专题17 阅读理解议论文类（专项训练）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 聚焦议论文四大题型，通过模拟、重难、真题三级演练，精选青年成长等思辨性话题，强化语言理解与逻辑推理，提升思维品质。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |基础演练|4题型（细节/推理/词义/主旨）|聚焦多元观点碰撞，如科技与人文|以题型为纲，构建“话题理解-题型突破”逻辑链| |重难演练|3新情境语篇（科学家信任/外科技能争议等）|设题创新，考查复杂观点分析|通过真实议题深化批判性思维，衔接基础题型方法| |真题演练|3名校真题（如“寻找外星人”“语言使用”）|覆盖高频考点，强调语篇结构与作者态度|以真题为载体，实现从基础到实战的能力迁移，提升应试语言能力|

第17讲 阅读理解议论文类 参考答案 模拟·基础演练 题型01 细节理解题 D A 题型02 推理判断题 B 题型03 词义推断题 A 题型04 主旨大意题 D 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 1．D 2．D 3．A 4．B Passage 2 1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D Passage 3 1．D 2．B 3．C 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B Passage 2 5．C 6．D 7．C 8．B Passage 3 9．D 10．C 11．C 12．A 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第17讲 阅读理解议论文类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：聚焦青年成长、社会治理、科技伦理、文化自信等思辨性话题，呈现 “多元观点碰撞”（如 “科技发展与人文关怀”“传统与创新”）。…… 题型01 细节理解题 （2026年长宁区一模） A good friend of mine is always telling her kids, “There’s no quick way to the top. You have to take the stairs.” That’s good advice because becoming an expert in anything requires time and a lot of effort. It’s step by step, just like climbing stairs. A concept that highlights this is the “10,000-hour rule,” which was popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers. The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill. This idea comes from research by psychologist Anders Ericsson. He studied highly skilled performers in various fields. Whether you want to play the violin, excel in sports or master computer programming, the basic principle is the same. Expert skills are earned through practice, not luck. However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things. For example, a piano player might focus on mastering difficult passages rather than just playing familiar pieces over and over. After all, even with substantial practice time, there’s no guarantee of reaching top-level performance. Expect hours of practice to be the path to greatness, and you will be fooling yourself. 【答案】36. D 37. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了“一万小时定律”及其局限性，指出成为专家不仅需要练习，还受其他因素影响。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill.(一万小时定律表明，掌握任何技能都需要大约一万小时的专注练习。)”可知，一万小时定律认为精通一项技能需要大约一万小时的专注练习。故选D。 【37题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things.(不过，一万小时定律并非是set in stone。练习的质量和时长同等重要。练习必须是有目的性的，而且需要督促自己去提升特定的能力。)”可知，一万小时定律并不是不可改变的，练习的质量和数量一样重要，所以可以推测出set in stone意为“不可改变的”，与A项totally unchangeable“完全不可改变的”意思相符。故选A。 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges 【答案】 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 “Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries(阿尔弗雷德・诺贝尔 1895 年的愿景是奖励在物理、化学和医学领域树立旗帜的个人天才。但如今的挑战，如气候变化、癌症、物种灭绝等，并不受这些界限的限制)”以及最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)” 可知，最后两段强调个人天才与现代科学相悖。故选 B。 题型03 词义推断题 （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 【答案】 45. A 句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s.(虽然一些网络粉丝会不加批判地追捧某些巨星，但自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，人们对 “天赋型天才” 的盲目崇拜已经有所减弱。)”可知，自20世纪60年代起，人们对‘天赋型天才’的笃信已大幅减弱”，即说明刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念。故划线意思是“刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念”。故选A。 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science 【答案】 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades.(本周的诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位帮助计算机像人类大脑一样“学习”的科学家。一天后，化学奖颁给了三位利用人工智能设计蛋白质和揭示分子结构的研究人员，这是一个困扰生物学家几十年的问题)”和最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)”可知，文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。D选项“诺贝尔奖凸显了人工智能和科学中的团队合作”为短文的最佳标题，故选 D。 重难·创新演练 设题创新:探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题;讨论了关于现代外科学生是否因过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议。 Passage 1 【新情境·科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题】 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题） The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题，包括忽视科学是一个不断学习与发现的过程，认为某种单一的科学方法更好，以及将科学简单化，同时指出科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” (一种流行的做法是坚称科学是正确的——到此为止——一旦我们发现了世界的真相，我们就完成了任务。任何否认这些真理的人都是无知的。或者，正如诺贝尔奖得主物理学家Steven Weinberg所说，“尽管科学理论在某种意义上是一种社会共识，但它不同于任何其他类型的共识，因为它不受文化的影响，而且是永恒的。”)”可知，Steven Weinberg认为科学理论与文化无关，是永恒的，这支撑了前面提到的科学产生永恒真理的观点，是对其例证。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Each of these commonly-held  views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the  scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown  that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific.  In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and  across time.(这些普遍持有的观点都有其优点，但如果声称其中任何一种是科学方法，那么它们都是失败的。历史和哲学已经表明，单一科学方法的想法是不科学的。事实上，不同学科和不同时代的科学方法是不同的)”可知，科学方法在不同学科之间以及随着时间的推移而变化。A项“进行科学发现的一种方法是通过实验来观察和描述世界”部分正确，但不全面，文章提到实验方法是科学方法的一种，但并不是唯一的方式，此外，观察和描述世界属于经验主义，而不是实验方法；B项“一些人认为科学方法的重点是通过实验证明假设是正确的”不完全正确。虽然实验方法确实用于验证假设，但科学方法不仅仅是证明假设的正确性，还包括其他方面，如避免自我欺骗等；C项“有人建议在科学探究中采用科学的方法来避免自我欺骗”部分正确，但不全面。避免自我欺骗确实是科学方法的一个方面，但科学方法还包括其他方面，如实验验证、观察描述等。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然界的努力仅仅是努力。因为我们是人类)”可知，科学和自然界都不简单，人类在理解和描绘自然界上面临挑战，存在局限性。由此可知，我们经常会失败，画线部分意思应该与fail to achieve a goal“目标达成失败”意思相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. (科学是一个学习和发现的过程，有时我们会发现我们认为正确的是错误的。)”、倒数第二段中“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然世界的努力仅仅是努力。)”和最后一段中“Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. (科学理论并不是对现实的完美复制，但我们有充分的理由相信，它们捕捉到了现实的重要元素。)”可知，作者指出，人类在理解和描绘自然界上存在局限性，而且科学本身是学习和发现的过程，其中也会发生错误，但科学理论的确可以揭示现实的某些重要方面。由此可知，作者的观点可能是“科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理”。故选B项。 Passage 2 【新情境·过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议】 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月练习英语试卷 Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week. According to Kneebone, today’s students lack the dexterity that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching. He argues that this is because, instead of taking part in creative subjects that involve manual work during their school education, “a lot of things are reduced to swiping on a two-dimensional flat screen”. There hasn’t been much research into the effects of smartphones on surgical skills. However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time. If anything, says Pete Etchells, a psychologist at Bath Spa University, UK, the use of digital technology of any kind — rather than smartphones specifically — is linked with a higher level of surgical skill. One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators(模拟) were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles. These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery. More broadly, says Andrew Przybylski of the Oxford Internet Institute, UK, Kneebone’s concerns and the resulting coverage are part of a wider reaction to the role of technology in our lives. Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. “As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,” says Przybylski. There is also a society-wide fear about new technologies, which is often unfounded. Przybylski’s own work has found that, contrary to widespread concern around technology and young people, screen time seems to have a small, positive effect on teenagers in all but the most extreme of cases. “Collective anxiety about the role of smartphones, and social media companies, fuel this sort of fear of technology,” he says. Ultimately, Kneebone may turn out to be right that the decline in crafts and handiwork at school is reducing the quality of the surgical student intake. But there seems little evidence of it yet. In fact, it is probably a positive thing that our youngest surgeons are digitally literate. In the very near future, a surgeon’s ability to interact with technology — be that surgical robots or augmented reality — will become increasingly important. 1．What does the underlined word dexterity mean? A．Power of concentration. B．Experience of performing surgery. C．Capacity to use words or mind. D．Skills related to hand work. 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in Paragraph 3 and 4? A．People are confident that video games will boost cognitive performance. B．Surgeons won’t be less skillful when exposed to digital technology. C．Digital applications except smartphones strengthen surgical skills. D．Most surgeons are modest about their improved working efficiency. 3．The perceived decline of medical students’ surgical competence is due to___________. A．people’s fear about technology that is backed up by scientific evidence B．people’s failure to see the positive effects of digital technology emerge C．the increased time teenagers spent using smartphones and social media D．the decreased access to handiwork and crafts required in medical school 4．Which of the following may serve as the best title for this passage? A．Surgical Skills, Need Enhancing? B．Digital Devices, Enhance Reaction Time? C．Surgeons, Be Trained as Digital Natives? D．Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文讨论了关于现代外科学生是否因过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议。Roger Kneebone教授认为，学生因减少手工活动而技能下降，但研究表明数字技术（如电子游戏）可能反而提升手术表现；同时讲述了相关争议背后的社会与认知原因。但从长远来看，数字素养对未来外科医生可能越来越重要。 1．词义猜测题。根据后文的定语从句“that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching(这对缝纫、切割和缝合很重要)”可知，句中“sewing(缝纫)”，“cutting(切割)”，“stitching(缝合)” 均为外科手术中手工操作相关动作，因此可推知，“dexterity”应指向“手术中与手工操作相关的能力”。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。文章第三段的研究“However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time.(然而，2012年的一项研究发现，经常使用智能手机的人在数字灵巧度方面没有出现统计学上的显著变化，但反应时间确实有显著提高。)”发现频繁使用智能手机对数字灵巧度无负面影响，反而提升反应速度；同时结合第四段研究“One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles.(例如，2007年的一项研究发现，经常玩电子游戏的年轻外科医生在手术中出现的失误更少，操作速度也比不玩电子游戏的医生更快。2012年的一项随机对照试验则表明，手术模拟器在培养外科医生方面的效果，不如仅仅让他们玩游戏机。)”可知，2007年研究显示玩电子游戏的外科医生手术错误更少、速度更快；2012年试验表明手术模拟器效果不如游戏机训练。由此推知，这些研究均指向数字技术未损害外科技能，即，外科医生接触数字技术后并不会变得技术能力下降。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容“Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. ‘As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,’ says Przybylski.(大约十年前，我们曾预期数字体验能够促进各种实际能力的提升，比如脑力训练游戏能够提高认知能力，或者视频游戏能够增强手术技能。但“由于这些期望并未实现，我们理所当然地感到失望。”Przybylski说道。)”可知，担忧源于对技术作用的过度期待落空，即，这种“能力下降”的认知主要源于人们未看到技术积极效果显现的失望。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章内容可知，文章首段内容“Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week.(外科专业学生的能力不如前辈，因为他们花太多时间在屏幕上，而在实物操作上投入的时间不足。伦敦帝国理工学院外科教育教授Roger Kneebone的这些说法上周得到了广泛报道。)”提出了Roger Kneebone的观点“屏幕时间损害外科学生技能”，却在第三段“However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time.(然而，2012 年的一项研究发现，经常使用智能手机的人在数字灵巧度方面没有出现统计学上的显著变化，但反应时间确实有显著提高。)”，第四段“These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery.(Etchells警告说，这些只是小型研究，只发现了适度的影响，但它们并没有描绘出数字技术损害手术核心技能的画面。)”用“研究发现”进行了反驳。由此可知，文章核心围绕Kneebone 的观点“屏幕时间有害外科技能”为话题，用“研究”反驳展开，主旨是“探讨屏幕时间对年轻外科医生的影响是否负面”。D项“Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons?(屏幕时间对年轻外科医生有害吗？)”贴合主旨要义，可作最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 3 【新情境·“难以放下痛苦回忆”的困扰】 【来源】上海市南汇中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月阶段练习英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Embarrassing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life? —A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past, over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 1．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure; (c) Seeking excitement B．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck C．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts D．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life 2．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕读者提出的“难以放下痛苦回忆”的困扰，分析了人们反复回想痛苦回忆的原因，并给出了相应的建议，帮助读者以更平和的心态面对过往。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes.(我们依然会因那些场景而感到恐惧，依然易受同样压力源的影响，甚至依然无法避免犯同样的错误)”、第五段中的“Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that?(或许我们回想这些回忆，是因为有一些未解的问题一直在试图寻找答案。我为什么会那么说？他们为什么要那样做？)”以及第六段中的“Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past.(或许，更少见的情况是，我们回想过去是因为感到无聊。有时如果当下的生活不够令人兴奋，我们就会回想过去的冲突或艰难抉择)”可知，人们反复回想痛苦回忆的原因包括依然和以前一样脆弱、想弄明白“为什么”以及当下生活感到无聊。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第八段中的“What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach.(我担心的是，试图寻找一种叙事上令人满意的方式来转化痛苦的回忆，最终会让我们能否继续前行取决于我们是否能理解这些事件。而这种连贯性或许真的是我们无法企及的)”可知，作者对“释怀”这一概念的担忧是，释怀依赖于理解事件的来龙去脉，但这可能是不可能的。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by.(当你试图弄明白这些回忆为何如此有吸引力时，试着用过去时来看待它们可能会有帮助。不是被解决了，只是结束了——不再是新痛苦的来源，不再是某种模式的一部分，只是过往伤痛的余响)”可推知，作者的建议是，应将痛苦的回忆视为已经结束的事情，而不是威胁。故选C项。 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海市普陀区2025-2026学年学年第二学期高三命题指导研诊英语样卷 One of the children, probably inspired by a movie, used a stick to draw a “treasure map” in the sand pit (沙坑). Other children gathered around as he told the story of what “treasure” is, what a “map” is, and the adventure on which they were about to go. The treasure, he explained, was a chest full of gold and jewels. Some of the kids wanted to know what a chest was. Others wondered, knowing it was all imaginary, why the treasure couldn’t be ice cream or toys. The concept of the map was difficult. Although he assured the crew that treasure was buried somewhere on the playground, the map included a coconut tree and giant rocks. “Let’s pick some coconuts when we get there,” shouted one pirate. “Pirate,” in this case, had been defined as “guys who go around and find treasure.” These scenes are the gold standard of play-based learning. I’m sure there are many preschool educators who would have felt forced, in the name of learning, to step in with corrections and clarifications, or worse. In a moment, we see the children turn away from one another, away from their own questions, explorations, assumptions, and conclusions based on dialogue and agreement. They are now relying on the adult for questions and answers, rather than continuing to engage in the highest pursuit of human intellectual effort. There are those who would argue that this game is, at best, a waste of time, that these children playing their fantastical games of imagination, getting the facts wrong, playing with wrong ideas, and even spreading them amongst themselves, may be learning, but that it’s false knowledge that will somehow have to be undone. But that, I think, is a misunderstanding of what play is all about, and, for that matter, what learning is all about. The birth of the universe and the nature of space and time are every bit as much mysteries to physicists as treasure maps and pirates are to these preschoolers. What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time. We forget that getting it wrong is every bit as important to this process as being right. The job in life is not to know stuff, but rather to figure stuff out so that we will then know. And we get there through play. 1．Why does the writer mention the “treasure map” in the 1st paragraph? A．To present a typical example of play-based learning. B．To introduce a popular game among young children. C．To show kids’ creative ideas about treasure and pirates. D．To explain different kinds of outdoor playground activities. 2．According to the passage, what is a possible result of the stepping in of the preschool teachers? A．A deeper understanding of facts and a more efficient learning process. B．The successful integration of imagination-based games into formal curricula. C．A shift from self-directed exploration to adult-dependent knowledge acquisition D．The immediate correction of false concepts and elimination of misunderstandings. 3．What can be inferred about the author’s attitude toward traditional educators? A．He hopes they are as motivated as physicists are. B．He admires their commitment to providing correct facts. C．He thinks they should participate more in children’s games. D．He worries they might unintentionally kill children’s curiosity. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．How to Draw a Perfect Treasure Map B．Play: The Highest Pursuit of Learning C．Why Facts Matter Most in Preschools D．Insight: The Myth of Games in Education 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍儿童玩寻宝游戏的场景体现游戏化学习，作者批判成人过度干预，指出玩耍是学习的核心方式。 1．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These scenes are the gold standard of play-based learning.(这些场景是游戏化学习的最佳典范。)”可知，作者提及“藏宝图”是为了呈现游戏化学习的典型例子。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I’m sure there are many preschool educators who would have felt forced, in the name of learning, to step in with corrections and clarifications, or worse. In a moment, we see the children turn away from one another, away from their own questions, explorations, assumptions, and conclusions based on dialogue and agreement. They are now relying on the adult for questions and answers, rather than continuing to engage in the highest pursuit of human intellectual effort.(我敢肯定，有很多学前教育工作者会感到被迫，以学习的名义，介入纠正和澄清，或者更糟。很快，我们就会看到孩子们彼此疏远，远离他们自己的问题、探索、假设以及基于对话和共识得出的结论。他们现在依赖成年人提出问题和给出答案，而不是继续投身于人类智力努力的最高追求。)”可知，学前教师介入会让孩子从自主探索转向依赖成人获取知识。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time.(教育者往往出于对事实、真理和教学的执着，通过提供答案捷径来接管学习过程，消除了自人类诞生以来驱动我们的神秘感。)”可知，作者担心传统教育者会无意中扼杀孩子的好奇心。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. And we get there through play.(驱动科学家的动力与驱动玩耍儿童的动力是一样的：他们被神秘感、自身的问题以及寻求答案的自由所激励。而我们正是通过玩耍来实现这一点的。)”可知，文章围绕游戏化学习展开，强调玩耍不是无意义的娱乐，而是人类探索与学习的最高形式，核心观点为玩耍是学习的最高追求，所以“Play: The Highest Pursuit of Learning”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 5．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 6．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 7．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 8．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．C 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，本文论述了寻找外星生命对社会有益这一观点，即使最终未发现外星生命，该研究也能带来诸多价值，包括促进多学科融合、提供持续的科学探索动力，以及帮助人类摆脱以地球为中心的视角、推动国际合作等。 【详解】5．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的要素。研究生和博士后研究人员需要熟悉其中的大部分或全部)”可知，在“天体生物学正在促进科学的部分统一”的背景下，“部分统一”一词意味着传统上独立的科学的某些方面开始交叉和合作。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。)”以及最后一段中““The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.(“最危险的世界观是那些没有见过世界的人的世界观，”德国博物学家Alexander von Humboldt说。)”可知，作者在最后一段提到Alexander von Humboldt的名言的目的是支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这个观点。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society.(幸运的是，即使外星生命从未被发现，仅仅是寻找它就会给社会带来宝贵的利益。)”可知，A选项“Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits.(寻找外星生命，即使没有成功，也能带来宝贵的社会效益。)”和原文符合；根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。)”可知，B选项“Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines.(天体生物学作为一个多学科领域，促进了科学学科的融合。)”与原文相符；根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.  Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。今天，我们的星球面临着全球性挑战，这些挑战只能通过加强国际合作来应对。)”可知，D选项“support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding.(支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这一观点)”与原文相符，因此C选项不符合原文。故选C。 8．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences.(首先，天体生物学本质上是一门多学科交叉的学科。对外星生命的探索至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学等知识。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的基础内容。研究生和博士后研究人员则需要熟悉其中的大部分乃至全部学科。通过促使多个科学学科相互协作，天体生物学正推动着科学领域的部分融合。)”可知，若能证明天体生物学领域的研究人员所掌握的技能可直接用于解决其他科学领域的问题，那么作者的论点将更具说服力。故选B。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市徐汇区南洋中学2025-2026学年高三年级英语学科10月学习能力诊断测试题 English, like many languages, allows adjectives to be used as nouns, such as “the good”, “the bad”, and “the ugly”. However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as essentializing and stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate. This has led to discomfort with terms like “blacks” when used as a bare group noun. Fortunately, it’s easy to add another word to avoid this, such as people“,or better yet, something descriptive like”black veterans“or ”black voters“, which adds depth to the phrase.These make these phrases a bit more three-dimensional, like the people they point to. These are far from the only ideas flowing into journalists’ inboxes today. There is no shortage of suggestions: replace “slaves” with “enslaved people” or “racialised people”; “addicts” with “drug users” or “people with a substance-abuse problem”;  and so on. In each instance, the target is a term that is, or can be seen as, bearing negative meaning. The alternative is meant to be less so. However, this approach presents challenges. One is that though a case can be made for each individual change, adopting every one will quickly make a piece of writing awkward, since every new option is longer than the one it is supposed to replace. It will also make writing seem more unnatural, since the entire point is to replace words in common use with phrases that are not. Good journalism is ideally conversational and accessible, calling for a lively and engaging style. Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it does not seem to work out as hoped. Replacing a stigmatised word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word. “Special needs” was once considered a polite phrase, but now “special” is a mean-spirited taunt too. Some groups have chosen a different approach by reclaiming older terms. “African-American” was popular for 30 years, but now “Black” is back, often with a capital B．While “hearing-impaired” is still used medically, many “Deaf” people proudly use the term with a capital D．Similarly, some activists have accepted being called “fat”. The idea seems to be that showing pride is likely to be more effective than changing words. As for writers, good works should humanise whatever it is about, which is why stories often begin with a named person before going into causation and abstraction. Well-crafted writing that is both sharp and humane can engage readers and benefit its subjects. In this context, everyday conversational language may be just as effective as the latest terms promoted by activists. 9．What does the word ”stigmatizing“(paragraph 1) mean? A．Respecting the characteristics of individuals. B．Coining new words to describe a new group. C．Using language that is neutral and descriptive. D．Encouraging negative associations with a group. 10．What does the writer think of the word replacement? A．It can make the writing more lively and engaging. B．The new phrases might still be misunderstood by readers. C．The new words may still bear some unfavourable meaning. D．Readers might find the new terms too formal and confusing. 11．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Some old language has long been misused. B．Language evolution is gradually slowing down. C．The way we use language can shape perceptions. D．Effective writing should show the change of language. 12．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Linguistic engineering may not always help. B．Older terms have completely lost their appeal. C．Writers need to contribute to the coinage of new terms. D．Everyday conversational language is not effective as assumed. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨英语中用形容词直接指代群体的问题，分析替换词汇的利弊，指出语言改造效果有限，作者认为好的写作应以人为本、体现人文关怀。 【详解】9．词句猜测题。根据第一段“However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as essentializing and stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate. This has led to discomfort with terms like “blacks” when used as a bare group noun.(然而，提及“穷人”或“残疾人”这类群体，如今越来越被视为是在对他们本质化、stigmatizing，尤其当这些特征被认为是不幸时。这也导致人们对直接用“blacks(黑人)”这类笼统群体名词感到不适)”可知，stigmatizing指让人们对一群组产生负面联想。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段“Replacing a stigmatised word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word.(替换一个带有污名的词往往只会让污名转移到新词上)”可知，新词可能仍带有不好的含义。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。第一段提到“However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as essentializing and stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate.(然而，提及诸如“穷人”或“残疾人”这类群体的做法，如今越来越被认为具有本质化和污名化之嫌，尤其是当所提及的特征被视为不幸之事时。) ”表明语言使用影响社会观念。第3段讨论替换污名化词汇的尝试，暗示语言使用影响社会认知。第五段指出“Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards.(改变世界并非易事，而改变语言则要容易得多。这就是为什么语言工程能够吸引那些可能觉得除了键盘之外自己别无其他工具可用的人)”说明语言使用与社会认知密切相关。第六段提到一些群体通过重新使用旧术语来改变观念，如Black和Deaf，进一步证明语言使用可以塑造社会观念。故选C。 12．推理判断题。根据第五段“Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it does not seem to work out as hoped. (改变世界很难，而改变语言要容易得多 —— 这就是为什么语言工程会吸引那些除了键盘之外，觉得自己手边别无他法的人。但这似乎并未如预期般奏效)”可知，作者认为语言改造并非总是有用的。故选A项。 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第17讲 阅读理解议论文类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：聚焦青年成长、社会治理、科技伦理、文化自信等思辨性话题，呈现 “多元观点碰撞”（如 “科技发展与人文关怀”“传统与创新”）。…… 题型01 细节理解题 （2026年长宁区一模） A good friend of mine is always telling her kids, “There’s no quick way to the top. You have to take the stairs.” That’s good advice because becoming an expert in anything requires time and a lot of effort. It’s step by step, just like climbing stairs. A concept that highlights this is the “10,000-hour rule,” which was popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers. The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill. This idea comes from research by psychologist Anders Ericsson. He studied highly skilled performers in various fields. Whether you want to play the violin, excel in sports or master computer programming, the basic principle is the same. Expert skills are earned through practice, not luck. However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things. For example, a piano player might focus on mastering difficult passages rather than just playing familiar pieces over and over. After all, even with substantial practice time, there’s no guarantee of reaching top-level performance. Expect hours of practice to be the path to greatness, and you will be fooling yourself. 题型02 推理判断题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges 题型03 词义推断题 （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 题型04 主旨大意题 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science 重难·创新演练 设题创新:探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题;讨论了关于现代外科学生是否因过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议。 Passage 1 【新情境·科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题】 【来源】上海市上海中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题） The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. Passage 2 【新情境·过多使用电子设备而缺乏手术所需的手工技能的争议】 【来源】上海市建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期11月练习英语试卷 Surgical students are less capable than their ancestors because they spend too much time with screens and not enough with physical materials. These claims from Roger Kneebone, professor of surgical education at Imperial College London, were widely reported last week. According to Kneebone, today’s students lack the dexterity that is important for sewing, cutting and stitching. He argues that this is because, instead of taking part in creative subjects that involve manual work during their school education, “a lot of things are reduced to swiping on a two-dimensional flat screen”. There hasn’t been much research into the effects of smartphones on surgical skills. However, one 2012 study found no statistically significant change in digital dexterity among frequent smartphone users, and it did find a significant improvement in reaction time. If anything, says Pete Etchells, a psychologist at Bath Spa University, UK, the use of digital technology of any kind — rather than smartphones specifically — is linked with a higher level of surgical skill. One 2007 study, for example, found that young surgeons who played a lot of video games made fewer errors in surgery and worked faster than those who didn’t. A randomized, controlled trial in 2012 found that surgery simulators(模拟) were less effective at training surgeons than just letting them play on games consoles. These were small studies that merely found modest effects, warns Etchells, but they don’t paint a picture of digital technology damaging the core skills of surgery. More broadly, says Andrew Przybylski of the Oxford Internet Institute, UK, Kneebone’s concerns and the resulting coverage are part of a wider reaction to the role of technology in our lives. Around a decade ago, we anticipated that digital experiences could lead to improvements in various kinds of real-world competence, such as brain-training games enhancing cognitive performance or video games boosting surgical dexterity. “As those hopes haven’t materialized, we rightly feel disappointed,” says Przybylski. There is also a society-wide fear about new technologies, which is often unfounded. Przybylski’s own work has found that, contrary to widespread concern around technology and young people, screen time seems to have a small, positive effect on teenagers in all but the most extreme of cases. “Collective anxiety about the role of smartphones, and social media companies, fuel this sort of fear of technology,” he says. Ultimately, Kneebone may turn out to be right that the decline in crafts and handiwork at school is reducing the quality of the surgical student intake. But there seems little evidence of it yet. In fact, it is probably a positive thing that our youngest surgeons are digitally literate. In the very near future, a surgeon’s ability to interact with technology — be that surgical robots or augmented reality — will become increasingly important. 1．What does the underlined word dexterity mean? A．Power of concentration. B．Experience of performing surgery. C．Capacity to use words or mind. D．Skills related to hand work. 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in Paragraph 3 and 4? A．People are confident that video games will boost cognitive performance. B．Surgeons won’t be less skillful when exposed to digital technology. C．Digital applications except smartphones strengthen surgical skills. D．Most surgeons are modest about their improved working efficiency. 3．The perceived decline of medical students’ surgical competence is due to___________. A．people’s fear about technology that is backed up by scientific evidence B．people’s failure to see the positive effects of digital technology emerge C．the increased time teenagers spent using smartphones and social media D．the decreased access to handiwork and crafts required in medical school 4．Which of the following may serve as the best title for this passage? A．Surgical Skills, Need Enhancing? B．Digital Devices, Enhance Reaction Time? C．Surgeons, Be Trained as Digital Natives? D．Screen Time, Bad for Young Surgeons? Passage 3 【新情境·“难以放下痛苦回忆”的困扰】 【来源】上海市南汇中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月阶段练习英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Embarrassing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life? —A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past, over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 1．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure; (c) Seeking excitement B．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck C．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts D．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life 2．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 One of the children, probably inspired by a movie, used a stick to draw a “treasure map” in the sand pit (沙坑). Other children gathered around as he told the story of what “treasure” is, what a “map” is, and the adventure on which they were about to go. The treasure, he explained, was a chest full of gold and jewels. Some of the kids wanted to know what a chest was. Others wondered, knowing it was all imaginary, why the treasure couldn’t be ice cream or toys. The concept of the map was difficult. Although he assured the crew that treasure was buried somewhere on the playground, the map included a coconut tree and giant rocks. “Let’s pick some coconuts when we get there,” shouted one pirate. “Pirate,” in this case, had been defined as “guys who go around and find treasure.” These scenes are the gold standard of play-based learning. I’m sure there are many preschool educators who would have felt forced, in the name of learning, to step in with corrections and clarifications, or worse. In a moment, we see the children turn away from one another, away from their own questions, explorations, assumptions, and conclusions based on dialogue and agreement. They are now relying on the adult for questions and answers, rather than continuing to engage in the highest pursuit of human intellectual effort. There are those who would argue that this game is, at best, a waste of time, that these children playing their fantastical games of imagination, getting the facts wrong, playing with wrong ideas, and even spreading them amongst themselves, may be learning, but that it’s false knowledge that will somehow have to be undone. But that, I think, is a misunderstanding of what play is all about, and, for that matter, what learning is all about. The birth of the universe and the nature of space and time are every bit as much mysteries to physicists as treasure maps and pirates are to these preschoolers. What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time. We forget that getting it wrong is every bit as important to this process as being right. The job in life is not to know stuff, but rather to figure stuff out so that we will then know. And we get there through play. 1．Why does the writer mention the “treasure map” in the 1st paragraph? A．To present a typical example of play-based learning. B．To introduce a popular game among young children. C．To show kids’ creative ideas about treasure and pirates. D．To explain different kinds of outdoor playground activities. 2．According to the passage, what is a possible result of the stepping in of the preschool teachers? A．A deeper understanding of facts and a more efficient learning process. B．The successful integration of imagination-based games into formal curricula. C．A shift from self-directed exploration to adult-dependent knowledge acquisition D．The immediate correction of false concepts and elimination of misunderstandings. 3．What can be inferred about the author’s attitude toward traditional educators? A．He hopes they are as motivated as physicists are. B．He admires their commitment to providing correct facts. C．He thinks they should participate more in children’s games. D．He worries they might unintentionally kill children’s curiosity. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．How to Draw a Perfect Treasure Map B．Play: The Highest Pursuit of Learning C．Why Facts Matter Most in Preschools D．Insight: The Myth of Games in Education Passage 2 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 5．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 6．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 7．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 8．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. Passage 3 English, like many languages, allows adjectives to be used as nouns, such as “the good”, “the bad”, and “the ugly”. However, referring to groups like “the poor” or “the disabled” is increasingly seen as essentializing and stigmatizing, especially for characteristics considered unfortunate. This has led to discomfort with terms like “blacks” when used as a bare group noun. Fortunately, it’s easy to add another word to avoid this, such as people“,or better yet, something descriptive like”black veterans“or ”black voters“, which adds depth to the phrase.These make these phrases a bit more three-dimensional, like the people they point to. These are far from the only ideas flowing into journalists’ inboxes today. There is no shortage of suggestions: replace “slaves” with “enslaved people” or “racialised people”; “addicts” with “drug users” or “people with a substance-abuse problem”;  and so on. In each instance, the target is a term that is, or can be seen as, bearing negative meaning. The alternative is meant to be less so. However, this approach presents challenges. One is that though a case can be made for each individual change, adopting every one will quickly make a piece of writing awkward, since every new option is longer than the one it is supposed to replace. It will also make writing seem more unnatural, since the entire point is to replace words in common use with phrases that are not. Good journalism is ideally conversational and accessible, calling for a lively and engaging style. Changing the world is hard: changing the language is a lot easier, which is why linguistic (语言的) engineering can tempt people who may feel they have no other tools at hand apart from their keyboards. But it does not seem to work out as hoped. Replacing a stigmatised word often merely results in the stigma attaching to the new word. “Special needs” was once considered a polite phrase, but now “special” is a mean-spirited taunt too. Some groups have chosen a different approach by reclaiming older terms. “African-American” was popular for 30 years, but now “Black” is back, often with a capital B．While “hearing-impaired” is still used medically, many “Deaf” people proudly use the term with a capital D．Similarly, some activists have accepted being called “fat”. The idea seems to be that showing pride is likely to be more effective than changing words. As for writers, good works should humanise whatever it is about, which is why stories often begin with a named person before going into causation and abstraction. Well-crafted writing that is both sharp and humane can engage readers and benefit its subjects. In this context, everyday conversational language may be just as effective as the latest terms promoted by activists. 9．What does the word ”stigmatizing“(paragraph 1) mean? A．Respecting the characteristics of individuals. B．Coining new words to describe a new group. C．Using language that is neutral and descriptive. D．Encouraging negative associations with a group. 10．What does the writer think of the word replacement? A．It can make the writing more lively and engaging. B．The new phrases might still be misunderstood by readers. C．The new words may still bear some unfavourable meaning. D．Readers might find the new terms too formal and confusing. 11．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Some old language has long been misused. B．Language evolution is gradually slowing down. C．The way we use language can shape perceptions. D．Effective writing should show the change of language. 12．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A．Linguistic engineering may not always help. B．Older terms have completely lost their appeal. C．Writers need to contribute to the coinage of new terms. D．Everyday conversational language is not effective as assumed. 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $