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高考英语一轮复习话题之 自然灾害
Natural Disasters | 四环递进 · 学练一体
第一环 主题导入
(一)高考命题方向
本单元主题语境为"人与自然——自然灾害",是高考英语的高频话题。近年高考在阅读理解、语法填空、读后续写等题型中多次涉及地震、台风、洪水、海啸等自然灾害及防灾减灾、灾后重建等内容。复习时应重点关注:
1. 自然灾害类词汇与表达(typhoon, flood, evacuate, rescue, shelter, survivor等);
2. 新闻报道类语篇的结构与逻辑衔接;
3. as if/though虚拟语气、be doing...when...等核心句型;
4. 读后续写中灾难场景的环境/动作/心理描写高级表达。
(二)核心问题链
带着以下问题进入本单元复习:
① 今年夏天袭击我国东南沿海的超强台风造成了哪些影响?我们应如何应对极端天气?
② 面对突如其来的自然灾害,普通人应掌握哪些自救互救技能?
③ 自然灾害面前,人性的光辉与力量体现在哪些方面?
第二环 词汇突破
(一)核心词汇精讲
shock
词性词义
n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊
派生词
shocked adj.震惊的;shocking adj.令人震惊的
熟词生义拓展
n.剧烈震动(熟词生义):The shock of the explosion shattered all the windows.
核心短语
be shocked at/by 对……震惊;be shocked to do sth 做某事很震惊;with/in shock 震惊地;a great shock to sb 令某人大为震惊
经典例句
The news that the typhoon had claimed dozens of lives was a terrible shock to the entire nation.
考点点拨
shock作名词时可与不定冠词连用表"令人震惊的事";shocked修饰人,shocking修饰事物。
bury
词性词义
vt.埋藏;覆盖;安葬
派生词
burial n.埋葬;葬礼
熟词生义拓展
vt.使沉浸于(熟词生义):bury oneself in study 埋头学习
核心短语
bury oneself in (doing) sth=be buried in (doing) sth 埋头于;be buried in thought 陷入沉思;bury one's face in hands 双手掩面
经典例句
After the typhoon, rescue workers dug through the mud and debris, searching for anyone who might be buried under the collapsed houses.
考点点拨
bury oneself in和be buried in可互换;with+宾语+buried in为with复合结构。
strike
词性词义
vi.&vt.(struck, struck/stricken)侵袭;突击;击打;突然想到;给……印象 n.罢工;袭击
派生词
striker n.罢工者;前锋;striking adj.显著的;引人注目的
熟词生义拓展
vt.给……以印象(熟词生义):He strikes me as a very responsible person.
核心短语
It strikes/hits sb that…某人突然想到……;be struck by/with 被……打动;strike…into one's heart 使某人感到……;be/go on strike 罢工
经典例句
A powerful typhoon struck the southeastern coast early this morning, bringing torrential rain and winds of up to 180 kilometers per hour.
考点点拨
It strikes sb that中it为形式主语,that从句为真正主语;strike表"侵袭"时为及物动词,直接接宾语。
affect
词性词义
vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
派生词
affection n.喜爱;感情;affected adj.做作的;不自然的
熟词生义拓展
vt.假装(熟词生义):He affected not to hear what I said.
核心短语
be affected by 受……影响;被……感动;be affected with 感染……疾病
经典例句
The coastal regions affected by the typhoon have suffered severe economic losses, with thousands of houses damaged or destroyed.
考点点拨
affect为动词,effect为名词,二者易混;have an effect on=affect。
effect
词性词义
n.影响;结果;效果
派生词
effective adj.有效的;生效的;effectively adv.有效地;实际上
熟词生义拓展
n.个人财物(常用复数,熟词生义):personal effects 个人物品
核心短语
have an effect/influence/impact on 对……产生影响;take/come/go into effect 生效;in effect 实际上;有效
经典例句
The government has taken effective measures to reduce the effect of natural disasters on people's lives and property.
考点点拨
effect作动词时意为"使发生;实现",如effect a change;但高考中主要考查名词用法。
in ruins
词性词义
严重受损;破败不堪(=in a state of ruin)
派生词
ruinous adj.破坏性的;毁灭性的
熟词生义拓展
(短语拓展:bring sth to ruin 使某物毁灭;fall into ruin 变成废墟)
核心短语
lie/be in ruins 成为废墟;ruin oneself 毁掉自己;ruin one's health/fame/future 毁坏健康/声誉/前途
经典例句
Within hours of the typhoon's landfall, entire neighborhoods lay in ruins, with uprooted trees and overturned cars blocking every major road.
考点点拨
in ruins为介词短语,在句中作表语或状语;ruin既可作动词也可作名词。
survive
词性词义
vi.&vt.幸存;幸免于;比……活得长
派生词
survivor n.幸存者;survival n.幸存;生存
熟词生义拓展
vt.比……活得长(熟词生义):She survived her husband by ten years.
核心短语
survive sth 从……中幸存;survive on sth 靠……生存;a survivor of ……的幸存者
经典例句
Miraculously, the entire family survived the devastating typhoon by taking shelter in the reinforced concrete basement of their apartment building.
考点点拨
survive为及物动词时直接接宾语,不加in/from;survive on表示"靠……维持生活"。
trap
词性词义
vt.使陷入困境;困住 n.陷阱;圈套
派生词
trapper n.设陷阱捕兽者;trapped adj.被困的
熟词生义拓展
n.牢笼;困境(熟词生义):a poverty trap 贫困陷阱
核心短语
be trapped in 被困在……中;trap sb into (doing) sth 诱骗某人做某事;set/lay a trap 设陷阱
经典例句
Dozens of residents were trapped in their flooded homes as the typhoon's storm surge overwhelmed the coastal defenses.
考点点拨
be trapped in中trapped为过去分词作表语/定语;trap的过去式和过去分词为trapped(双写p)。
as if/though
词性词义
句型:(It seems) as if/though…似乎,好像……(可引导表语从句或方式状语从句)
派生词
(句型无派生词)
熟词生义拓展
(拓展:as if to do sth 好像要做某事;as if+adj./介词短语的省略结构)
核心短语
It seems as if…好像……;look as if…看起来好像……;talk as if…说起话来好像……
经典例句
It seemed as if the whole world were coming to an end as the typhoon's howling winds tore through the city, shattering windows and uprooting trees.
考点点拨
as if从句表事实或很大可能性时用陈述语气;表主观想象或非事实时用虚拟语气(与现在相反用过去时,be用were;与过去相反用过去完成时)。
be doing...when...
词性词义
句型:be doing…when…正在做……这时……(when为并列连词,意为"这时")
派生词
(句型无派生词)
熟词生义拓展
(拓展:be about to do…when…正要做……这时;had just done…when…刚做了……这时;be on the point of doing…when…正要做……这时)
核心短语
be doing…when…正在做……这时;be about to do…when…正要做……这时;had done…when…刚做完……这时
经典例句
The community workers were evacuating residents from the low-lying areas when the first storm surge hit, sending water rushing through the streets.
考点点拨
when在此句型中为并列连词,连接两个并列分句,不可换成while;主句谓语常为进行时、将来时或完成时。
(二)即学即练——单句填空
用括号内单词的正确形式填空,每空一词,注意语法叠加与语境逻辑。
1. ______ (trap) in the flooded basement for over 12 hours, the elderly woman had no idea ______ was happening above ground, nor did she know whether anyone would come to her rescue.
2. The disaster relief committee insisted that all damaged buildings ______ (inspect) by structural engineers before residents could return, for a single oversight ______ (result) in further casualties.
3. The typhoon made landfall in the coastal region, ______ entire fishing villages were swept away by the storm surge, ______ (leave) nothing but mud and debris in its wake.
4. By the time the rescue team arrived at the remote mountain village, the landslide ______ (bury) more than half of the houses, leaving the survivors with nothing but the clothes on ______ backs.
5. With the floodwater ______ (rise) rapidly and the wind blowing even ______ (fierce) than before, the trapped family had no choice but to climb onto the roof and wait for help.
6. So ferocious ______ the winds that even the sturdiest trees were uprooted, and the rain fell so heavily ______ visibility was reduced to less than ten meters.
7. When ______ (confront) with the heartbreaking scene of destruction, the young volunteer couldn't hold back her tears, for she had never witnessed anything so ______ (devastate) in her life.
8. It was the selfless dedication of the rescue workers ______ saved hundreds of lives during the typhoon, and their heroic deeds ______ (inspire) people across the nation ever since.
9. ______ (survive) a natural disaster of such magnitude is nothing short of a miracle, especially for those ______ homes were completely destroyed by the storm.
10. The news came as a devastating blow to the entire community ______ the search for missing survivors had been called off, as the rescue teams ______ (work) tirelessly for five days without finding any signs of life.
第三环 句式语篇
(一)完成句子
根据汉语提示完成句子,每空词数不限,注意句式结构与高级表达。
1. The community worker, ______ (已经连续工作了36个小时且没有合过眼), refused to take a break until every last resident had been evacuated to safety.(现在分词完成式作状语)
2. The floodwater, ______ (是平时水位的五倍还多), submerged the entire first floor of the residential buildings within minutes, trapping dozens of families inside.(倍数表达法+定语从句)
3. ______ (正是在台风登陆的那个风雨交加的夜晚) the community center was converted into a temporary shelter for over 500 displaced residents.(强调句)
4. The typhoon was so powerful and the rainfall so intense ______ (以至于沿海地区的大部分房屋在几小时内就被摧毁了), leaving thousands of people homeless overnight.(so…that结果状语从句)
5. ______ (尽管气象部门提前三天就发布了红色预警), many residents were still caught off guard by the ferocity of the storm and the speed of the rising water.(让步状语从句)
6. The relief supplies ______ (从全国各地紧急调来的) have been distributed to the affected areas, ______ (这极大地缓解了灾民的燃眉之急).(过去分词作定语+非限制性定语从句)
7. ______ (一听到台风预警信号响彻整个村庄), the village committee immediately organized the evacuation of all elderly and disabled residents to higher ground.(on/upon doing一……就……)
8. It is high time that we ______ (认真对待气候变化和极端天气频发的问题), for the increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters pose a serious threat to human survival.(虚拟语气)
(二)汉译英
将下列句子翻译成英语,注意使用本单元核心词汇与高级句式。
1. 这位在社区工作了十余年、经验丰富的基层干部,在台风来临前的最后几个小时里,冒着倾盆大雨挨家挨户劝说居民撤离,最终确保了全村人的生命安全。(strike; evacuate)
______________________________________________________________________________
2. 经过长达三天三夜的艰苦救援,消防队员终于从被洪水淹没的房屋二楼救出了被困的老人和他的孙女,这标志着此次救援行动取得了重大突破。(trap; signal)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. 尽管缺乏专业的救援设备和足够的人力,但这支由当地村民自发组成的志愿队凭借坚定的决心和对复杂地形的熟悉,成功转移了两百余名被困群众。(lack; determined)
______________________________________________________________________________
4. 深入了解台风的形成机制、移动路径和可能带来的次生灾害,对于提高预警准确率、完善应急预案和减少灾害损失至关重要。(动名词作主语;attach importance to)
______________________________________________________________________________
5. 这次超强台风灾害不仅给当地的农业、渔业和旅游业造成了巨大的经济损失,还让人们深刻认识到了加强防灾减灾能力建设和提升全民应急素养的紧迫性。(not only...but also; result in)
______________________________________________________________________________
(三)语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
This summer, a powerful typhoon swept across China's southeastern coastal regions, 1.______ (bring) torrential rain and strong winds that caused widespread flooding and landslides. The storm forced the evacuation of over 200,000 residents in low-lying areas, many of 2.______ had never experienced such a devastating disaster before.
Among the first responders was Li Wei, a 32-year-old community worker. 3.______ he had been on duty for 36 consecutive hours, he refused to take a break. As the water level rose rapidly, Li and his team went door to door, urging residents to leave their homes. 4.______ (locate) the source of the faint cries coming from a partially submerged house, Li tied a rope around his waist and waded into the chest-deep water, 5.______ (determine) to reach the trapped survivors.
Thanks to the tireless efforts of rescue workers like Li, the number of casualties 6.______ (keep) remarkably low. In the days that followed, volunteers from across the country rushed to the affected areas, bringing food, water and medical supplies. The government has also announced that 7.______ will allocate additional funds to rebuild the damaged infrastructure and improve the early warning system.
While we cannot prevent natural disasters from 8.______ (occur), we can certainly reduce their impact through preparedness and unity. This summer's typhoon served as 9.______ powerful reminder that when faced with adversity, the strength of human compassion and cooperation can overcome even the most 10.______ (challenge) circumstances.
第四环 写作落地
(一)应用文写作——倡议书
【写作要求】
假定你是校学生会主席李华,今年夏天我国东南沿海地区遭受了超强台风的袭击,造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。请你以校学生会的名义,用英语写一封倡议书,呼吁全校同学提高防灾减灾意识,建设安全校园。内容包括:1. 倡议背景;2. 具体建议(学习自救技能、熟悉疏散路线、参加应急演练等);3. 发出号召。词数110左右。
【写作语料】
高级词汇:disaster preparedness 防灾准备;evacuation route 疏散路线;emergency kit 应急包;survival skills 生存技能;raise awareness 提高意识;build a safer campus 建设安全校园;participate in drills 参加演练
高级句型:非限制性定语从句;现在分词作状语;It is high time that...虚拟语气;call on sb to do sth 呼吁某人做某事
【110词范文】
A Call for Strengthening Disaster Preparedness
Dear fellow students,
This summer's devastating typhoon, which caused unprecedented flooding and widespread property damage across China's southeastern coastal regions, has served as a stark reminder of the critical importance of disaster preparedness. To raise awareness and build a safer campus, we are launching a campaign on typhoon and flood safety.
We call on every student to learn basic survival skills, such as identifying evacuation routes and assembling emergency kits. Please familiarize yourself with the school's disaster response plan and participate actively in the monthly emergency drills.
Remember, preparedness today can save lives tomorrow. Let us work together to make our campus and communities far more resilient.
The Student Union
【范文解析】
谋篇布局:第一段倡议背景(台风灾害+防灾重要性+活动目的);第二段具体建议(学习技能+熟悉预案+参加演练);第三段发出号召(总结+呼吁)。
亮点句型:①which引导非限制性定语从句;②such as列举+动名词短语;③祈使句发出号召;④preparedness today can save lives tomorrow对仗句式。
词汇升级:用devastating代替terrible,用unprecedented代替never seen before,用stark reminder代替clear warning,用resilient代替safe,体现语言的高级感。
【背诵模板】
(倡议书通用模板,括号内为可替换内容)
Dear fellow students,
This (事件), which caused (后果), has served as a stark reminder of the critical importance of (主题). To raise awareness and build a (目标), we are launching a campaign on (活动主题).
We call on every student to learn basic (技能), such as (举例1) and (举例2). Please familiarize yourself with (相关预案) and participate actively in (相关活动).
Remember, (警句). Let us work together to make our campus and communities far more (形容词).
The Student Union
(二)读后续写语料积累——灾难场景描写
积累以下三维语料,用于读后续写中台风、洪水、地震等灾难场景的描写。
【环境描写】
The sky turned an eerie shade of dark green as the typhoon approached, and the wind howled like a wounded animal, tearing at the rooftops and sending debris flying through the air. 台风逼近时,天空变成了诡异的深绿色,狂风像受伤的野兽一样嚎叫,撕扯着屋顶,碎片在空中飞舞。
Rain lashed against the windows with such force that the glass rattled in its frames, and within minutes the streets had turned into raging rivers, carrying away everything in their path. 暴雨猛烈地敲打着窗户,玻璃在窗框中嘎嘎作响,几分钟内街道就变成了汹涌的河流,卷走了沿途的一切。
The floodwater rose steadily, creeping up the stairs like a silent predator, until the entire ground floor was submerged in murky brown water that reeked of mud and sewage. 洪水稳步上涨,像沉默的捕食者一样悄悄爬上楼梯,直到整个一楼都淹没在浑浊的棕色水中,散发着泥土和污水的恶臭。
Uprooted trees lay across the roads like fallen giants, their roots exposed to the sky, while overturned cars and shattered rooftops bore silent witness to the storm's fury. 被连根拔起的树木像倒下的巨人一样横亘在道路上,根系朝天,翻倒的汽车和破碎的屋顶默默见证着风暴的狂暴。
An eerie silence hung over the village in the aftermath of the typhoon, broken only by the distant sound of sirens and the occasional creak of a damaged building. 台风过后,一种诡异的寂静笼罩着村庄,只有远处的警笛声和偶尔传来的受损建筑的吱呀声打破这份宁静。
The storm surge crashed against the seawall with thunderous force, sending plumes of white spray high into the air, before spilling over the top and flooding the coastal streets. 风暴潮以雷鸣般的力量撞击着海堤,白色的浪花高高溅起,然后漫过堤顶,淹没了沿海的街道。
【动作描写】
The rescue worker tied a rope firmly around his waist, took a deep breath, and waded into the chest-deep water, fighting against the powerful current that threatened to sweep him off his feet. 救援人员把绳子牢牢系在腰间,深吸一口气,踏入齐胸深的水中,与几乎要把他冲倒的强大水流搏斗。
She grabbed the child's hand and pulled him onto the roof just as the floodwater crashed through the front door, sending furniture floating through the living room. 她一把抓住孩子的手,把他拉上屋顶,就在这时洪水冲破前门,家具在客厅里漂浮起来。
The firefighters used axes and crowbars to smash through the debris, their muscles straining with every blow as they searched for signs of life beneath the rubble. 消防队员用斧头和撬棍砸碎废墟,每一下都使出全身力气,在瓦砾下搜寻生命的迹象。
He pressed his ear against the cold concrete wall and tapped gently with a piece of broken brick, listening intently for any response from the other side. 他把耳朵贴在冰冷的混凝土墙上,用一块碎砖轻轻敲击,凝神倾听另一侧是否有回应。
The volunteers formed a human chain, passing sandbags from hand to hand as they raced against the rising water to reinforce the crumbling riverbank. 志愿者们组成人链,手手相传沙袋,与上涨的河水赛跑,加固摇摇欲坠的河堤。
【心理描写】
A wave of terror washed over her as the water level rose past her knees, her heart pounding so violently she could feel it throbbing in her temples. 当水位漫过膝盖时,一阵恐惧涌上心头,她的心脏剧烈跳动,连太阳穴都能感受到搏动。
He stood frozen in disbelief, staring at the ruins of what had once been his family home, his mind struggling to comprehend the scale of the destruction. 他难以置信地僵在原地,凝视着曾经是家的废墟,大脑努力想要理解这毁灭的规模。
Tears of gratitude welled up in her eyes as the rescue worker carried her to safety, her body trembling with a mixture of fear and relief. 当救援人员把她抱到安全地带时,感激的泪水涌上眼眶,她的身体因恐惧和释然交织而颤抖。
Despite the overwhelming despair that threatened to consume him, he forced himself to stay calm, knowing that panic would only diminish their chances of survival. 尽管极度的绝望几乎要将他吞噬,他还是强迫自己保持冷静,因为他知道恐慌只会降低他们生存的几率。
A glimmer of hope flickered in her chest when she heard the distant wail of sirens, growing louder with each passing minute. 当听到远处越来越近的警笛声时,一丝希望在她胸中闪烁,每分钟都在变得更加明亮。
【翻译练习】
将下列句子翻译成英语,注意使用上面积累的描写语料。
1. 当洪水迅速漫过街道时,居民们纷纷爬上屋顶,惊恐地望着浑浊的水流卷走他们的家具和财物。
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2. 救援队员在齐胸深的水中艰难前行,绳子牢牢系在腰间,与几乎要将他冲走的激流搏斗。
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3. 尽管眼前的景象令人绝望,但她还是紧紧握住孩子的手,低声安慰他说救援人员很快就会来。
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参考答案与解析
一、单句填空
1. Trapped; what 过去分词作状语(表被动);what引导宾语从句,在从句中作主语。
2. (should) be inspected; would result insist后宾语从句用虚拟语气(should) do;过去将来时表从过去看将要发生的事。
3. where; leaving where引导定语从句,先行词为region,从句缺地点状语;现在分词作结果状语,表自然而然的结果。
4. had buried; their by the time引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时;形容词性物主代词their修饰backs。
5. rising; more fiercely with复合结构,floodwater与rise为主动关系,用现在分词;even修饰比较级more fiercely。
6. were; that so...that句型中so置于句首时主句部分倒装;that引导结果状语从句。
7. confronted; devastating 状语从句省略,完整形式为When she was confronted;词性转换,动词devastate转为形容词devastating。
8. that; have inspired 强调句It was...that...,被强调部分为the selfless dedication;ever since常与现在完成时连用。
9. Surviving; whose 动名词短语作主语;whose引导定语从句,在从句中作定语,表所属关系。
10. that; had been working that引导同位语从句,解释说明news的具体内容;过去完成进行时表从过去某时开始一直持续到另一过去时间的动作。
二、完成句子
1. having worked for 36 consecutive hours without a wink of sleep / who had been working for 36 hours straight without any sleep
2. which was over five times the normal water level / more than five times as high as the usual level
3. It was on the stormy night when the typhoon made landfall that
4. that most of the houses in the coastal areas were destroyed within hours
5. Although the meteorological department had issued a red warning three days in advance / Despite the red warning issued by the weather bureau three days ahead
6. urgently transported from all over the country; which has greatly alleviated the victims' urgent needs
7. On hearing the typhoon warning signal resounding throughout the village / Upon hearing that the typhoon warning had sounded across the entire village
8. took the issues of climate change and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather seriously / should take the problem of climate change and frequent extreme weather seriously
三、汉译英(参考译文)
1. The experienced grassroots cadre, who had worked in the community for over a decade, went door to door in the pouring rain during the final hours before the typhoon struck, urging residents to evacuate and ultimately ensuring the safety of every villager.
2. After three days and three nights of arduous rescue work, the firefighters finally pulled the trapped elderly man and his granddaughter out of the second floor of the flooded house, which signaled a major breakthrough in the rescue operation.
3. Despite lacking professional rescue equipment and sufficient manpower, the volunteer team spontaneously formed by local villagers, determined and familiar with the complex terrain, successfully transferred over 200 trapped residents.
4. Having a deep understanding of the formation mechanism, movement path and potential secondary disasters of typhoons is vital for improving the accuracy of early warnings, refining emergency plans and reducing disaster losses.
5. This super typhoon disaster not only caused huge economic losses to local agriculture, fisheries and tourism, but also made people deeply aware of the urgency of strengthening disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities and enhancing the public's emergency literacy.
四、语法填空
1. bringing 现在分词作伴随状语,逻辑主语a powerful typhoon与bring之间为主动关系。
2. whom 定语从句,"介词+关系代词"结构,先行词residents指人,介词of后用whom。
3. Although/Though 让步状语从句,意为"尽管他已经连续值班36小时"。
4. To locate 不定式作目的状语,意为"为了找到微弱呼救声的来源"。
5. determined 过去分词(形容词化)作伴随状语,be determined to do意为"决心做某事"。
6. was kept 一般过去时的被动语态,the number of casualties与keep之间为被动关系。
7. it 代词,指代the government,在宾语从句中作主语。
8. occurring 动名词,介词from后接动名词作宾语,prevent...from doing sth。
9. a 不定冠词,a powerful reminder意为"一个强有力的提醒"。
10. challenging 词性转换,动词challenge转为形容词challenging,修饰名词circumstances。
五、续写语料翻译练习(参考译文)
1. As the floodwater rapidly spread across the streets, residents scrambled onto their rooftops, staring in horror at the murky current sweeping away their furniture and belongings.
2. The rescue worker struggled forward through chest-deep water, a rope tied firmly around his waist, fighting against the powerful current that threatened to sweep him away.
3. Despite the desperate scene before her, she held the child's hand tightly, whispering comforting words that the rescuers would arrive soon.
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