专题06 阅读理解之主旨大意题（复习讲义）（天津专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦主旨大意题核心考点，涵盖标题归纳、段落大意、文章大意三大题型，依据命题规律构建“命题透视-思维建模-考点精讲-真题溯源”的知识框架，通过考点梳理、解题步骤指导及真题训练，帮助学生系统突破难点，体现复习的针对性。 资料以思维建模搭建系统思维，通过“三步法”培养学生语言理解与概括能力，如标题归纳题强调“核心对象+核心逻辑”策略，结合高考真题感知考向。分层设计考向破译练习，助力学生高效提升应考能力，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰指导，彰显实战价值。

专题06 主旨大意题 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 命题轨迹透视 主旨大意题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，占比高、难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中概括能力。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 B篇 44 45 未公布 45 45 45 44 45 C篇 50 50 50 50 49 50 50 D篇 55 55 未公布 55 55 55 55 55 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 一、核心题型区分 题型 考察重点 题干关键词 解题关键 标题归纳题 文章核心内容的凝练（需覆盖主旨，简洁精准） What would be the best title? / What makes the best title? 抓 “核心对象 + 核心逻辑”，避免宽泛 / 狭窄 段落大意题 单个段落的核心观点（常为主题句或逻辑结论） What message does Paragraph X convey? / What is Paragraph X mainly about? 定位段落首尾句、转折词后观点 文章大意题 全文整体核心思想（贯穿全文的主线） What does the passage focus on? / What message does the story convey? 串联各段主旨，排除局部细节 二、通用解题步骤（三步法） 第一步：定位核心信息 找主题句： 文章层面：首段（引入主旨）、尾段（总结升华）； 段落层面：首句（总起）、尾句（总结）、转折词（but/however/yet）后句子（核心观点）。 抓高频关键词：全文 / 段落反复出现的名词、名词短语（如 “dollhouse”“rereading”“storytelling”），是核心载体。 筛逻辑线索：排除例子、数据、背景等细节，聚焦 “观点 + 结论”。 第二步：匹配选项特征 （一）正确选项特征 概括性：覆盖核心对象和核心逻辑（如 “玩具小屋 + 情感承载”“重读 + 变革力量”）； 精准性：不超出文章范围，不遗漏关键维度（如 “美好生活” 不仅是 “内容”，还有 “顺序”）； 一致性：与主题句、高频词高度呼应，无偏离。 （二）错误选项特征 细节化：仅涉及文章局部信息（例子、数据、某一段的分支内容）； 宽泛化：范围过大，无法体现文章具体重点（如 “学习” vs “兴趣带来的学习奇迹”）； 无中生有：出现文章未提及的概念、逻辑（如 “科学局限源于测试不足” 未在原文提及）； 反向干扰：与文章核心观点矛盾（如 “科学可突破所有限制” 与原文 “科学有根本性局限” 矛盾）； 片面化：只覆盖部分段落主旨，未贯穿全文（如 “重读的类型” vs “重读的变革力量”）。 第三步：验证排除 代入验证：将选项作为标题 / 主旨，判断是否能统领全文 / 段落所有关键内容； 优先排除：先排除 “细节化”“无中生有”“反向干扰” 类选项，再对比剩余选项的概括性。 考点一 标题归纳题 知●识●解●构 标题归纳题 【设问方式 1．What is the best title for the text? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What can be a suitable title for the text? 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 解题核心方法 概括性：标题需覆盖文章核心内容，既不遗漏关键信息，也不超出文章范围。 精准性：避免过于宽泛（无法体现文章重点）或过于狭窄（只涉及局部细节）。 呼应主旨：标题本质是主旨的凝练表达，需与文章核心观点高度契合。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Music is the food of love, according to poets. And classical music, it seems, may be fine rain for restaurants. The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England. “When you hear a piece of music, it activates all types of knowledge,” said Adrian North, a senior lecturer in psychology at a university who carried out tests in a restaurant near Leicester over a period of three weeks. “If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble. In a restaurant, this has the effect of making you spend a bit more money.” Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head. But when the music was Britney Spears’, diners spent less than 22 pounds a head, they found. With no background music, spending fell to around 21 pounds. “Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees,” said James Davis, owner of Softleys restaurant in Market Bosworth, where the research was carried out. He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.” 1．How did people feel while listening to classical music? A．They only feel noble. B．They feel they are luxurious. C．They feel that they are a little noble and wealthy. D．They have the feeling that money is less important. 2．Which music has the most obvious effect on people’s spending? A．Britney Spears’ B．Classical music C．Pop music. D．Not mentioned in the passage. 3．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．People like to have desserts and coffees. B．The desserts and coffees are very expensive. C．People spend money in enjoying music in restaurants. D．Having desserts and coffees makes people spend more money. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．Softleys might accept the idea B．most people don’t believe the idea C．restaurants will never play Britney Spears’ music D．every restaurant must play classical music in the future 5．What is the best title of the passage? A．Classical music makes diners spend more money. B．Music and restaurants. C．Diners love music. D．Music is the food of love. （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）The clownery starts on the sidewalk, even before you enter the big top. Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖) . The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin. Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease. Now she watches kiddie clowns spill into the arena, trying to remember their choreography (编舞). Unicyclists pedal out next, forming long chorus lines that rotate (旋转) like clock hands. Then comes the flying trapeze (吊杠). Star aerialist Kevin Nord flips and twists above the crowd before diving toward his friend’s outstretched hands. Caught! The applause is for him, for all 200 youth performers, and for the 400 volunteers who make the show possible. Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru-area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. “The circus is what makes us who we are, ” says Myers. For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care. “There are plenty of kids who don’t have good situations at home, ” says former aerialist Jason Yoo Myers knows the feeling. At 11, facing divorce, loss and instability, circus practice became her safe place. Late-night lock-ins let kids bond not just as performers, but as people. Showtime again. Nord. now a Purdue engineering student, flies with the confidence that someone will catch him. His fellow aerialists— some former classmates he barely knew— are now the people he trusts most. During the 65th-anniversary show, “Make It Shine,” he appears in his sparkly cape (斗篷) , ready to twist and tumble. When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder. 6．Why does the author open the story with vivid sensory details? A．To contrast the noisy circus with the quiet town. B．To draw the readers into the festive atmosphere. C．To highlight the commercial success of the circus. D．To suggest the lively scene may distract spectators 7．What role does Debra Jo Myers play in the passage? A．She explains why performers often become volunteers. B．She reflects how personal experience shapes local cultural identity. C．She highlights the historical roots of the circus in the town. D．She illustrates how individual memory sustains a collective tradition. 8．Which of the following best explains why the circus serves as a refuge for many children? A．It allows them to escape from school pressure and perform freely. B．It creates a stable community where adults care about their wellbeing. C．It helps them quickly develop professional circus career. D．It offers financial assistance to families suffering poverty. 9．The audience cheering louder when Nord fails suggests that ________. A．Performance quality matters more. B．Celebration is central to local culture. C．Effort and courage deserve recognition. D．Failure is part of the amateur shows. 10．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Flying High: The Rise of a New circus Star B．How a Small Town Built a World-Class circus C．Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together D．Behind the Big Top: The secrets of circus Techniques （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）When I was 17 years old, I had surgery because of a disease. The day after the surgery, I awoke to find a friend of mine sitting in a chair across from my bed. I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip (输液). We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. Our age, what we might call the age of economics, is strongly influenced by two types of relationships that reflect the lives we are encouraged to lead. There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. And there are entrepreneur (企业家) relationships, those that we invest in, hoping they will bring us some return. Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. In pleasure friendships, he said, “It is not for their character that men love ready-witted people, but because they find them pleasant.” About the usefulness friendships, he said, “Those who love each other for their utility (效用) do not love each other for themselves, but because of some good which they get from each other.” Although we benefit from our close friendships, these friendships are not a matter of calculable gain and loss. Consumer pleasures are lasting for only a limited time. They surround us for a short period and then they fade, like a drug. Entrepreneur friendship, when successful, leads to the victory of personal gain. It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational (不合理的). Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. 11．The author mentions his operation in the first paragraph to _________. A．honor one of his best friends B．introduce the topic of friendship C．recall the experience of surgery D．advise people to visit sick friends 12．Consumer relationships center on _________. A．mutual support in times of trouble B．the sharing of joy and sorrow C．the current enjoyment and pleasure D．the return from one’s investment 13．How does the author make his argument convincing for readers to accept? A．By explaining the causes of friendship. B．By providing enough facts and examples. C．By relating his classification to Aristotle’s. D．By listing five different types of friendship. 14．The author is more likely to support the idea that _________. A．there are no specific reasons for friendship B．short-term pleasure is the center of friendship C．friendships are a matter of calculable gain or loss D．everyday amusement is the true basis of friendship 15．The best title for the text would be _________. A．Friendship in Tough Situations B．Friendship in Contemporary Times C．Friendship in a Fast-Paced Life D．Friendship in the Age of Economics 考点二 段落大意题 知●识●解●构 段落大意题 设问方式 1．What is the last paragraph mainly about? 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about...? 3．In the last paragraph，the author mainly tells us . 4．Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．The third paragraph mainly tells us that . 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Erica Solove remembers December 30, 2021, like it was yesterday. She was at home in Superior, Colorado, a Boulder suburb at the foot of the Rockies. “It was an extremely windy day,” she says. “Hurricane-force winds. And we quickly realized it’s not just wind coming down the mountain — it’s fire.” She grabbed her napping two-year-old daughter out of her crib while her husband scooped up their five-year-old son. The family got in the car, struggling to open the doors against the wind, and fled without wallets, coats, or even shoes. She remembers how half the sky was black with smoke, while the other half was a bright crystalline blue. They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history. Her family lost everything. In the early weeks after the disaster, Solove experienced panic attacks on windy days, and the kids went to trauma therapy. “What an absolute nightmare,” she says. But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family. Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic (创伤) Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis. Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck. When people experience post-traumatic growth, by contrast, they identify improvements in their lives. Recently, researchers have been finding brain structures that correlate with this kind of growth. And they’ve been unearthing new social and community factors and personal behaviors contribute to fostering it. The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life. 1．What can we learn about the Marshall Fire from the passage? A．It happened in a city far from the Rockies. B．It caused no harm to Solove’s family except property loss. C．It was the most expensive fire disaster in Colorado’s history. D．It broke out on a quiet, windless day. 2．Why does the author include Erica’s personal story in the passage? A．To showcase transformative effects of tragedy B．To establish emotional connection with readers C．To demonstrate the psychological findings D．To provide background on trauma research 3．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Highlight the accessibility of PTG principles B．The universality of confronting obstacles C．Learn from others’ traumatic experiences D．Draw strength from everyday challenges 4．What does Erica Solove’s experience show? A．Always have, always will. B．A blessing in disguise. C．The beginning of one thing can be the rest of everything. D．Our greatest glory is in rising every time when we fall. 5．According to the description and curve, which one is true according to the passage? A．I  Ⅱ B．I  Ⅲ C．Ⅱ  Ⅲ D．Ⅲ  Ⅳ （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. These moments always brought to mind a scene in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which the headteacher at Hogwarts, AI bus Hogwarts, takes out upsetting memories with his magic stick and places them in a shallow bowl called the “Pensieve”. In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). Writing, for me, provided the same relief. As a science writer, I have been delighted to discover that the practice not only comforts a troubled soul but also improves physical health. Given these benefits, the question arises: Why is writing so stress- relieving in the first place? One possibility is that externalizing our thoughts gives us more head space to think about other things. We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. This eases stress and if done before bedtime, it can even improve sleep. However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. If you’d like to include it in your own mental first aid kit, though, there are some ways to maximize its benefits. When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. 6．What can we know about the author when he was a teenager? A．He was unpopular with friends. B．He was active in social activities. C．He tended to hide his true feelings. D．He had a way to adjust his emotions. 7．Why does Hogwarts use the Pensieve according to paragraph 2? A．To share memories with others. B．To awake delighted memories. C．To observe memories objectively. D．To find inspiration for teaching. 8．Writing gives us more space to think about other things by _________. A．changing memory patterns B．freeing up mental capacity C．seeking comfort from others D．generating more cognitive confidence 9．What can be inferred about writing as a stress- relief method? A．It is a one-size-fits-all solution. B．It requires professional guidance. C．Its role has been universally proven. D．Its effect varies from person to person. 10．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Suggestions on expressive writing. B．Strategies for managing daily stress. C．Importance of developing real friendship. D．Reflections on interpersonal relationships. （25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 11．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 12．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 13．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 14．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 15．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 考点三 文章大意题 知●识●解●构 文章大意题 设问方式 1．What is the text mainly about? 2．What message does the author seem to convey in the text? 3．What does the passage focus on? 核心技巧 文章大意 =“核心对象 + 贯穿全文的主线逻辑”（主线逻辑是各段都围绕的核心观点，如 “故意犯错有积极作用”“讲故事的多重价值”）； 避免 “以偏概全”（用某一段的观点代替全文）或 “过度延伸”（超出原文观点范围）。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）Many think that language is what sets humans apart from other animals, and that for us to think, language is a decisive factor. British philosopher Bertrand Russell even claimed in 1948 that no intelligent thinking can take place without language. However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science. The study, conducted by scientists from the US, explored the language-thought relationship through two research approaches. First, they studied patients suffering from global aphasia, who had lost much of their ability to understand or speak due to damage to the left hemisphere of their brain. However, they can still complete complex tasks. “You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal, they can succeed,” Evelina Fedorenko, one of the study’s authors from the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told ZME Science. The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers as they performed non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s language regions were mostly inactive during such activities. In other words, we generally need language to express our thoughts but we can still think without words. So, if language isn’t necessary for thinking, then why did humans develop it? Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. “Most of the things that you probably learned about the world, you learned through language and not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage. Although language does not give rise to thoughts, past research shows that how we speak can heavily influence how we think. For example, the English sentence “he fired the gun” is usually phrased as “the gun went off” in Japanese. As a result, English speakers are more likely to focus on the person responsible for an accident than Japanese speakers, according to Psychology Today. 1．What does the recent study show about language and thought? A．Language and thought work separately. B．Language is the basis of intelligent thought. C．Language and thought depend on each other. D．Language determines the complexity of thought. 2．What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage? A．To prove that language is essential for intelligent thinking. B．To examine the relationship between language and thought. C．To develop new treatments for patients with global aphasia. D．To identify the brain regions responsible for non-verbal reasoning. 3．What did brain-imaging tools reveal about healthy volunteers performing non-verbal task? A．They struggled with problem-solving. B．Their language centers became overactive. C．Their language regions showed little activity. D．They would unconsciously use verbal strategies. 4．How can language serve humans, according to Fedorenko? A．It helps humans generate thoughts. B．It decides humans’ evolutionary direction. C．It replaces direct experience with the world. D．It facilitates the exchange of complicated ideas. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．Thought can operate independently from language. B．Language plays a decisive role in shaping human thought. C．Language and thought are deeply interdependent in the brain. D．The absence of language makes complex thought impossible. （25-26高三上·天津·期中）When it comes to work, workers, and jobs, much of the concern of the modern age boils down to the fear that we’re witnessing the final stage of the game, and that there will be nowhere for humans to withdraw as machines take over the last few tasks. The most recent example comes from the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Is there no area of human experience that can’t be replaced by AI? And if not, what is left for humans to do except the tasks involved in taking care of the machines? At the heart of this concern is our desire for good jobs that make the most of workers’ natural abilities and where the work provides the worker with motivation and work-life balance. More importantly, good jobs support workers in learning by doing — and, in so doing, deliver benefits on three levels: to the worker, who gains in personal development and job satisfaction; to the organization, which reforms as staff find new problems to solve and opportunities to pursue, and to the community as a whole, which harvests the economic benefits of hosting positive organizations and workers. This is what makes good jobs productive for the organization, as well as engaging and fulfilling for the worker. Does the ongoing advance of AI threaten to get rid of all the learning, creativity, and meaning that make a job a good job? Certainly, some have blamed technology for just such an outcome. Headlines today often express concern over technological innovation resulting in bad jobs for humans, or even the complete disappearance of certain professions. Some fear that further technology advancement in the workplace will result in jobs where employees are being asked to work in split times or for longer periods over more days. The problem here isn’t the technology; rather, it’s the way the technology is used — and, more than that, the way people think about using it. 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．How to take care of the AI machines. B．The relations between workers and jobs. C．The human’s fears in the age of AI. D．Human experiences were replaced by AI. 7．According to the passage, what’s the fear in the age of AI? A．We’ll have nothing left to do. B．We’ll be taken over by AI. C．We’ll be addicted to computer games. D．We’ll have no machines to take care of. 8．What jobs are NOT supposed to be good according to the passage? A．Those that mainly have the economic benefits. B．The ones that offer chances to progress professionally. C．Those that make full use of workers’ motivation. D．The ones that don’t bring new problems to workers. 9．How do news media respond to the development of AI? A．Negative. B．Supportive. C．Optimistic. D．Unknown. 10．What will the author probably talk about next? A．The future jobs humans will do. B．The application of AI in the future. C．The ways that humans do jobs. D．The proper attitude towards AI. （2026高三·全国·专题练习）There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. （2025高三上·天津·专题练习）The turn of the year is the time for reviewing one’s life, and for making some resolutions about what to concentrate on in the coming year; and for many years I have taken advantage of the holiday to review my own ambition. One thing I decide on this year is to give up writing the Grumpy (暴躁的) Old Bookman column in this magazine. It’s not that I’ve lost interest in the book world. But Leonard Woolf, husband of American writer Virginia Woolf (1882 — 1941), used to say a man should change his career every seven years. Though I would say that changing your whole career frequently is going a bit far, I do find that it serves as a great refresher if you can occasionally try a new job within the same line of business. It is over 15 years since our editor wrote to me and asked if I would be interested in writing a regular piece about what was, even then, a rapidly changing publishing scene. He approached me because since 2004 I had been writing a regular blog called Grumpy Old Bookman. As my monthly survey of developments in both traditional and digital publishing continued, in this magazine, I began to realize that writers in this century, of both fiction and non-fiction, are living in something close to a paradise (天堂). Once, you struggled for years to find a publisher — or an agent if you wanted one — but now you can publish your own stuff, either digitally or in paperback, without it costing you a penny piece. After about five years of producing such columns, it occurred to me that, rather than let these essays fade away on the seas of time, it might be valuable to publish my thoughts and comments in book form to potential readers. Hence, in 2014, I published the first 69 GOB columns in paperback format, using Amazon’s Create Space facilities. Title: Writers Rejoice! A monthly diary of the dawn of the digital age, which was my first trial. And now I sincerely wish a new 2024. What does the author mainly want to tell us? A．Giving up timely is a virtue. B．Often changing jobs means new chances. C．The beginning of a year is a new start. D．Reflection can drive us to push forward. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 2．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 3．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 4．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 6．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 7．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 8．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 9．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 10．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 11．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 12．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 13．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 14．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 15．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons （2018·天津·高考真题）If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle（海 龟）could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic（磁力的）sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect（探测到）magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”（罗盘）. He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle. Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study. 16．Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______. A．bring up their young B．recognize landmarks C．detect magnetic fields D．learn to find directions 17．What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A．Weak light reflected off the ocean. B．Help from adult loggerheads. C．Bright sunlight from the sky. D．Food in warmer waters. 18．In the experiment, after the newborns’ magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by ____. A．the light B．the magnetic field C．other unknown factors D．the light and the magnetic field 19．What is the significance of Lohmann’s research work? A．It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B．It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C．It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D．It helps protect the loggerheads’ living environment. 20．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Experiments on Loggerheads B．The Survival of the Sea Turtle C．The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass” D．Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 21．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 22．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 23．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 24．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 25．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 主旨大意题 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 命题轨迹透视 主旨大意题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，占比高、难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中概括能力。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 B篇 44 45 未公布 45 45 45 44 45 C篇 50 50 50 50 49 50 50 D篇 55 55 未公布 55 55 55 55 55 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 一、核心题型区分 题型 考察重点 题干关键词 解题关键 标题归纳题 文章核心内容的凝练（需覆盖主旨，简洁精准） What would be the best title? / What makes the best title? 抓 “核心对象 + 核心逻辑”，避免宽泛 / 狭窄 段落大意题 单个段落的核心观点（常为主题句或逻辑结论） What message does Paragraph X convey? / What is Paragraph X mainly about? 定位段落首尾句、转折词后观点 文章大意题 全文整体核心思想（贯穿全文的主线） What does the passage focus on? / What message does the story convey? 串联各段主旨，排除局部细节 二、通用解题步骤（三步法） 第一步：定位核心信息 找主题句： 文章层面：首段（引入主旨）、尾段（总结升华）； 段落层面：首句（总起）、尾句（总结）、转折词（but/however/yet）后句子（核心观点）。 抓高频关键词：全文 / 段落反复出现的名词、名词短语（如 “dollhouse”“rereading”“storytelling”），是核心载体。 筛逻辑线索：排除例子、数据、背景等细节，聚焦 “观点 + 结论”。 第二步：匹配选项特征 （一）正确选项特征 概括性：覆盖核心对象和核心逻辑（如 “玩具小屋 + 情感承载”“重读 + 变革力量”）； 精准性：不超出文章范围，不遗漏关键维度（如 “美好生活” 不仅是 “内容”，还有 “顺序”）； 一致性：与主题句、高频词高度呼应，无偏离。 （二）错误选项特征 细节化：仅涉及文章局部信息（例子、数据、某一段的分支内容）； 宽泛化：范围过大，无法体现文章具体重点（如 “学习” vs “兴趣带来的学习奇迹”）； 无中生有：出现文章未提及的概念、逻辑（如 “科学局限源于测试不足” 未在原文提及）； 反向干扰：与文章核心观点矛盾（如 “科学可突破所有限制” 与原文 “科学有根本性局限” 矛盾）； 片面化：只覆盖部分段落主旨，未贯穿全文（如 “重读的类型” vs “重读的变革力量”）。 第三步：验证排除 代入验证：将选项作为标题 / 主旨，判断是否能统领全文 / 段落所有关键内容； 优先排除：先排除 “细节化”“无中生有”“反向干扰” 类选项，再对比剩余选项的概括性。 考点一 标题归纳题 知●识●解●构 标题归纳题 【设问方式 1．What is the best title for the text? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What can be a suitable title for the text? 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 解题核心方法 概括性：标题需覆盖文章核心内容，既不遗漏关键信息，也不超出文章范围。 精准性：避免过于宽泛（无法体现文章重点）或过于狭窄（只涉及局部细节）。 呼应主旨：标题本质是主旨的凝练表达，需与文章核心观点高度契合。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Music is the food of love, according to poets. And classical music, it seems, may be fine rain for restaurants. The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England. “When you hear a piece of music, it activates all types of knowledge,” said Adrian North, a senior lecturer in psychology at a university who carried out tests in a restaurant near Leicester over a period of three weeks. “If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble. In a restaurant, this has the effect of making you spend a bit more money.” Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head. But when the music was Britney Spears’, diners spent less than 22 pounds a head, they found. With no background music, spending fell to around 21 pounds. “Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees,” said James Davis, owner of Softleys restaurant in Market Bosworth, where the research was carried out. He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.” 1．How did people feel while listening to classical music? A．They only feel noble. B．They feel they are luxurious. C．They feel that they are a little noble and wealthy. D．They have the feeling that money is less important. 2．Which music has the most obvious effect on people’s spending? A．Britney Spears’ B．Classical music C．Pop music. D．Not mentioned in the passage. 3．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．People like to have desserts and coffees. B．The desserts and coffees are very expensive. C．People spend money in enjoying music in restaurants. D．Having desserts and coffees makes people spend more money. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．Softleys might accept the idea B．most people don’t believe the idea C．restaurants will never play Britney Spears’ music D．every restaurant must play classical music in the future 5．What is the best title of the passage? A．Classical music makes diners spend more money. B．Music and restaurants. C．Diners love music. D．Music is the food of love. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究表明餐厅播放古典音乐会让食客感觉富有并鼓励他们多花钱。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble.(如果你听到古典音乐，它会给你一种富有感，让你觉得自己有点高贵)”可知，人们听古典音乐时会觉得自己有点高贵和富有。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head.(研究人员发现，古典音乐通常与财富联系在一起，在鼓励人们支付现金方面最为成功，食客人均消费超过24英镑)”可知，古典音乐对人们消费的影响最明显。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees(人们真正花钱的地方是奢侈的东西，比如甜点和咖啡)”可知，画线句子的意思是吃甜点和喝咖啡会让人们花更多的钱。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中餐厅老板James Davis说的“He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.”(他还说：“我认为这项研究肯定会影响我们未来的演奏。”)”可推断出，Softleys 餐厅可能会采纳这个研究结论。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England.(据英国中部莱斯特大学的研究，餐厅里播放的莫扎特、巴赫和贝多芬的音乐让食客感觉更富有，并鼓励他们花钱)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了研究表明餐厅播放古典音乐会让食客感觉富有并鼓励他们多花钱。所以本文的最佳标题是“Classical music makes diners spend more money(古典音乐让食客花更多钱)”。故选A。 （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）The clownery starts on the sidewalk, even before you enter the big top. Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖) . The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin. Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease. Now she watches kiddie clowns spill into the arena, trying to remember their choreography (编舞). Unicyclists pedal out next, forming long chorus lines that rotate (旋转) like clock hands. Then comes the flying trapeze (吊杠). Star aerialist Kevin Nord flips and twists above the crowd before diving toward his friend’s outstretched hands. Caught! The applause is for him, for all 200 youth performers, and for the 400 volunteers who make the show possible. Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru-area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. “The circus is what makes us who we are, ” says Myers. For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care. “There are plenty of kids who don’t have good situations at home, ” says former aerialist Jason Yoo Myers knows the feeling. At 11, facing divorce, loss and instability, circus practice became her safe place. Late-night lock-ins let kids bond not just as performers, but as people. Showtime again. Nord. now a Purdue engineering student, flies with the confidence that someone will catch him. His fellow aerialists— some former classmates he barely knew— are now the people he trusts most. During the 65th-anniversary show, “Make It Shine,” he appears in his sparkly cape (斗篷) , ready to twist and tumble. When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder. 6．Why does the author open the story with vivid sensory details? A．To contrast the noisy circus with the quiet town. B．To draw the readers into the festive atmosphere. C．To highlight the commercial success of the circus. D．To suggest the lively scene may distract spectators 7．What role does Debra Jo Myers play in the passage? A．She explains why performers often become volunteers. B．She reflects how personal experience shapes local cultural identity. C．She highlights the historical roots of the circus in the town. D．She illustrates how individual memory sustains a collective tradition. 8．Which of the following best explains why the circus serves as a refuge for many children? A．It allows them to escape from school pressure and perform freely. B．It creates a stable community where adults care about their wellbeing. C．It helps them quickly develop professional circus career. D．It offers financial assistance to families suffering poverty. 9．The audience cheering louder when Nord fails suggests that ________. A．Performance quality matters more. B．Celebration is central to local culture. C．Effort and courage deserve recognition. D．Failure is part of the amateur shows. 10．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Flying High: The Rise of a New circus Star B．How a Small Town Built a World-Class circus C．Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together D．Behind the Big Top: The secrets of circus Techniques 【答案】6．B 7．B 8．B 9．C 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了印第安纳州佩鲁的业余马戏团，介绍了其热闹的开场氛围、发展历史、对当地孩子的重要意义以及在表演中的团结互助等，展现了马戏团这一传统如何将小镇凝聚在一起。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖). The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin.(来到印第安纳州佩鲁观看佩鲁业余马戏团的人群，会受到爱开玩笑的人用愚蠢的笑话和彩虹棒棒糖的欢迎。空气中弥漫着黄油爆米花的香味，喇叭声轰鸣，棉花糖在舌尖融化。马戏团就要开始了。)”可知，作者用生动的感官细节描写马戏团开场时的热闹场景，如欢闹的人群、爆米花的香味、喇叭声、棉花糖等，目的是把读者带入到这种欢乐的节日氛围中。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease.(在欣喜的观众中有一位是黛布拉乔·迈尔斯，她提名马戏团为美国最美好的地方之一。十几岁的时候，她曾经在这里轻松地飞过空中。)”以及第三段中的“‘The circus is what makes us who we are,’ says Myers.(迈尔斯说：‘马戏团造就了现在的我们。’)”可知，Debra Jo Myers年轻时在马戏团表演，现在她看着马戏团的发展，她的角色是“见证者” 和 “阐释者”—— 用自己的经历解释马戏团对小镇和居民的意义，她的个人经历，既体现了马戏团陪伴她成长的意义，也反映出个人经历如何塑造当地文化认同。故选B项。 8．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care.(对于今天的年轻人来说，马戏团也是一个避难所。孩子们从二月到夏天都在练习，由真正关心他们的成年人指导。)”可知，马戏团能成为孩子们的庇护所，是因为这里有真心关怀他们的成年人，能为他们营造一个安稳的集体环境。故选B项。 9．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder.(当他成功落地时，观众欢呼起来。当他没有成功时，他们欢呼得更大声。)”可知，当Nord成功时观众欢呼，失败时观众欢呼得更大声，这表明观众认可他的努力和勇气，认为努力和勇气值得认可。故选C项。 10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru - area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. ‘The circus is what makes us who we are,’ says Myers.(自1960年以来，一代又一代的佩鲁地区的孩子轮流在马戏团中表演，经常作为志愿者回来。佩鲁马戏团中心竞技场距离仍然平分这座小城的铁轨只有一个街区。在19世纪和20世纪初，大型马戏团将佩鲁作为他们的冬季总部，带来了表演者和像大象、斑马、河马和骆驼这样的动物表演者。到第二次世界大战时，马戏团列车离开了，但许多表演者留了下来。迈尔斯说：‘马戏团造就了现在的我们。’)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了佩鲁的马戏团传统，这一传统将小镇的人们凝聚在一起，所以“Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together(佩鲁的马戏团：一种将小镇凝聚在一起的传统)”是最佳标题。故选C项。 （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）When I was 17 years old, I had surgery because of a disease. The day after the surgery, I awoke to find a friend of mine sitting in a chair across from my bed. I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip (输液). We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. Our age, what we might call the age of economics, is strongly influenced by two types of relationships that reflect the lives we are encouraged to lead. There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. And there are entrepreneur (企业家) relationships, those that we invest in, hoping they will bring us some return. Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. In pleasure friendships, he said, “It is not for their character that men love ready-witted people, but because they find them pleasant.” About the usefulness friendships, he said, “Those who love each other for their utility (效用) do not love each other for themselves, but because of some good which they get from each other.” Although we benefit from our close friendships, these friendships are not a matter of calculable gain and loss. Consumer pleasures are lasting for only a limited time. They surround us for a short period and then they fade, like a drug. Entrepreneur friendship, when successful, leads to the victory of personal gain. It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational (不合理的). Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. 11．The author mentions his operation in the first paragraph to _________. A．honor one of his best friends B．introduce the topic of friendship C．recall the experience of surgery D．advise people to visit sick friends 12．Consumer relationships center on _________. A．mutual support in times of trouble B．the sharing of joy and sorrow C．the current enjoyment and pleasure D．the return from one’s investment 13．How does the author make his argument convincing for readers to accept? A．By explaining the causes of friendship. B．By providing enough facts and examples. C．By relating his classification to Aristotle’s. D．By listing five different types of friendship. 14．The author is more likely to support the idea that _________. A．there are no specific reasons for friendship B．short-term pleasure is the center of friendship C．friendships are a matter of calculable gain or loss D．everyday amusement is the true basis of friendship 15．The best title for the text would be _________. A．Friendship in Tough Situations B．Friendship in Contemporary Times C．Friendship in a Fast-Paced Life D．Friendship in the Age of Economics 【答案】11．B 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者个人经历引出论点，批判现代经济思维将友谊异化为消费者型/企业家型关系，借助亚里士多德的古典分类，强调真正友谊应超越功利性，以共同经历为基础。 11．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip. We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. (我不太记得他来访的事了。但我不会忘记那天他来看我，我不知道他在那里坐了多久，当时我正在接受吗啡输液。我们从亲密的友谊中获益良多，但这并不是一个可以计算的得失问题。)”可知，作者回忆自己手术后朋友探望的经历，指出这是一段亲密友谊，与可计算的得失无关，后文就友谊展开论述。由此可知，作者在第一段提到自己的手术是为了引入友谊这一话题。故选B项。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. (有消费者型关系，我们参与其中是为了它们带给我们的快乐。它们专注于当下。真正重要的是能带来即时快乐的东西。)”可知，消费者型关系的核心是当下的享受和愉悦。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. (亚里士多德认为友谊有三种类型：快乐的友谊，有用的友谊和真正的友谊。)”可知，此处提到亚里士多德对友谊的分类，后文用这一分类中的概念进一步分析消费者型/企业家型关系。由此可知，作者通过将他的分类与亚里士多德的分类联系起来，使其论点更具说服力。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. (友谊也许不是没有理由的，但它们肯定是没有那个特定理由的。共同的经历，而不仅仅是日常的娱乐或进步，才是友谊的真正基础。)”可推知，作者最可能支持的观点是“友谊没有特定的理由”。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational. (在一个我们每个人只能选择拥有、购物、竞争和成长的社会中，受到威胁的正是非经济性质。当我们被引导去相信，从经济意义上讲，没有明显可识别的收益的友谊是非理性的，这种友谊就受到了威胁。)”可知，全文围绕经济时代对友谊本质的威胁展开，作者先用个人经历引出论点，批判现代经济思维将友谊异化为消费者型/企业家型关系，借助亚里士多德的古典分类，强调真正友谊应超越功利性，以共同经历为基础。因此，D项“经济时代的友谊”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 考点二 段落大意题 知●识●解●构 段落大意题 设问方式 1．What is the last paragraph mainly about? 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about...? 3．In the last paragraph，the author mainly tells us . 4．Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．The third paragraph mainly tells us that . 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Erica Solove remembers December 30, 2021, like it was yesterday. She was at home in Superior, Colorado, a Boulder suburb at the foot of the Rockies. “It was an extremely windy day,” she says. “Hurricane-force winds. And we quickly realized it’s not just wind coming down the mountain — it’s fire.” She grabbed her napping two-year-old daughter out of her crib while her husband scooped up their five-year-old son. The family got in the car, struggling to open the doors against the wind, and fled without wallets, coats, or even shoes. She remembers how half the sky was black with smoke, while the other half was a bright crystalline blue. They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history. Her family lost everything. In the early weeks after the disaster, Solove experienced panic attacks on windy days, and the kids went to trauma therapy. “What an absolute nightmare,” she says. But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family. Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic (创伤) Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis. Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck. When people experience post-traumatic growth, by contrast, they identify improvements in their lives. Recently, researchers have been finding brain structures that correlate with this kind of growth. And they’ve been unearthing new social and community factors and personal behaviors contribute to fostering it. The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life. 1．What can we learn about the Marshall Fire from the passage? A．It happened in a city far from the Rockies. B．It caused no harm to Solove’s family except property loss. C．It was the most expensive fire disaster in Colorado’s history. D．It broke out on a quiet, windless day. 2．Why does the author include Erica’s personal story in the passage? A．To showcase transformative effects of tragedy B．To establish emotional connection with readers C．To demonstrate the psychological findings D．To provide background on trauma research 3．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Highlight the accessibility of PTG principles B．The universality of confronting obstacles C．Learn from others’ traumatic experiences D．Draw strength from everyday challenges 4．What does Erica Solove’s experience show? A．Always have, always will. B．A blessing in disguise. C．The beginning of one thing can be the rest of everything. D．Our greatest glory is in rising every time when we fall. 5．According to the description and curve, which one is true according to the passage? A．I  Ⅱ B．I  Ⅲ C．Ⅱ  Ⅲ D．Ⅲ  Ⅳ 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章借Erica经历火灾后创伤后成长的事例，介绍创伤后成长（PTG）的概念、相关研究及启示。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history.(他们正在逃离马歇尔大火，这是科罗拉多州历史上代价最高的火灾)”可知，它是科罗拉多州历史上最昂贵的火灾灾难。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995.(索洛维的马歇尔火灾故事是研究人员所说的创伤后成长（PTG）的一个例子——这个术语最早是在 1995 年提出的)”可知，作者用她的故事是为了展示这一心理学发现。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life.(研究人员还强调，你不需要亲身经历极端困难就能从创伤后成长的现象中吸取教训。我们都会面临一定程度的逆境，而像索洛维这样的人的经历，对任何想要构建更令人满意、更有联结、更快乐的生活的人来说都有启发)”可知，该段强调了PTG原则的可获得性。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family.(但三年后，身为组织心理学家的索洛维说，她感觉比以前更强大，甚至“胜利了”。她现在更容易正确看待小压力。她的生活在某些方面变得更丰富了：她和邻居的关系变得像大家庭一样亲密)”可知，Erica 的经历体现了“塞翁失马，焉知非福”的道理。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis.(研究一致发现，平均而言，一半到三分之二的幸存者在经历悲剧或危机后，会报告积极的变化和新的生活展望)”可知，I选项“one third of survivors(三分之一的幸存者)”表述错误；根据第五段中“Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck.(韧性大致可以定义为从逆境中“反弹”，回到困境发生前的状态)”可知，曲线可体现Ⅱ选项“resilience(韧性)”；根据第四段中“Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis.(索洛维的马歇尔火灾故事是研究人员所说的创伤后成长（PTG）的一个例子 —— 这个术语最早是在 1995 年提出的。多项研究一致表明，在灾难或危机发生后，平均有超过一半到三分之二的幸存者会报告出现积极的变化，并拥有全新的生活态度)”可知，曲线可体现Ⅲ选项“the process of PTG works(PTG运行的过程)”；根据第三段中“she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.”(她感觉比以前更强大，甚至“胜利了”)”可知，Ⅳ选项“Erica’s emotion(Erica的情绪)”的曲线未对应。因此Ⅱ和Ⅲ正确。故选C。 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. These moments always brought to mind a scene in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which the headteacher at Hogwarts, AI bus Hogwarts, takes out upsetting memories with his magic stick and places them in a shallow bowl called the “Pensieve”. In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). Writing, for me, provided the same relief. As a science writer, I have been delighted to discover that the practice not only comforts a troubled soul but also improves physical health. Given these benefits, the question arises: Why is writing so stress- relieving in the first place? One possibility is that externalizing our thoughts gives us more head space to think about other things. We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. This eases stress and if done before bedtime, it can even improve sleep. However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. If you’d like to include it in your own mental first aid kit, though, there are some ways to maximize its benefits. When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. 6．What can we know about the author when he was a teenager? A．He was unpopular with friends. B．He was active in social activities. C．He tended to hide his true feelings. D．He had a way to adjust his emotions. 7．Why does Hogwarts use the Pensieve according to paragraph 2? A．To share memories with others. B．To awake delighted memories. C．To observe memories objectively. D．To find inspiration for teaching. 8．Writing gives us more space to think about other things by _________. A．changing memory patterns B．freeing up mental capacity C．seeking comfort from others D．generating more cognitive confidence 9．What can be inferred about writing as a stress- relief method? A．It is a one-size-fits-all solution. B．It requires professional guidance. C．Its role has been universally proven. D．Its effect varies from person to person. 10．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Suggestions on expressive writing. B．Strategies for managing daily stress. C．Importance of developing real friendship. D．Reflections on interpersonal relationships. 【答案】6．D 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述作者青少年时以写日记调节情绪，指出写作能减压、有益身心健康，并分析其原理，还给出了提升写作减压效果的实用建议。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段“Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. (和许多青少年一样，我常常觉得我的挚友就是我的日记。我心情糟糕地走进卧室，但当文字在纸上逐渐成形时，困扰我的那些事情就不再那么令人感到绝望了。我无法消除内心的深深悲伤，但很多时候我却感觉平静了一些。)”可知，作者有调节情绪的方法。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). (这样一来，他就能够不受情绪干扰地审视事物了。)”可知，霍格沃茨的校长使用冥想镜是为了客观地观察记忆。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据第三段“We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. (我们现在了解到，仅仅列出待办事项清单就能释放人们的认知资源，使其能够用于其他活动，因为这样做能减少他们头脑中的信息量。)”可知，写作让我们有更多空间去思考其他事情，因为它能释放我们的思维空间。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. (然而，没有一种方式能适用于所有人：写作只是其中一种手段，有些人可能不愿意详细地表达自己的情感。)”可知，写作作为一种缓解压力的方法，其效果因人而异。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. (撰写个人经历时，尽量用类似讲故事的方式，让内容自然流畅。比如，简要描述事件的经过以及导致该情况发生的缘由。清晰地表达你内心的情绪 —— 无论是烦躁、沮丧、失望，还是其他感受。准确地识别这些情绪，能帮助你更好地理解自己的内心状态。同时，思考一下这件事如何体现出你的优良品质或你所珍视的事物，比如展现出的勇气与善良，或是让你意识到某些友谊的珍贵之处。)”可知，最后一段主要讲了关于表达性写作的建议。故选A。 （25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 11．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 12．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 13．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 14．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 15．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 【答案】11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了阅读的重要性并分析了阅读对我们的重要影响。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素)”可知，第一段主要介绍的是阅读的重要性。故选D。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text.(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素——那就是阅读理解。它能帮助你领会文章的深层含义)”可知，阅读能够让我们理解所阅读内容。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court.(一位优秀的律师必须了解法庭方面的最新动态)”可知，A选项“一位优秀的律师应当及时更新自己的知识”正确。故选A。 14．推理判断题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素。例如：律师必须研究并学习其特定领域内的所有已确立的法律。有时法律会根据人们的需求而发生变化。一位优秀的律师必须了解法院的最新动态。医生则必须了解医学领域的最新进展)”，第二段“Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good.(阅读能够开启许多可能性，还能引领你踏上成功的道路。研究已经证实，为未出生的宝宝朗读是非常有益的)”和第三段的“How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you.(你是如何培养对阅读的热情的？只有一种方法可以激发你对阅读的热情。让我给你解释一下)”可知，作者通过表达观点并举例来展开文章，故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author?(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素 —— 阅读理解。正是它让你理解文本背后的含义。假设你阅读了一份文件，并且需要对其内容进行解释。但如果你无法理解作者所要表达的意思，你会如何进行解释呢？)”可知，文章接下来会说明提高阅读理解能力的方法。故选D。 考点三 文章大意题 知●识●解●构 文章大意题 设问方式 1．What is the text mainly about? 2．What message does the author seem to convey in the text? 3．What does the passage focus on? 核心技巧 文章大意 =“核心对象 + 贯穿全文的主线逻辑”（主线逻辑是各段都围绕的核心观点，如 “故意犯错有积极作用”“讲故事的多重价值”）； 避免 “以偏概全”（用某一段的观点代替全文）或 “过度延伸”（超出原文观点范围）。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）Many think that language is what sets humans apart from other animals, and that for us to think, language is a decisive factor. British philosopher Bertrand Russell even claimed in 1948 that no intelligent thinking can take place without language. However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science. The study, conducted by scientists from the US, explored the language-thought relationship through two research approaches. First, they studied patients suffering from global aphasia, who had lost much of their ability to understand or speak due to damage to the left hemisphere of their brain. However, they can still complete complex tasks. “You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal, they can succeed,” Evelina Fedorenko, one of the study’s authors from the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told ZME Science. The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers as they performed non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s language regions were mostly inactive during such activities. In other words, we generally need language to express our thoughts but we can still think without words. So, if language isn’t necessary for thinking, then why did humans develop it? Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. “Most of the things that you probably learned about the world, you learned through language and not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage. Although language does not give rise to thoughts, past research shows that how we speak can heavily influence how we think. For example, the English sentence “he fired the gun” is usually phrased as “the gun went off” in Japanese. As a result, English speakers are more likely to focus on the person responsible for an accident than Japanese speakers, according to Psychology Today. 1．What does the recent study show about language and thought? A．Language and thought work separately. B．Language is the basis of intelligent thought. C．Language and thought depend on each other. D．Language determines the complexity of thought. 2．What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage? A．To prove that language is essential for intelligent thinking. B．To examine the relationship between language and thought. C．To develop new treatments for patients with global aphasia. D．To identify the brain regions responsible for non-verbal reasoning. 3．What did brain-imaging tools reveal about healthy volunteers performing non-verbal task? A．They struggled with problem-solving. B．Their language centers became overactive. C．Their language regions showed little activity. D．They would unconsciously use verbal strategies. 4．How can language serve humans, according to Fedorenko? A．It helps humans generate thoughts. B．It decides humans’ evolutionary direction. C．It replaces direct experience with the world. D．It facilitates the exchange of complicated ideas. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．Thought can operate independently from language. B．Language plays a decisive role in shaping human thought. C．Language and thought are deeply interdependent in the brain. D．The absence of language makes complex thought impossible. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过研究发现，语言和思维是独立的大脑功能，思维无需语言也可进行。语言主要是交流工具，帮助人类传递复杂信息获得进化优势，但思维活动与语言区域关联不大。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science.(该研究发现，语言和思维是两个独立的实体，分别在大脑的不同区域运作。简而言之，它们“远比我们想象的要独立得多”，据ZME科学网站报道)”可知，最近的研究表明语言和思维是分开工作的。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain.(然而，最近发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究却得出了相反的结论。该研究发现，语言和思维是两个独立的实体，分别在大脑的不同区域运作)”以及第二段“The study, conducted by scientists from the US, explored the language-thought relationship through two research approaches.(这项研究由来自美国的科学家开展，他们通过两种研究方法来探究语言与思维之间的关系)”可知，文章提到的这项研究的主要目的是探究语言和思维之间的关系。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers as they performed non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s language regions were mostly inactive during such activities.(研究人员还利用脑成像技术对健康志愿者的大脑进行了研究，观察他们在完成诸如解谜和规划等非语言任务时的情况。结果发现，在这些活动中，大脑的语言区域大多处于不活跃状态)”可知，大脑成像工具显示，健康志愿者在进行非语言任务时，他们的大脑语言区域几乎没有活动。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. “Most of the things that you probably learned about the world, you learned through language and not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage.(Fedorenko表示，语言主要是一种交流工具。“你对世界的大部分认知，都是通过语言而非直接与世界接触所获得的，”她说。通过借助语言来传递复杂信息，人类获得了进化上的优势)”可知，根据Fedorenko的说法，语言可以促进复杂思想的交流，从而为人类服务。故选D项。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain.(然而，最近发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究却得出了相反的结论。该研究发现，语言和思维是两个独立的实体，分别在大脑的不同区域运作)”以及文章主要介绍了语言和思维之间的关系，研究表明，思维可以在没有语言的情况下独立运作。A选项“思想可以独立于语言而存在”概括文章主要内容，符合题意。故选A项。 （25-26高三上·天津·期中）When it comes to work, workers, and jobs, much of the concern of the modern age boils down to the fear that we’re witnessing the final stage of the game, and that there will be nowhere for humans to withdraw as machines take over the last few tasks. The most recent example comes from the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Is there no area of human experience that can’t be replaced by AI? And if not, what is left for humans to do except the tasks involved in taking care of the machines? At the heart of this concern is our desire for good jobs that make the most of workers’ natural abilities and where the work provides the worker with motivation and work-life balance. More importantly, good jobs support workers in learning by doing — and, in so doing, deliver benefits on three levels: to the worker, who gains in personal development and job satisfaction; to the organization, which reforms as staff find new problems to solve and opportunities to pursue, and to the community as a whole, which harvests the economic benefits of hosting positive organizations and workers. This is what makes good jobs productive for the organization, as well as engaging and fulfilling for the worker. Does the ongoing advance of AI threaten to get rid of all the learning, creativity, and meaning that make a job a good job? Certainly, some have blamed technology for just such an outcome. Headlines today often express concern over technological innovation resulting in bad jobs for humans, or even the complete disappearance of certain professions. Some fear that further technology advancement in the workplace will result in jobs where employees are being asked to work in split times or for longer periods over more days. The problem here isn’t the technology; rather, it’s the way the technology is used — and, more than that, the way people think about using it. 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．How to take care of the AI machines. B．The relations between workers and jobs. C．The human’s fears in the age of AI. D．Human experiences were replaced by AI. 7．According to the passage, what’s the fear in the age of AI? A．We’ll have nothing left to do. B．We’ll be taken over by AI. C．We’ll be addicted to computer games. D．We’ll have no machines to take care of. 8．What jobs are NOT supposed to be good according to the passage? A．Those that mainly have the economic benefits. B．The ones that offer chances to progress professionally. C．Those that make full use of workers’ motivation. D．The ones that don’t bring new problems to workers. 9．How do news media respond to the development of AI? A．Negative. B．Supportive. C．Optimistic. D．Unknown. 10．What will the author probably talk about next? A．The future jobs humans will do. B．The application of AI in the future. C．The ways that humans do jobs. D．The proper attitude towards AI. 【答案】6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了AI时代人类对工作被取代的焦虑，分析好工作应具备的三大价值，并指出问题的本质在于技术使用方式而非技术本身。 6．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“When it comes to work, workers, and jobs, much of the concern of the modern age boils down to the fear that we’re witnessing the final stage of the game, and that there will be nowhere for humans to withdraw as machines take over the last few tasks. The most recent example comes from the use of artificial intelligence (AI). (当谈到工作、工人和工作时，现代人的许多担忧归结为一种恐惧，即我们正在见证这场游戏的最后阶段，人类将无处可退，因为机器接管了最后几项任务。最近的例子来自人工智能(AI)的使用。)”和第三段中“Does the ongoing advance of AI threaten to get rid of all the learning, creativity, and meaning that make a job a good job? (人工智能的持续发展是否会威胁到所有让一份工作成为一份好工作的学习、创造力和意义？)”可知，文章主要探讨的是AI时代人类对工作被取代的深层恐惧。故选C项。 7．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Is there no area of human experience that can’t be replaced by AI? And if not, what is left for humans to do except the tasks involved in taking care of the machines? (人类的经验是否没有不能被人工智能取代的领域？如果不是，除了照顾机器的任务，人类还能做什么呢？)”可知，在AI时代人类害怕AI系统性地接管工作主导权。故选B项。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“More importantly, good jobs support workers in learning by doing — and, in so doing, deliver benefits on three levels: to the worker, who gains in personal development and job satisfaction; to the organization, which reforms as staff find new problems to solve and opportunities to pursue, and to the community as a whole, which harvests the economic benefits of hosting positive organizations and workers. (更重要的是，好的工作支持工人在实践中学习，这样做可以在三个层面上带来好处：对工人来说，他们获得了个人发展和工作满意度；对组织来说，当员工发现新的问题需要解决和机会需要追求时，组织就会进行改革；对社区来说，作为一个整体，它收获了接纳积极的组织和工人的经济效益。)”可知，好工作会给员工带来新问题，而非没有新问题。故选D项。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Headlines today often express concern over technological innovation resulting in bad jobs for humans, or even the complete disappearance of certain professions. (今天的头条新闻经常表达对技术创新导致人类失业，甚至某些职业完全消失的担忧。)”可知，媒体多聚焦AI对就业的破坏性影响，体现其负面倾向。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The problem here isn’t the technology; rather, it’s the way the technology is used — and, more than that, the way people think about using it. (这里的问题不在于技术；更确切地说，这是技术的使用方式——更重要的是，人们对使用技术的看法。)”可知，作者认为最重要的问题是人们对使用技术的看法。由此推知，作者将转向正确对待AI的态度的讨论。故选D项。 （2026高三·全国·专题练习）There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 【答案】B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们对葡萄酒专家的看法存在误导，实则人类嗅觉十分灵敏，且会结合多种感官与自身状态运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关，能让生活更鲜活。 【详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers.(事实上，人类是敏感的嗅觉动物)”结合文章围绕嗅觉展开，核心论述嗅觉并非独立运作，而是结合视觉、听觉、思考、情绪等其他感官，通过预测、评估等过程发挥作用。由此可知，这篇文章的重点是嗅觉是如何通过与其他感官的相互作用而发挥作用的。故选B。 （2025高三上·天津·专题练习）The turn of the year is the time for reviewing one’s life, and for making some resolutions about what to concentrate on in the coming year; and for many years I have taken advantage of the holiday to review my own ambition. One thing I decide on this year is to give up writing the Grumpy (暴躁的) Old Bookman column in this magazine. It’s not that I’ve lost interest in the book world. But Leonard Woolf, husband of American writer Virginia Woolf (1882 — 1941), used to say a man should change his career every seven years. Though I would say that changing your whole career frequently is going a bit far, I do find that it serves as a great refresher if you can occasionally try a new job within the same line of business. It is over 15 years since our editor wrote to me and asked if I would be interested in writing a regular piece about what was, even then, a rapidly changing publishing scene. He approached me because since 2004 I had been writing a regular blog called Grumpy Old Bookman. As my monthly survey of developments in both traditional and digital publishing continued, in this magazine, I began to realize that writers in this century, of both fiction and non-fiction, are living in something close to a paradise (天堂). Once, you struggled for years to find a publisher — or an agent if you wanted one — but now you can publish your own stuff, either digitally or in paperback, without it costing you a penny piece. After about five years of producing such columns, it occurred to me that, rather than let these essays fade away on the seas of time, it might be valuable to publish my thoughts and comments in book form to potential readers. Hence, in 2014, I published the first 69 GOB columns in paperback format, using Amazon’s Create Space facilities. Title: Writers Rejoice! A monthly diary of the dawn of the digital age, which was my first trial. And now I sincerely wish a new 2024. What does the author mainly want to tell us? A．Giving up timely is a virtue. B．Often changing jobs means new chances. C．The beginning of a year is a new start. D．Reflection can drive us to push forward. 【答案】D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者多年来一直利用假期来重新审视自己的抱负，今年作者准备放弃自己的专栏，开始把自己想法和评论以书的形式出版出来，让潜在读者受益，于是作者进行了第一次尝试。 【详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段“The turn of the year is the time for reviewing one’s life, and for making some resolutions about what to concentrate on in the coming year; and for many years I have taken advantage of the holiday to review my own ambition.(一年之交是回顾自己生活的时候，也是决定来年要专注于什么的时候;我一直利用假期重新审视自己的抱负)”引出本文要谈论的话题，即作者总是会自我反思，接下来具体讲述了作者准备放弃自己的专栏并开始把自己想法和评论以书的形式出版出来这件事的经过。由此可推测出，作者主要想告诉我们反思可以推动我们前进。故选D。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 2．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 3．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 4．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．A 【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。 1．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。 2．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。 4．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。 （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 6．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 7．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 8．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 9．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 10．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 【答案】6．D 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．C 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。 10．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 11．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 12．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 13．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 14．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 15．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 【答案】11．B 12．A 13．D 14．D 15．B 【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。 11．猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。 （2018·天津·高考真题）If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle（海 龟）could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic（磁力的）sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect（探测到）magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”（罗盘）. He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle. Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study. 16．Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______. A．bring up their young B．recognize landmarks C．detect magnetic fields D．learn to find directions 17．What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A．Weak light reflected off the ocean. B．Help from adult loggerheads. C．Bright sunlight from the sky. D．Food in warmer waters. 18．In the experiment, after the newborns’ magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by ____. A．the light B．the magnetic field C．other unknown factors D．the light and the magnetic field 19．What is the significance of Lohmann’s research work? A．It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B．It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C．It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D．It helps protect the loggerheads’ living environment. 20．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Experiments on Loggerheads B．The Survival of the Sea Turtle C．The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass” D．Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals 【答案】16．D 17．A 18．B 19．D 20．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了红海龟与其它很多动物一样都可以感知磁场。与其它动物感知磁场不同的是，海龟依靠光来感知磁场。 16．细节理解题。由第三段“The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense.”可知，然而，它们和红海龟之间的区别在于它们学会使用磁感应的方式。所以红海龟和鲸鱼的区别在于它们学习寻找方向的方式。故选D项。 17．细节理解题。由第五段“Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food”可知，小红海龟只在晚上孵化。然而，微弱的光反射到海洋上。光线使那个区域更亮。朝着光走有助于它们迅速到达大海，在那里它们可以找到食物。所以微弱的光反射到海洋上，来帮助设定他们的磁场感应。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。由倒数第三段“At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east””可知，刚开始，新出生的小海龟向光游去。科学家们把灯关掉后，看到了东方有光的海龟总是向着东方游动。当研究者颠倒磁场当研究员颠倒磁场之后， 这些海龟调转方向， 向着新的“东方”游去。所以实验中，新生儿磁感建立后，其运动方向由磁场决定。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。由最后一段“Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species”可知，Lohmann的研究使得其他人保护这种濒危物种的栖息地。所以Lohmann研究工作的意义在于它有助于保护红海龟的生存环境。故选D项。 20．主旨大意题。通过读全文可知，海龟与其它很多动物一样都可以感知磁场。与其它动物感知磁场不同的是，海龟依靠光来感知磁场。所以短文最佳标题为“红海龟的内置“指南针”。故选C项。 （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 21．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 22．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 23．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 24．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 25．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．D 24．C 25．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了德国交通部长对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。 21．猜测词义题。根据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.注意冒号的作用，就是对死亡谷的解释说明：death valley指的是制约着无人驾驶汽车未来的半自动化和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带即司机的角色不明朗的状况。A，B和C项内容文中根本就没有提到，故选D。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段的句子The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:和第四段内容The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.可以判断出这个提议被提出是为了推动完全自动化的驾驶。故选B。 23．细节理解题。根据第七段内容But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” 可知消费者认为对于无人驾驶车辆的运行不应该牵涉到人的责任。故选D。 24．细节理解题。根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知接管无人驾驶汽车并将其视为公共产品的想法在美国绝对行不通，即公共交通工具中无人驾驶车在美国看不到未来。故选C。 25．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了德国交通部长的提议是为了促进无人驾驶车运行，界定了汽车制造方负责，由此在第五段引出全文的主题句:Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 下面就此展开陈述。所以“自动化驾驶：谁的责任”可以概括全文，充当本文题目，故选A。 【点睛】这篇文章内容和每个人生活密切相关，讲的是谁对这种新型交通工具：无人驾驶的全自动化的车辆负责各国意见不一，学生应该有兴趣阅读，涉及到科技前沿，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。 做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的1题，要求对含有这个短语的整个句子的正确理解以及标点符号的作用。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $