Unit1-8 单元笔记知识清单2026-2027学年 译林版 八年级英语 下册

Unit1-8 单元笔记 译林版 八年级英语 下册 Unit 1 Past and present 1. Development is the key to success. 发展是成功的关键。 （1）develop v. 发展 → n. development 发展；with the development of… 随着……的发展 developing adj. 发展中的；developed adj. 发达的 developing / developed country 发展中国家 / 发达国家 （2）the key to … ……的关键 （3）success n. 成功 → adj. successful → adv. successfully v. succeed；succeed in doing sth. 成功做…… 2. take place 发生，举行（有计划地发生，无被动语态） happen 发生（偶发性发生，无被动语态）；happen to do 碰巧做…… 3. in cities and the countryside 在城市与乡村 4. transport at different times 不同时代的交通工具（transport不可数名词） 5. get around the city 在城市内出行 / 游览 6. travel to other cities 前往其它城市 7. 交通方式表达： go to … by +交通工具 / on foot（零冠词） ⇒ take a/the +交通工具 to … ride a bike to … 骑自行车去…… walk to … 步行去…… 注意：go to … on one’s/a bike 骑自行车去……（开放、大型） go to … in one’s/a car/taxi（封闭、小型） 例：I go to school by bike. ⇒ I ride a bike to school. ⇒ I go to school on a/my bike. 8. comfortable and convenient 舒服又方便 9. used相关词组辨析： ① used to do sth. 过去常常做……；used to be … 曾经是…… 否定：didn’t use to do / used not to do ② be/get used to doing 习惯于做……（to是介词） ③ use sth. to do. 用某物做…… 被动结构：be used to do … 被用来做…… 例：I used to stay up late, but now I am/get used to going to bed before ten o’clock. 我过去常常熬夜到很晚，但是现在习惯十点前上床睡觉。 10. crowded adj. 拥挤的；a crowded street 一条拥挤的街道；be crowded with … 挤满…… crowd v. 挤满；聚集；n. 人群，群众 11. the rise of Shenzhen 深圳的崛起 rise n./v. 上升；增加；提高；rise – rose – risen 拓展：rise 与 raise 区别 ① raise 及物动词，主语不限于人，“举起，提高，养育，筹款” raise hands 举手；raise cows 养牛；raise money 筹钱 ② rise 不及物动词，主语自身主动“上升；增长”（主语通常是太阳、温度、水位、价格等） 例：The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 The river rose rapidly after the storm. 水位在暴雨过后迅速上涨。 12. a city of innovation 一座创新之城 innovation n. 创新 ← v. innovate 创新；adj. innovative 创新的 13. develop from a fishing village into a top high-tech city 从一个小渔村发展成为顶尖的高科技城市 ① develop from … into … 从……发展成…… ② a fishing village 一个小渔村 ③ a top high-tech city 一个顶尖的高科技城市 14. a pioneer in China’s reform and opening up 中国改革开放的先锋 15. attract people from across the world 吸引来自全世界的人（attract v.吸引） ⇒ all over the world / around the world attraction n. 吸引力；向往的地方；attractive adj. 有吸引力的 16. Innovation lies at the heart of the city. 创新是这座城市的核心所在。 lie at the heart of … 是……的核心 17. It has risen to become an important centre for technology industries in the world and is home to many tech giants. 它已崛起成为全球重要的科技产业中心，并且是许多科技巨头的所在地。 ① rise to become … 崛起成为……，逐步发展成为…… ② an important centre for technology industries 一个重要的科技产业中心 ③ be home to … 是……的家；是……所在地、聚集地 18. Today, it is leading the move from “Made in China” to “Created in China”. 如今，它正引领着从“中国制造”向“中国创造”的转变。 lead the move 引领转变/变革；lead – led – led v. lead sb to … 带领某人去……；lead to sth/doing 导致…… n. take the lead 带头；处于领先地位 19. Shenzhen is also active in its drive to become a cultural centre. 深圳也在积极努力成为文化中心。 ① be active in … 在某方面积极主动 ⇒ take an active part in … 否定：inactive adj. 不活跃的 ② drive 此处为名词，意为“(为达成目标而)努力” a drive to do sth. 为做某事而付出的努力 20. a wealth of cultural facilities 丰富的文化设施（a wealth of +可数/不可数名词，大量的，丰富的） a wealth of information 大量的信息 wealth n. 大量；财富 → wealthy adj. 富有的 21. as well as ① 和；以及；除……之外（还）；和……一样好 主谓一致：连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由前面的主语决定 例：Tom as well as his parents likes football. Tom和他父母都喜欢足球。 ② 相当于besides，侧重“附加”含义，后接名词/动名词 例：He speaks French as well as English. 他除了会说英语，还会说法语。 ③ as well是副词，也；as … as 同级比较“和……一样好” 例：She sings as well as her sister. 她唱歌和她姐姐一样好。 22. many excellent cultural and educational activities 许多优秀的文化和教育活动 culture n. 文化 → adj. cultural education n. 教育 → v. educate 教育；adj. educated（受过教育的）；educational（教育的） 23. Win an honour from UNESCO for being a role model in encouraging reading among the public. 因为在鼓励公众阅读方面树立榜样而获得了联合国教科文组织颁发的荣誉。 ① win an honour from … 从……获得荣誉；for … 因为……获得荣誉 ② a role model 榜样 ③ encourage sb to do 鼓励某人做…… ④ among the public 在公众当中；in public 公开地，在公共场合 public n. 民众；adj. 公共的，公众的；public signs 公共标识 24. Shenzhen is working to improve the quality of life for its citizens as well. 深圳也在努力提高市民的生活质量。 ① work to do sth. 努力/致力于做某事 ② improve the quality of life 提升生活品质 ③ city → citizen n. 居民，市民，公民 ④ as well 也 ⇒ too（放在句末） 25. over = more than 超过，多于 26. peace and quiet 安宁与静谧 peace n. 平静；和平；quiet n. 宁静；adj. 平静的 peaceful adj. 平静的 27. the first (+ n.) + to do. 第一个做…… 28. Electric buses produce less air pollution and make little noise. 电动公交车产生的空气污染更少，噪音也很小。 ① produce less air pollution 产生更少的空气污染 produce v.产生 → n. product 产品；production 产量 ② make little noise 产生很少的噪音；little表否定，几乎没有、极少 29. enjoy a cleaner environment 享受更清洁的环境 30. a city planner 一个城市规划师 31. Since the late 1970s, Shenzhen has developed at an amazing speed and has become a symbol of China's development. 自从20世纪70年代末以来，深圳以惊人的速度发展，已成为中国发展的象征。 ① the late/early 1970s 20世纪70年代末/初 ② at a … speed 以……的速度 ③ become a symbol of … 成为……的象征 32. The city's pioneering spirit, together with the hard work and creativity of its citizens, is certainly the key to Shenzhen's success. 这座城市的开拓精神，以及市民的辛勤工作和创造力，无疑是深圳成功的关键。 ① pioneering spirit 开拓精神；pioneering adj.开拓性的 ② together with 加之，和……一起；连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由前面的主语决定（就远原则） ③ the key to +n/doing ……的关键（to是介词） ④ create v.创造 → creative adj.有创造性的 → creativity n.创造力 ⑤ certainly adv. 无疑，肯定，用于加强陈述语气；“当然”，用于礼貌回应请求或建议 例：— Could you help me with my English? — Certainly! 33. make efforts to do .. 努力做…… 34. make a living by doing … 以干……为生 ⇒ do … for a living 35. a world-famous city 一个世界闻名的城市 36. excellent young talent 优秀青年人才 talent n. 才能，天赋；有才能的人（人才）；可集合名词，指代一群有才华的人 Grammar语法板块 37. finish college 大学毕业 38. a lot more jobs 更多的工作机会 a lot / far / even / much +比较级，程度副词，用来加强比较级 Unit 2 Amazing China 1. He (who has never been to the Great Wall) is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 （1）定语从句，who指代先行词He （2）have/has been to … 去过……（现在已经回来） 2. two ancient capital cities 两座古都 3. more popular attractions 更多受欢迎的景点 4. some places of interest 一些名胜古迹 5. find out more about the history and culture of China 了解更多关于中国的历史和文化 6. discover some of these beautiful places 发现其中的一些美丽地方 7. change with the seasons and the weather 随着季节和天气变化 8. look like a painting 看起来像一幅画 9. prefer going on the rides 更喜欢玩游乐设施 prefer v. 更喜欢；过去式：preferred ① prefer sth. / doing sth. 更喜欢…… ② prefer doing A to doing B 比起做B更喜欢做A（to是介词） ⇒ prefer to do A rather than do B 例：He prefers walking to driving. 比起开车，他更喜欢走路。 ⇒ He prefers to walk rather than drive. 10. Fast rides scare me! 快速游乐设施吓着我了！ scare v. 使害怕，惊吓 scared adj. 害怕的，恐惧的（修饰人）；scary adj. 令人害怕的（修饰物） scare sb. 使某人害怕 be scared of sth / doing sth 害怕…… be scared to do sth 害怕做…… Reading 11. Nanjing, one of the ancient capitals of China, rests in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 南京，中国古都之一，位于长江下游。 ① one of +名词复数 ……之一 ② rest in … 位于…… ③ the lower reaches 下游 12. Rich in history and culture, Nanjing has long been a popular tourist attraction. 南京历史底蕴深厚，长久以来一直是热门旅游胜地。 形容词短语作状语，用来修饰主语Nanjing，表原因 = Because Nanjing is rich in … ① be rich in … 富含……；有丰富的…… ② tourist attraction 旅游胜地 13. a wall (with a history of over 600 years) 一堵有着600多年历史的城墙（后置定语） 14. the best-protected and longest city wall in the world 世界上保存最好、最长的城墙 best-protected adj. 保护最好的 15. a good choice for first-time visitors 初次到访者的理想之选 ① a good choice for sb. 对……来说一个好选择 choose v. 选择（choose – chose – chosen）；choice n.选择 make a choice 做一个选择 have no choice but to do sth. 别无选择只能…… ② first-time 复合形容词，第一次的（只作定语，不单独使用） 16. The fantastic mountains and historic buildings there are well worth a visit. 那里的绝美山景和历史建筑非常值得一游。 ① historic adj. 历史上著名的，有历史意义的 区分：historical adj. 与历史相关的；historical event 历史事件 ② be (well) worth +名词/动名词 （非常）值得…… 17. a famous centre of knowledge and learning 一个著名的知识和学术中心 18. Besides its many universities, the city is also proud of the Confucius Temple. 除了众多大学之外，这座城市还以夫子庙为荣。 ① besides prep. 除……之外（还有），区别于except ② be proud of … 以……为荣；为……感到自豪 ⇒ take pride in … 例：Besides English, he also studies French. 除了英语，他还学法语。 We all went except Tom. 除了Tom，我们都去了。 ③ the Confucius Temple 夫子庙（专有名词，注意大写） ④ university n.大学 at university 在上大学（零冠词） go to university 上大学 a university in Nanjing 南京的一所大学 19. the highest educational body in ancient China 中国古代最高学府 body n.机构，部门 20. Why not take a boat trip along the nearby Qinhuai River at night? 晚上为什么不沿着附近的秦淮河乘船游览呢？ ① Why not +动词原形？ ⇒ Why don’t you +动词原形？ ② take a boat trip 乘船游览 ③ nearby adj. 附近的；a nearby park 附近公园 adv. 在附近；live nearby 住在附近 21. It’s a good way to enjoy the old-time feel there. 这是感受那里复古氛围的好方法。 ① a good way to do sth. 做某事的好方法 ② the old-time feel 复古氛围 old-time adj. 旧时的，复古的；feel n.感觉，气氛 22. On the banks of the Yellow River sits a famous city — Luoyang. 在黄河岸边坐落着一座著名的城市——洛阳。 （1）倒装句：将地点状语置于句首，主语和谓语倒装，起到强调地点的作用 （2）on the bank of… 在……岸边 23. one of the birthplaces of Chinese culture 中国文化发源地之一 birthplace n.发源地，出生地 24. used to be the seat of power of thirteen dynasties 曾经是十三个朝代的权力中心 25. one of the finest examples of ancient stone carving art 古代石雕艺术最佳典范之一 26. the perfect choice for nature lovers 自然爱好者的绝佳选择 27. The city has been well known for its peonies since the Tang Dynasty. 自唐代以来，这座城市就因牡丹而闻名。 ① be well known for … 因为……而出名 ⇒ be famous for … ② the Tang Dynasty 唐朝（专有名词大写） 28. the subject for many painters and poets 许多画家和诗人的创作题材 29. Thousands of tourists (from home and abroad) come to admire them. 成千上万来自国内外的游客都来欣赏它们。 ① thousands of … 成千上万的…… ② from home and abroad 来自国内外 abroad adv. 在国外，到海外 go abroad 出国；study abroad 出国留学 ③ admire sb for sth 因为……钦佩……；admire v.欣赏，钦佩 30. make one’s way to … 前往…… 31. The dreamlike sea of clouds, amazing waterfalls and beautiful forests there are a real treat. 那里梦幻般的云海、令人惊叹的瀑布和美丽的森林真是一大享受。 Shaanxi 陕西 32. be similar to… 和……相似 33. during the winter holiday 寒假期间 34. rest in the central part of Shaanxi Province 位于陕西中部 central adj. 在中心的，中央的；centre n.中心 35. a must-see for any visitor 任何一个游客的必看景点 must-see n.必看之物 36. have a collection of clay soldiers from the Qin Dynasty 收藏了秦代的陶俑 37. in ancient times 在古代 38. visit other historic sites 参观其它历史景点 site n.地点、位置 39. as the starting point of the ancient Silk Road 作为古丝绸之路的起点 Grammar 40. go on a business trip to … 去……出差 41. a beautiful seaside city 一个美丽的海滨城市 42. a wonderful mix of … ……的绝妙结合 mix n.混合，结合 43. They won’t come back until next week. 他们到下周才会回来。 until 介词/连词 +时间意义名词、词组/句子 ① until 直到……为止，表示动作或状态一直持续到某一时间为止（要与延续性动词连用） 例：I will stay here until the rain stops. 我会待在这儿直到雨停。 ② not … until … 直到……才……，表示动作从until表示的时间才开始（要与短暂性动词连用） 例：I won’t leave until I finish my work. 直到完成工作，我才离开。 💡 当until / not … until引导时间状语从句时，遵循主将从现，主过从过原则 例：He didn’t go to bed until he finished his homework. Unit 3 The world at one click 1. the world at one click 一键看世界 click n.点击 2. The internet opens a window to the world. 互联网为世界打开一扇窗。 3. an online trip 一次在线旅行 /云旅行 4. open our minds through online tours 通过在线旅行开阔我们的视野 through prep.通过，凭借 5. enable us to learn about the outside world without leaving home 让我们足不出户就能了解外面的世界 enable sb to do sth. 使某人能够做…… able adj.能够；be able to do sth. 能够做…… 6. share our findings 分享我们的发现 finding n.发现 7. No way ! 不可能！ 8. online tour guides 在线导游 9. borrow … from … 从……借（借入） lend … to … 借给……（借出） keep + for +一段时间 /How long … （延续性，保留） 10. Just one click away , … 只需点击一下 ⇒ With just one click , … 11. have a try 试一试 Reading 12. sth. come to mind. 某事浮现在脑海中 13. on-site travel 实地旅行 on-site adj.在现场的，就地的 14. on the north-west coast of England. 在英格兰西北海岸 15. A visit to this lively city is a must. 这座充满活力的城市，绝对值得一游。 ① a visit to … 一次……的游览 ② a lively city 一座充满活力的城市 lively adj.充满活力的；热闹的，活泼的，生气勃勃的 ③ a must 必须做的事 16. as the birthplace of … 作为……的发源地 17. the famous pop band 著名流行音乐乐队 18. have a special place 占据特殊地位 19. the music scene 音乐场景 20. be second to none 首屈一指；不亚于任何人（或事） 21. enjoy the live music 欣赏现场音乐 live adj.现场演出的 22. a visit to remember 一次难忘的旅程/行程 a+名词+to+动词 用来描述事物的属性 例：a book to read 一本值得一读的书 23. whether … or not, 无论是否……（引导让步状语从句） 例：Whether you are a football fan or not , … 无论你是不是足球迷，…… 24. get a real taste of … 真正领略到 …，真正体验到 … 25. As for the number of … 至于……的数量 复习： the number of … +谓语动词用单数 ……的数量 a number of +复数名词 +谓语动词用复数 许多…… 26. come after London 仅次于伦敦 排名在…之后，排名仅次于… 27. make some time to do sth. 抽时间做某事 28. take in a slice of Liverpool’s culture 领略利物浦文化的一部分 ① take in 体验、领略；吸入 ② a slice of … 一片；一部分 … 例：a slice of bread 一片面包 29. New York is truly the biggest city in the USA. 纽约的确是美国最大的城市。 truly adv.真正，确实 true adj.真正的 → truth n.真相，事实 30. From … to … to… 从…到…再到… 31. There is no doubt this city has a bit of everything. 毫无疑问，这座城市应有尽有。 ① There is no doubt + (that)从句 毫无疑问 … ② a bit of everything 应有尽有；什么都有一点儿 复习： a bit +形容词/副词 = a little +形/副 a bit of +不可数名词 = a little +不可数名词 32. one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world 世界上最受欢迎的旅游景点之一 33. on New Year’s Eve 在新年前夜；在跨年夜 34. It is fun counting down to midnight and watching a huge glass ball drop from the sky ! 倒计时迎接午夜，观看巨大的玻璃球从空中落下是很有趣的！ ① It is fun + to do / doing … ……是有趣的。 ② count down 倒计时 ③ watch sb/sth do sth 看见……经常做/整个过程 watch sb/sth doing sth. 看见 ……正在做 35. A trip to New York would not be complete without a walk through Central Park. 没有在中央公园漫步，纽约之行就是不完整的。 ① 主语 + would not be complete without … 没有……，……就是不完整的。 ② complete v.完成，结束；adj.完全的，完整的 completely adv.完全地，完整地 ③ a walk through +地点 漫步穿过…… 36. a great place for people to relax 人们放松的绝佳地方 37. come first/second 得第一名/第二名 38. go up a tower 登塔 39. count down to the new year 倒计时迎接新年 40. watch the firework show 观看烟花表演 41. a very popular event 一项非常受欢迎的活动 42. without doubt 毫无疑问 例：Without doubt , this is the best coffee in town. 毫无疑问，这是城里最好的咖啡。 ⇒ There is no doubt that this is the best coffee in town. 43. watch the Changing of the Guard 观看换岗仪式 44. play live music 演奏现场音乐 45. be full of excitement 充满兴奋 be filled with … 充满，满是 excite v.使兴奋；激发 excited adj.兴奋的，激动的（人） exciting adj.令人兴奋的，令人激动的（物） 46. This city truly has something for everyone. 这座城市足够满足每个人的需求。 something for everyone 意为“适合每个人的东西，老少皆宜的事物” 47. watch people’s travel vlogs 观看人们的旅行vlog /视频博客 Unit 4 A good read 1. a good read n. 一本好的读物 - read n. 读物；an interesting read 一本有趣的读物 - do some reading 阅读；read v. 阅读 (read‑read‑read) 2. fiction n. 小说，虚构类书籍（不可数） - non‑fiction n. 非虚构作品 - fiction books are made‑up 虚构类书籍是编造的 3. made‑up adj. 不真实的，编造的 - make up 编造；虚构；组成 4. novel n. （长篇）小说 → novelist n. 小说家 - 辨析：novel 长篇小说；story 短篇故事 5. biography n. 传记 → autobiography n. 自传 6. literature n. 文学（不可数） - works of literature 文学作品 7. review n. 评论 v. 复习 - write a book review 写书评；a review of … 对…的评论 8. borrow v. 借（入） - borrow sth. from sb. 向某人借某物 - lend v. 借（出）(lent‑lent) → lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人 9. publish v. 出版 → publisher n. 出版商 - publishing house 出版社 10. complete v. 完成 adj. 完全的 → completely adv. 完全地 Reading 11. crash v. 撞击，碰撞 - crash into … 撞上…；crash against the rocks 触礁 12. stomach n. 腹部，胃 → stomachache n. 胃痛 - on an empty stomach 空腹 13. continue v. 继续 - continue doing sth. 继续做（无中断） - continue to do sth. 继续做（中断后再继续） 14. either adv. 也（用于否定句句末） - 辨析：either 用于否定句句末；too 用于肯定句句末 15. pull v. 抽出；拉，拖 <反> push v. 推 - pull up 停下；拉起 16. rope n. 绳 - tie sth. with a rope 用绳子绑… - break free 挣脱；摆脱 17. army n. 大批，大群；军队 - a huge army of tiny people 一大群小人 - join the army 参军 18. straight adv. 径直；笔直地 adj. 直的 - come straight towards me 径直朝我走来；go straight 直走 19. discuss v. 讨论，谈论，商量 → discussion n. 讨论 - discuss sth. with sb. 和某人讨论某事 20. clear adj. 了解清楚的；清澈的；晴朗的 → clearly adv. 清楚地 - be clear about … 对…清楚 21. advise v. 劝告，建议 → advice n. [U] 建议 - advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 - advise doing sth. 建议做某事；a piece of advice 一条建议 22. timetable n. 时间安排；时刻表 23. summary n. 总结 → summarize v. 总结，概括 - write a summary 写总结；in summary 总之 24. ending n. 结尾，结局 <反> opening n. 开始 - a happy ending 美满结局；the ending to … ……的结局 25. rule n. 规章；规则 v. 统治 - make a rule 制定规则；follow the rules 遵守规则 26. librarian n. 图书管理员 → library n. 图书馆 27. unwilling adj. 不愿意的 <反> willing adj. 乐意的 - be unwilling to do sth. 不愿意做某事 28. sale n. 销售量；销售 → sell v. 销售 - on sale 折价销售；for sale 出售 29. copy n. 一本（份，册）v. 复制；抄袭 - make a copy 复印一份；copy sth. down 把某物抄下来 30. especially adv. 尤其，特别 - 辨析：especially 尤其（突出个体）；specially 专门地（强调目的） 31. spare adj. 空闲的；多余的 - in one's spare time = in one's free time 在某人的空余时间 32. touch v. 感动；触摸 n. 联系 - be touched by … 被…感动；keep in touch with … 与…保持联系 33. against prep. 紧靠，碰，撞；反对 - be against 反对；do something against the law 做违法的事 34. be tired out 筋疲力尽 - be tired of … 厌烦… 35. tie v. 捆，绑 (tied‑tying) n. 领带 - tie sth. to … 把某物拴到…上 36. until conj./prep. 直到…为止 - not … until … 直到…才… 37. tiny adj. 极小的 - 比较级/最高级：tinier‑tiniest 38. fall over 摔倒 - 辨析：fall off … 从…上摔下来；fall ill 病倒；fall asleep 入睡 39. manage v. 设法完成；管理 → manager n. 经理 - manage to do sth. 设法做成某事 40. lift v. 举起，抬高 n. 电梯 - lift my left hand into the air 把我的左手举到空中 41. unable adj. 不能的 <反> able adj. 能够的 - be unable to do sth. 没能力做某事 42. hand in 上交，递交 - hand it / them in 把它/它们交上去 43. and so on 等等 44. renew v. 续借；更新；重新开始 - renew books 续借书；renew the website 更新网站 45. series n. 一系列；系列节目 - the Harry Potter series 哈利波特系列；TV series 电视剧 46. refuse v. 拒绝 → refusal n. 拒绝 - refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 47. so far 到目前为止 48. success n. 成功 → successful adj. → successfully adv. → succeed v. 成功 - be successful in doing sth. = do sth. successfully 成功地做某事 - Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 49. translate v. 翻译 → translation n. 翻译 - translate … into … 把…翻译成… 50. experience n. 经历（可数）；经验（不可数） 51. be worth reading 值得一读 - be worth + 名词/动名词 52. check out （从图书馆）借出 53. give away 泄露（结局等）；赠送 54. keep one's word 信守诺言 - <反> break one's word 违背诺言 - A good reader should keep his word to return books on time. Grammar 55. 语法一：疑问词 + 动词不定式 - 结构：疑问词(what/who/which/where/when/how) + to + 动词原形 - 功能：在句中作主语、宾语或表语，可替代宾语从句，使句子更简洁 - 常与 know/learn/see/hear/ask/tell/advise/decide/explain/forget/remember/understand/wonder/discuss/find out 等连用 - 作宾语：Millie has decided what to read. - 动词 + 宾语 + 疑问词 + to do：Please tell me how to get there. - 疑问词 + 名词 + to do：They are discussing which book to read next. - 形容词 + 疑问词 + to do：Are you clear when to meet at the Book Club? - 与宾语从句转换（主语一致时简化）：I don't know what to do. = I don't know what I should do. - 注意：why 不能与不定式连用，须用宾语从句 - 易错：I don't know how to do it.（do 后需带宾语，不能只说 how to do） 56. 语法二：must 与 have to 的区别 - must：“必须”，强调说话人的主观判断（主观义务），没有人称和数的变化；否定式 mustn't 表“禁止，不准” - have to：“不得不”，强调客观需要，有人称、时态变化（has to / had to / will have to）；否定式 don't have to 表“没必要” - 例：We must take care of library books. / I have to hand in the book review on Friday. Unit 5 Good manners 1. manners n. [pl.] 礼貌，礼仪 - 常用复数形式，无单数形式；good manners 有礼貌；bad manners 没礼貌 - table manners 餐桌礼仪；It's good/bad manners to do sth. 做某事（没）有礼貌 - manner n. 方式（单数） 2. polite adj. 有礼貌的 → politely adv. 礼貌地 → politeness n. 礼貌 - be polite to sb. 对某人有礼貌 <反> impolite adj. 无礼的 3. litter v. 乱扔垃圾 n. 垃圾（不可数） - drop litter 乱扔垃圾 - 辨析：litter / rubbish / garbage 均指垃圾 4. tap n. 水龙头 - leave the tap running 让水龙头一直流水 - turn on / off the tap 打开/关闭水龙头 5. wait in line 排队等候 - queue up 排队；jump the line = cut in 插队 6. patiently adv. 耐心地 → patient adj. 有耐心的 n. 病人 - be patient with sb. 对某人有耐心；wait patiently 耐心等待 7. congratulation n. 祝贺（常用复数） - Congratulations on sth. 因某事祝贺 8. hallway n. 走廊 - run in the hallways 在走廊里奔跑 9. on time 准时 - 辨析：on time 准时（不早不晚）；in time 及时（在期限内） 10. feel at home 舒适自在 - make sb. feel at home 让某人感觉宾至如归 - make oneself at home 别拘束；随便点 Reading 11. address v. 称呼 n. 地址 - address others in a formal situation 在正式场合称呼他人 12. realize v. 意识到 → realization n. 认识 13. behave v. 表现；举止 - behave properly 举止得当；behave oneself 守规矩 - behaviour n. 行为，举止 14. differently adv. 不同地 → different adj. → difference n. 差异 - behave differently from the British 举止与英国人不同 15. praise v./n. 表扬，赞扬 - praise sb. for sth. 因某事表扬某人 - win others' praise 赢得别人的赞扬 16. pleased adj. 高兴的，满意的 - be pleased with … 对…满意 - 辨析：pleased 修饰人（感到高兴）；pleasing 修饰事物（令人高兴） 17. reply v./n. 回答，回复 (replied‑replied) - reply to … 回复… 18. modest adj. 谦虚的 → modestly adv. → modesty n. 谦虚 - too modest to accept praise openly 太谦虚而不公开接受表扬 19. openly adv. 公开地 → open adj. 公开的 v. 打开 - accept praise openly 公开接受表扬 20. host n. 主人；东道主 v. 主办 - host family 寄宿家庭；his way of showing how much he cared about me 他表达对我关心的方式 21. hospitable adj. 好客的，热情的 → hospitality n. 好客 22. plate n. 盘子，碟子 - keep putting food on my plate 一直往我盘子里夹菜 23. refuse v. 拒绝 → refusal n. 拒绝 - refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 24. fully adv. 完全地；充分地 → full adj. 满的 25. risk v. 冒险 n. 风险 - at risk 有危险；take a risk 冒险 26. show respect for … 对…表示尊重 - respect v./n. 尊重，尊敬 27. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 28. all at once 突然；同时 29. take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事 - It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事；by turns 轮流 - let everyone get their turn 让每个人都有机会 30. keep one's word 信守诺言 31. belong to 属于 32. get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 - 辨析：used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 - It can be hard at first to get used to all these differences. 33. instead of 代替；而不是 34. even though 尽管；即使 Grammar 35. 语法一：enough 的用法 - 修饰形容词/副词：enough 放其后（big enough / fast enough） - 修饰名词：enough 放其前（enough time 足够的时间） 36. 语法二：enough to do sth. 足够…能做某事 - 结构：be + 形容词/副词 + enough + to do sth. - She is patient enough to listen to others' problems. - He runs fast enough to catch the bus. - 加逻辑主语：The book is easy enough for me to read. 37. 语法三：too … to … 太…而不能… - 结构：be + too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth. - He is too shy to speak in public. - 加逻辑主语：The box is too heavy for me to carry. 38. 语法四：enough to 与 too … to 的句型转换（必考） - too + adj. + to do = not + 反义词 + enough to do - He is too young to go to school. = He is not old enough to go to school. - enough to do = so + adj./adv. + that + 肯定句 - too … to = so + adj./adv. + that + 否定句 - He is too young to go to school. = He is so young that he can't go to school. 39. 语法五：It's + adj. + to do sth. - It's impolite to jump the line. - It's polite to wait in line patiently. 40. 语法六：祈使句与建议句型（写作常用） - Don't drop litter everywhere. / Keep quiet in the library. - We should / ought to …；We are supposed to …；You'd better (not) do sth. Unit 6 Sunshine for all 1. volunteer n. 志愿者 v. 自愿做 - volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事；volunteering n. 志愿服务 2. support v./n. 支持 - support sb. = give sb. support 支持某人 - with one's support 在某人的支持下 3. disabled adj. 有残疾的 - the disabled 残疾人（指一类人）；disable v. 使丧失能力 4. homeless adj. 无家可归的 - the homeless 无家可归者 5. blind adj. 瞎的，失明的 → the blind 盲人 6. deaf adj. 聋的 → the deaf 聋人 7. elderly adj. 年纪较大的 → the elderly 老年人 8. meaningful adj. 有意义的 <反> meaningless adj. 无意义的 - meaning n. 意义；It's meaningful to do sth. 做某事很有意义 9. train v. 训练 n. 火车 → training n. 培训 - train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事 10. charity n. 慈善（机构）→ charities（复数） Reading 11. operation n. 手术；操作 → operate v. 动手术；操作 - do an operation 做手术；operate on sb. 给某人做手术 12. afford v. 买得起；承担得起 - can't afford to do sth. 负担不起做某事 - Many people don't have enough money to afford such an expensive operation. 13. courage n. 勇气 → encourage v. 鼓励 → courageous adj. 勇敢的 - encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 14. spirit n. 精神；情绪 → team spirit 团队精神 15. spare adj. 空闲的 v. 抽出 - spare time 空闲时间；spare sth. to sb. 分给某人某物 16. donate v. 捐赠 → donation n. 捐赠物 - donate sth. to sb. 把某物捐赠给某人 17. kindness n. 仁慈；善良 → kind adj. 善良的 → kindly adv. 友善地 18. care v. 关心；照顾 n. 照料 - care for 关心；照顾；take care 保重；care about 关心，在乎 19. lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的（强调内心感受） - 辨析：lonely 孤独的（情感）；alone 独自的（客观） 20. friendship n. 友谊 → friendly adj. 友好的 - make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友 21. notice n. 通知；布告 v. 注意到 - put up a notice 张贴通知 22. people in need 有需要的人 23. hand in hand 手拉手；携手 24. give up 放弃 - give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 25. take part in 参加（活动） - 辨析：take part in 参加活动；join 加入组织 26. cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来 27. provide sth. for sb. = provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物 28. give seats to the elderly 给老人让座 29. donate money to charities 给慈善机构捐款 30. make a difference 有影响；起作用 31. help sb. out 帮助某人摆脱困境 32. raise money for … 为…筹钱 33. give a helping hand 伸出援手 34. organize a charity show 组织一场慈善演出 35. offer to help 主动提供帮助 36. be similar to 与…相似 37. care for the elderly 照顾老人 38. It is fantastic to work as a volunteer. 做一名志愿者太棒了。 - It 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 Grammar 39. 语法一：动词不定式 to do 的用法 - 作主语（It 作形式主语）：It is meaningful to help others. - 作宾语：want / hope / plan / decide / volunteer / learn / choose + to do - 作定语（后置）：I have a lot of work to do. - 作宾语补足语：ask / tell / want / invite sb. to do sth. - 作目的状语：He comes here to donate books. - 否定式：not to do sth. → Tell him not to give up. 40. 语法二：It is + adj. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth. - 形容词描述人的品质用 of：It's kind of you to help me. - 形容词描述事情用 for：It's important for us to learn to respect others. 41. 语法三：含情态动词的被动语态 - 结构：情态动词(can/may/must/should) + be + 过去分词 - 肯定：should be done；否定：should not be done；疑问：Should … be done? - We should help the disabled. → The disabled should be helped. - You can finish the task today. → The task can be finished today. - 要点：情态动词后永远用 be 原形，不能变成 am/is/are Unit 7 International charities 1. international adj. 国际的 → international charity 国际慈善机构 2. charity n. 慈善机构；慈善事业 - 常见国际慈善组织：Oxfam 乐施会；UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会 - WWF 世界自然基金会；Red Cross 红十字会；World Vision 世界宣明会 - Doctors Without Borders 无国界医生；Operation Smile 微笑行动 3. goal n. 目标；球门 → aim v./n. 目标，瞄准 → purpose n. 目的，意图 - with the aim of doing sth. 目的是做某事 4. help the poor / the sick / the homeless 帮助穷人/病人/无家可归者 - the + 形容词 表示一类人 5. medicine n. 药；医学 → medical adj. 医学的，医疗的 - take medicine 吃药 6. hospital n. 医院 → clinic n. 诊所，门诊部 7. education n. 教育 → educational adj. 教育的 - basic education 基础教育；the education programmes 教育项目 8. train v. 训练 n. 火车 → training n. 培训 9. join v. 加入；join in 参加；take part in 参加（活动） 10. raise v. 筹集；举起；提高 - raise money 筹款；raise money by selling cards 通过卖卡片筹款 - 辨析：raise 及物（提高，举起）；rise 不及物（上升） Reading 11. collect v. 收集；搜集 → collect money 筹款 12. necessary adj. 必要的；必需的 - It's necessary that … ；if necessary 如有必要 13. donate … to … 捐赠…给… → donation n. 捐赠物 14. set up 建立；创立 - be founded in 成立于（后接时间/地点） - 辨析：set up 建立（组织）；put up 搭建，张贴 15. carry on (with sth.) 继续 → carry out 执行，实施 16. hand out = give out 分发 17. in order to do sth. 为了做某事 - in order not to do sth. 为了不做某事 18. afford v. 买得起；承担得起 - can't afford to do sth. 负担不起做某事 - can't afford to go to hospital 负担不起去医院的费用 19. treat v. 治疗；对待 → treatment n. 治疗 - be treated easily 能被轻易治愈 20. operate v. 做手术；操作 → operation n. 手术 - operate on sb. 给某人做手术；be operated on 接受手术 - do operations 做手术 21. prevent / keep / stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 22. equal rights 平等权利 23. improve v. 改善，提高 → improvement n. 改善 - improve their lives 改善生活 24. hope to do sth. 希望做某事 - 注意：hope 不接 sb. to do sth.，可用 hope + that 从句 25. be proud to do sth. = take pride in … 为…感到自豪 - be proud to help people see again 为能帮助人们重见光明而自豪 26. suffer from 患有…；受…之苦 - suffer from different kinds of eye problems 患有各种眼部疾病 27. 90 per cent of these cases 这些病例中的 90% - 数字 + per cent of + 名词 作主语时，谓语单复数取决于后面的名词 28. be born with 天生具有 - were born with lip problems 天生患有唇裂 29. on board 在飞机上；在船上 30. benefit from 从…中受益 31. rely on 依靠；依赖 → rely on charities 依靠慈善机构 32. in addition 此外 - in addition to doing sth. 除了做某事之外 33. as well as 除…之外（还）；和 - 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由前面的主语决定（就远原则） 34. make great efforts to do sth. 努力做某事 35. make sure 确保；保证 36. in difficult situations 在困境中 37. a powerful champion of children's rights 儿童权利的有力捍卫者 38. get help in time 及时获得帮助 39. work closely with governments 与政府密切合作 Grammar 40. 语法一：被动语态（一般现在时 / 一般过去时） - 一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词 → The charity is supported by many people. - 一般过去时：was/were + 过去分词 → The charity was set up in 1946. - 主动变被动：把宾语提前作主语，谓语动词变为 be + 过去分词 - 注意：不及物动词和某些短语（如 run out、come true）无被动语态 - it is obvious who performs the action（动作的执行者显而易见时，可省略 by 短语） 41. 语法二：目的状语从句 so that / in order that - He studies hard so that he can enter a good school. - in order that + 从句 = in order to + 动词原形 42. 语法三：结果状语从句 so … that … / such … that … - so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句 - such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 + that + 从句 - He is so kind that everyone likes him. 43. 语法四：It is + adj. + that 从句 - It's necessary that we protect the environment. Unit 8 A green world 1. green adj. 绿色的；环保的 n. 绿色 - a green world 绿色世界；a green country 一个绿色国度 - Think green, be green. 关注环保，践行环保。 2. environment n. 环境 → environmental adj. 环境的 - environmental problems 环境问题 3. protect v. 保护 → protection n. 保护 - protect the environment 保护环境；protect it wisely 明智地保护它 4. pollute v. 污染 → pollution n. 污染（不可数） - air pollution 空气污染；water pollution 水污染 - noise pollution 噪声污染；soil pollution 土壤污染 5. waste v. 浪费 n. 废弃物 adj. 废弃的 - waste water 废水；waste paper 废纸；reduce waste 减少浪费 6. reduce v. 减少，降低 - reduce air pollution 减少空气污染 - 辨析：reduce 减少（数量）；reuse 重复使用（再次利用） 7. reuse v. 重新利用 → reusable adj. 可重复使用的 - reusable bags 环保袋 8. recycle v. 回收利用 n. 回收 → recycling n. 回收 - recycle paper 回收纸张；be sent to factories for recycling 被送往工厂回收利用 9. save v. 节约；拯救 - save energy 节约能源；save water 节约用水；save electricity 节约用电 10. energy n. 能源（不可数） - clean energy 清洁能源；new types of energy 新型能源 - 三种清洁能源：energy from the sun, wind and water 太阳能、风能和水能 Reading 11. electricity n. 电 → electric adj. 电动的 - electric buses 电动公交车；produce less air pollution 产生更少的空气污染 12. chemical adj. 化学的 n. 化学品 → chemistry n. 化学 - chemical waste 化学废料；chemicals poured into rivers and lakes 倒入河流湖泊的化学品 13. run out 用完；耗尽（无被动语态） - run out of 用完；耗尽（需接宾语） - 辨析：sth. runs out；sb. runs out of sth. 14. make a difference 有影响；起作用 15. separate v. 分开；分类 - separate … into … 把…分成… - be separated into different groups 被分成不同类别 16. be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事 - <反> be not allowed to do sth. 不被允许做某事 17. cut down 砍伐；减少 18. take action 采取行动 19. single‑use plastics 一次性塑料 20. drop litter in a public place 在公共场所乱扔垃圾 21. be fined by the police 被警方罚款 22. depend on 依靠；依赖 - depend on its rich resources to live 依靠其丰富的资源生存 23. wisely adv. 明智地 → wise adj. 明智的 - resource n. 资源；natural resources 自然资源 24. renewable adj. 可再生的 - renewable energy 可再生能源 25. eco‑friendly adj. 环保的 - eco‑friendly cleaning products 环保清洁产品 26. desertification n. 沙漠化 27. treasure n. 财富 v. 珍视 - our greatest treasure 我们最宝贵的财富 28. World Environment Day 世界环境日 29. a solution to pollution 污染的解决方案 30. become more aware of … 更清楚…；更加意识到… 31. share a ride to school 拼车上学 32. use less air conditioning 少用空调 33. be given to people in need 捐赠给有需要的人 34. one of the highest levels of waste recycling 垃圾回收率最高的国家之一 - successfully recycles more than 50% of its total waste 成功回收超过 50% 的总垃圾 35. strict rules about … 关于…的严格规定 - break these rules 违反这些规定；be allowed to do 被允许做… 36. control air and water pollution 控制空气和水污染 Grammar 37. 语法一：被动语态（一般将来时） - 结构一：主语 + will be + 过去分词 - 结构二：主语 + be going to be + 过去分词 - Posters will be designed by our class for the environmental campaign. - A recycling event is going to be held next Saturday. - Old clothes will be collected and sent to poor areas. 38. 语法二：三种时态的被动语态对比表 - 一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词 → Rubbish is separated into different groups. - 一般过去时：was/were + 过去分词 → Many trees were planted last year. - 一般将来时：will be / be going to be + 过去分词 → A recycling event will be held. 39. 语法三：主动语态变被动语态 - Factories release harmful gases. → Harmful gases are released by factories. - We will hold a charity show. → A charity show will be held. - We should use reusable bags. → Reusable bags should be used. 40. 语法四：条件状语从句 - if 引导条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”（主句用一般将来时，if 从句用一般现在时） - If we all take action, the world will be better. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $