专题03 阅读理解体裁之说明文与议论文（复习讲义）（天津专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦阅读理解说明文与议论文核心体裁，依据近5年高考命题规律，按“引出—解释—拓展”和“提出—分析—解决”语篇模式搭建知识框架，通过命题透视、思维建模、考点精讲、真题溯源四环节，帮助学生构建逻辑链解题思路，突破语篇理解难点。 资料创新采用逻辑链分析法与语篇结构建模，如引导学生通过主题句、过渡句识别说明文层次，结合真题案例归纳议论文“是什么—为什么—怎么做”解题范式，培养思维品质与语言能力。设置考向破译分层练习，配合即时反馈，确保高效复习，为教师把控节奏、提升学生应考能力提供有力支持。

专题03 阅读理解体裁之说明文与议论文 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 命题轨迹透视 近 5 年，阅读理解四篇阅读以应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文四种语篇类型进行命题。 考点频次总结 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 2022年 2021年 说明文 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 议论文 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 说明文 知●识●解●构 说明文的语篇模式与命题角度 一般为“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”， 其命题角度围绕语篇逻辑层次，而非针对某个次要的具体信息，即5个设问构成一个逻辑链。 [例]2022年第一次第一次C 篇： 1.According to the researchers, what is the ability shared by both elephants and fish? A. Surviving low air pressure. B. Using air suction technique. C. Observing other creatures. D. Adapting to new environments. 2.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To promote a new technology. B. To recommend a research team. C. To introduce a scientific discovery. D. To explain a historical phenomenon. 均和主题相关，一个引出主题背景，一个围绕主题说明文章写作意图。 3. The research findings may contribute to the development of _____. A. underwater robots B.nature reserves C. transport vehicles D. fish farming 4.Who would most probably find the passage helpful? A. Mechanical engineers. B. Medical professionals. C. Agricultural experts. D. Wildlife protectors. 考查发现大象的这一技能对于人类的启示， 即拓展与主题相关更多信息。 在说明文方面，快速把握文章主题，厘清段落结构，分清主题句、过渡句和细节句，关注每个段落内的重点句和关键词，关注词汇复现，以此为线索，根据逻辑链解决问题。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·期末）In George Orwell’s novel 1984, “Newspeak” was a simplified language designed to limit citizens’ critical thinking. In today’s digital reality, a linguistic phenomenon known as “algospeak” is growing widespread across the internet. It’s an attempt to bypass social media platforms’ language restrictions. According to linguist Adam Aleksic, users are increasingly coining new terms to prevent their content from being marked or removed for containing harmful, offensive or inappropriate language. For example, in many online videos, it’s common to say “unalived” instead of “killed.” Guns are often referred to as “pew pews.” The term “algospeak” rose to prominence in 2022. It now serves as the title of Aleksic’s new book, Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language. In it, he explores the power of algorithms (算法) to increase a word’s use or remove it completely. “The fact that the algorithm censors (审查) the word ‘ kill’ forces users to invent new language,” Aleksic explained. He pointed out that social media is changing language in other ways as well — much like how abbreviations (缩略词) such as “lol” (laugh out loud) originated in texting but are now spoken aloud. Today, young people frequently adopt phrases from memes (网络梗) and integrate them into everyday conversation. “I think language always reflexively (条件反射地) adapts to each medium.” Aleksic said. “I felt my own language reroute around the algorithm. However, the more I looked into it, the more I realized this is an infrastructure (基础结构) underlying all language change happening right now. It’s changing where words come from, how words get popular, and how quickly those words spread.” In a recent article for The Washington Post, Aleksic wrote about the migration of sports metaphors (隐喻) into gaming culture. Terms like “home run” and “strike out,” borrowed from baseball, are commonly used by gamers. “America’s pastime once provided an important shared experience from which we could abstract our metaphors. Now America has a new pastime,” he remarked. As examples, Aleksic described young people labeling themselves as the “main characters,” compared with strangers as “NPCs” (non-playable characters). A “side quest” refers to an activity that is not part of a plan. Despite the constant flow of new slang (俚语), Aleksic noted that not all of it endures. Terms like “bae” and “on fleek”, popularized on the now-defunct (停业的) platform Vine, have largely gone out of use. 1．What role does the mention of “Newspeak” in Paragraph 1 play? A．To explain the origin of the term “algospeak”. B．To criticize fictional language control methods. C．To draw a comparison with a real-world linguistic trend. D．To provide a historical example of language simplification. 2．What does the phrase “rose to prominence” in Paragraph 3 most likely mean? A．Faced strong opposition. B．Got widely recognized. C．Lost its original meaning. D．Was officially banned. 3．What can be inferred from Aleksic’s remark about “America’s pastime”? A．The shift from baseball to gaming mirrors a broader social change. B．Traditional sports metaphors are fading in relevance among youth. C．Young people favor gaming-related expressions over sports-based ones. D．Video gaming has overtaken baseball as the main source of cultural references. 4．What can be inferred about Aleksic’s view on language evolution? A．It is mainly driven by individual creativity. B．It reflects the impact of media and technology. C．It follows fixed rules unchanged over time. D．It prioritizes traditional slang over new terms. 5．What does the author intend to do in writing this passage? A．To criticize social media platforms for their overly strict language regulations. B．To compare fictional language control with digital communication strategies. C．To analyze how algorithms affect the traditional slang in online communities. D．To introduce a linguistic trend and explore its influence on language evolution. （25-26高三上·天津河东·期末）In the bustling heart of modern cities, where skyscrapers tower overhead and concrete spreads like a vast blanket, urban community gardens have emerged as vibrant oases of green. These small plots of land — nestled between apartment buildings, on rooftop terraces, or in abandoned lots — are more than just places to grow vegetables and flowers; they are powerful connectors of people, cultures, and nature. What began as a simple way to reclaim unused space has evolved into a global movement that enriches both individuals and communities. For city dwellers, community gardens offer a rare chance to reconnect with the natural world. Many urban residents spend their days in offices or apartments, far from the rhythms of growing things. Tending to soil, planting seeds, and watching plants mature provides a therapeutic escape from the stress of city life. Studies have shown that gardening reduces anxiety and improves mental well-being, as the act of nurturing life fosters a sense of purpose and calm. Children, too, benefit greatly — they learn where food comes from, develop a sense of responsibility, and gain hands-on experience with science and nature, lessons that textbooks alone cannot teach. Beyond personal benefits, these gardens strengthen community bonds. Neighbors from diverse backgrounds come together to share tools, exchange gardening tips, and celebrate harvests. Elderly residents pass down traditional farming knowledge, while younger generations bring fresh ideas and energy. In many neighborhoods, garden plots become spaces for cultural exchange, where immigrants grow native plants and share recipes with their neighbors, creating a tapestry of flavors and traditions. During the harvest season, shared feasts bring everyone together, turning acquaintances into friends and building a sense of belonging that is often missing in fast-paced urban environments. Urban community gardens also play a vital role in promoting sustainability. They reduce food miles by providing locally grown produce, cutting down on the carbon emissions associated with transportation. By absorbing rainwater, they help mitigate urban flooding, and their plants improve air quality by filtering pollutants. In areas with limited access to fresh food, these gardens act as community fridges, ensuring that low-income families have access to nutritious vegetables and fruits. As cities face the challenges of climate change and rapid urbanization, community gardens offer a simple yet effective way to build resilience and create more livable spaces. In a world that often feels disconnected, urban community gardens remind us of the power of working together and caring for the earth. They are living proof that even in the busiest cities, a little bit of green can grow into something extraordinary-nurturing not just plants, but people, communities, and a more sustainable future. 1．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the history of urban community gardens. B．To explain the multiple values of urban community gardens. C．To discuss the challenges of maintaining urban community gardens. D．To compare urban community gardens with traditional farms. 2．Which of the following is a benefit of urban community gardens for children? A．They can learn traditional farming skills from immigrants. B．They can reduce the carbon emissions of the family. C．They can gain practical experience with science and nature. D．They can organize shared feasts with neighborhood adults. 3．The underlined phrase “food miles” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to _____. A．the distance food travels from production to consumption B．the number of miles people walk to buy fresh food C．the area of land used to grow food in cities D．the time it takes for food to ripen in gardens 4．We can infer from the passage that urban community gardens _____. A．are mainly built on rooftop terraces in big cities B．help improve the social connection in urban areas C．have solved the problem of food shortage for low-income families D．require professional gardening knowledge to maintain 5．What is the author’s attitude towards urban community gardens? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Neutral. D．Supportive. （25-26高三上·天津西青·期末）The question, “Do animals experience time like humans?” might seem simple, but researchers have discovered surprising differences in how various species sense time. This topic challenges our understanding of how living beings interact with the world and deepens our knowledge of animal behavior. Studies show that animals experience time at different speeds depending on their size, energy use, and how they perceive their surroundings. For example, small animals like flies and hummingbirds experience time more slowly than larger animals like elephants or humans. This means a fly can notice movements that seem too fast for us, allowing it to avoid a moving hand. Similarly, hummingbirds can change direction mid-air with precision due to their faster sense of time. The idea of “time stretching” in animals is closely tied to survival. Faster time awareness helps small animals react quickly to dangers, while slower awareness in larger animals allows them to conserve energy for survival. This difference explains why a fly might see a human’s hand moving in slow motion, while we perceive it as fast. For hunters like lions, slower time awareness allows them to carefully plan their moves, increasing their chances of success. Interestingly, researchers have found that time awareness is also influenced by emotions. Humans often feel time “slows down” during exciting or stressful events, like a close sports match or a near-accident. Similarly, animals in danger may feel time slow down. This emotional connection highlights shared experiences between humans and animals, showing how survival needs shape the way time is felt. Understanding time awareness in animals has practical uses. It can help improve the design of spaces for pets or zoo animals, making them feel calmer and safer. It also gives insights into how humans might adjust their behavior when interacting with animals, such as using training methods that match their sense of time. Studying time awareness might even lead to new ideas in technology, such as creating systems that work at different speeds for various tasks, like robotics or virtual reality. Nature continues to amaze us with its complexity. The study of time awareness reminds us that every species experiences the world differently, urging us to appreciate life’s diversity. 1．What is the primary purpose of the first paragraph? A．To introduce a question that challenges existing beliefs about animals. B．To explain the similarities between human and animal behavior. C．To summarize the findings of recent research on time perception. D．To provide examples of how animals perceive time differently. 2．Why are smaller animals like flies able to detect fast movements that humans cannot? A．Because their brains are more advanced in processing speed. B．Because their perception of time is slower than that of humans. C．Because their energy demands require them to sense rapid changes. D．Because their survival depends on noticing quick shifts in their surroundings. 3．What does the phrase “time stretching” in the third paragraph most likely mean? A．Sensing time as passing more quickly. B．Feeling time slow down in specific situations. C．Varied time perception across different species. D．Adapting time awareness to body size. 4．Why does the author discuss humans feeling time “slows down” during stressful events? A．To prove that humans are more emotional than animals. B．To argue that survival instincts are less significant for humans. C．To illustrate how emotions influence time perception across species. D．To show that humans and animals perceive time differently in danger. 5．What does the study of time awareness suggest about the natural world? A．It highlights the complexity and uniqueness of each species. B．It shows that humans have a superior understanding of time. C．It proves that animals rely more on instinct than humans. D．It demonstrates that survival depends on accurate time perception. （25-26高三上·天津河北·期末）Picture this: you are typing on a screen, and a smart app instantly proposes a “perfect” word. It feels like magic, doesn’t it? But let’s travel back to the days before computers. Writing then was a physical adventure. To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery. With such digital “magic” at our fingertips today, are those physical books now obsolete? Why keep a dusty dictionary when an AI can rewrite our sentences in milliseconds? The answer lies in the distinction between convenience and autonomy. Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands. Consider the popular writing apps we use. They promise to make our writing “smooth” and “efficient”. However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.” Furthermore, there is a profound value in the “inefficient” method. Digital tools are engineered for precision: you ask for a word, and it delivers the exact answer. Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring. As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all? 1．What can be inferred about finding words in the past from Paragraph 1? A．It required more strength than patience. B．It was an active process of discovery. C．It served to identify writing errors. D．It was a boring and heavy burden. 2．Why does the author consider physical dictionaries to be “training grounds”? A．They encourage us to use language creatively. B．They offer shortcuts to rewriting sentences. C．They force users to memorise definitions. D．They provide fail-safe lists for writing. 3．The author quotes George Orwell in Paragraph 3 to ________. A．explain the logic of computer algorithms B．prove the accuracy of automated writing. C．stress the value of independent thinking D．further the use of ready-made phrases. 4．What benefit does the “inefficient” method offer in Paragraph 4? A．It ensures precise and instant answers. B．It broadens minds through chance finds. C．It improves the efficiency of digital tools. D．It focuses on searching for specific terms. 5．By asking “Why write at all?” at the end, the author implies that ________. A．physical books serve as training grounds for our brains B．automated aids surrender our ability to think clearly C．true expression demands effort and original thought D．digital aids have liberated writers from boring work （25-26高三上·天津河北·期末）For over two thousand years, a fundamental paradox (矛盾的人或事) has puzzled both scientists and philosophers: how can plants, lack of eyes, adjust their growth toward light? It is a question that challenges our basic understanding of biological perception. While animals depended on visual organs to detect illumination (光源), plants seem to possess no such structures. Yet, their competence in seeking light is undeniable. Historically, interpretations of this phenomenon varied. Early Greek thinkers assumed that plants could sense their environment in a manner similar to animals. However, Aristotle later promoted a different perspective. He argued that plants were passive objects, unable to perceive or respond to the world. Because of his authority, this negative view dominated Western thought for centuries, limiting further investigation into plant intelligence. Nevertheless, a team of European researchers has recently challenged these old assumptions. By employing advanced imaging technology like confocal (共焦的) microscopy on Arabidopsis (拟南芥), they analysed the internal transmission of light. The results reveal that the air channels between the plant’s cells function as a distributed optical system. Unlike solid tissue, these channels are transparent and air-filled; as light hits the stem, these channels act effectively as microscopic lenses. This structural adaptation is key to their perception. As light travels through the tissue, these lenses scatter and refract (折射) the beams significantly. This scattering phenomenon creates a gradient (倾斜度) of light intensity across the stem, enabling the organism to triangulate (使成三角形) the source of illumination and determine its direction without the need for a central nervous system. This discovery implies that “sight” does not necessarily require eyes. Instead, the plant employs a complex, whole-body sensory approach to sense its surroundings. It is a sophisticated mechanism that allows seedlings to “see” the source of light and adapt their growth accordingly. These findings are significant not only because they resolve an ancient mystery, but because they force us to re-evaluate our definition of “sight”. The Aristotelian view that plants are passive is proven misguided. The evidence demonstrates that plants have evolved a sophisticated way to perceive their environment without complex organs. They are far more adaptive than we previously imagined. Consequently, this research opens a new chapter for biologists. Questions remain about how these air channels are formed and how plants process such light signals. Understanding these mechanisms could help us learn more about the interaction between plants and the world — and perhaps even inspire biomimetic (生物模拟学) innovations in robotics. 1．Why does the author mention Aristotle in Paragraph 2? A．To provide details about the history of ancient Greek philosophy. B．To explain the scientific delays caused by early scholars. C．To introduce a fundamental paradox in biology. D．To praise the wisdom of ancient thinkers. 2．What function do the air channels serve in Arabidopsis? A．Acting as solid supporting tissues. B．Serving as central nervous systems. C．Functioning as internal energy sources. D．Operating as a non-solid medium to guide light. 3．How does the plant identify the direction of illumination? A．By sensing the heat from external sources B．By depending on complex sensory organs. C．By utilising solid tissues to focus beams D．By forming a gradient of light intensity. 4．What does the new discovery suggest about plants? A．They possess complex adaptation mechanisms. B．They require neural networks for perception. C．They depend on visual organs for survival. D．They remain passive objects in nature. 5．What is the author’s purpose in comparing plant mechanisms with robotics? A．To show that plants behave like machines. B．To argue that biology is too complex to mimic C．To suggest nature offers solutions for technology. D．To prove that robots can now imitate human eyes. 考点二 议论文 知●识●解●构 议论文的语篇模式与命题角度 一般为： 是什么—为什么—怎么做，即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。 命题角度，围绕语篇逻辑层次去命题， 而非针对某个次要的具体信息命题， 即 5 个设问构成一个逻辑链。 例 2022 年第二次 D 篇： 第二段Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain because we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. 1. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A. Making us simple-minded. B. Making us short-sighted. C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 题干表面上问狭隘看法的影响，实则为了引出什么是正确的方法。 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 第三段What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being: a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. 2. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A. Through maintaining good health. B. By going through pain and suffering. C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D. Through offering help much needed by others. 以上两题针对“是什么” 第四段The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. 本题问出于热爱做同样的工作时所带来的好处，实则是作者举例论证主题。即“为什么”要这么做。 3. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A. less selfish B. less annoying C. more motivated D. more responsible 4. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B. When our love for the world is insufficient. C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D. When we stay blind to the reality. 根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. (错误的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致违背预期的结局。 5. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ___. A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge 根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱的激励和知识的引导，生活就会变得更美好。 以上两题是对主题即怎么做才能获得美好生活的阐释。 在议论文方面，在明确其考查维度和典型的语篇结构基础上，要学会快速抓住论点，清楚文中举例论证的目的，遵循逻辑链，以事实为依据准确把握作者总的态度和倾向。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·期末）We are often taught to live according to our values, but without deep reflection, this is easier said than done. Have you ever admired others’ achievements on social media? Or felt lost about your life direction after an important birthday? Changes in life, such as a new job or a breakup, can also leave us feeling uncertain. In these moments, we are often advised to focus on what we truly care about. However, the real challenge is that we don’t always know what matters most to us or why it matters. Values are not simply beliefs or feelings, but deep-seated goals that combine thought and emotion. Take friendship for example. Someone who truly values friendship not only believes it is important, but also feels happy for their friends’ joys, sad for their difficulties, and considers friends when making decisions. Therefore, values are stable, emotionally grounded, and thoughtfully affirmed goals that guide our choices and help us evaluate our lives. To discover our own values, rational thinking alone is not enough, because values also include emotional parts we may not be aware of. We can use imagination exercises, such as considering what we would choose if we had to move to another planet and could only take a few things. This can reveal what we cherish deep down. At the same time, paying attention to physical signs of stress and emotional states is also important. When we become fully immersed in an activity, that likely points to what we truly value. After understanding values, we need to put them into practice and reflect. This means not only thinking, but also observing our actions and emotional responses. Please note, however, that reflection should not become endless self-doubt — overthinking can actually hold us back. A better way is to develop a habit of regular reflection, such as during the New Year, on your birthday, or while on vacation. This helps us examine ourselves fully in calm moments, rather than rushing to reflect only during a crisis. Clarifying your values won’t remove all difficulties or negative emotions in life. External challenges and inner conflicts will still exist. However, the clearer I am about what truly matters to me, the less I worry about others’ achievements and the more confidently I can make choices that suit me in my limited time. Building your life around what truly matters not only brings deep satisfaction, but also gives you strength to overcome challenges. In the end, it helps us become more complete and resilient individuals. 1．According to the passage, what are values? A．They are core personal beliefs. B．They are deep emotional attachments. C．They are mental and emotional goals. D．They are traditionally taught principles. 2．What is a typical behavior of a person who values friendship? A．He makes an effort to have as many friends as possible. B．He believes friendship is important in theory. C．Sometimes he puts his friends before his career. D．His feelings and choices are affected by his friends. 3．Why does the author mention the exercise of choosing items for another planet? A．To reveal our cherished things. B．To prepare for space travel. C．To prove the limits of rational thinking. D．To show the value of possessions. 4．What can we infer about the relationship between clarifying values and facing life’s challenges? A．Clarifying values removes both external difficulties and negative emotions. B．Values clarification requires avoiding reflection during crises to prevent overthinking. C．A clear sense of values reduces distractions from others’ successes and supports self-directed decisions. D．Building a life around values guarantees the complete absence of inner conflicts and worries. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Challenge of Defining Your Values. B．Values: The Compass for a Fulfilling Life. C．The Essential Components of Personal Values. D．How to Discover and Practice Your Values. （2026·天津南开·三模）Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print. The cognitive neuroscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new norm” of skim reading is producing ‘an invisible, game-changing transformation’ in how readers process words. The neuronal circuit (神经元回路) that sustains the brain’s capacity to read now favors the rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis. We shouldn’t overplay (过度强调) this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn to read more skillfully. From about the age of nine, our eyes start to bounce around the page, reading only about a quarter of the words properly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far the anxieties have proved to be false alarms . Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline, the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever” said that poems were evidence of short attention spans. And yet the internet has certainly changed the way we read. For a start, it means that there is more to read, because more people than ever are writing. If you time travelled just a few decades into the past, you would wonder at how little writing was happening outside a classroom. And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder (素材) to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard. Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a social good and source of personal achievement. But this advocacy often emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passionate” or “eager” reading, none of which adjectives suggest slow, quiet absorption. To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys now his body feels and moves in water. The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenacious (坚决的) for any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading. 1．What is the function of Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a prediction. B．To expose a debate. C．To present a phenomenon. D．To explain a theory. 2．What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin Browns opinion? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Objective. 3．The author would probably agree that . A．advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading B．digital writing leads to too much speaking and not enough reflection C．the public should be aware of the impact skimming has on neuronal circuits D．the number of online readers is declining due to the advances of technology 4．How does the author explain what slow reading is? A．By showing examples. B．By making comparison. C．By analyzing details. D．By explaining the concept. 5．Why does the author write this article? A．To criticize the fast-paced society destroys reading habit. B．To show how digital technology prevents slow reading. C．To promote reading and responding on the Internet. D．To argue that slow reading is and will not be out of date. （25-26高三上·天津河西·期末）In our success-obsessed culture, failure is often seen as a final destination, a mark of shame to be avoided at all costs. From a young age, we are taught to fear it, hide it, and race past it as quickly as possible. But what if we’ve been looking at failure all wrong? A growing body of research in psychology and education suggests that failure, when approached correctly, is not a dead end but a critical crossroads on the path to growth and innovation. The key lies in our mindset. Psychologist Carol Dweck’s work on “fixed” versus “growth” mindsets is central here. Individuals with a fixed mindset believe their abilities are carved in stone. For them, failure is a destructive decision on their inherent talent, leading to avoidance and helplessness. Those with a growth mindset, however, see abilities as muscles that can be developed. They interpret failure not as evidence of their inability, but as a valuable source of information — a signal that their current strategy isn’t working and needs adjustment. This reframing transforms failure from a threat into a teacher. In the scientific community, “negative results” — experiments that don’t work as hypothesized (假定) — are increasingly published and valued because they tell future researchers what paths not to take, saving immense time and resources. Similarly, in the world of entrepreneurship (企业家精神), seasoned founders often speak of their early failed ventures as their most formative education, teaching them lessons about markets, teams, and resilience (恢复力) that no business school case study could. However, not all failure is productive. The learning potential of failure depends on the quality of the reflection that follows it. Simply repeating the same mistakes leads nowhere. Productive failure involves a deliberate process: analyzing what went wrong, identifying controllable factors, seeking feedback, and formulating a new plan of action. It requires emotional resilience to tolerate the discomfort of being wrong and the intellectual honesty to confront one’s own shortcomings. Ultimately, by devaluing failure, we risk raising a generation that is afraid to take necessary risks, think creatively, or challenge the status quo (现状). If we want to promote true innovation and resilient individuals, we must cultivate environments — in schools, workplaces, and homes — where intelligent, effort-based failure is not just tolerated, but welcomed as an essential step in the learning process. The goal is not to fail, but to fail forward. 1．What is the main point of the first paragraph? A．To criticize society’s overemphasis on success. B．To introduce a new perspective on the role of failure. C．To list the common consequences of failure. D．To compare different cultural attitudes towards failure. 2．According to Carol Dweck’s theory, how do people with a “growth mindset” view failure? A．As an opportunity to learn and improve their strategies. B．As a permanent reflection of their intelligence. C．As a sign that they should give up on their goals. D．As a purely negative event to be forgotten quickly. 3．The author mentions “negative results” in scientific research and failed ventures in entrepreneurship to ________. A．highlight the high cost of making mistakes in these fields B．prove that failure is inevitable in any complex endeavor C．illustrate how failure can provide instructive feedback D．argue that these fields are more tolerant of failure than others 4．What determines whether a failure can lead to growth? A．The severity of the consequences. B．The amount of time it takes to recover. C．The quality of reflection and analysis after the event. D．The number of people who witness it. 5．What is the author’s ultimate advice for fostering innovation? A．To carefully avoid any potential risks. B．To create environments that encourage learning from well-intentioned failure. C．To only attempt tasks with a high probability of success. D．To separate the learning process from the pressure of outcomes. （25-26高三上·天津红桥·期末）The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly sending some of the greatest hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. I could use that same device to, within moments, get a car to pick me up, or have food delivered to my house. The fact that, as a culture, we seek out and celebrate such short cuts is understandable. They make it easier to have fun, and save us time and energy. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side. Before we get into that, it is important to understand why convenience is so seductive in the first place. We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup? Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of “evolutionary mismatch”) can help. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this? Shouldn’t I save my energy?” The people who chose to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation. And since those guys are our ancestors, we’ve inherited (继承) that tendency. Since that time, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve bent technology and our environments at least partly to serve our natural instinct to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by following our tendency to prioritise comfort and convenience? Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. It is this difficulty itself that shapes and develops our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must sometimes make a conscious effort to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember — and remind our young people — that while convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary inheritance too, and central to the adventure of life. 1．What does the word “seductive” (paragraph 3) most probably mean? A．Attractive and tempting. B．Useful and practical. C．Harmful and dangerous. D．Annoying and frustrating. 2．According to the passage, what does “evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to? A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations. B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges. C．The controversy over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people. D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health 4．How does the author develop the central argument? A．By comparing different scientific theories. B．By analyzing historical events and their impacts. C．By combining evolutionary theory and ancestral examples. D．By conducting experiments on human evolutionary behavior. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Benefits of Modern Technology B．Rejecting Modern Conveniences for a Better Life C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life D．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）In the U.S., yellow means slow down, get ready to stop. But in Denmark, yellow gives you a signal before stopping and going. The idea that you’re given a moment to get ready to move, not just to hit the brakes, stuck with us. Once we were back home, we started to notice how rarely we allow that in daily life. We prepare for endings constantly. We think through worst-case scenarios. We rehearse (排练) the breakup speech, the layoff call, and the backup plan. Yet, we rarely give ourselves space to prepare for beginnings. We do not practice coming back after burnout. We do not rehearse for the moment the proverbial light turns green, and we need to remember how to move forward again. Most of us know how to handle disappointment because we have been trained to plan for it. We buy insurance policies to protect ourselves from loss. We hold backup plans in our heads, always ready with a plan B or C if things fall apart. However, we do not always know how to prepare for the moments when things go well. We are often caught off guard when the new job comes through, when the project is finally finished, or when the idea we have been carrying quietly suddenly takes off. What we do not practice nearly as often is preparing for joy. The gap between preparing to stop and preparing to go reminds us of something in psychology called psychological flexibility. It’s really about the ability to shift and bend when life doesn’t go the way you thought it would. It’s noticing when the plan you had in your head no longer works and being willing to shift rather than cling to the map you drew months, or even minutes, ago. Accept that beginnings feel clumsy. For example, the first day in a new job rarely feels smooth. You are trying to remember names, find the coffee machine, and pretend you’re not lost on your way back from the bathroom. The first draft of anything worth writing usually looks like something you’d rather hide in a drawer. It’s what standing in the yellow light feels like, knowing the move is coming, feeling a little awkward, and still not sure if your foot is on the gas yet. However, life is not just about red lights that stop us or green lights that tell us to go, but the yellow in between matters too. It’s the space that lets us catch our breath, look around, and ready ourselves for whatever comes next. 1．What function does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage? A．To introduce the topic from a cultural difference. B．To present a research finding on traffic lights. C．To compare traffic rules in various countries. D．To warn readers of potential traffic problems. 2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．Breakups and layoffs are common in life. B．People spend too much time on backup plans. C．People lack preparation for new starts in life. D．Burnout often stops people from moving forward. 3．What is psychological flexibility? A．The ability to stick to original plans firmly. B．The ability to adjust when life goes off track. C．The ability to predict worst-case scenarios. D．The ability to handle disappointment well. 4．What reading strategy may help understand the metaphor of “yellow light” in the passage? A．Analyzing the author’s tone and writing purpose. B．Identifying key words in each paragraph. C．Comparing different cultural backgrounds. D．Connecting the literal meaning to the symbolic one. 5．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Value of Psychological Flexibility. B．Life’s “Yellow Light”: Space to Prepare. C．Different Meanings of the Traffic Lights. D．Prepare for Both Endings and Beginnings. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 （2025年3月·天津卷） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A．To present a misunderstanding. B．To support a commonly held view. C．To share a personal experience. D．To criticize a certain group of people. 2．What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A．Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B．Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C．Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D．Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B．Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C．The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D．Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 4．When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A．an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B．cross-sensory influences are maximized C．the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D．the perceived smell goes against the expectation 5．According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A．easy access to food sources B．human curiosity about nature C．sensory knowledge about food D．dangers in natural environments 6．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely draw up a rapid list of goods — money, friendship, a rewarding career, etc. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people. If we’re comparing how happy various people’s lives are, it seems natural to look for certain goods, and compare who has more of them. Let’s imagine the lives of two actors, Toby and Ybot. Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role. But over time he becomes less famous and less well paid, and he begins to suffer difficulties. In the end, he retires as a nobody. These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. Yet most of us would think that the ordering of these goods does make a decisive difference to how we compare Toby and Ybot’s careers. Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do. But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. Where the story ends seems to matter in itself. We value happy endings, not just happy moments. This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order. The hypothesis suggests that our lives are not simply bags into which we stuff good things and bad things. The type of life — the narrative of that life-story — matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wondrous things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1．What can be learned about Aristotle’s view on happiness? A．Goods contribute to happiness. B．Virtuous people may not be happy. C．Too many goods reduce happiness. D．Happy people care less about goods. 2．According to the author, what do both Toby and Ybot experience? A．They start from a humble beginning. B．They reach the same height in career. C．They recover from the same sufferings. D．They retire with honour from the film industry. 3．What does the author try to convey with the example of mountain climbing? A．Easy success is often envied. B．There are various paths to success. C．Fierce struggle is vital to success. D．Hard-earned success is treasured more. 4．In writing Paragraph 4, the author tries to________. A．introduce another topic B．draw a conclusion C．further an argument D．provide new evidence 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．To Shape Your Life with Good Deeds. B．Defining the Shape of a Good Life. C．The Essential Components of Good Life. D．How We Can Have a Good Shape of Life. （2025年6月·天津卷） All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A．The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C．The intensity of their physical activity. D．The blood supply to body tissues. 2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D．When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A．The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B．Their lack of attention to breathing. C．The constant oxygen levels on land. D．Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A．Their breath cannot be held long enough. B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C．They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B．Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D．Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 1．Why does the author mention “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate how tools can be used creatively. B．To highlight consequences of using a wrong tool. C．To show the necessity of keeping a handy tool within reach. D．To stress the need for the right tool to achieve desired results. 2．What is often required in breaking new ground in science? A．Broader science education. B．More advanced facilities for experiments. C．Deeper understanding of the brain power. D．More investment in next-generation scientists. 3．How does the author assess human beings in terms of their cognitive capacity? A．They are just 2.4% away from true abstract thinking. B．They are slightly smarter than other intelligent beings. C．They are yet to evolve further to learn more about the universe. D．They are good at solving problems with advanced mathematics. 4．What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A．Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B．Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C．Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D．Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 5．What has the author added to the definition of a scientific idea? A．Correct ideas are testable. B．Untestable ideas can be true. C．Some scientific ideas may never be testable. D．An idea must be testable to be seen as correct. 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解体裁之说明文与议论文 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 命题轨迹透视 近 5 年，阅读理解四篇阅读以应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文四种语篇类型进行命题。 考点频次总结 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 2022年 2021年 说明文 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 议论文 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 1篇 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 说明文 知●识●解●构 说明文的语篇模式与命题角度 一般为“引出主题—解释主题—拓展主题”， 其命题角度围绕语篇逻辑层次，而非针对某个次要的具体信息，即5个设问构成一个逻辑链。 [例]2022年第一次第一次C 篇： 1.According to the researchers, what is the ability shared by both elephants and fish? A. Surviving low air pressure. B. Using air suction technique. C. Observing other creatures. D. Adapting to new environments. 2.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To promote a new technology. B. To recommend a research team. C. To introduce a scientific discovery. D. To explain a historical phenomenon. 均和主题相关，一个引出主题背景，一个围绕主题说明文章写作意图。 3. The research findings may contribute to the development of _____. A. underwater robots B.nature reserves C. transport vehicles D. fish farming 4.Who would most probably find the passage helpful? A. Mechanical engineers. B. Medical professionals. C. Agricultural experts. D. Wildlife protectors. 考查发现大象的这一技能对于人类的启示， 即拓展与主题相关更多信息。 在说明文方面，快速把握文章主题，厘清段落结构，分清主题句、过渡句和细节句，关注每个段落内的重点句和关键词，关注词汇复现，以此为线索，根据逻辑链解决问题。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·期末）In George Orwell’s novel 1984, “Newspeak” was a simplified language designed to limit citizens’ critical thinking. In today’s digital reality, a linguistic phenomenon known as “algospeak” is growing widespread across the internet. It’s an attempt to bypass social media platforms’ language restrictions. According to linguist Adam Aleksic, users are increasingly coining new terms to prevent their content from being marked or removed for containing harmful, offensive or inappropriate language. For example, in many online videos, it’s common to say “unalived” instead of “killed.” Guns are often referred to as “pew pews.” The term “algospeak” rose to prominence in 2022. It now serves as the title of Aleksic’s new book, Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language. In it, he explores the power of algorithms (算法) to increase a word’s use or remove it completely. “The fact that the algorithm censors (审查) the word ‘ kill’ forces users to invent new language,” Aleksic explained. He pointed out that social media is changing language in other ways as well — much like how abbreviations (缩略词) such as “lol” (laugh out loud) originated in texting but are now spoken aloud. Today, young people frequently adopt phrases from memes (网络梗) and integrate them into everyday conversation. “I think language always reflexively (条件反射地) adapts to each medium.” Aleksic said. “I felt my own language reroute around the algorithm. However, the more I looked into it, the more I realized this is an infrastructure (基础结构) underlying all language change happening right now. It’s changing where words come from, how words get popular, and how quickly those words spread.” In a recent article for The Washington Post, Aleksic wrote about the migration of sports metaphors (隐喻) into gaming culture. Terms like “home run” and “strike out,” borrowed from baseball, are commonly used by gamers. “America’s pastime once provided an important shared experience from which we could abstract our metaphors. Now America has a new pastime,” he remarked. As examples, Aleksic described young people labeling themselves as the “main characters,” compared with strangers as “NPCs” (non-playable characters). A “side quest” refers to an activity that is not part of a plan. Despite the constant flow of new slang (俚语), Aleksic noted that not all of it endures. Terms like “bae” and “on fleek”, popularized on the now-defunct (停业的) platform Vine, have largely gone out of use. 1．What role does the mention of “Newspeak” in Paragraph 1 play? A．To explain the origin of the term “algospeak”. B．To criticize fictional language control methods. C．To draw a comparison with a real-world linguistic trend. D．To provide a historical example of language simplification. 2．What does the phrase “rose to prominence” in Paragraph 3 most likely mean? A．Faced strong opposition. B．Got widely recognized. C．Lost its original meaning. D．Was officially banned. 3．What can be inferred from Aleksic’s remark about “America’s pastime”? A．The shift from baseball to gaming mirrors a broader social change. B．Traditional sports metaphors are fading in relevance among youth. C．Young people favor gaming-related expressions over sports-based ones. D．Video gaming has overtaken baseball as the main source of cultural references. 4．What can be inferred about Aleksic’s view on language evolution? A．It is mainly driven by individual creativity. B．It reflects the impact of media and technology. C．It follows fixed rules unchanged over time. D．It prioritizes traditional slang over new terms. 5．What does the author intend to do in writing this passage? A．To criticize social media platforms for their overly strict language regulations. B．To compare fictional language control with digital communication strategies. C．To analyze how algorithms affect the traditional slang in online communities. D．To introduce a linguistic trend and explore its influence on language evolution. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了网络中“算法语言”这一语言现象的兴起，介绍了其产生原因、发展现状，并探讨了算法、社交媒体等科技与媒介对语言演变产生的诸多影响。 1．推理判断题。根据首段中的In George Orwell’s novel 1984, “Newspeak” was a simplified language designed to limit citizens’ critical thinking.In today’s digital reality, a linguistic phenomenon known as “algospeak” is growing widespread across the internet. It’s an attempt to bypass social media platforms’ language restrictions.(在乔治·奥威尔的小说《1984》中，“新话”是一种为限制公民批判性思维而设计的简化语言。在如今的数字时代，一种被称为“算法语言”的语言现象正在网络上广泛传播，这是人们试图绕过社交媒体平台语言限制的一种方式)可知，第一段中提到“Newspeak”这一内容是为了与现实世界中的语言趋势进行对比。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。画线短语在第三段首句，根据第三段第2句“It now serves as the title of Aleksic’s new book, Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language.(如今它还成为了阿莱克西奇新书《算法语言：社交媒体如何塑造语言的未来》的书名)”可推断，前句提到的“算法语言”这个术语在2022年开始受到广泛认可。B项表示“得到广泛认可”，是对画线短语rose to prominence的同义替换。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“In a recent article for The Washington Post, Aleksic wrote about the migration of sports metaphors into gaming culture.(在为《华盛顿邮报》撰写的最新文章中，阿莱克西奇写道，体育隐喻正逐渐融入游戏文化)”、第七段中的“America’s pastime once provided an important shared experience from which we could abstract our metaphors. Now America has a new pastime(棒球这项美国国民消遣曾为我们提供了重要的共同体验，我们从其中提炼出各种隐喻。而如今，美国有了新的国民消遣)”以及第八段“As examples, Aleksic described young people labeling themselves as the “main characters,” compared with strangers as “NPCs” (non-playable characters). A “side quest” refers to an activity that is not part of a plan.(举个例子，亚历克西奇指出，年轻人会将自己称作“主角”，把陌生人比作“非玩家角色”。而“支线任务”则指那些并非计划内的活动)”可推断，从棒球运动向电子游戏的转变反映了更广泛的社会变迁。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段首句中阿莱克西奇说的话“I think language always reflexively adapts to each medium.(我认为语言总是会本能地去适应各种媒体)”、第五段第三、四句“However, the more I looked into it, the more I realized this is an infrastructure (基础结构) underlying all language change happening right now. It’s changing where words come from, how words get popular, and how quickly those words spread.(然而，我对此研究得越深，就越意识到这是当下所有语言变化背后的基础逻辑。算法正在改变词汇的来源、流行的方式以及传播的速度)”可知，语言演变受媒介和科技的深刻影响。故选B。 5．推理判断题。作者通过第一段核心句引入“算法语言”这一当下的网络语言趋势，再以阿莱克西奇的观点、新书主题等核心句为依托，层层探讨算法语言背后，算法、媒体对语言创造、传播、发展的全方位影响，所以作者的核心写作意图是介绍一种语言趋势，并探究其对语言演变的影响。故选D。 （25-26高三上·天津河东·期末）In the bustling heart of modern cities, where skyscrapers tower overhead and concrete spreads like a vast blanket, urban community gardens have emerged as vibrant oases of green. These small plots of land — nestled between apartment buildings, on rooftop terraces, or in abandoned lots — are more than just places to grow vegetables and flowers; they are powerful connectors of people, cultures, and nature. What began as a simple way to reclaim unused space has evolved into a global movement that enriches both individuals and communities. For city dwellers, community gardens offer a rare chance to reconnect with the natural world. Many urban residents spend their days in offices or apartments, far from the rhythms of growing things. Tending to soil, planting seeds, and watching plants mature provides a therapeutic escape from the stress of city life. Studies have shown that gardening reduces anxiety and improves mental well-being, as the act of nurturing life fosters a sense of purpose and calm. Children, too, benefit greatly — they learn where food comes from, develop a sense of responsibility, and gain hands-on experience with science and nature, lessons that textbooks alone cannot teach. Beyond personal benefits, these gardens strengthen community bonds. Neighbors from diverse backgrounds come together to share tools, exchange gardening tips, and celebrate harvests. Elderly residents pass down traditional farming knowledge, while younger generations bring fresh ideas and energy. In many neighborhoods, garden plots become spaces for cultural exchange, where immigrants grow native plants and share recipes with their neighbors, creating a tapestry of flavors and traditions. During the harvest season, shared feasts bring everyone together, turning acquaintances into friends and building a sense of belonging that is often missing in fast-paced urban environments. Urban community gardens also play a vital role in promoting sustainability. They reduce food miles by providing locally grown produce, cutting down on the carbon emissions associated with transportation. By absorbing rainwater, they help mitigate urban flooding, and their plants improve air quality by filtering pollutants. In areas with limited access to fresh food, these gardens act as community fridges, ensuring that low-income families have access to nutritious vegetables and fruits. As cities face the challenges of climate change and rapid urbanization, community gardens offer a simple yet effective way to build resilience and create more livable spaces. In a world that often feels disconnected, urban community gardens remind us of the power of working together and caring for the earth. They are living proof that even in the busiest cities, a little bit of green can grow into something extraordinary-nurturing not just plants, but people, communities, and a more sustainable future. 1．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce the history of urban community gardens. B．To explain the multiple values of urban community gardens. C．To discuss the challenges of maintaining urban community gardens. D．To compare urban community gardens with traditional farms. 2．Which of the following is a benefit of urban community gardens for children? A．They can learn traditional farming skills from immigrants. B．They can reduce the carbon emissions of the family. C．They can gain practical experience with science and nature. D．They can organize shared feasts with neighborhood adults. 3．The underlined phrase “food miles” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to _____. A．the distance food travels from production to consumption B．the number of miles people walk to buy fresh food C．the area of land used to grow food in cities D．the time it takes for food to ripen in gardens 4．We can infer from the passage that urban community gardens _____. A．are mainly built on rooftop terraces in big cities B．help improve the social connection in urban areas C．have solved the problem of food shortage for low-income families D．require professional gardening knowledge to maintain 5．What is the author’s attitude towards urban community gardens? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Neutral. D．Supportive. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了城市社区花园的多重价值，包括对个人、社区和可持续发展的益处。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“In the bustling heart of modern cities, where skyscrapers tower overhead and concrete spreads like a vast blanket, urban community gardens have emerged as vibrant oases of green. These small plots of land — nestled between apartment buildings, on rooftop terraces, or in abandoned lots — are more than just places to grow vegetables and flowers; they are powerful connectors of people, cultures, and nature. What began as a simple way to reclaim unused space has evolved into a global movement that enriches both individuals and communities.(在现代都市繁华的中心，摩天大楼高耸入云，水泥地面如巨毯般铺展，都市社区花园已然成为充满生机的绿色绿洲。这些小块土地 —— 依偎在公寓楼之间、屋顶露台之上，或是废弃地块之中 —— 不仅仅是种植蔬菜和花卉的场所；它们更是连接人与人、文化与文化、人类与自然的强力纽带。从最初简单地改造闲置空间，到如今已发展成一场让个人与社区共同受益的全球性运动。)”可知，文章首先介绍了城市社区花园的出现，接着分别阐述了城市社区花园对个人的益处（如缓解压力、提升心理健康、教育孩子等）、对社区的益处（如加强社区联系、促进文化交流等）以及对可持续发展的作用（如减少食物运输距离、缓解城市洪水、改善空气质量等）。因此，文章的主要目的是解释城市社区花园的多重价值。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Children, too, benefit greatly — they learn where food comes from, develop a sense of responsibility, and gain hands-on experience with science and nature, lessons that textbooks alone cannot teach.(孩子们也受益匪浅——他们了解食物的来源，培养责任感，并获得科学和自然的实践经验，这些是课本无法单独传授的课程。)”可知，城市社区花园对孩子们的益处之一是让他们获得科学和自然的实践经验。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“They reduce food miles by providing locally grown produce, cutting down on the carbon emissions associated with transportation.(它们通过提供本地种植的农产品来减少food miles，从而减少与运输相关的碳排放。)”可知，减少与运输相关的碳排放，即食物从生产到消费所经过的距离减少。因此，food miles指的是食物从生产到消费的距离。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Beyond personal benefits, these gardens strengthen community bonds. Neighbors from diverse backgrounds come together to share tools, exchange gardening tips, and celebrate harvests.(除了个人益处外，这些花园还加强了社区联系。来自不同背景的邻居聚在一起分享工具、交流园艺技巧、庆祝丰收。)”以及“During the harvest season, shared feasts bring everyone together, turning acquaintances into friends and building a sense of belonging that is often missing in fast-paced urban environments.(在收获季节，共享的盛宴将大家聚集在一起，将熟人变成朋友，并建立起一种在快节奏的城市环境中常常缺失的归属感。)”可知，城市社区花园有助于改善城市地区的社会联系。故选B。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a world that often feels disconnected, urban community gardens remind us of the power of working together and caring for the earth. They are living proof that even in the busiest cities, a little bit of green can grow into something extraordinary-nurturing not just plants, but people, communities, and a more sustainable future.(在一个常常感觉脱节的世界里，城市社区花园提醒我们合作和关爱地球的力量。它们是活生生的证明，即使在最繁忙的城市里，一点点绿色也能成长为非凡的东西——不仅滋养植物，还滋养人们、社区和更可持续的未来。)”可知，作者对城市社区花园持支持态度。故选D。 （25-26高三上·天津西青·期末）The question, “Do animals experience time like humans?” might seem simple, but researchers have discovered surprising differences in how various species sense time. This topic challenges our understanding of how living beings interact with the world and deepens our knowledge of animal behavior. Studies show that animals experience time at different speeds depending on their size, energy use, and how they perceive their surroundings. For example, small animals like flies and hummingbirds experience time more slowly than larger animals like elephants or humans. This means a fly can notice movements that seem too fast for us, allowing it to avoid a moving hand. Similarly, hummingbirds can change direction mid-air with precision due to their faster sense of time. The idea of “time stretching” in animals is closely tied to survival. Faster time awareness helps small animals react quickly to dangers, while slower awareness in larger animals allows them to conserve energy for survival. This difference explains why a fly might see a human’s hand moving in slow motion, while we perceive it as fast. For hunters like lions, slower time awareness allows them to carefully plan their moves, increasing their chances of success. Interestingly, researchers have found that time awareness is also influenced by emotions. Humans often feel time “slows down” during exciting or stressful events, like a close sports match or a near-accident. Similarly, animals in danger may feel time slow down. This emotional connection highlights shared experiences between humans and animals, showing how survival needs shape the way time is felt. Understanding time awareness in animals has practical uses. It can help improve the design of spaces for pets or zoo animals, making them feel calmer and safer. It also gives insights into how humans might adjust their behavior when interacting with animals, such as using training methods that match their sense of time. Studying time awareness might even lead to new ideas in technology, such as creating systems that work at different speeds for various tasks, like robotics or virtual reality. Nature continues to amaze us with its complexity. The study of time awareness reminds us that every species experiences the world differently, urging us to appreciate life’s diversity. 1．What is the primary purpose of the first paragraph? A．To introduce a question that challenges existing beliefs about animals. B．To explain the similarities between human and animal behavior. C．To summarize the findings of recent research on time perception. D．To provide examples of how animals perceive time differently. 2．Why are smaller animals like flies able to detect fast movements that humans cannot? A．Because their brains are more advanced in processing speed. B．Because their perception of time is slower than that of humans. C．Because their energy demands require them to sense rapid changes. D．Because their survival depends on noticing quick shifts in their surroundings. 3．What does the phrase “time stretching” in the third paragraph most likely mean? A．Sensing time as passing more quickly. B．Feeling time slow down in specific situations. C．Varied time perception across different species. D．Adapting time awareness to body size. 4．Why does the author discuss humans feeling time “slows down” during stressful events? A．To prove that humans are more emotional than animals. B．To argue that survival instincts are less significant for humans. C．To illustrate how emotions influence time perception across species. D．To show that humans and animals perceive time differently in danger. 5．What does the study of time awareness suggest about the natural world? A．It highlights the complexity and uniqueness of each species. B．It shows that humans have a superior understanding of time. C．It proves that animals rely more on instinct than humans. D．It demonstrates that survival depends on accurate time perception. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了不同动物感知时间的方式存在差异，以及这种差异背后的生存意义和实际应用价值。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The question, “Do animals experience time like humans?” might seem simple, but researchers have discovered surprising differences in how various species sense time. This topic challenges our understanding of how living beings interact with the world and deepens our knowledge of animal behavior. (“动物是否像人类一样体验时间？”这个问题看似简单，但研究人员发现不同物种感知时间的方式存在惊人差异。这一主题挑战了我们对生物如何与世界互动的理解，并加深了我们对动物行为的认识)”可知，第一段的主要目的是引出一个挑战现有认知的问题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, small animals like flies and hummingbirds experience time more slowly than larger animals like elephants or humans. This means a fly can notice movements that seem too fast for us, allowing it to avoid a moving hand. (例如，苍蝇和蜂鸟等小动物感知时间的速度比大象或人类等大型动物要慢。这意味着苍蝇能注意到对我们来说太快的动作，从而避开移动的手)”可知，苍蝇能感知人类无法察觉的快速动作，是因为它们的时间感知比人类慢。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“The idea of “time stretching” in animals is closely tied to survival. Faster time awareness helps small animals react quickly to dangers, while slower awareness in larger animals allows them to conserve energy for survival. (动物中的“____”概念与生存密切相关。更快的时间感知帮助小动物快速应对危险，而大型动物较慢的感知则让它们能为生存保存能量)”可知，动物对时间的感知与其体型和生存需求相关，动物体内因生存需要而形成的一种适应机制：体型较小的动物时间感知快，便于及时避险；大型动物时间感知慢，有助于节省能量，time stretching体现了不同的动物对时间流逝具有不同的主观感知。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“Similarly, animals in danger may feel time slow down. This emotional connection highlights shared experiences between humans and animals, showing how survival needs shape the way time is felt. (同样，处于危险中的动物可能会感觉时间变慢。这种情感联系凸显了人类与动物之间的共同体验，表明生存需求如何塑造了时间的感知方式)”可知，作者讨论人类在压力事件中感觉时间变慢，是为了说明情绪会跨物种影响时间感知。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Nature continues to amaze us with its complexity. The study of time awareness reminds us that every species experiences the world differently, urging us to appreciate life’s diversity. (大自然的复杂性继续让我们惊叹。对时间感知的研究提醒我们，每个物种对世界的体验都不同，促使我们珍惜生命的多样性)”可知，这项研究揭示了自然界的复杂性和每个物种的独特性。故选A。 （25-26高三上·天津河北·期末）Picture this: you are typing on a screen, and a smart app instantly proposes a “perfect” word. It feels like magic, doesn’t it? But let’s travel back to the days before computers. Writing then was a physical adventure. To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery. With such digital “magic” at our fingertips today, are those physical books now obsolete? Why keep a dusty dictionary when an AI can rewrite our sentences in milliseconds? The answer lies in the distinction between convenience and autonomy. Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands. Consider the popular writing apps we use. They promise to make our writing “smooth” and “efficient”. However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.” Furthermore, there is a profound value in the “inefficient” method. Digital tools are engineered for precision: you ask for a word, and it delivers the exact answer. Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring. As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all? 1．What can be inferred about finding words in the past from Paragraph 1? A．It required more strength than patience. B．It was an active process of discovery. C．It served to identify writing errors. D．It was a boring and heavy burden. 2．Why does the author consider physical dictionaries to be “training grounds”? A．They encourage us to use language creatively. B．They offer shortcuts to rewriting sentences. C．They force users to memorise definitions. D．They provide fail-safe lists for writing. 3．The author quotes George Orwell in Paragraph 3 to ________. A．explain the logic of computer algorithms B．prove the accuracy of automated writing. C．stress the value of independent thinking D．further the use of ready-made phrases. 4．What benefit does the “inefficient” method offer in Paragraph 4? A．It ensures precise and instant answers. B．It broadens minds through chance finds. C．It improves the efficiency of digital tools. D．It focuses on searching for specific terms. 5．By asking “Why write at all?” at the end, the author implies that ________. A．physical books serve as training grounds for our brains B．automated aids surrender our ability to think clearly C．true expression demands effort and original thought D．digital aids have liberated writers from boring work 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了数字工具与实体词典在写作中的作用，强调了实体词典在培养创造性思维和独立思考能力方面的重要性，并指出过度依赖数字工具可能带来的风险。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“To find a word, our parents had to lift a heavy dictionary -sometimes a real workout! They flipped through pages and hunted for meanings like detectives. They didn’t just choose an option, but made a discovery.(为了找到一个单词，我们的父母不得不拿起一本沉重的字典——有时这真的是一场锻炼！他们翻阅书页，像侦探一样查找意思。他们不只是选择一个选项，而是得到了一个发现。)”可知，过去查找单词是一个积极的发现过程。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Dictionaries are not just lists of definitions; they are training grounds for our brains. Rather than providing fail-safe shortcuts, they equip us with the knowledge to shape language creatively. In doing so, they place the power of choice firmly in our own hands.(字典不仅仅是定义列表；它们是我们大脑的训练场。它们没有提供万无一失的捷径，而是赋予我们创造性地塑造语言的知识。这样做，它们把选择的力量牢牢地掌握在我们自己手中。)”可知，作者认为实体词典是“训练场”是因为它们鼓励我们创造性地使用语言。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“However, this efficiency carries a hidden price. When we depend entirely on these automated aids, we risk losing our own voice. The British writer George Orwell once warned that using ready-made phrases is akin to letting someone else “construct your sentences for you-even think your thoughts for you.” Today, that “someone else’’ is an algorithm (算法). If we always click “accept’’ on a suggestion, are we really writing, or are we just assembling parts chosen by a computer? This echoes Orwell’s belief that “the worst thing one can do with words is to surrender to them.”(然而，这种高效背后暗藏代价。当我们完全依赖这些自动化辅助工具时，就有可能失去属于自己的表达风格与思想主见。英国作家乔治・奥威尔曾告诫人们，使用现成的套话，无异于让别人替你遣词造句，甚至替你思考。如今，这个 “别人” 变成了一套算法。如果我们对所有建议都一味点击 “接受”，我们究竟是在真正写作，还是仅仅在拼接计算机为我们挑选的文字片段？这与奥威尔的观点不谋而合：一个人对待语言最不可取的做法，就是向它妥协投降。)”可知，作者引用乔治·奥威尔的话是为了强调独立思考的价值。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Conversely, a physical dictionary offers the joy of discovery — the chance to encounter words you weren’t looking for. While searching for “rain”, you might encounter “rainbow” or “rainforest’’. These unanticipated encounters expand our cognitive (认知的) horizons in ways a direct search never could. One method is efficient and the other is inspiring.(相反，纸质词典能带来探索的乐趣——让你有机会邂逅那些本不在查找范围内的单词。当你查阅 “rain（雨）”时，或许会偶遇“rainbow（彩虹）”或是“rainforest（雨林）”。这些意料之外的相遇，以直接检索无法企及的方式，拓宽了我们的认知视野。一种方式高效便捷，另一种则能启迪心灵。)”可知，“低效”方法的好处是通过偶然的发现拓宽了思维。故选B。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As digital writing becomes common in our lives, we need dictionaries more than ever. If we abandon them in favour of automated tools, we risk losing the ability to express ourselves clearly and originally. We need these physical books on our shelves-to browse, to learn from, and to be inspired by. Without this drive for lifelong learning, we are left with the ultimate question: Why write at all.(随着数字写作在我们的生活中变得普遍，我们比以往任何时候都更需要词典。如果我们放弃它们而选择自动化工具，我们就有失去清晰和原创表达能力的风险。我们需要这些实体书放在书架上——浏览、学习、从中获得灵感。如果没有这种终身学习的动力，我们就会面临一个终极问题：为什么要写作。)”可知，作者在结尾问“为什么要写作？”意味着真正的表达需要努力和原创思想。故选C。 （25-26高三上·天津河北·期末）For over two thousand years, a fundamental paradox (矛盾的人或事) has puzzled both scientists and philosophers: how can plants, lack of eyes, adjust their growth toward light? It is a question that challenges our basic understanding of biological perception. While animals depended on visual organs to detect illumination (光源), plants seem to possess no such structures. Yet, their competence in seeking light is undeniable. Historically, interpretations of this phenomenon varied. Early Greek thinkers assumed that plants could sense their environment in a manner similar to animals. However, Aristotle later promoted a different perspective. He argued that plants were passive objects, unable to perceive or respond to the world. Because of his authority, this negative view dominated Western thought for centuries, limiting further investigation into plant intelligence. Nevertheless, a team of European researchers has recently challenged these old assumptions. By employing advanced imaging technology like confocal (共焦的) microscopy on Arabidopsis (拟南芥), they analysed the internal transmission of light. The results reveal that the air channels between the plant’s cells function as a distributed optical system. Unlike solid tissue, these channels are transparent and air-filled; as light hits the stem, these channels act effectively as microscopic lenses. This structural adaptation is key to their perception. As light travels through the tissue, these lenses scatter and refract (折射) the beams significantly. This scattering phenomenon creates a gradient (倾斜度) of light intensity across the stem, enabling the organism to triangulate (使成三角形) the source of illumination and determine its direction without the need for a central nervous system. This discovery implies that “sight” does not necessarily require eyes. Instead, the plant employs a complex, whole-body sensory approach to sense its surroundings. It is a sophisticated mechanism that allows seedlings to “see” the source of light and adapt their growth accordingly. These findings are significant not only because they resolve an ancient mystery, but because they force us to re-evaluate our definition of “sight”. The Aristotelian view that plants are passive is proven misguided. The evidence demonstrates that plants have evolved a sophisticated way to perceive their environment without complex organs. They are far more adaptive than we previously imagined. Consequently, this research opens a new chapter for biologists. Questions remain about how these air channels are formed and how plants process such light signals. Understanding these mechanisms could help us learn more about the interaction between plants and the world — and perhaps even inspire biomimetic (生物模拟学) innovations in robotics. 1．Why does the author mention Aristotle in Paragraph 2? A．To provide details about the history of ancient Greek philosophy. B．To explain the scientific delays caused by early scholars. C．To introduce a fundamental paradox in biology. D．To praise the wisdom of ancient thinkers. 2．What function do the air channels serve in Arabidopsis? A．Acting as solid supporting tissues. B．Serving as central nervous systems. C．Functioning as internal energy sources. D．Operating as a non-solid medium to guide light. 3．How does the plant identify the direction of illumination? A．By sensing the heat from external sources B．By depending on complex sensory organs. C．By utilising solid tissues to focus beams D．By forming a gradient of light intensity. 4．What does the new discovery suggest about plants? A．They possess complex adaptation mechanisms. B．They require neural networks for perception. C．They depend on visual organs for survival. D．They remain passive objects in nature. 5．What is the author’s purpose in comparing plant mechanisms with robotics? A．To show that plants behave like machines. B．To argue that biology is too complex to mimic C．To suggest nature offers solutions for technology. D．To prove that robots can now imitate human eyes. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了植物如何感知和响应光源的最新研究，挑战了长期以来关于植物感知能力的传统观念，并揭示了植物通过空气通道和光强度梯度来感知光源方向的复杂机制。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Aristotle later promoted a different perspective. He argued that plants were passive objects, unable to perceive or respond to the world. Because of his authority, this negative view dominated Western thought for centuries, limiting further investigation into plant intelligence.(后来亚里士多德提出了不同的观点。他认为植物是被动的物体，无法感知或响应世界。由于他的权威性，这种消极的观点主导了西方思想几个世纪，限制了对植物智能的进一步研究)”可推知，作者提到亚里士多德是为了解释早期学者对植物感知能力的错误观点如何导致了科学研究的延误。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The results reveal that the air channels between the plant’s cells function as a distributed optical system. Unlike solid tissue, these channels are transparent and air-filled; as light hits the stem, these channels act effectively as microscopic lenses.(结果显示，植物细胞之间的空气通道作为一个分布式光学系统。与固体组织不同，这些通道是透明的，充满空气；当光线照射到茎上时，这些通道有效地充当了显微镜镜头)”可知，空气通道在拟南芥中作为非固体介质来引导光线。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“This scattering phenomenon creates a gradient of light intensity across the stem, enabling the organism to triangulate the source of illumination and determine its direction without the need for a central nervous system.(这种散射现象在茎上产生了光强度梯度，使生物体能够在不需要中枢神经系统的情况下确定光源的位置和方向)”可知，植物通过形成光强度梯度来识别光照方向。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The evidence demonstrates that plants have evolved a sophisticated way to perceive their environment without complex organs. They are far more adaptive than we previously imagined.(证据表明，植物已经进化出一种复杂的方式来感知环境，而不需要复杂的器官。它们的适应性比我们之前想象的要强得多)”可知，新的发现表明植物拥有复杂的适应机制。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Understanding these mechanisms could help us learn more about the interaction between plants and the world — and perhaps even inspire biomimetic innovations in robotics.(了解这些机制可以帮助我们更多地了解植物与世界之间的相互作用，甚至可能激发机器人技术中的生物模拟创新)”可推知，作者将植物机制与机器人技术进行比较的目的是暗示自然为技术提供了解决方案。故选C。 考点二 议论文 知●识●解●构 议论文的语篇模式与命题角度 一般为： 是什么—为什么—怎么做，即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。 命题角度，围绕语篇逻辑层次去命题， 而非针对某个次要的具体信息命题， 即 5 个设问构成一个逻辑链。 例 2022 年第二次 D 篇： 第二段Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain because we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. 1. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A. Making us simple-minded. B. Making us short-sighted. C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 题干表面上问狭隘看法的影响，实则为了引出什么是正确的方法。 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 第三段What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being: a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. 2. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A. Through maintaining good health. B. By going through pain and suffering. C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D. Through offering help much needed by others. 以上两题针对“是什么” 第四段The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. 本题问出于热爱做同样的工作时所带来的好处，实则是作者举例论证主题。即“为什么”要这么做。 3. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A. less selfish B. less annoying C. more motivated D. more responsible 4. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B. When our love for the world is insufficient. C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D. When we stay blind to the reality. 根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. (错误的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致违背预期的结局。 5. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ___. A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge 根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱的激励和知识的引导，生活就会变得更美好。 以上两题是对主题即怎么做才能获得美好生活的阐释。 在议论文方面，在明确其考查维度和典型的语篇结构基础上，要学会快速抓住论点，清楚文中举例论证的目的，遵循逻辑链，以事实为依据准确把握作者总的态度和倾向。 考●向●破●译 （25-26高三上·天津·期末）We are often taught to live according to our values, but without deep reflection, this is easier said than done. Have you ever admired others’ achievements on social media? Or felt lost about your life direction after an important birthday? Changes in life, such as a new job or a breakup, can also leave us feeling uncertain. In these moments, we are often advised to focus on what we truly care about. However, the real challenge is that we don’t always know what matters most to us or why it matters. Values are not simply beliefs or feelings, but deep-seated goals that combine thought and emotion. Take friendship for example. Someone who truly values friendship not only believes it is important, but also feels happy for their friends’ joys, sad for their difficulties, and considers friends when making decisions. Therefore, values are stable, emotionally grounded, and thoughtfully affirmed goals that guide our choices and help us evaluate our lives. To discover our own values, rational thinking alone is not enough, because values also include emotional parts we may not be aware of. We can use imagination exercises, such as considering what we would choose if we had to move to another planet and could only take a few things. This can reveal what we cherish deep down. At the same time, paying attention to physical signs of stress and emotional states is also important. When we become fully immersed in an activity, that likely points to what we truly value. After understanding values, we need to put them into practice and reflect. This means not only thinking, but also observing our actions and emotional responses. Please note, however, that reflection should not become endless self-doubt — overthinking can actually hold us back. A better way is to develop a habit of regular reflection, such as during the New Year, on your birthday, or while on vacation. This helps us examine ourselves fully in calm moments, rather than rushing to reflect only during a crisis. Clarifying your values won’t remove all difficulties or negative emotions in life. External challenges and inner conflicts will still exist. However, the clearer I am about what truly matters to me, the less I worry about others’ achievements and the more confidently I can make choices that suit me in my limited time. Building your life around what truly matters not only brings deep satisfaction, but also gives you strength to overcome challenges. In the end, it helps us become more complete and resilient individuals. 1．According to the passage, what are values? A．They are core personal beliefs. B．They are deep emotional attachments. C．They are mental and emotional goals. D．They are traditionally taught principles. 2．What is a typical behavior of a person who values friendship? A．He makes an effort to have as many friends as possible. B．He believes friendship is important in theory. C．Sometimes he puts his friends before his career. D．His feelings and choices are affected by his friends. 3．Why does the author mention the exercise of choosing items for another planet? A．To reveal our cherished things. B．To prepare for space travel. C．To prove the limits of rational thinking. D．To show the value of possessions. 4．What can we infer about the relationship between clarifying values and facing life’s challenges? A．Clarifying values removes both external difficulties and negative emotions. B．Values clarification requires avoiding reflection during crises to prevent overthinking. C．A clear sense of values reduces distractions from others’ successes and supports self-directed decisions. D．Building a life around values guarantees the complete absence of inner conflicts and worries. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．The Challenge of Defining Your Values. B．Values: The Compass for a Fulfilling Life. C．The Essential Components of Personal Values. D．How to Discover and Practice Your Values. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了价值观的定义、发现方法以及其对生活的指导作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Values are not simply beliefs or feelings, but deep-seated goals that combine thought and emotion.(价值观不仅仅是信仰或感觉，而是结合了思想和情感的深层目标。)”可知，价值观是思想和情感的目标。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Take friendship for example. Someone who truly values friendship not only believes it is important, but also feels happy for their friends’ joys, sad for their difficulties, and considers friends when making decisions.(以友谊为例。真正重视友谊的人不仅认为友谊很重要，而且会为朋友的快乐而高兴，为朋友的困难而悲伤，并在做决定时考虑朋友。)”可知，一个重视友谊的人，他的感受和选择会受到朋友的影响。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“We can use imagination exercises, such as considering what we would choose if we had to move to another planet and could only take a few things. This can reveal what we cherish deep down.(我们可以借助想象练习，比如设想若必须移居另一颗星球，且只能携带少量物品，自己会作何选择，这能揭示我们内心深处珍视的东西。)”可知，作者提到为另一个星球选择物品的练习是为了揭示我们珍视的东西。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clarifying your values won’t remove all difficulties or negative emotions in life. External challenges and inner conflicts will still exist. However, the clearer I am about what truly matters to me, the less I worry about others’ achievements and the more confidently I can make choices that suit me in my limited time. Building your life around what truly matters not only brings deep satisfaction, but also gives you strength to overcome challenges.(明确你的价值观并不会消除生活中的所有困难或负面情绪。外部挑战和内心冲突仍然存在。然而，我越清楚什么对我真正重要，我就越不担心别人的成就，也就越有信心在有限的时间内做出适合我的选择。围绕真正重要的事情构建你的生活，不仅能带来深深的满足感，还能给你克服困难的力量。)”可知，清晰的价值观可以减少对他人成功的干扰，支持自我导向的决策。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段“Clarifying your values won’t remove all difficulties or negative emotions in life. External challenges and inner conflicts will still exist. However, the clearer I am about what truly matters to me, the less I worry about others’ achievements and the more confidently I can make choices that suit me in my limited time. Building your life around what truly matters not only brings deep satisfaction, but also gives you strength to overcome challenges. In the end, it helps us become more complete and resilient individuals.(明确你的价值观并不会消除生活中的所有困难或负面情绪。外部挑战和内心冲突仍然存在。然而，我越清楚什么对我真正重要，我就越不担心别人的成就，也就越有信心在有限的时间内做出适合我的选择。围绕真正重要的事情构建你的生活，不仅能带来深深的满足感，还能给你克服困难的力量。最终，它帮助我们成为更完整、更有韧性的个体。)”可知，文章开篇指出人们难以践行价值观的问题，接着阐释了价值观的本质，介绍了发现自身价值观的方法和践行、反思价值观的方式，最后说明明确价值观的意义——能让人做出适合自己的选择、获得满足感、拥有克服挑战的力量，成为更完整的人。全文围绕价值观展开，说明其对人生的指引作用，B选项“价值观：充实人生的指南针”能概括主旨，是文章的最佳标题。故选B。 （2026·天津南开·三模）Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print. The cognitive neuroscientist Mary Walt argued recently that this “new norm” of skim reading is producing ‘an invisible, game-changing transformation’ in how readers process words. The neuronal circuit (神经元回路) that sustains the brain’s capacity to read now favors the rapid absorption of information, rather than skills developed by deeper reading, like critical analysis. We shouldn’t overplay (过度强调) this danger. All readers skim. Skimming is the skill we acquire as children as we learn to read more skillfully. From about the age of nine, our eyes start to bounce around the page, reading only about a quarter of the words properly, and filling in the gaps by inference. Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far the anxieties have proved to be false alarms . Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline, the American author Selvin Brown wrote. “No one ever” said that poems were evidence of short attention spans. And yet the internet has certainly changed the way we read. For a start, it means that there is more to read, because more people than ever are writing. If you time travelled just a few decades into the past, you would wonder at how little writing was happening outside a classroom. And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder (素材) to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard. Perhaps we should slow down. Reading is constantly promoted as a social good and source of personal achievement. But this advocacy often emphasizes “enthusiastic”, “passionate” or “eager” reading, none of which adjectives suggest slow, quiet absorption. To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys now his body feels and moves in water. The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenacious (坚决的) for any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading. 1．What is the function of Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a prediction. B．To expose a debate. C．To present a phenomenon. D．To explain a theory. 2．What is the author’s attitude towards Selvin Browns opinion? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Indifferent. D．Objective. 3．The author would probably agree that . A．advocacy of passionate reading helps promote slow reading B．digital writing leads to too much speaking and not enough reflection C．the public should be aware of the impact skimming has on neuronal circuits D．the number of online readers is declining due to the advances of technology 4．How does the author explain what slow reading is? A．By showing examples. B．By making comparison. C．By analyzing details. D．By explaining the concept. 5．Why does the author write this article? A．To criticize the fast-paced society destroys reading habit. B．To show how digital technology prevents slow reading. C．To promote reading and responding on the Internet. D．To argue that slow reading is and will not be out of date. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了慢阅读在数字时代的重要性和必要性，认为慢阅读不会过时。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Technology seems to discourage slow, immersive reading. Reading on a screen, particularly a phone screen, tires your eyes and makes it harder for you to keep your place. So online writing tends to be more skimmable and list-like than print.(科技似乎阻碍了缓慢、沉浸式的阅读。在屏幕上阅读，尤其是在手机屏幕上阅读，会让你的眼睛疲劳，让你更难保持注意力。因此，与印刷品相比，网络写作往往更易于浏览，更像列表)”可知，第一段描述了科技对阅读方式的影响这一现象。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Nor is there anything new in these fears about declining attention spans. So far the anxieties have proved to be false alarms Quite a few critics have been worried about attention span lately and see very short stories as signs of cultural decline, the American author Selvin Brown wrote.(这些关于注意力持续时间缩短的担忧也并无新意。到目前为止，这些焦虑已被证明是虚惊一场。美国作家塞尔文·布朗写道：“最近不少评论家都在担心注意力持续时间的问题，并将短篇故事视为文化衰退的迹象。”)”可知，作者认同对注意力时长下降的担忧是虚惊一场的观点，而塞尔文・布朗的话正是为佐证该观点服务，因此作者对其观点持支持态度。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“And digital writing is meant for rapid release and response. An online article starts forming a comment string underneath as soon as it is published. This mode of writing and reading can be interactive and fun. But often it treats other people’s words as something to be quickly harvested as fodder (素材) to say something else. Everyone talks over the top of everyone else, desperate to be heard.(数字写作是为了快速发布和回应。一篇在线文章一发表，下面就开始形成评论串。这种写作和阅读模式可以是互动的、有趣的。但它常常把别人的话当作可以迅速收获的素材，用来表达其他意思。每个人都抢着说话，渴望被听到)”可知，作者可能会同意数字写作导致了过多的说话而缺乏足够的反思。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“To a slow reader, a piece of writing can only be fully understood by immersing oneself in the words and their slow comprehension of a line of thought. The slow reader is like a swimmer who stops counting the number of pool laps he has done and just enjoys now his body feels and moves in water.(对于一个慢读者来说，一篇文章只有沉浸在文字中，慢慢理解一条思路，才能完全理解。慢读者就像一个游泳者，他不再计算自己游了多少圈，而是享受着自己的身体在水中的感觉和移动)”可知，作者通过将慢阅读与游泳者的感受进行比较来解释慢阅读是什么。故选B。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The human need for this kind of deep reading is too tenacious(坚决的) for any new technology to destroy. We often assume that technological change can’t be stopped and happens in one direction, so that older media like “dead-tree” books are kicked out by newer, more virtual forms. In practice, older technologies can coexist with new ones. The Kindle has not killed off the printed book any more than the car killed off the bicycle. We still want to enjoy slowly-formed ideas and carefully-chosen words. Even in a fast-moving age, there is time for slow reading.(人类对这种深度阅读的需求根深蒂固，任何新技术都无法将其抹杀。我们总以为技术变革无法阻挡、单向发展，于是认为纸质书这类传统媒介会被更新颖、更虚拟的形式取代。但实际情况是，传统技术与新技术能够共存。电子书阅读器并未取代纸质书，就像汽车从未取代自行车一样。我们依然渴望品读那些历经沉淀的思想，欣赏那些精心锤炼的文字。即便在这个步履匆匆的时代，慢阅读也从未缺席)”可知，文章主要讨论了慢阅读在数字时代的重要性和必要性，认为慢阅读不会过时。故选D。 （25-26高三上·天津河西·期末）In our success-obsessed culture, failure is often seen as a final destination, a mark of shame to be avoided at all costs. From a young age, we are taught to fear it, hide it, and race past it as quickly as possible. But what if we’ve been looking at failure all wrong? A growing body of research in psychology and education suggests that failure, when approached correctly, is not a dead end but a critical crossroads on the path to growth and innovation. The key lies in our mindset. Psychologist Carol Dweck’s work on “fixed” versus “growth” mindsets is central here. Individuals with a fixed mindset believe their abilities are carved in stone. For them, failure is a destructive decision on their inherent talent, leading to avoidance and helplessness. Those with a growth mindset, however, see abilities as muscles that can be developed. They interpret failure not as evidence of their inability, but as a valuable source of information — a signal that their current strategy isn’t working and needs adjustment. This reframing transforms failure from a threat into a teacher. In the scientific community, “negative results” — experiments that don’t work as hypothesized (假定) — are increasingly published and valued because they tell future researchers what paths not to take, saving immense time and resources. Similarly, in the world of entrepreneurship (企业家精神), seasoned founders often speak of their early failed ventures as their most formative education, teaching them lessons about markets, teams, and resilience (恢复力) that no business school case study could. However, not all failure is productive. The learning potential of failure depends on the quality of the reflection that follows it. Simply repeating the same mistakes leads nowhere. Productive failure involves a deliberate process: analyzing what went wrong, identifying controllable factors, seeking feedback, and formulating a new plan of action. It requires emotional resilience to tolerate the discomfort of being wrong and the intellectual honesty to confront one’s own shortcomings. Ultimately, by devaluing failure, we risk raising a generation that is afraid to take necessary risks, think creatively, or challenge the status quo (现状). If we want to promote true innovation and resilient individuals, we must cultivate environments — in schools, workplaces, and homes — where intelligent, effort-based failure is not just tolerated, but welcomed as an essential step in the learning process. The goal is not to fail, but to fail forward. 1．What is the main point of the first paragraph? A．To criticize society’s overemphasis on success. B．To introduce a new perspective on the role of failure. C．To list the common consequences of failure. D．To compare different cultural attitudes towards failure. 2．According to Carol Dweck’s theory, how do people with a “growth mindset” view failure? A．As an opportunity to learn and improve their strategies. B．As a permanent reflection of their intelligence. C．As a sign that they should give up on their goals. D．As a purely negative event to be forgotten quickly. 3．The author mentions “negative results” in scientific research and failed ventures in entrepreneurship to ________. A．highlight the high cost of making mistakes in these fields B．prove that failure is inevitable in any complex endeavor C．illustrate how failure can provide instructive feedback D．argue that these fields are more tolerant of failure than others 4．What determines whether a failure can lead to growth? A．The severity of the consequences. B．The amount of time it takes to recover. C．The quality of reflection and analysis after the event. D．The number of people who witness it. 5．What is the author’s ultimate advice for fostering innovation? A．To carefully avoid any potential risks. B．To create environments that encourage learning from well-intentioned failure. C．To only attempt tasks with a high probability of success. D．To separate the learning process from the pressure of outcomes. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨人们对失败的固有偏见，指出正确看待失败的重要性，分析不同心态对失败的理解及让失败产生价值的方法。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“In our success-obsessed culture, failure is often seen as a final destination, a mark of shame to be avoided at all costs.(在我们这个痴迷于成功的文化中，失败往往被视为最终的归宿，是一种要不惜一切代价避免的耻辱印记。)”以及“But what if we’ve been looking at failure all wrong? A growing body of research in psychology and education suggests that failure, when approached correctly, is not a dead end but a critical crossroads on the path to growth and innovation.(但如果我们一直都误解了失败呢？心理学和教育学领域越来越多的研究表明，若能以正确的态度面对失败，它并非死胡同，而是通往成长与创新之路上的关键十字路口。)”可知，第一段先指出社会对失败的固有看法，再提出对失败的全新视角，即正确面对的失败是成长和创新的关键，核心是介绍关于失败作用的新观点。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Those with a growth mindset, however, see abilities as muscles that can be developed. They interpret failure not as evidence of their inability, but as a valuable source of information — a signal that their current strategy isn’t working and needs adjustment. (然而，拥有成长型思维的人将能力视为可以锻炼的肌肉。他们不把失败解读为自身无能的证明，而是将其视为宝贵的信息来源——一个表明当前策略行不通、需要调整的信号。)”可知，成长型思维的人把失败看作学习的机会，还会依据失败调整自身策略。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“This reframing transforms failure from a threat into a teacher. In the scientific community, “negative results” — experiments that don’t work as hypothesized (假定) — are increasingly published and valued because they tell future researchers what paths not to take, saving immense time and resources. Similarly, in the world of entrepreneurship (企业家精神), seasoned founders often speak of their early failed ventures as their most formative education, teaching them lessons about markets, teams, and resilience (恢复力) that no business school case study could. (这种重新解读将失败从一种威胁转变为一位老师。在科学界，“阴性结果”——那些未按假设进行的实验——正越来越多地被发表并受到重视，因为它们告诉未来的研究人员哪些道路不可走，节省了大量的时间和资源。同样，在创业领域，经验丰富的创始人常常将自己早期失败的创业项目称为最具启发性的教育，这些经历教给他们的关于市场、团队和恢复力的经验，是任何商学院的案例研究都无法比拟的。)”可知，作者提及科学界的阴性结果和创业领域的失败项目，是为了举例说明失败能成为具有指导性的反馈，为后续发展提供经验。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The learning potential of failure depends on the quality of the reflection that follows it. Simply repeating the same mistakes leads nowhere. Productive failure involves a deliberate process: analyzing what went wrong, identifying controllable factors, seeking feedback, and formulating a new plan of action.(失败的学习潜力取决于其后续反思的质量。简单地重复同样的错误毫无意义。有价值的失败包含一个深思熟虑的过程：分析问题所在、找出可控因素、寻求反馈并制定新的行动计划。)”可知，失败能否带来成长，取决于事后反思和分析的质量。故选C项。 5．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“If we want to promote true innovation and resilient individuals, we must cultivate environments — in schools, workplaces, and homes — where intelligent, effort-based failure is not just tolerated, but welcomed as an essential step in the learning process. (如果我们想要培养真正具有创新能力和适应力的人，就必须在学校、工作场所和家庭中营造这样的环境——在这些环境中，出于智慧和努力的失败不仅被容忍，还会作为学习过程中必不可少的一步受到欢迎。)”可知，作者对于培养创新能力的最终建议是打造鼓励人们从用心付出后的失败中学习的环境。故选B项。 （25-26高三上·天津红桥·期末）The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly sending some of the greatest hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. I could use that same device to, within moments, get a car to pick me up, or have food delivered to my house. The fact that, as a culture, we seek out and celebrate such short cuts is understandable. They make it easier to have fun, and save us time and energy. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side. Before we get into that, it is important to understand why convenience is so seductive in the first place. We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup? Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of “evolutionary mismatch”) can help. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this? Shouldn’t I save my energy?” The people who chose to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation. And since those guys are our ancestors, we’ve inherited (继承) that tendency. Since that time, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve bent technology and our environments at least partly to serve our natural instinct to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by following our tendency to prioritise comfort and convenience? Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. It is this difficulty itself that shapes and develops our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must sometimes make a conscious effort to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember — and remind our young people — that while convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary inheritance too, and central to the adventure of life. 1．What does the word “seductive” (paragraph 3) most probably mean? A．Attractive and tempting. B．Useful and practical. C．Harmful and dangerous. D．Annoying and frustrating. 2．According to the passage, what does “evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to? A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations. B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges. C．The controversy over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people. D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health 4．How does the author develop the central argument? A．By comparing different scientific theories. B．By analyzing historical events and their impacts. C．By combining evolutionary theory and ancestral examples. D．By conducting experiments on human evolutionary behavior. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．The Benefits of Modern Technology B．Rejecting Modern Conveniences for a Better Life C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life D．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了现代生活中便利的诱人之处、进化错配理论及便利的负面影响并呼吁重视应对挑战的能力。 1．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Before we get into that, it is important to understand why convenience is so seductive in the first place. We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress.(在我们深入讨论之前，重要的是要理解为什么便利一开始就如此seductive。我们常常抗拒做那些为了取得进步而需要做的事情。)”可知，便利一开始就很有诱惑力，让我们抗拒做那些需要做的事，seductive意思是“有吸引力的，诱人的”。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of “evolutionary mismatch”) can help. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t.(在这里，进化心理学的见解（特别是“进化错配”的概念）可以提供帮助。进化错配指的是我们进化出了狩猎采集的生活方式，虽然我们的环境已经完全改变，但我们的大脑和身体却没有。)”可知，“进化错配”主要指我们自然的本能和当前环境之间的冲突。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第七段中“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties.(不断地选择便利的道路会降低你应对不可避免的困难的能力。)”可知，在现代生活中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of “evolutionary mismatch”) can help.(在这里，进化心理学的见解（特别是“进化错配”的概念）可以提供帮助。)”以及第五段中“Resistance was a necessary counterbalance to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal.(对于狩猎采集者生活中以激烈活动为特征的活动爆发来说，抵抗是一种必要的平衡：在暴雨中寻找食物，或者奔跑以逃离危险的动物。)”可知，作者通过结合进化理论和祖先的例子来展开中心论点。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.(话虽如此，大多数人都能感觉到便利也有阴暗的一面。)”可知，文章主要讨论了现代生活中便利的阴暗面，所以“The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life(现代生活中便利的阴暗面)”是最佳标题。故选C。 （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）In the U.S., yellow means slow down, get ready to stop. But in Denmark, yellow gives you a signal before stopping and going. The idea that you’re given a moment to get ready to move, not just to hit the brakes, stuck with us. Once we were back home, we started to notice how rarely we allow that in daily life. We prepare for endings constantly. We think through worst-case scenarios. We rehearse (排练) the breakup speech, the layoff call, and the backup plan. Yet, we rarely give ourselves space to prepare for beginnings. We do not practice coming back after burnout. We do not rehearse for the moment the proverbial light turns green, and we need to remember how to move forward again. Most of us know how to handle disappointment because we have been trained to plan for it. We buy insurance policies to protect ourselves from loss. We hold backup plans in our heads, always ready with a plan B or C if things fall apart. However, we do not always know how to prepare for the moments when things go well. We are often caught off guard when the new job comes through, when the project is finally finished, or when the idea we have been carrying quietly suddenly takes off. What we do not practice nearly as often is preparing for joy. The gap between preparing to stop and preparing to go reminds us of something in psychology called psychological flexibility. It’s really about the ability to shift and bend when life doesn’t go the way you thought it would. It’s noticing when the plan you had in your head no longer works and being willing to shift rather than cling to the map you drew months, or even minutes, ago. Accept that beginnings feel clumsy. For example, the first day in a new job rarely feels smooth. You are trying to remember names, find the coffee machine, and pretend you’re not lost on your way back from the bathroom. The first draft of anything worth writing usually looks like something you’d rather hide in a drawer. It’s what standing in the yellow light feels like, knowing the move is coming, feeling a little awkward, and still not sure if your foot is on the gas yet. However, life is not just about red lights that stop us or green lights that tell us to go, but the yellow in between matters too. It’s the space that lets us catch our breath, look around, and ready ourselves for whatever comes next. 1．What function does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage? A．To introduce the topic from a cultural difference. B．To present a research finding on traffic lights. C．To compare traffic rules in various countries. D．To warn readers of potential traffic problems. 2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．Breakups and layoffs are common in life. B．People spend too much time on backup plans. C．People lack preparation for new starts in life. D．Burnout often stops people from moving forward. 3．What is psychological flexibility? A．The ability to stick to original plans firmly. B．The ability to adjust when life goes off track. C．The ability to predict worst-case scenarios. D．The ability to handle disappointment well. 4．What reading strategy may help understand the metaphor of “yellow light” in the passage? A．Analyzing the author’s tone and writing purpose. B．Identifying key words in each paragraph. C．Comparing different cultural backgrounds. D．Connecting the literal meaning to the symbolic one. 5．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．The Value of Psychological Flexibility. B．Life’s “Yellow Light”: Space to Prepare. C．Different Meanings of the Traffic Lights. D．Prepare for Both Endings and Beginnings. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了“黄灯”在人生中的隐喻意义——它是一个至关重要的过渡和准备阶段，呼吁人们不仅要善于为“结束”做准备，更要学会为“新的开始”创造心理准备空间，并培养适应变化的心理弹性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In the U.S., yellow means slow down, get ready to stop. But in Denmark, yellow gives you a signal before stopping and going. The idea that you’re given a moment to get ready to move, not just to hit the brakes, stuck with us. (在美国，黄灯表示减速，准备停车。但在丹麦，黄灯是停车和通行前的信号。你有时间准备行动，而不仅仅是踩刹车，这种想法一直伴随着我们。)”可知，这里对比美国和丹麦对交通信号灯“黄灯”的不同理解，结合后文将讨论黄灯也是“准备启动”的过渡空间这一话题可知，该段的作用是通过一个文化差异来引出文章的主题。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“We prepare for endings constantly. We think through worst-case scenarios. We rehearse (排练) the breakup speech, the layoff call, and the backup plan. Yet, we rarely give ourselves space to prepare for beginnings. We do not practice coming back after burnout. We do not rehearse for the moment the proverbial light turns green, and we need to remember how to move forward again. (我们不断为结局做准备。我们会考虑最坏的情况。我们排练分手谈话，解雇电话，以及备用计划。然而，我们很少给自己空间为开始做准备。我们不会练习在精疲力竭后复出。我们不为众所周知的绿灯亮起的那一刻进行排练，我们需要记住如何再次前进。)”可知，该段主要对比“为结束做准备”的普遍性与“为开始做准备”的稀缺性，表明人们缺乏为生活中的新开始做准备。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The gap between preparing to stop and preparing to go reminds us of something in psychology called psychological flexibility. It’s really about the ability to shift and bend when life doesn’t go the way you thought it would. It’s noticing when the plan you had in your head no longer works and being willing to shift rather than cling to the map you drew months, or even minutes, ago. (准备停止和准备开始之间的差距让我们想起心理学上所谓的心理灵活性。它是关于当生活不像你想象的那样时改变和变通的能力。它是注意到你头脑中的计划何时不再有效，并愿意改变，而不是坚持几个月前，甚至几分钟前画的地图。)”可知，心理弹性指的是当生活偏离轨道时进行调整的能力。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“In the U.S., yellow means slow down, get ready to stop. But in Denmark, yellow gives you a signal before stopping and going. (在美国，黄灯表示减速，准备停车。但在丹麦，黄灯是停车和通行前的信号。)”和最后一段“However, life is not just about red lights that stop us or green lights that tell us to go, but the yellow in between matters too. It’s the space that lets us catch our breath, look around, and ready ourselves for whatever comes next. (然而，生活不仅仅是红灯让我们停下来，绿灯让我们前进，两者之间的黄灯也很重要。这是一个让我们喘口气、环顾四周、为接下来的事情做好准备的空间。)”可知，文章以交通信号灯中“黄灯”的字面含义为落脚点，逐步将其象征意义扩展到人生哲学层面，代表“为开始做准备的过渡空间”。由此可知，理解文中“黄灯”隐喻的阅读策略，是将它的字面含义与象征含义联系起来。故选D项。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“However, life is not just about red lights that stop us or green lights that tell us to go, but the yellow in between matters too. It’s the space that lets us catch our breath, look around, and ready ourselves for whatever comes next. (然而，生活不仅仅是红灯让我们停下来，绿灯让我们前进，两者之间的黄灯也很重要。这是一个让我们喘口气、环顾四周、为接下来的事情做好准备的空间。)”可知，文章围绕“黄灯”这一核心意象展开，探讨其在人生中的象征意义：一个允许我们“喘息、观察、为下一步做准备”的空间。因此，B项“生活的‘黄灯’：准备的空间”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 （2025年3月·天津卷） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A．To present a misunderstanding. B．To support a commonly held view. C．To share a personal experience. D．To criticize a certain group of people. 2．What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A．Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B．Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C．Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D．Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B．Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C．The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D．Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 4．When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A．an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B．cross-sensory influences are maximized C．the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D．the perceived smell goes against the expectation 5．According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A．easy access to food sources B．human curiosity about nature C．sensory knowledge about food D．dangers in natural environments 6．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们对葡萄酒专家的看法存在误导，实则人类嗅觉十分灵敏，且会结合多种感官与自身状态运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关，能让生活更鲜活。 【详解】 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell.(对于葡萄酒专家，人们总会有些反感的地方。品酒活动已成为特权阶层的典型代表，这些人整天都沉浸在一杯上等葡萄酒之中。这种对葡萄酒专家的负面看法不仅不正确，而且也是对我们的嗅觉能力普遍贬低的一部分)”可推知，作者提及葡萄酒专家的目的是指出一种误解。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs.(十年前，研究人员发现，人类往往能在比动物更低浓度的情况下察觉到气味，其嗅觉能力甚至超过了除狗之外的大多数其他动物)”可知，十年前研究人员发现人类能够闻到极其微弱的气味。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel.(尽管我们的大脑在进行视觉分析方面表现出色，但人类的嗅觉却能对周围环境形成整体印象，这种印象是综合了我们所有感官所获取的信息。当我们闻到一种气味时，我们会根据所看到的、听到的、想到的以及所感受到的来对其进行解读)”可知，嗅觉会结合视觉、听觉等其他感官进行解读。由此推知，食物的颜色可能有助于增强其气味。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling.(大脑尤其会致力于对未来气味进行预测，而当这些预测被一种令人意外的气味所打破时，大脑的多个区域会做出反应，试图重新评估我们实际所闻到的气味)”可知，在预测一种气味时，如果所感知到的气味与预期不符，大脑可能会重新进行评估。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据第五段“Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences.(葡萄酒专家在嗅觉预测方面非常出色。浅宝石红色的色泽可能会引导专家从一款优质葡萄酒中嗅出苹果或草莓的香气。嗅觉的进化是在自然环境中发生的，当时感官需要协同工作以寻找潜在的食物来源并记住食用它们的后果。葡萄酒品鉴师的出色能力得益于他们对感官对应关系的了解)”可知，嗅觉的进化与对食物的感官认知有着密切关系。故选C。 6．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers.(事实上，人类是敏感的嗅觉动物)”结合文章围绕嗅觉展开，核心论述嗅觉并非独立运作，而是结合视觉、听觉、情绪等其他感官，通过预测、评估等过程发挥作用。由此可知，这篇文章的重点是嗅觉是如何通过与其他感官的相互作用而发挥作用的。故选B。 Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely draw up a rapid list of goods — money, friendship, a rewarding career, etc. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people. If we’re comparing how happy various people’s lives are, it seems natural to look for certain goods, and compare who has more of them. Let’s imagine the lives of two actors, Toby and Ybot. Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role. But over time he becomes less famous and less well paid, and he begins to suffer difficulties. In the end, he retires as a nobody. These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. Yet most of us would think that the ordering of these goods does make a decisive difference to how we compare Toby and Ybot’s careers. Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do. But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. Where the story ends seems to matter in itself. We value happy endings, not just happy moments. This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order. The hypothesis suggests that our lives are not simply bags into which we stuff good things and bad things. The type of life — the narrative of that life-story — matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wondrous things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1．What can be learned about Aristotle’s view on happiness? A．Goods contribute to happiness. B．Virtuous people may not be happy. C．Too many goods reduce happiness. D．Happy people care less about goods. 2．According to the author, what do both Toby and Ybot experience? A．They start from a humble beginning. B．They reach the same height in career. C．They recover from the same sufferings. D．They retire with honour from the film industry. 3．What does the author try to convey with the example of mountain climbing? A．Easy success is often envied. B．There are various paths to success. C．Fierce struggle is vital to success. D．Hard-earned success is treasured more. 4．In writing Paragraph 4, the author tries to________. A．introduce another topic B．draw a conclusion C．further an argument D．provide new evidence 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．To Shape Your Life with Good Deeds. B．Defining the Shape of a Good Life. C．The Essential Components of Good Life. D．How We Can Have a Good Shape of Life. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了何为“美好生活”，指出美好生活不仅关乎经历的内容，还关乎经历的顺序（即生活的“形态”）。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people.(即使是亚里士多德，他也认为幸福的关键在于美德的培养和锻炼，但他仍然认为某些物品要么是幸福的必要条件，要么是美德之人所能获得的物品)”可知，亚里士多德认为某些物品对幸福是必要的，或者美德之人会获得这些物品，即物品有助于幸福。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role.(托比多年来一直在努力找工作，经历了各种各样的困难。他成为了一名著名而富有的演员，并在退休前的最后一部电影中获得了奥斯卡奖。然而，伊博特凭借他的第一部电影角色赢得了奥斯卡奖)”以及第三段“These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth.(这两位演员的人生，就像他们的名字一样，是互为镜像的存在。托比和伊博特的人生净值似乎不相上下)”可知，两人都获得了奥斯卡奖，达到了职业生涯的顶峰，即他们在事业上达到了相同的高度。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do.(爬山的人比坐公交车到山顶的人会经历更多的挣扎，但爬山的人也会有一种成就感，这是另一个人可能会羡慕的。从这个意义上说，我们可能会认为托比的生活更好，因为他的高峰似乎比伊博特的更值得)”可知，作者通过爬山的例子试图传达的是：辛苦得来的成功更受珍视。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference.(但这并不是全部。叙述本身似乎也有影响)”以及“Where the story ends seems to matter in itself.(故事的结局本身很重要)”并结合后文对生活叙述顺序的讨论可知，作者在写第四段是试图进一步论证前文提出的“生活形态”假说，即生活的叙述顺序也很重要。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段中“This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order.(这种直接的判断体现在所谓的“生活形态”假说中。从这个观点来看，过上美好的生活不仅仅是拥有正确的经历或生活事件，而是以正确的顺序拥有它们)”可知，文章主要讨论了何为“美好生活”的形态，即美好生活不仅关乎经历的内容，还关乎经历的顺序。因此，B选项“Defining the Shape of a Good Life(定义美好生活的形态)”最符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选B。 （2025年6月·天津卷） All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A．The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C．The intensity of their physical activity. D．The blood supply to body tissues. 2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D．When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A．The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B．Their lack of attention to breathing. C．The constant oxygen levels on land. D．Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A．Their breath cannot be held long enough. B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C．They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B．Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D．Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类则因陆地氧气稳定未演化出此能力。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath.(大多数哺乳动物不能直接检测供应给组织的血液中的氧气水平。相反，它们依靠血液中二氧化碳水平的上升来发出可能需要呼吸的信号)”可知，大多数哺乳动物依靠血液中二氧化碳含量的上升来判断何时呼吸。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder.(一旦海豹熟悉了这种设置，研究人员开始逐渐改变呼吸室中空气的成分，增加或减少氧气和二氧化碳的水平，以观察对其行为的影响。果然如此：氧气水平越高，海豹在喂食器停留的时间就越长)”可知，当呼吸室中的氧气水平升高时，海豹会在喂食器停留更长时间。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’ re about to pass out in free-diving.(由于陆地上的氧气水平保持稳定，人类似乎没有进化出注意到血液中低氧水平的能力，有时甚至在自由潜水即将昏倒时也没有)”可知，人类无法察觉血液中低氧水平是因为陆地上氧气水平稳定。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface.(因为每次我们浮出水面吸气时，我们对二氧化碳的敏感性都会降低，即使其水平已经很高，这也会增加一个人在浮出水面之前无意识地昏倒的可能性)”可知，潜水员在自由潜水时经常发生事故是因为他们可能没有及时注意到二氧化碳水平的上升。故选C。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood,and change their diving behavior in response.(但最近发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究表明，海豹可以感知血液中的氧气量，并相应地改变它们的潜水行为)”和第四段中“The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior.(这一发现表明，海豹不仅仅是通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出身体反应，而是它们对氧气水平有足够的意识来改变它们的行为)”可知，McKnight的海豹研究表明，海豹能迅速感知氧气水平并据此采取行动。故选B。 Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 1．Why does the author mention “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate how tools can be used creatively. B．To highlight consequences of using a wrong tool. C．To show the necessity of keeping a handy tool within reach. D．To stress the need for the right tool to achieve desired results. 2．What is often required in breaking new ground in science? A．Broader science education. B．More advanced facilities for experiments. C．Deeper understanding of the brain power. D．More investment in next-generation scientists. 3．How does the author assess human beings in terms of their cognitive capacity? A．They are just 2.4% away from true abstract thinking. B．They are slightly smarter than other intelligent beings. C．They are yet to evolve further to learn more about the universe. D．They are good at solving problems with advanced mathematics. 4．What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A．Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B．Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C．Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D．Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 5．What has the author added to the definition of a scientific idea? A．Correct ideas are testable. B．Untestable ideas can be true. C．Some scientific ideas may never be testable. D．An idea must be testable to be seen as correct. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出科学是探索宇宙的有力工具，但存在局限，包括需先进设备、人类认知待进化、有根本性难题难突破，还补充不可测试的想法未必错误。 【详解】 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. (科学是解开宇宙奥秘的有力工具，但了解其局限性对于其有效应用至关重要。有时我会把刀柄当作锤子来使用，但要是手边有更合适的工具就好了。就科学而言，它在能进行测试的事物上表现得非常出色，但对于那些无法测试的事物则不然。)”可知，作者在第一段中提及“刀”和“锤子”是为了强调使用合适的工具以达到预期效果的重要性。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. (我们的大脑能够完成并且已经完成了大量的工作。但也有其局限性。有时，如果我们持续努力足够长的时间，这些局限性就会消失——我们只是需要更先进的设备和实验来得出答案。以这种方式在现代科学领域开辟新领域可能会耗费大量资源。下一代超级计算机或极其巨大的望远镜价格不菲，但这些可能是解决宇宙中一些未解之谜所必需的。)”可知，在科学领域开拓新领域时，通常需要更先进的实验设备。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. (倘若我们的DNA进化程度再提高1.2%呢？那我们的大脑又会具备怎样的能力呢？抽象思维的水平或许会令人难以想象。)”可知，作者认为人类的认知能力尚未进一步进化以更好地了解宇宙。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. (有时我们所遭遇的限制是根本性的。存在着一些自然法则，即便我们的大脑变得再先进，我们也可能永远无法理解。还有一些实验我们可能永远无法进行。我们或许永远无法验证是什么导致了宇宙的诞生，以及是什么导致了宇宙诞生的原因。这就是科学可能永远无法取得突破的地方。)”可知，第4段传达了有些关于宇宙的谜题远远超出了科学探索的范畴。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据第五段“If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. (如果一个想法无法进行验证，这并不意味着它就是错误的。这意味着目前它还无法被验证。而这些无法验证的想法恰恰往往是最具趣味性的，可能是因为它们已经困扰人类数百年之久。)”可知，作者认为不可测试的想法也可能是正确的。故选B。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $