sight, touch, smell, sound and taste — so this helps us understand our environment,” said Manahil Riaz, a mental health expert in Texas. “To be overstimulated means that our senses have received a lot of information, and now we are feeling stressed as we’re receiving this information.” “When you’re overstimulated, your prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮质) goes offline,” said Emma Shandy Anway, an expert in California. “This part of your brain helps you think clearly when making decisions,” she noted. “When we’re stressed out, the prefrontal cortex goes from careful and clear-thinking to quick-acting,” Anway said. “In these conditions, your brain’s not thinking about maintaining relationships or effectively solving problems,” Riaz noted. “Instead, it’s frightened.” It’s normal to feel stressed at times. We’re all human, and being a human is hard. “Anytime our nervous system is out of balance, we have to find that way to teach our body that we’re not in danger,” Anway said. She recommends deep breathing through the nose, “When my breath slows down, my nervous system starts to slow down, and that will, in turn, slow my thoughts down.” It’s also important to notice what you give your attention to when you’re feeling overstimulated. Practicing mindfulness skills in the moment — like, say, naming three things around you that are green — is a way to calm down when stressed. Besides, tiny routines like a phone-free morning can stop too much pressure before it starts. 1.What does the popular tweet mainly reveal? A. People hate being mean. B. Pressure causes bad reactions. C. Social media spreads anger. D. Everyone dislikes themselves. 2.According to experts, “overstimulated” means the brain ______. A. receives too much information B. processes data too slowly C. stops receiving any messages D. makes reasonable decisions 3.What is Anway’s suggestion when we feel overstimulated? A. Slowing our body down. B. Using the phone. C. Taking a deep breath. D. Ignoring the feeling. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Overstimulation: Process and Solutions B. Overstimulation: Just ignore it and Move On C. Overstimulation: Tiny Routines Can Help D. Overstimulation: Name Things to deal with it 主题语境02 人与社会-科学与技术 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江浙东北ZDB联盟·期中）Most people visit national parks expecting to see natural wonders like forests, waterfalls, and animals. What they don’t expect are piles of trash left by tourists who don’t think about how such waste hurts the environment. Now, there’s an app to not only track this waste but also get rid of it. According to Travel + Leisure, the community group 5 Gyres Institute has developed an app called TrashBlitz that will record trash thrown away in national parks. By noting what kinds of trash are found, the goal is to encourage people to cut down on waste that pollutes the parks. If you’re walking through Yellowstone and find a place with lots of empty bottles or wrappers, you can use the TrashBlitz app to write down where the trash is and any clean-up work you do. This data can then be used to create plans for policy changes, including possible laws and activities to tell visitors to clean up and use things that can be recycled or used again. The group’s 2024 clean-up effort had 259 events at 58 sites, like Olympic National Park. The group collected information as well as reports from volunteers. Based on the data, they found the biggest problem is plastic, which makes up about 77% of all reported trash. Food wrappers are the most common type of plastic litter, but soda bottles, wet wipes, and bottle caps are also usual. Paper is the second most found trash, and metals and fabrics make up the rest. “I found small colorful pieces of plastic in Biscayne National Park,” a volunteer said. “I also saw lots of bags, cups, and takeout boxes broken into tiny pieces along the roads to Everglades National Park. The smaller plastic gets, the more easily it can enter the food chain and the harder it is to remove from nature.” TrashBlitz isn’t just for parks: It works for local clean-ups in communities too. Recent reports include surveys in Los Angeles, Denver, and Austin. Their work is supported by laws: In 2022, the U. S. Department of the Interior said it would not allow people to use single-use plastics in parks. 1.Why was the app invented? A. To help reuse trash in national parks. B. To solve trash problems in national parks. C. To find volunteers to clean national parks. D. To punish those who litter in national parks. 2.What is the data collected by the app used for? A. Educating the public. B. Helping make new rules. C. Creating plans for volunteers. D. Deciding where to put trash. 3.What does the data from the group’s 2024 clean-up effort show? A. The effects and reuse of trash. B. The increase of all kinds of trash. C. The types and percentages of trash. D. The challenges of cleaning up trash. 4.What does the last paragraph say about the app? A. It works well in many places. B. It often surveys user experiences. C. It has improved its system recently. D. It is waiting for laws to recognize it. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江浙江省金砖高中联盟-11月·期中）Theatre is one of humanity’s oldest entertainments, and acting is far more than pretense — it demands fully personifying another character’s personality, emotions, and mannerisms. Yet the neural (神经学的) mechanisms behind “getting into character” remain poorly understood, with few studies exploring the neuroscience of role-taking. Recent research has begun to bridge this gap. A 2019 study published in Royal Society Open Science used MRI technology to scan method actors as they responded to assumption questions —first as themselves, then as their assigned characters. The results revealed a clear pattern: when in character, the actors showed reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层), a brain region critical to self-processing. This finding led researchers to suggest that acting involves suppressing (抑制) one’s sense of self. Steven Brown, a cognitive scientist involved in the study, noted this “self-suppression” is a feature of theatrical performance that has long been understudied, even though childhood pretend play — an early form of role-taking — is known to be vital for social development. A 2022 study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience further supported this. Using wearable brain imaging tools, researchers found that when actors heard their own names mid-performance, their prefrontal cortex, which typically lights up at the sound of one’s name, had reduced responses — another sign that self-awareness is turned down during acting. Yet this blurring of self and character carries risks. A 2019 literature review found it can lead to temporary personality shifts or even dissociation, and method acting — known for its immersive approach — has been linked to mental health challenges. Typical examples include Michael B. Jordan, who struggled to let go of his Black Panther role, Erik Killmonger, post-filming, and Lady Gaga, who faced psychological difficulty after being deeply absorbed in her House of Gucci character, Patrizia Reggiani. Today, key gaps persist in understanding acting’s psychological impacts. More neuroscience research is needed — especially into how acting training shapes the “distance” between actor and character, a factor that may determine whether the effects on one’s sense of self are short-lived or long-lasting. 1.What can we infer from the 1st paragraph? A. Acting is basically a form of pretense, focusing on copying. B. How actors “get into character” has been thoroughly researched. C. Theatre has a long history as a form of entertainment for mankind. D. Acting merely requires actors to demonstrate a character’s emotions. 2.What happened to actors’ brain when their own names are called? A. Its response was reduced. B. Its activity was stopped. C. Its response was more active. D. Its activity remained the same. 3.What risk does the blurring of self and character bring to actors? A. It may make actors lose interest in their acting careers. B. It may lead to physical health problems like exhaustion. C. It may make actors unable to remember their real identities. D. It may cause temporary personality switches or disconnection. 4.What may influence the effects of acting on one’s sense of self? A. The type of roles actors play in the film. B. The time actors spend on a single role. C. The number of neuroscience studies on the actors. D. Actor-character “distance” shaped by acting training. Passage 3 （25-26高二上·浙江浙江省金砖高中联盟-11月·期中）You probably already know information about you is leaking — even if you’d rather not think about it. Your age, your phone number and where you live. What you bought for lunch yesterday, where you went afterwards and who you stood next to. In the online data market all of that is up for grabs — sliced, and packaged for purchase. Given the quantity of data that is now constantly spilling out of us, it makes sense that some privacy fatigue (困倦) might have set in. A few years ago I started covering my laptop camera after seeing a photo of Mark Zuckerberg doing the same thing. If paranoia (偏执) was good enough for a tech CEO, it was good enough for me. But it didn’t last. When weather apps are selling your location and webcams are monitoring your eye movements, why bother? In fact, why try to hide your data at all when you can be paid for it? Earlier this year a company called The Generation Lab attempted to set a price for personal information by offering young people an average of $50 per month to set up a tracker on their mobile phones. The tracker doesn’t keep track of sensitive information like banking passwords, but pretty much everything else can be harvested. Scrolling habits, streaming choices and purchases — it’s all fed into a database for real-time analysis. Is $50 per month a fair price? The British mathematician Clive Humby was the first to come up with the phrase “data is the new oil” back in 2006. But the marketplace for these goods, which is filled with private companies such as Fog Data Science, is not clear. Our personal information powers the digital advertising industry that supports the internet. In return for being monitored, we get targeted advert s and free online services. What we don’t get is pricing clarity. Still, right now, $50 is a good deal because we lack the knowledge to come up with a more accurate price for personal information. But like oil, data is not a one-off deal. Even if you’ve handed out vast quantities already, there is always more to bargain with, whether its demanding clearer pricing for your browsing habits or choosing which apps get access to your location. 1.What does the underlined phrase “up for grabs” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Ready to be sold. B. Difficult to obtain. C. Kept secret. D. Easy to lose. 2.What does the author imply about the $50 monthly payment for personal data? A. It reflects the true market value of most personal information. B. It is generous, considering the sensitivity of the data collected. C. It is random for the lack of pricing openness in the data market. D. It is strictly regulated by federal privacy laws in the United States. 3.What is Clive Humby’s attitude toward $50 per month? A. Favorable. B. Cautious. C. Negative. D. Unconcerned. 4.What is the best title of this passage? A. The fair price of personal information. B. The reason for personal data trade online. C. The online collection of personal information. D. The personal data trade and concerning problems. 主题语境03 人与自我-生活与学习 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·浙江G5联盟-11月·期中）With millions of viewers and huge sums of prize money at stake, esports has become big business. Esports is the competitive playing of video games. Every year, there are massive tournaments held around the world for video games such as FIFA and Fortnite. However, could esports soon be coming to the classroom? A new study, conducted by Dell Technologies, has found that more than two in three parents in the UK believe esports can play a positive role within education. Not everyone agrees, though, and some people say that young people already spend too much time sitting in front of screens. Esports, much like traditional sports, can teach young people many important life skills. In 2021, esports was added to the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award (DofE) for precisely this reason. The DofE is a programme for young people, which includes volunteering and outdoor expeditions. Esports was added to the skills section after organisers found that video gaming can help improve strategic thinking and teamwork. “Esports is one of the fastest-growing activities in the UK and it helps young people develop essential skills,” said Ruth Marvel, head of DofE. Another benefit of esports is its inclusivity. Boys and girls aren’t separated, and it’s open to all ages and physical abilities, including those with disabilities. “Not everyone can participate in physical sport, but everyone can participate in esports,” says Camilla Maurice from MidKent College, which offers a course in esports. By joining a school esports team, young people can make new friends and turn gaming into a more social experience. A study in January 2021 found that around 80% of young people in the UK aged between 12 and 15 were playing online games like Fortnite and Minecraft. If young people are already playing these games, then why not make them a part of school? Not only would this teach them more about esports, but it could also have a positive knock-on effect on other subjects. Students who are passionate about playing video games can become interested in how these games are made. 1.What can be inferred about the study conducted by Dell Technologies? A. It supported the introduction of esports in more schools. B. It was carried out mainly among teachers and educators. C. It focused primarily on the negative effects of screen time. D. It concluded esports replaced traditional sports in education. 2.Why does the author mention the Duke of Edinburgh’s Award? A. To criticize its decision to include esports in the programme. B. To indicate esports is gaining educational acceptance in schools. C. To emphasize esports is only suitable for certain types of students. D. To suggest outdoor expeditions are of less importance than esports. 3.What is implied about the social aspect of esports in Paragraph 3? A. It discourages teamwork due to its competitive nature. B. It provides a shared activity that helps build friendships. C. It isolates players from the real-world social interactions. D. It offers social advantages only to students with disabilities. 4.According to the head of DofE, which is a direct benefit of esports? A. It replaces the need for physical sports in schools. B. It generates significant prize money for young people. C. It builds crucial skills through the UK’s top youth activity. D. It reduces the amount of time young people spend on screens. Passage 2 （25-26高二上·浙江9+1联盟-11月·期中）The human mind is astonishing. We can solve complex problems, perform calculations, create art, and process language effortlessly. We humans are the smartest of all, or so we think... However, recent studies reveal how easily context can mislead us. Consider the Müller-Lyer illusion (错觉): equal-length lines look different if one has outward-pointing arrows and the other has inward-pointing arrows. Similarly, three identical-sized runners positioned along a visual path seem to vary in size. Before you conclude that being fooled is reserved only for visual illusions, let me give the example of Belinda: an outspoken philosophy student, deeply concerned with sustainability, biodiversity, and global warming. Is Belinda more likely: a)a top student, or b)a top student and vegetarian? Many people choose the second, because the context of being vegetarian seems to fit the image of someone deeply concerned with sustainability. But statistically, the first is more likely. There are always more top students than vegetarian top students. Yet for all its potential to trick, context more often serves as our mental shortcut to efficient understanding. Rather than memorizing every possible meaning of words and sentence patterns, we constantly use surrounding information to fill gaps. As linguist J. R. Firth observed, “You shall know a word by the company it keeps.” For example, in the sentence “My daughter was ferliamated when she got a pet dog,” we can guess that “ferliamated” means “excited”, even if the word doesn’t exist. This two-sided nature of context leads us to an important discovery about how our minds work. While we can discuss anything at any time in any context, it seems more likely that we talk about the things whose meaning lies in the same context. This offers exciting possibilities for understanding both the human mind and language itself — showing how communication depends not just on our thinking, but equally on how language is built to work with context. 1.Which image matches the description of the “runners” illusion? A. B. C. D. 2.Why do people often choose option (b) in the Belinda example? A. Personalities affect decision-making. B. Top students often make better choices. C. Extra details disturb their logical thinking. D. Personal experiences lead to their false judgment. 3.How do Firth’s quote and the “ferliamated” example support the author’s point? A. They prove that words can have random meanings. B. They explain why memorizing words isn’t a shortcut. C. They demonstrate what dictionaries can’t really clarify. D. They show how context contributes to word understanding. 4.What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The value of the research into context. B. The complex nature of context. C. The topics discussed within the same context. D. The link between context and mind. 主题语境04 人与自然-自然生态 （25-26高二上·浙江浙东北ZDB联盟·期中）If you see an enormous, deadly funnel-web spider sitting on her egg sac (卵袋), your first instinct might be to run away. But the Australian Reptile Park(ARP) in New South Wales is urging residents of nearby Sydney to suppress that fear, remain calm, and carefully collect both the spider and her eggs in a secure container so they can be used to make life-saving antivenom (抗毒血清). Funnel-webs, whose most dangerous species lives in and around Sydney, are known for their deadly, fast-acting venom. Before the antivenom was introduced in 1981, 13 people died as a result of funnel-web bites. Since its introduction, there have been no fatalities. The Australian Reptile Park issues this callout to the public every November when the spiders’ breeding season begins and stresses its importance in helping to save lives. The zoo is the sole supplier of funnel-web spider antivenom, which it produces by milking the spiders collected. “With breeding season upon us and the weather creating ideal conditions, we rely on spider donations more than ever,” the zoo’s spider keeper, Emma Teni, said in a statement. “Male funnel-web spiders have short lifespans, and with approximately 150 spiders required to make just one small bottle of antivenom, we need the public’s help to ensure we have enough venom to meet demand.” The spiders frequent cool, damp areas with dense leaves, though the zoo warned that they can also be found in homes — especially in places like piles of laundry, shoes left outside, swimming pools and debris in gardens. People whose lives had been saved by the antivenom also urged the public to participate in the program. “ARP and your antivenom program saved my life in 1994,” Nicole Webber commented on the Australian Reptile Park’s Facebook post. “I can only thank you all. Please do support the program with safely captured spiders and finance.” 1.What is the ARP asking residents to do with funnel-web spiders? A. Protect their endangered habitats. B. Display them in the park center. C. Collect them in a container. D. Run away from them. 2.The underlined word “fatalities” in paragraph 3 most probably means ________. A. serious accidents B. permanent disabilities C. recorded deaths D. successful rescues 3.What can we learn from Emma Teni’s words? A. The zoo may lack antivenom without public help. B. The breeding season is the best time to study spiders. C. The public has shown less interest in donating spiders. D. The zoo has had enough spiders for antivenom production. 4.Which can be the best title of the passage? A. Funnel-Web Spiders: Most Dangerous Spider Species. B. Australian Reptile Park: A Call for Community Reflection. C. Saving Lives: Funnel-Web Spider Antivenom Production. D. From Fear to Rescue: The Urgent Spider Collection Drive. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $