专题22 概要写作之实验研究类说明文（专项训练）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 聚焦实验研究类概要写作，构建“文本结构解析-考向分层突破-真题实战验证”的系统性训练体系，强化语言提炼与逻辑概括能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |模拟·基础演练|3考向（对照实验/新旧研究/研究局限）|提炼“研究主题-核心发现-启示意义”三段式概括法，明确实验对象/流程等非主体信息筛选标准|从文本结构（问题-设计-数据-结论-启示）到命题核心，构建“识别-提炼-整合”逻辑链| |重难·创新演练|4篇（瑜伽/绿地/袋鼠/蜜蜂实验）|针对思辨类文本强化“研究修正/跨感官关联”等复杂结论的精准表达|通过非典型实验场景（如动物行为研究）拓展方法迁移能力，衔接基础考向与创新考法| |真题·实战演练|4篇（含2020高考真题）|结合高考评分标准，训练“60词内平衡客观性与简洁性”的应试技巧|以名校真题和高考原题为载体，验证方法体系有效性，实现从专项突破到考场应用的闭环|

第22讲 概要写作之实验研究类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：实验研究报告类常围绕某一实验或研究展开，包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。文本结构：提出研究问题 → 介绍实验设计、实验操作 → 获取实验数据 → 得出研究核心结论 → 阐述研究启示、局限或者现实价值。 命题核心：概括研究主题、核心实验发现、研究启示 / 意义；实验对象、操作流程、具体数据一般不作为概要主体内容。 考向 1：对照实验获取核心结论类（主流基础考向） 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How the Immune System is Kept in Check The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. One of its most remarkable abilities lies in accurately identifying pathogens (病原体) and distinguishing them from the body’s own cells. It’s not easy. The microbes that threaten our health do not wear a uniform — they all have different appearances. Many even have developed similarities to human cells. So how does the immune system consistently recognize what to attack and what to protect? Why does it not turn against our own tissues more frequently? For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. However, the immune system turned out to be far more complex than previously understood. It is for this reason that the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded for the discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance (外周免疫耐受). The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. They also ensure the immune system to calm down after it has eliminated an invader, so it does not continue working at top speed. These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. They have also led to the development of novel medical treatments currently under evaluation in clinical trials. These advances hold promise for treating autoimmune diseases, improving cancer treatment, and reducing serious complications after stem cell transplants. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    People once believed central immune tolerance stops the immune system from harming body tissues. The 2025 Nobel Prize winners discovered peripheral immune tolerance, where regulatory T cells prevent mistaken self-attack and calm overactive immune responses. These pioneering findings inspire new research and offer promising treatments for autoimmune diseases, cancer and transplant complications. 【导语】这篇文章主要探讨免疫系统如何不误伤自身组织。学界曾认为中枢免疫耐受是关键，2025 诺奖发现调节性 T 细胞介导外周免疫耐受，相关成果催生多种前沿疗法。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. ②For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. ③The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. ④These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. ⑤These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. 2.缜密构思将第1、2点整合为问题描述，第3、4整合为两种具体策略，第5点作为结果和总结。 3.遣词造句 It was once believed that central immune tolerance could prevent the immune system from causing harm to the body’s tissues. In 2025, Nobel Prize winners discovered the peripheral immune tolerance mechanism, in which regulatory T cells can prevent the body from mistakenly attacking itself and suppress excessive immune responses. These groundbreaking discoveries have stimulated new research and provided hope for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant complications. 【点睛】[高分句型1] People once believed central immune tolerance stops the immune system from harming body tissues.（运用了省略从属连词that引导的宾语从句） [高分句型2] The 2025 Nobel Prize winners discovered peripheral immune tolerance, where regulatory T cells prevent mistaken self-attack and calm overactive immune responses.（运用了关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句） 考向 2：新旧研究修正 / 推翻类（思辨重难点考向） 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Music is instrumental in learning how to read Learning to play an instrument seems to boost reading skills in young children by enhancing their ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds that make up words. Music training has long been linked to improved early reading abilities, but how it does this wasn’t clear. To find out more, Maria Garcia de-Soria and her colleagues studied 57 children, with roughly equal numbers of boys and girls. About half had been learning an instrument for at least a month and were practicing for a minimum of half an hour a week, while the rest did non-musical extracurricular activities. They found that children who were learning an instrument outperformed the others on tests of phonological (语音的) awareness. This is the ability to recognize and use the sounds that comprise words. They also showed better reading skills. In another part of the experiment, the researchers used brain scan to record the children’s brain activity as they listened to a recording of The Gingerbread Man fairy tale. They found that stronger neural activity in language-related centers of the left hemisphere (半球) of the brain was correlated with better reading outcomes for all the children. However, the musical group showed higher reading scores even with lower levels of this activity, which may mean they have more adult-like processing of language. “Adults tend to use both sides of their brain to process music and speech, and sometimes they rely more on the right side. The musically trained children seem to have a more adult-like tracking of speech,” says Garcia-de-Soria. “The finding that musical training improves the left hemisphere phonological encoding processes of language is consistent with the broader literature,” says Alice Mado Proverbio. However, music training can also lead to specialization in the right hemisphere of the brain, fostering faster reading, she says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    It was unclear how musical training improves early reading. A study of 57 children found the instrument learners outperformed non-musical peers in phonological awareness and reading skills. Brain scans showed lower left-brain language-center activity in instrument learners who still scored higher in reading, suggesting adult-like language processing. Experts say music training also promotes right brain specialization. 【导语】本文主要讲的是此前音乐训练能提升儿童早期阅读能力的作用机制尚不明确，一项针对57名儿童的研究揭开了背后的原理，证实器乐学习能通过优化大脑语言处理模式，显著强化孩子的语音意识与阅读能力，相关发现也得到了学界专家的佐证支撑。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Music training has long been linked to improved early reading abilities, but how it does this wasn’t clear. ②To find out more, Maria Garcia de-Soria and her colleagues studied 57 children, with roughly equal numbers of boys and girls. About half had been learning an instrument for at least a month and were practicing for a minimum of half an hour a week, while the rest did non-musical extracurricular activities. ③In another part of the experiment, the researchers used brain scan to record the children’s brain activity as they listened to a recording of The Gingerbread Man fairy tale. They found that stronger neural activity in language-related centers of the left hemisphere (半球) of the brain was correlated with better reading outcomes for all the children. However, the musical group showed higher reading scores even with lower levels of this activity, which may mean they have more adult-like processing of language. ④“The finding that musical training improves the left hemisphere phonological encoding processes of language is consistent with the broader literature,” says Alice Mado Proverbio. 2.缜密构思 将第1、4两个背景与结论类要点进行整合，将第2、3两个核心实验发现要点进行重组。 3.遣词造句 The long-unclear mechanism of how music training improves early reading has been uncovered by a new study. Instrument-learning children show better phonological awareness and reading skills with more adult-like language processing in the brain. Music training also promotes right-hemisphere specialization which can further speed up reading. 【点睛】[高分句型1] It was unclear how musical training improves early reading. (运用了it作形式主语、how引导的主语从句) [高分句型2] Brain scans showed lower left-brain language-center activity in instrument learners who still scored higher in reading, suggesting adult-like language processing. (运用了who引导的限制性定语从句以及现在分词suggesting作状语) 考向 3：带有研究局限与附加约束类（上海高考新考向） 【来源】上海市青浦区2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级学业质量调研英语试卷 Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Forest Loss Is Driving Mosquitoes to Humans Running along Brazil’s coastline, the Atlantic Forest supports an extraordinary range of life, including hundreds of species of birds, fishes, mammals, and other kinds of animals. Human development has reduced the forest to roughly one third of its original size. As people move deeper into once untouched habitats, wildlife is pushed out, and mosquitoes that once fed on many different animals appear to be shifting their attention toward humans, according to a study published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. “Our study shows that mosquitoes in the remaining forest areas have a clear preference for humans,” said Dr. Jeronimo Alencar, a biologist. To find out what mosquitoes were feeding on, the research team set traps in two nature reserves in Rio de Janeiro. They collected over 1,700 mosquitoes from 52 different species. Female mosquitoes that had recently fed on blood were studied in the lab. Scientists took out DNA from the blood inside the mosquitoes and read a specific gene that works like a biological barcode. Each animal species has its own version of this genetic marker. By matching the barcodes to reference databases, the team could identify the animals that had been bitten. The results showed that among the 27 identifiable blood meals, 18 came from humans, 6 from birds, and one each from an amphibian (两栖动物), a dog, and a mouse. Scientists believe that as forests disappear, natural hosts become scarce. Mosquitoes are forced to seek new blood sources, and humans become the most convenient choice. In the regions studied, mosquitoes spread viruses such as Yellow Fever, dengue, Zika, Mayaro, Sabiá, and Chikungunya. These infections can pose serious health risks and may lead to long-term diseases. Although the study has some limitations, such as the small number of detectable samples, its findings are valuable. They can help guide mosquito control efforts and improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks. “Knowing that mosquitoes in an area have a strong preference for humans serves as an alert for transmission risk,” co-author Machado said. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The study shows that forest loss in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest has forced mosquitoes to shift their feeding preference to humans. By analyzing DNA from mosquito blood meals, researchers found most came from humans. This greatly increases the risk of viral disease transmission. The findings provide key insights to guide mosquito control and early warning systems despite some limitations. (60 words) 【导语】文章主要介绍了人类活动使巴西大西洋森林面积缩减，野生动物栖息地被侵占，森林中蚊子因自然宿主减少而转而吸食人血。研究通过分析蚊子血样确定了其吸血对象，发现人类成为蚊子主要吸血对象，而蚊子会传播多种病毒，该研究虽存在局限，但有助于指导防蚊工作和完善疾病预警系统。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Running along Brazil’s coastline, the Atlantic Forest supports an extraordinary range of life. ②As people move deeper into once untouched habitats, wildlife is pushed out, and mosquitoes that once fed on many different animals appear to be shifting their attention toward humans. ③In the regions studied, mosquitoes spread viruses such as Yellow Fever, dengue, Zika, Mayaro, Sabiá, and Chikungunya. ④These infections can pose serious health risks and may lead to long-term diseases. ⑤Although the study has some limitations, such as the small number of detectable samples, its findings are valuable. ⑥They can help guide mosquito control efforts and improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks. 2.缜密构思 将1、2点整合为原因，将3、4点整合为蚊子叮咬人类造成的后果，将5、6点整合为对研究的评价。 3.遣词造句 The study suggests that forest loss in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest has forced mosquitoes to shift their feeding preference to humans. By analyzing DNA from mosquito blood meals, researchers found most came from humans. This greatly increases the risk of viral disease transmission. The findings provide key insights to guide mosquito control and early warning systems. 【点睛】[高分句型1]The study shows that forest loss in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest has forced mosquitoes to shift their feeding preference to humans.（运用了that引导宾语从句） [高分句型2]By analyzing DNA from mosquito blood meals, researchers found most came from humans.（运用了动名词短语作宾语） 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海南洋中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级期中英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Yoga, meditation may help reduce childhood anxiety Anxiety disorders affect more than one in four adolescents from the ages of 13 to 18, and many of them are treated with medications to try and help them live a relatively healthy childhood. But a team of researchers from the University of Cincinnati set out to explore other treatment options that focus more on the mind and less on pharmaceutical(药物的) solutions. Their study, published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, recruited nine participants who were diagnosed with anxiety disorders between 9 and 16 years of age. These conditions included generalized, social and separation anxiety disorder as well as having a parent with anxiety disorder. Over the course of 12 weeks, each participant underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans while they practiced mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, a wide range of therapeutic techniques that include meditation, yoga, and learning how to pay nonjudgmental attention to one’s life. “These integrative approaches expand traditional treatments and offer new strategies for coping with psychological distress,”said the study’s co-author Sian Cotton, director of the UC’s Center for Integrative Health and Wellness, in a statement. Mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions promote the use of meditative practices to increase present-moment awareness of conscious thoughts, feelings, and body sensations in an effort to manage negative experiences more effectively. Cotton noted the anxiety of their patients was significantly reduced following treatment, and the more mindfulness they practiced, the less anxious they felt. Both findings reaffirm the potential that mindfulness therapy could bring to the table. If nothing else, it might allow people who would be reluctant to take medication more treatments to choose from. “Increasingly, patients and families are asking for additional therapeutic options, in addition to traditional medication-based treatments, that have proven effectiveness for improved symptom reduction. Mindfulness-based therapies for mood disorders is one such example with promising evidence,”said Cotton, adding the university is both studying and implementing these therapies. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】To explore cognitive therapies other than pharmaceutical treatment for anxiety disorders, a university research team found mindfulness therapy helps reduce childhood anxiety significantly through increased consciousness of present feelings and body sensations. Mindfulness therapy allows patients more treatment options. With patients’ increasing demand for additional therapeutic options, the university is now working on these therapies. (55 words) 【导语】本文主要介绍了辛辛那提大学研究团队发现正念疗法能显著减轻儿童焦虑，并为患者提供更多治疗选择。 【详解】1.要点摘录   ①But a team of researchers from the University of Cincinnati set out to explore other treatment options that focus more on the mind and less on pharmaceutical (药物的) solutions. ②Over the course of 12 weeks, each participant underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans while they practiced mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, a wide range of therapeutic techniques that include meditation, yoga, and learning how to pay nonjudgmental attention to one’s life. ③Mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions promote the use of meditative practices to increase present-moment awareness of conscious thoughts, feelings, and body sensations in an effort to manage negative experiences more effectively. ④Cotton noted the anxiety of their patients was significantly reduced following treatment, and the more mindfulness they practiced, the less anxious they felt.   ⑤If nothing else, it might allow people who would be reluctant to take medication more treatments to choose from.   ⑥Increasingly, patients and families are asking for additional therapeutic options, in addition to traditional medication-based treatments, that have proven effectiveness for improved symptom reduction. 2.缜密构思   第①②③三个要点进行重组为“研究目的+方法+机制”，将第⑤⑥要点进行整合为“需求驱动+提供更多选择”的因果关系，④句作为独立要点，说明研究结果——焦虑显著减轻。 3.遣词造句   A university team explored non-drug treatments for childhood anxiety through mindfulness therapy including meditation and yoga, which increases awareness of present feelings and body sensations. The therapy significantly reduced patients’ anxiety.   With growing demand for extra options, it offers more choices and the university is developing it further. 【点睛】【高分句型1】To explore cognitive therapies other than pharmaceutical treatment for anxiety disorders, a university research team found mindfulness therapy helps reduce childhood anxiety significantly through increased consciousness of present feelings and body sensations. (运用了不定式作目的状语，以及省略了that引导的宾语从句)   【高分句型2】With patients’ increasing demand for additional therapeutic options, the university is now working on these therapies. (运用了with构成的介词短语作状语。) Passage 2 【来源】2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Benefits of Green Spaces We all know the value of taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allows your mind to relax and forget about the problems in everyday life. Studies have commonly shown the benefits of being around green spaces, including gardens, urban parks and forests. But did you know that being in contact with these natural surroundings during childhood could positively impact your mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute for Global Health surveyed 3,600 people from all over Europe. The all-adult study gave participants a questionnaire (问卷) on how frequently they used natural spaces during childhood — for example, playing in a garden or riding a bike at the park. They were also asked about the importance they put on using such places. Volunteers were then given a psychological test, which included a variety of questionnaires and problem-solving activities, to analyze their nervousness and feelings of depression within a four-week period. The results consistently showed that the people who were more exposed to natural spaces had higher mental health scores compared to those with lower childhood exposure — as did those who attached higher importance to using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrote that the results “show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces for the development of a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychological state in adulthood”. She also stressed the importance of “recognizing the implications of growing up in environments with limited opportunities for exposure to nature”. According to the study, 73 percent of Europe’s population only has limited access to natural spaces. So we call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children. While this study was based in Europe, a lack of green space can affect anyone, anywhere. So remember to make time to expose yourself to nature, as your mental health is just as important as the physical one. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，童年时期接触大自然对成年后的心理健康有积极影响。那些更频繁地使用自然空间并更重视使用自然空间的人在心理测试中得分更高，包括解决问题的能力和消极情绪的分析。因此，政府应该改善自然空间的可用性，并强调与自然接触。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文的篇章结构为“总—分—总”式： 第1段：引出话题——在自然环境中散步对心理健康的好处。 第2段：介绍一项研究发现，童年接触自然环境对成年心理健康有积极影响。 第3段：描述研究过程，包括问卷调查和心理测试。 第4段：总结研究结果，强调童年接触自然的重要性。 第5段：呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然环境的机会。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.引言 ①fresh spring weather，relax，green spaces 2.研究发现 ②childhood exposure，mental health，Institute for Global Health 3.研究过程 ③questionnaire，psychological test，nervousness，depression 4.研究结果 ④higher mental health scores，nature-appreciating attitude 5.呼吁 ⑤limited access，policymakers，availability of natural spaces 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Walking in natural environments is good for mental health. （在自然环境中散步对心理健康有益。） 第2段：A study found that childhood exposure to nature positively impacts adult mental health. （一项研究发现，童年接触自然对成年心理健康有积极影响。） 第3段：Participants were surveyed on their childhood use of natural spaces and tested for mental health. （参与者被调查童年使用自然空间的情况，并进行了心理健康测试。） 第4段：Results showed that more exposure to nature in childhood leads to better mental health in adulthood. （结果显示，童年更多接触自然的人成年后心理健康状况更好。） 第5段：The study calls on policymakers to improve access to natural spaces for children. （该研究呼吁政策制定者改善儿童接触自然空间的机会。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 各要点之间用合适的连接词衔接，比如用 “Moreover” 连接研究内容和基于研究的现状及呼吁部分，用 “Finally” 引出最后强调接触自然重要性的内容，使整体逻辑连贯。 概要写作答案（60词左右） 01：Walking in natural environments is good for mental health. A study found that childhood exposure to nature positively impacts adult mental health. Participants were surveyed on their childhood use of natural spaces and tested for mental health. Results showed that more exposure to nature in childhood leads to better mental health in adulthood. The study calls on policymakers to improve access to natural spaces for children. 02：Researches show exposure to nature during childhood has a positive impact on mental health in adulthood. Those using natural spaces more frequently and attaching greater importance to using them score higher in psychological tests including problem-solving abilities and negative feelings’ analysis. Therefore, availability of natural spaces should be improved by governments and being exposed to nature should be highlighted. 03：Taking a walk in spring and being around green spaces are beneficial. Moreover, a study surveyed 3,600 Europeans to explore the impact of childhood contact with nature on adult mental health. It used questionnaires and tests, finding those more exposed to nature in childhood had better mental health. As 73% of Europeans have limited access, policymakers are called on to improve availability. Finally, lack of green space affects people everywhere, so expose yourself to nature for mental health. Passage 3 Kangaroos can “talk” to us Kangaroos can “talk” to people, according to a new study. The report is the first research of its kind to be done on marsupials—a type of creature whose young get carried in skin pockets on their mother’s body. It suggests kangaroos are cleverer than previously thought. Researchers from the University of Roehampton in the UK and the University of Sydney in Australia tested kangaroos at the Australian Reptile (爬行动物) Park, Wildlife Sydney Zoo and Kangaroo Protection Co-operative. The scientists put food in a box that the kangaroos could not open, and waited to see what the animals would do. Rather than giving up, 10 out of the 11 kangaroos actively looked at the person who had put the food in the box and then looked at the box. The researchers said this could be interpreted as the kangaroos requesting help to open the container. Dr Alexandra Green, a co-author of the study, told The Guardian newspaper that some of the kangaroos actually approached the person and started scratching (挠) and sniffing (嗅) him, then looked back at the box. “So they were really trying to communicate,” Green said. This behaviour is not uncommon in animals. However, it is usually only seen in domesticated animals, such as pets or farm animals. The lead author of the study, Dr Alan McElligott, explained, “Through this study, we were able to see that communication between creatures can be learnt and that the behaviour of looking at humans to access food is not related to domestication. “Indeed, kangaroos showed a very similar pattern of behaviour we have seen in dogs, horses and even goats, when put to the same test,” he added. It is hoped that the study will give people a more positive attitude towards kangaroos, which are sometimes seen as harmful creatures that damage farmers’ crops. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，事实证明袋鼠比我们想象的更聪明，它们有能力与人类交流。在测试中，面对难以接近的食物，袋鼠和驯养的动物一样，会求助于使用肢体语言的人。这些发现刷新了科学家对袋鼠行为的理解，可能改善了我们对袋鼠的认知。 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文为 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构。首段提出新研究表明袋鼠能 “与人交流”，且比之前认为的更聪明。中间两段详细描述研究过程及袋鼠的行为表现，说明袋鼠这种交流行为并非仅存于家养动物。尾段指出希望该研究能让人们对袋鼠有更积极的态度。 第1段：引出研究发现——袋鼠能够与人类“交流”。 第2段：描述实验过程及结果，袋鼠通过眼神交流请求帮助。 第3段：研究者对袋鼠行为的解释，强调这种行为并非仅限于家养动物。 第4段：总结研究的意义，希望改变人们对袋鼠的看法。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.研究发现 ①kangaroos，talk to people，marsupials 2.实验过程 ②University of Roehampton，Australian Reptile Park，food in a box 3.研究者解释 ③Alexandra Green，scratching，sniffing，domestication 4.总结意义 ④positive attitude，harmful creatures 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：A new study shows that kangaroos can “talk” to humans. （一项新研究表明袋鼠能够与人类“交流”。） 第2段：Researchers tested kangaroos with a food box they couldn’t open, and the animals looked at humans for help. （研究人员用一个袋鼠无法打开的盒子测试袋鼠，袋鼠会看向人类寻求帮助。） 第3段：The study shows that this kind of communication is not just seen in domesticated animals. （研究表明这种交流行为并非仅限于家养动物。） 第4段：The study aims to change people’s negative views of kangaroos. （该研究旨在改变人们对袋鼠的负面看法。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 用 “and” 连接关于研究性质和袋鼠聪明程度的表述。用 “Most” 具体说明袋鼠的行为比例。用 “Similar to” 引出与其他动物行为的相似性。最后用 “The study hopes” 表明研究目的。 概要写作答案（60词左右） A new study shows kangaroos can communicate with humans, suggesting they are more intelligent than previously thought. Researchers tested kangaroos by putting food in an unopenable box. Most kangaroos looked at the person and box and some showed clear communication attempts, seemingly asking for help., similar to domesticated animals like dogs and horses.The study hopes to help people view kangaroos more positively. （62words） A new study shows that kangaroos can “talk” to humans. Researchers tested kangaroos with a food box they couldn’t open, and the animals looked at humans for help. The study shows that this kind of communication is not just seen in domesticated animals. The study aims to change people’s negative views of kangaroos. （59words） Passage 4 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 详细解析： Summary 步骤 1.判断文章类型/体裁 ，说明文之实验研究报告类 2.文章结构 总分总，总分 · 研究目的 whether humans have innate concepts of shapes · 实验对象 bumblebees · 实验过程/方法 have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark · 实验结果 bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes · 实验结论 bees had built-in concepts of shapes · 局限性 prior experience may disturb the results 参考答案： To find out whether humans have innate concepts of shapes,(目的) researchers used bumblebees as test subjects and had them identify different shapes in the light and dark.（方法）In both experiments bumblebees were found to be able to distinguish shapes only by sight or touch.（结果）So they concluded bees had built-in concepts of shapes, though some experts were not convinced.（结论） (59) 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【上海复旦大学附属中学2026届高三下三月第二次阶段检测】 Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Aging Chimpanzees Prefer Smaller, Closer Social Circles Many things happen when people are ageing. Apart from the greying hair and wrinkled skin, there is an emotional change which comes with older age. When humans reach their later years, they favor more long-term friends and their social circle is reduced. Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same behavior in another species. Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their established friends at the expense of other relationships. The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social interactions of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps’ relationships depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated the various pairings as mutual friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship; one-sided friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed interest in the other. When the scientists looked at the patterns of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another feature seen in older humans was also spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of aggression gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often. The observations have left the researchers puzzled. According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more positive relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However, many animal experts argue that chimpanzees lack the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else is driving the behavior. Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the decrease in social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity. In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】A long-term study reveals that older male chimpanzees, like aging humans, prefer smaller but established social circles. They develop more mutual friendships and show less aggression with age. This parallels human aging patterns, though the reason remains unclear since chimps likely lack human awareness of mortality. Researchers suggest it may relate to reduced competition for mates. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项长期研究，发现老年雄性黑猩猩和人类一样，更喜欢更小、稳定的社交圈，拥有更多双向友谊且攻击性更低，该现象与人类衰老模式相似，但原因尚不明确。 【详解】要点摘录 1. When humans reach their later years, they favor more long-term friends and their social circle is reduced. 2.Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their established friends at the expense of other relationships. 3. As the males got older, their levels of aggression gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often. 4. However, many animal experts argue that chimpanzees lack the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else is driving the behavior. 5.  In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said. 缜密构思 将要点1（人类老年时的社交特征）与要点2（黑猩猩的长期观察结论）整合，提炼研究核心发现——老年雄性黑猩猩与老年人类有相似社交行为；要点3梳理老年黑猩猩相较于年轻黑猩猩的具体社交和行为差异；要点4说明黑猩猩该行为的原因尚不明确及相关依据；要点5补充研究者Robin Dunbar对该行为原因的推测，整体按照“人类特征—黑猩猩核心发现—黑猩猩具体表现—原因不明—专家推测”的逻辑整合，贴合原文研究脉络。 遣词造句 A long-term study finds that older male chimpanzees prefer smaller and fixed social circles like aging humans. They have more mutual friendships and become less aggressive as they get older. This is like human aging patterns, but the reason is not clear as chimps may not know they will die. Researchers guess it may be because they compete less for mates. 【点睛】[高分句型1] A long-term study reveals that older male chimpanzees, like aging humans, prefer smaller but established social circles. (运用that引导宾语从句) [高分句型2] This parallels human aging patterns, though the reason remains unclear since chimps likely lack human awareness of mortality. (运用though引导让步状语从句和since引导原因状语从句) Passage 2 【来源】上海市曹杨中学2025-2026学年学年高三上学期期中英语试卷 Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. More Than a Game: How Play Shapes Our Social Brains Play is universal. Every culture in the world plays, and for more than a century, doctors have used play to bring comfort and help people recover from pain. Scientists now know that play also shapes the brain itself, influencing how animals — including humans — learn, think, and connect with others. In the 1960s, neuroscientist Marian Diamond proved this through studies with rats. One group grew up in cages full of toys and other rats to spend time with; another lived alone in simple metal cages with nothing to explore. When she later examined their brains, she found clear differences. The first group developed larger and more complex brains, with richer chemical activity. Diamond showed that it was not only toys or playmates, but the combination of both, that made the difference. Because she worked in a time when few women were accepted in science, she often used the safer word “enrichment” instead of “play.” But in truth, what those rats were doing was exactly that — playing. Later, neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp continued Diamond’s work. While studying emotion and attachment in rats, he noticed how they would bounce, chase, and fight with one another for pure joy. “When you put them together — bang They play,” he said. When kept alone, the rats became depressed, almost as if they were hungry or thirsty. Panksepp realized that play is a basic need, not just a pleasure. He even discovered that rats make tiny sounds — something like laughter — when they are enjoying themselves. When he removed part of their higher brain area, they still played almost normally. This showed that play comes from a deep and ancient part of the brain, one linked to emotion, learning, and survival. Thanks to Diamond and Panksepp, scientists now see play as much more than fun. It helps build the social brain, teaching us to notice others, share, and cooperate. As Panksepp said, “Play allows us to stop, look, listen, and feel the more subtle social pulse around us.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Scientific research reveals that play is crucial for brain development and social bonding. Marian Diamond demonstrated that enriched environments with toys and companions produced larger, more complex brains in rats. Jaak Panksepp further identified play as a fundamental need originating in deep brain regions for emotion and learning, which builds social intelligence by fostering cooperation. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过两位神经科学家的实验研究，阐述了玩耍对大脑发育和社会化连接的重要作用，证明了玩耍不仅是娱乐，更是构建社会大脑、促进学习合作的重要途径。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Scientists now know that play also shapes the brain itself, influencing how animals — including humans — learn, think, and connect with others. ②The first group developed larger and more complex brains, with richer chemical activity. ③Panksepp realized that play is a basic need, not just a pleasure. ④It helps build the social brain, teaching us to notice others, share, and cooperate. 2.缜密构思 将四个关键要点进行逻辑整合：先总述玩耍对大脑和社会连接的作用，再分别说明两位科学家的核心发现，最后总结玩耍的社会功能。 3.遣词造句 Scientific research confirms that play actively shapes brain development and social capabilities. Through controlled experiments, Marian Diamond demonstrated that rats in stimulating environments developed significantly more complex neural structures. Jaak Panksepp established that play satisfies a fundamental biological need originating from primitive brain regions. Ultimately, these findings reveal that play serves as a crucial mechanism for developing social intelligence through teaching cooperation and interpersonal awareness. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Marian Diamond demonstrated that enriched environments with toys and companions produced larger, more complex brains in rats. 运用that引导的宾语从句和with复合结构，准确概括了Diamond实验的核心发现。 [高分句型2]：Jaak Panksepp further identified play as a fundamental need originating in deep brain regions for emotion and learning, which builds social intelligence by fostering cooperation. 运用which引导的非限制性定语从句，清晰地表达了Panksepp的理论体系。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市实验学校2025-2026学年高三上学期10月考月考英语试卷 “Where You Go” Doesn't Matter So Much During the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges they assume the celebrities attended. The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school. The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores — one marker of elite colleges — isn’t necessarily linked to post-graduation achievement. Researchers found that workaholics who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them — either because of rejection or by their own choice — are more likely to perform better later than students who just waste their time on campus. In a summary of the findings, the bureau says that “evidently, students’ motivation, the pursuit of a grand life goal, and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    By asking students to guess the colleges some celebrities attended and to investigate the educational background of their successful acquaintances, high school programs indicate that successful people don’t necessarily graduate from famous colleges. According to the research, not academic performance but their proper time management, motivation, aspiration and thirst for knowledge contribute most to lifelong success. 【导语】这是一篇说明文，通过高中活动让学生猜测名人就读院校及调查熟人教育背景，说明成功人士未必毕业于名校；研究表明，终身成功的关键并非学业表现，而是时间管理、动机、抱负及求知欲。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①.High school programs let students guess celebrities' colleges and investigate successful acquaintances' educational background. ②. Such activities show successful people don't necessarily graduate from famous colleges. ③. Research indicates academic performance isn't linked to lifelong success. ④. Proper time management, motivation, aspiration and thirst for knowledge are key to lifelong success. 2.缜密构思 将要点1与2整合，说明高中活动及核心结论；合并要点3与4，阐述研究发现的成功关键因素，用逻辑连词串联成简洁概要。 3.遣词造句 High school programs, via guessing celebrities’ colleges and investigating acquaintances, show successful people may not graduate from elite colleges. Research finds not academic performance but time management and motivation etc. matter most for lifelong success. 【点睛】[高分句型1] By asking students to guess the colleges some celebrities attended and to investigate the educational background of their successful acquaintances, high school programs indicate that successful people don’t necessarily graduate from famous colleges.（运用了that引导宾语从句） [高分句型2] According to the research, not academic performance but their proper time management, motivation, aspiration and thirst for knowledge contribute most to lifelong success.（运用了“not...but...”并列结构） Passage 4 【2020年7月高考真题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are People Unique? It is human being’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubts on that common belief. Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of calls made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a ‘krack’ alarm call at the sight of a tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an ‘oo’. The researchers found that the same calls would be recognized by other species, like Campbell’s monkeys. So they are communicating across species. And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too understand all the different meanings. Said Zuberhler. What is also surprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago, Irene Pepperberg of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognize and count up to six objects, which couldn't have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize. Last year that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows(乌鸦) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behavior had been observed in non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associated only with humans. All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案： Scientist have discovered signs of language and intelligence in monkeys and birds. Some monkeys can communicate various messages with different calls in and across species. Some birds, like parrots and crows, have the ability to memorize and reason. So language and intelligence are not unique to humans. 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第22讲 概要写作之实验研究类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：实验研究报告类常围绕某一实验或研究展开，包括研究背景、目的、方法、结果和结论。文本结构：提出研究问题 → 介绍实验设计、实验操作 → 获取实验数据 → 得出研究核心结论 → 阐述研究启示、局限或者现实价值。 命题核心：概括研究主题、核心实验发现、研究启示 / 意义；实验对象、操作流程、具体数据一般不作为概要主体内容。 考向 1：对照实验获取核心结论类（主流基础考向） 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. How the Immune System is Kept in Check The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. One of its most remarkable abilities lies in accurately identifying pathogens (病原体) and distinguishing them from the body’s own cells. It’s not easy. The microbes that threaten our health do not wear a uniform — they all have different appearances. Many even have developed similarities to human cells. So how does the immune system consistently recognize what to attack and what to protect? Why does it not turn against our own tissues more frequently? For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. However, the immune system turned out to be far more complex than previously understood. It is for this reason that the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded for the discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance (外周免疫耐受). The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. They also ensure the immune system to calm down after it has eliminated an invader, so it does not continue working at top speed. These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. They have also led to the development of novel medical treatments currently under evaluation in clinical trials. These advances hold promise for treating autoimmune diseases, improving cancer treatment, and reducing serious complications after stem cell transplants. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 考向 2：新旧研究修正 / 推翻类（思辨重难点考向） 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Music is instrumental in learning how to read Learning to play an instrument seems to boost reading skills in young children by enhancing their ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds that make up words. Music training has long been linked to improved early reading abilities, but how it does this wasn’t clear. To find out more, Maria Garcia de-Soria and her colleagues studied 57 children, with roughly equal numbers of boys and girls. About half had been learning an instrument for at least a month and were practicing for a minimum of half an hour a week, while the rest did non-musical extracurricular activities. They found that children who were learning an instrument outperformed the others on tests of phonological (语音的) awareness. This is the ability to recognize and use the sounds that comprise words. They also showed better reading skills. In another part of the experiment, the researchers used brain scan to record the children’s brain activity as they listened to a recording of The Gingerbread Man fairy tale. They found that stronger neural activity in language-related centers of the left hemisphere (半球) of the brain was correlated with better reading outcomes for all the children. However, the musical group showed higher reading scores even with lower levels of this activity, which may mean they have more adult-like processing of language. “Adults tend to use both sides of their brain to process music and speech, and sometimes they rely more on the right side. The musically trained children seem to have a more adult-like tracking of speech,” says Garcia-de-Soria. “The finding that musical training improves the left hemisphere phonological encoding processes of language is consistent with the broader literature,” says Alice Mado Proverbio. However, music training can also lead to specialization in the right hemisphere of the brain, fostering faster reading, she says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 考向 3：带有研究局限与附加约束类（上海高考新考向） 【来源】上海市青浦区2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级学业质量调研英语试卷 Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Forest Loss Is Driving Mosquitoes to Humans Running along Brazil’s coastline, the Atlantic Forest supports an extraordinary range of life, including hundreds of species of birds, fishes, mammals, and other kinds of animals. Human development has reduced the forest to roughly one third of its original size. As people move deeper into once untouched habitats, wildlife is pushed out, and mosquitoes that once fed on many different animals appear to be shifting their attention toward humans, according to a study published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. “Our study shows that mosquitoes in the remaining forest areas have a clear preference for humans,” said Dr. Jeronimo Alencar, a biologist. To find out what mosquitoes were feeding on, the research team set traps in two nature reserves in Rio de Janeiro. They collected over 1,700 mosquitoes from 52 different species. Female mosquitoes that had recently fed on blood were studied in the lab. Scientists took out DNA from the blood inside the mosquitoes and read a specific gene that works like a biological barcode. Each animal species has its own version of this genetic marker. By matching the barcodes to reference databases, the team could identify the animals that had been bitten. The results showed that among the 27 identifiable blood meals, 18 came from humans, 6 from birds, and one each from an amphibian (两栖动物), a dog, and a mouse. Scientists believe that as forests disappear, natural hosts become scarce. Mosquitoes are forced to seek new blood sources, and humans become the most convenient choice. In the regions studied, mosquitoes spread viruses such as Yellow Fever, dengue, Zika, Mayaro, Sabiá, and Chikungunya. These infections can pose serious health risks and may lead to long-term diseases. Although the study has some limitations, such as the small number of detectable samples, its findings are valuable. They can help guide mosquito control efforts and improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks. “Knowing that mosquitoes in an area have a strong preference for humans serves as an alert for transmission risk,” co-author Machado said. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海南洋中学2025-2026学年第二学期高三年级期中英语试卷 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Yoga, meditation may help reduce childhood anxiety Anxiety disorders affect more than one in four adolescents from the ages of 13 to 18, and many of them are treated with medications to try and help them live a relatively healthy childhood. But a team of researchers from the University of Cincinnati set out to explore other treatment options that focus more on the mind and less on pharmaceutical(药物的) solutions. Their study, published in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, recruited nine participants who were diagnosed with anxiety disorders between 9 and 16 years of age. These conditions included generalized, social and separation anxiety disorder as well as having a parent with anxiety disorder. Over the course of 12 weeks, each participant underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans while they practiced mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, a wide range of therapeutic techniques that include meditation, yoga, and learning how to pay nonjudgmental attention to one’s life. “These integrative approaches expand traditional treatments and offer new strategies for coping with psychological distress,”said the study’s co-author Sian Cotton, director of the UC’s Center for Integrative Health and Wellness, in a statement. Mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions promote the use of meditative practices to increase present-moment awareness of conscious thoughts, feelings, and body sensations in an effort to manage negative experiences more effectively. Cotton noted the anxiety of their patients was significantly reduced following treatment, and the more mindfulness they practiced, the less anxious they felt. Both findings reaffirm the potential that mindfulness therapy could bring to the table. If nothing else, it might allow people who would be reluctant to take medication more treatments to choose from. “Increasingly, patients and families are asking for additional therapeutic options, in addition to traditional medication-based treatments, that have proven effectiveness for improved symptom reduction. Mindfulness-based therapies for mood disorders is one such example with promising evidence,”said Cotton, adding the university is both studying and implementing these therapies. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 【来源】2024届上海市金山区高三上学期一模英语试题 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Benefits of Green Spaces We all know the value of taking a walk in the fresh spring weather. It allows your mind to relax and forget about the problems in everyday life. Studies have commonly shown the benefits of being around green spaces, including gardens, urban parks and forests. But did you know that being in contact with these natural surroundings during childhood could positively impact your mental health as an adult? A study by the Institute for Global Health surveyed 3,600 people from all over Europe. The all-adult study gave participants a questionnaire (问卷) on how frequently they used natural spaces during childhood — for example, playing in a garden or riding a bike at the park. They were also asked about the importance they put on using such places. Volunteers were then given a psychological test, which included a variety of questionnaires and problem-solving activities, to analyze their nervousness and feelings of depression within a four-week period. The results consistently showed that the people who were more exposed to natural spaces had higher mental health scores compared to those with lower childhood exposure — as did those who attached higher importance to using green spaces. The study’s assistant, Wilma Smith, wrote that the results “show the importance of childhood exposure to natural spaces for the development of a nature-appreciating attitude and a healthy psychological state in adulthood”. She also stressed the importance of “recognizing the implications of growing up in environments with limited opportunities for exposure to nature”. According to the study, 73 percent of Europe’s population only has limited access to natural spaces. So we call on policymakers to improve the availability of natural spaces for children. While this study was based in Europe, a lack of green space can affect anyone, anywhere. So remember to make time to expose yourself to nature, as your mental health is just as important as the physical one. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 Kangaroos can “talk” to us Kangaroos can “talk” to people, according to a new study. The report is the first research of its kind to be done on marsupials—a type of creature whose young get carried in skin pockets on their mother’s body. It suggests kangaroos are cleverer than previously thought. Researchers from the University of Roehampton in the UK and the University of Sydney in Australia tested kangaroos at the Australian Reptile (爬行动物) Park, Wildlife Sydney Zoo and Kangaroo Protection Co-operative. The scientists put food in a box that the kangaroos could not open, and waited to see what the animals would do. Rather than giving up, 10 out of the 11 kangaroos actively looked at the person who had put the food in the box and then looked at the box. The researchers said this could be interpreted as the kangaroos requesting help to open the container. Dr Alexandra Green, a co-author of the study, told The Guardian newspaper that some of the kangaroos actually approached the person and started scratching (挠) and sniffing (嗅) him, then looked back at the box. “So they were really trying to communicate,” Green said. This behaviour is not uncommon in animals. However, it is usually only seen in domesticated animals, such as pets or farm animals. The lead author of the study, Dr Alan McElligott, explained, “Through this study, we were able to see that communication between creatures can be learnt and that the behaviour of looking at humans to access food is not related to domestication. “Indeed, kangaroos showed a very similar pattern of behaviour we have seen in dogs, horses and even goats, when put to the same test,” he added. It is hoped that the study will give people a more positive attitude towards kangaroos, which are sometimes seen as harmful creatures that damage farmers’ crops. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 4 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Aging Chimpanzees Prefer Smaller, Closer Social Circles Many things happen when people are ageing. Apart from the greying hair and wrinkled skin, there is an emotional change which comes with older age. When humans reach their later years, they favor more long-term friends and their social circle is reduced. Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same behavior in another species. Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their established friends at the expense of other relationships. The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social interactions of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps’ relationships depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated the various pairings as mutual friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship; one-sided friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed interest in the other. When the scientists looked at the patterns of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another feature seen in older humans was also spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of aggression gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often. The observations have left the researchers puzzled. According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more positive relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However, many animal experts argue that chimpanzees lack the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else is driving the behavior. Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the decrease in social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity. In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. More Than a Game: How Play Shapes Our Social Brains Play is universal. Every culture in the world plays, and for more than a century, doctors have used play to bring comfort and help people recover from pain. Scientists now know that play also shapes the brain itself, influencing how animals — including humans — learn, think, and connect with others. In the 1960s, neuroscientist Marian Diamond proved this through studies with rats. One group grew up in cages full of toys and other rats to spend time with; another lived alone in simple metal cages with nothing to explore. When she later examined their brains, she found clear differences. The first group developed larger and more complex brains, with richer chemical activity. Diamond showed that it was not only toys or playmates, but the combination of both, that made the difference. Because she worked in a time when few women were accepted in science, she often used the safer word “enrichment” instead of “play.” But in truth, what those rats were doing was exactly that — playing. Later, neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp continued Diamond’s work. While studying emotion and attachment in rats, he noticed how they would bounce, chase, and fight with one another for pure joy. “When you put them together — bang They play,” he said. When kept alone, the rats became depressed, almost as if they were hungry or thirsty. Panksepp realized that play is a basic need, not just a pleasure. He even discovered that rats make tiny sounds — something like laughter — when they are enjoying themselves. When he removed part of their higher brain area, they still played almost normally. This showed that play comes from a deep and ancient part of the brain, one linked to emotion, learning, and survival. Thanks to Diamond and Panksepp, scientists now see play as much more than fun. It helps build the social brain, teaching us to notice others, share, and cooperate. As Panksepp said, “Play allows us to stop, look, listen, and feel the more subtle social pulse around us.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 “Where You Go” Doesn't Matter So Much During the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges they assume the celebrities attended. The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school. The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores — one marker of elite colleges — isn’t necessarily linked to post-graduation achievement. Researchers found that workaholics who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them — either because of rejection or by their own choice — are more likely to perform better later than students who just waste their time on campus. In a summary of the findings, the bureau says that “evidently, students’ motivation, the pursuit of a grand life goal, and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 4 【2020年7月高考真题】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are People Unique? It is human being’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubts on that common belief. Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of calls made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a ‘krack’ alarm call at the sight of a tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an ‘oo’. The researchers found that the same calls would be recognized by other species, like Campbell’s monkeys. So they are communicating across species. And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too understand all the different meanings. Said Zuberhler. What is also surprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago, Irene Pepperberg of the Massachussetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognize and count up to six objects, which couldn't have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize. Last year that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows(乌鸦) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behavior had been observed in non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associated only with humans. All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $