人教版语法系列 句法篇 句子成分 讲义-2026-2027学年初高中英语衔接复习专项

2026级高一英语语法系列 句法篇 句子成分· 持续系动词：keep,remain,stay,lie,stand 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分，包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 1．主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等形式表示。 · Recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become quite popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） Fifty means half a hundred.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）· Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.（主语从句） ·.It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it是形式主语，后面的不定式才是逻辑主语） 2．谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 · He practices running every morning.（及物动词） ·Don't look at me like a stranger.（不及物动词和介词构成的动词短语） （2）复合谓语（广义谓语）： ·We are students.（由系动词加表语构成。） · You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.-（由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形或分词构成。） 3．表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，一般位于系动词（如 be.become,get.look．grow,turn.seem 等）之后 形式可以是名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词或者表语从句。 ·Is it yours?（代词） ·~Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting. We were fascinated by his performance.（分词） Three times seven is twenty-one.（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby is playing football.（动名词）') The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） ·The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 【补充】常见的系动词 ·状态系动词：be 变化系动词：become,grow, turn, fall, get，go,come,run. 2029届高一语法系列 ·表像系动词：seem,appear,look＂看起来像＂·★终止系动词：prove,turn out 表达＂证·感官系动词：feel,smell,sound,taste 实”，“变成＂ 4．宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 · They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） · The heavy rain prevented me from arriving at school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） · They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） · He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） ·I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） ·I think(that)he is fit for the job.（宾语从句） 宾语的其它形式：(1)Lend me your dictionary,please．双宾语（间接宾语＋直接宾语） （2)They elected him their monitor．复合宾语（宾语＋宾补） 5．宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还需要有一个宾语补语，句子的意义才完整。带有宾语补足语形式一般为：某些及物动词＋宾语＋宾补。宾补可以是名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语，甚至是名词性从句（这种情况较少，make，call,leave,consider 这几个词有出现此用法）。 ·His father named him David.（名词） ·They painted their boat white.（形容词） · Let the fresh air in.（副词） ·I told him to be careful when driving.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） He found the book stolen.（过去分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） ·Don't leave the situation what it was.（从句） 6．定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 · Xiamen is a beautiful city.（形容词） The burning house threatened the trapped people.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） 7．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。 Wait a minute.（名词） Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） I am honored to deliver a speech in front of the class.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） ·Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句） 状语从句包括：时间、地点、条件人目的、原因、结果、让步、方式、比较状语从句。 8．同位语：当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。 · Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.(Mr.Smith是主语our new teacher的同位语，指同一人） ·Word came that our team had won the game.（划线部分是word（消息）的同位语，用于解释消息的内容，辅助表达完整的句意） 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $