专题11 阅读理解新考向之篇章结构题（专项训练）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 聚焦阅读理解篇章结构题，构建“考向-方法-应用”三阶训练体系，通过分类拆解文本逻辑、段落功能及论证方式，系统培养逻辑分析与结构建模能力，契合思维品质与语言能力核心素养。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |模拟·基础演练|6考向（含整体结构/段落功能等）|贴功能标签、抓衔接词、判断论证手段等结构化解题动作|从单一考向到综合应用，构建“识别-分析-匹配”逻辑链| |重难·创新演练|3篇章（含实验/科技类文本）|结合学科场景分析复杂结构，如“问题-实验-结果-建议”|深化跨学科文本结构认知，提升逻辑迁移能力| |真题·实战演练|3篇章（含名校月考/期中试题）|融合高频考法，强化图文匹配与层次排序等核心技巧|对接高考命题趋势，实现方法到应试的转化|

第11讲 阅读理解新考向之篇章结构题 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：篇章结构题属于阅读理解逻辑高阶题型，不考查词句细节，侧重拆解文本行文逻辑、段落分工、写作手法与整体框架，解题核心是抓逻辑词、划分段落层级、区分段落功能 命题考向 核心解题动作 整体宏观结构 给每段贴功能标签→串联成流程链→与选项比对 段落功能作用 看段首衔接词→判断承接 / 转折 / 递进 / 总结→匹配功能 写作手法 / 论证方式 关注立场词与论证手段（对比 / 举例 / 数据 / 因果）→判断全文论证逻辑 图文结构图匹配 标注段落功能→判断并列 / 从属 / 递进→匹配树状 / 层级图 段落内部层次顺序 抓每段首句衔接词→判断逻辑先后→背景→评价→反驳 开篇引入方式 识别首段类型（场景 / 数据 / 反问 / 定义 / 对比）→判断引出话题还是亮明论点 考向1 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. Shrinking gray matter may sound scary, but it happens to all of us throughout development to fine-tune our neural processing and make our brains more efficient. Though the term “mommy brain” is often used to refer to the brain fog and forgetfulness some people feel during pregnancy, the brain changes are likely adaptive. For example, you may be forgetting where your keys are, but you are way more focused on what is happening to your baby. Researchers are particularly interested in changes within brain regions that help with social cognition by allowing us to take on others’ perspectives. The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期), also driven by hormones. Other researchers have been able to detect whether someone had been pregnant based only on neuro imaging data from decades later. So despite the common saying that our brains stop developing in our mid-20s, hormones seem to drive big, long-lasting changes throughout adulthood. From studying the woman’s brain, researchers confirmed gray matter decreased by four percent over the course of pregnancy and that decrease persisted throughout the end of the study two years after giving birth. And it wasn't just one area or network — 80% of brain regions shrunk. While certain areas and networks changed faster than others, the team doesn’t yet know what the implications are. 43．What is the structure of this passage? A．Presenting a finding → Explaining → Relating with other findings B．Introducing a topic → Providing examples → Summarizing the main points C．Stating a problem → Proposing solutions → Evaluating the solutions D．Describing a phenomenon → Analyzing the causes → Predicting the future trends 【答案】 43．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了怀孕期间大脑的变化。 适配考向解析： 本题以 "流程箭头" 形式考查全文宏观行文脉络。第一段提出怀孕期间大脑变化这一新研究发现（Presenting a finding）；第二至四段用脑扫描数据、白质 / 灰质变化等细节解释该发现的具体内容（Explaining）；倒数第二段将怀孕期大脑变化与青春期大脑变化进行关联对比（Relating with other findings）。三段式流程完全对应 A 项。解题时需逐段标注段落功能，再与选项箭头流程逐一比对，不可仅凭首段或末段推断。 考向2 考查段落功能作用题 ......... Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play? While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling. 55．What is the author's purpose of writing Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6? A．To raise open questions that all linguists have. B．To present two different viewpoints on language learning. C．To stress the importance of experience in language learning D．To introduce adult language acquisition and show why it's unpopular. 【答案】55．B 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了生物和环境因素在语言习得过程中的作用。 适配考向解析： 本题考查指定段落（第 5、6 段）在全文中的功能作用。前文第二至四段已分别阐述 "先天因素论" 和 "环境因素论" 两大对立观点；第 5 段首句 "Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children" 承上启下，第 6 段继续呈现双方对成人语言习得的不同解释。因此这两段的功能是 "呈现两种不同的语言学习观点"，选 B。段落功能题解题要领：先看段首句与上下文的衔接词（both sides、still working），判断该段是承接、转折、递进还是总结，再匹配选项。 考向3 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. Whatever their personalities, thin people share one trait: they are very serious about everything. They live as if life were a project that must always be improved. In the first place, they aren’t much fun. Give them a coffee break and they jog around the block. Offer them a quiet evening and they fix the screen door. They say things like ‌“there aren’t enough hours in the day.” Fat people often feel the day is already long enough. Thin people make me tired. Their fast metabolisms keep them moving all the time, rubbing their bony hands together and looking for new problems to ‌“tackle”. I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow. Some people say the idea of the ‌“jolly fat person” is only a myth, and that fat people are secretly unhappy. I disagree. They may not laugh all day, but they are usually kinder than the thin and nervous. Thin people don’t understand the power of a hot-fudge sundae for reducing stress. They don’t like soft, sweet things because they themselves are not soft or gentle. They are like carrots: hard, straight, and a little boring. They like to go straight to ‌“the heart of the matter,” while fat people are willing to leave things a bit unclear and vague, which is closer to how life really is. Thin people are always trying to ‌“face the truth”; fat people know there is no simple truth and no single ‌“key point” about anything. Thin people believe strongly in logic and neat plans. Fat people see many sides of a problem and know that life is often unfair and cannot be fully controlled. That is why thin people are often serious and tense. They talk about plans, rules, and self-control. Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh. When you feel sad, you don’t want someone hard and strict. You want someone soft who will listen, relax with you, and make room for you — and fat people will always take you in. 12．How does the writer organize the passage? A．By first listing medical facts about thinness and fatness and then drawing a scientific conclusion. B．By starting with complaints about thin people and then employing contrasts to show a preference for fat people. C．By telling a sad personal story about weight problems and then suggesting several ways to lose weight. D．By describing both the thin and the fat differently and then ending with a balanced, neutral summary of both. 【答案】 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过对比瘦人和胖人的不同生活态度和方式，幽默地捍卫了一种放松、接受的生活方式，反对崇拜控制和效率的文化。 适配考向解析： 本题考查全文论证方式。开篇第一句 "Caesar was right: thin people need watching" 直接表达对瘦人的抱怨（Starting with complaints）；随后通篇将瘦人与胖人在生活态度、性格、思维方式上进行对比（Employing contrasts），并在对比中明显流露出对胖人的偏好（"I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people"）。全文并非中立总结（排除 D），也非医学事实罗列（排除 A），而是以对比论证为主、带有明确立场的议论文，选 B。论证方式题需特别关注作者的情感倾向词（prefer、however、convivial），判断是中立说明还是有立场的对比论证。 考向4 考查图文结构图匹配题 You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are you’ll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook. Lonely Planet is one of the world’s largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts all devoted to travel. Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you don’t miss the best things. They also provide the reviews of hostels, hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination. This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before. If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel that’s cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer. But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自发性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, you’ll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route. Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar. 28．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (①～⑦ stand for Paragraph 1～Paragraph 7) A． B． C． D． 【答案】28．C 适配考向解析： 本题要求将 7 个段落的逻辑关系匹配到树状结构图中。逐段标注功能：①引出 Lonely Planet 话题；②介绍品牌规模 ——①②为总起（Introduction）；③④⑤阐述指南的优势（Advantages）；⑥⑦讲述对指南的批评（Criticisms）。因此结构为 "总起①② → 分论点一③④⑤ → 分论点二⑥⑦"，对应选项 C 的图示。图文匹配题解题步骤：①给每段贴功能标签；②判断段落间是并列、从属还是递进；③注意 "总 — 分" 结构中哪些段落同属一个分支，哪些是独立分支；④将标签结构与四幅图逐一比对。文章结构为：第一段引出Lonely Planet；第二段介绍其品牌规模；第三到第五段阐述其优势；第六七段讲述对它的批评，即①②总起，③④⑤讲优势，⑥⑦讲批评。故选C项。 考向5 考查段落内部层次顺序题 Language Acquisition(习得) Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. How do young children understand and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings? Do adults learn language differently from children? Most linguistic(语言学的) researchers agree that both nature and nurture(后天) are involved in language acquisition. They disagree， however， about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth-and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition. For many linguists， biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that some linguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly experience every feature of their language before the age of five. These linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five， even without having heard them before. Many researchers have theorized what this innate(先天的) linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular theory(理论) is universal grammar. This theory believes that all languages have the same basic structural foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically tending to speak a particular language， a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a starting point， which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are exposed to. Not all linguists， however， believe that an inborn ability for language is the most important factor in language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They argue that children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. They gather data and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed. Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play? While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling. Explaining the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions, but also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain. 53．What’s the right order of the passage's summary? a. Studying language acquisition will help understand language and the brain better. b. Some experts focus on the role of environmental factors in language acquisition. c. Some experts believe innate factors explain children's language development. d. Acquiring a language is complicated， and it involves both nature and nurture. A．abcd B．dcba C．dbca D．adcb 【答案】 53．B 适配考向解析： 本题以 "摘要句子排序" 形式考查全文段落层次顺序。d 句 "语言习得复杂，涉及先天与后天" 是全文总起（对应第一段），排第一；c 句 "一些专家认为先天因素解释儿童语言发展" 对应第二、三段，排第二；b 句 "一些专家关注环境因素作用" 对应第四段，排第三；a 句 "研究语言习得有助于更好理解语言和大脑" 是末段总结，排第四。故顺序为 d→c→b→a，选 B。摘要排序题本质是段落主旨句排序，解题时将每个摘要句对应到原文段落，再按原文段落顺序排列即可，注意 "总起 — 分述先天 — 分述环境 — 总结" 的经典议论文结构。 考向6 考查开篇引入方式题 Take a good look at the American burying beetle(甲虫)Once found in 35 states, the insect is assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as critically endangered. Like the tiger, the American burying beetle has orange and black stripes(条纹); like the tiger, the beetle is declining in number. The tiger is an instantly recognizable symbol of species preservation, but most people aren’t familiar with the beetle. This difference is an example of the domination of the so-called celebrity species—the fascinating creatures that nonprofits and government agencies use to raise public interest in conservation. Most nonprofit funds for animal protection go to species such as apes, elephants, big cats, rhinoceroses, and giant pandas. Tigers are often rated the most popular animal—and India, home to the majority of these big cats, spent more than 49 million on tiger conservation alone in 2019. Meanwhile, many lesser known species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds weaken in namelessness. Worldwide, more than 35, 500 plant and animal species are on the edge of disappearing forever. This leaves us with a tough situation. Conservation is underfunded, so how do we decide which species to save? One potential solution, the debatable idea of conservation triage(检伤分类), holds that experts need to quickly decide which species can be saved while realizing that others can’t be saved. Conservationists have developed analytical tools to approach the question in a less emotional, more practical way. Fish and Wildlife Service now uses this knapsack (背包)method—inspired by a hiker’s need to fit the most valuable items into a small space—to get the “most bang for their buck” in saving species. The method calculates the most efficient conservation strategies using factors such as costs to recover a species and its likelihood of going extinct. 13．What does the first paragraph serve to the whole passage? A．To propose a definition B．To introduce the topic C．To reach a conclusion D．To present an argument 【答案】B 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国际自然保护联盟在美国35个州发现了一种昆虫，并将其列为极度濒危物种，并针对如何拯救这些濒危物种进行讨论。 适配考向解析： 本题考查首段对全文的功能作用，即开篇引入方式。首段描述物种保护资金不足、难以决定拯救哪些物种的困境（"Conservation is underfunded, so how do we decide which species to save?"），以一个现实难题引出全文讨论的话题 —— 如何在资源有限的情况下决定优先保护哪些物种。第二段随即提出 "conservation triage（保护检伤分类）" 这一解决方案。因此首段功能是 "引入话题"（To introduce the topic），选 B。首段功能题需区分：定义引入（propose a definition）、话题引入（introduce the topic）、论点呈现（present an argument）、总结结论（reach a conclusion）。若首段以问题、现象、故事开场且尚未亮明观点，通常为话题引入；若首段直接给出作者立场，则为论点呈现。 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 Soil salinization (土壤盐渍化) has long blocked agricultural production across coastal regions. To explore an eco-friendly recovery method, a research group conducted a controlled laboratory experiment to test whether biochar (生物炭) could decrease salt accumulation in salty soil. The researchers strictly followed experimental procedures. They collected identical coastal salty soil samples and divided them into four groups. Group A was the blank control without any treatment. Group B was mixed with 2% biochar by weight. Group C with 4% biochar, while Group D with 6%. All samples were placed in constant-temperature containers with fixed humidity for a 120-day observation cycle. Throughout the experiment, water supply, light duration and surrounding temperature stayed unchanged to eliminate external disturbances. At fixed intervals, workers measured dissolvable (可溶的) salt content and soil water passage ability. The recorded data showed apparent differences. After 120 days, Group A kept 87.2% of the original salt. By contrast, Group B fell to 61.5%, Group C to 43.8%, while Group D saw a small increase to 49.1%. Further tests showed too much biochar would block tiny soil holes, slow water flow, and thus stop salt from being washed away. Apart from data records, structural changes were also documented under a microscope. Proper amount of biochar loosened soil and formed hole-rich structures. However, too much use led to particle gathering, canceling its improving effects. The trial explicitly demonstrates a close link between biochar amount and its effect. Within a reasonable range, biochar works well to improve salty farmland. Scientists point out that blind overuse should be avoided in farmland improvement. They suggest local field tests prior to large-scale promotion to fit different soil conditions. 1．Which group achieved the lowest salt content after the experiment? A．Group A． B．Group B． C．Group C． D．Group D． 2．Why does the author present the salt content data of Group D? A．To emphasize the efficiency of overused biochar. B．To show environmental factors affect soil salt flowing. C．To prove salt loss is closely related to soil temperature. D．To illustrate a turning point in the material’s functional effect. 3．What is the writing structure of the passage? A．Opinion→ Evidence→ Conclusion B．Problem→ Experiment→ Result→ Suggestion C．Method→ Comparison→ Disagreement→ Solution D．Phenomenon→ Explanation→ Definition→ Summary 4．Which of the following agrees with the experiment’s rule? A．Proper biochar cuts soil holes to take away salt. B．Less salt depends on tightly packed soil particles. C．Poor water passage causes more salt in Group D．D．A longer test period speeds up salt removal by water. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文主要说明了研究通过对照实验证明了生物炭可有效降低盐渍土壤盐分，但过量（如6%）会堵塞土壤孔隙、阻碍排水，反使盐分回升。适量生物炭（如4%）可疏松土壤结构。研究强调推广前需进行田间试验，避免盲目滥用。 【详解】 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“After 120 days, Group A kept 87.2% of the original salt. By contrast, Group B fell to 61.5%, Group C to 43.8%, while Group D saw a small increase to 49.1%.(120天后，A组保留了原始盐分的87.2%。相比之下，B组降至61.5%，C组为43.8%，而D组略有上升，达到49.1%)”可知，实验后盐分含量最低的是C组。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“By contrast, Group B fell to 61.5%, Group C to 43.8%, while Group D saw a small increase to 49.1%. Further tests showed too much biochar would block tiny soil holes, slow water flow, and thus stop salt from being washed away.(相比之下，B组（的盐含量）降至原有含量的61.5%，C组降至43.8%，而D组则小幅回升至49.1%。进一步的测试表明，过多的生物炭会堵塞土壤中的细小孔隙，减缓水流速度，从而阻止盐分被冲刷出去。)”可知，表明生物炭的效果并非随着用量增加而持续增强，而是存在一个转折点，超过这个点，其改良效果会下降。所以作者呈现D组的盐含量数据是为了说明生物炭功能效果的转折点。 3．推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，第一段提出“土壤盐渍化阻碍农业生产，要测试生物炭能否降盐”（提出问题）；第二段介绍实验分组设计，（介绍实验）；第三和四段展示实验数据和土壤结构变化（呈现结果）；最后一段总结实验结论，给出实际应用的建议（给出建议），故，写作结构是问题→实验→结果→建议 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“Further tests showed too much biochar would block tiny soil holes, slow water flow, and thus stop salt from being washed away.(进一步的测试表明，过多的生物炭会堵塞土壤中的微小孔隙，减缓水分流动，从而阻止盐分被冲走)”可知，水流不畅导致组中盐分更多符合实验的规则。 Passage 2 In X-Men, Warren Worthington III sprouts huge white wings from his back and shoots into the sky. Scientists have yet to fully turn the comic book gift from fiction into fact, but virtual reality is offering hints of what it’s like to learn to fly. Researchers officially reported on May 7, 2026 in Cell Reports that after systematic training with virtual wings, people’s brains react to the virtual wings just as they do to real arms and legs, gradually making these unreal wings feel like a natural part of their own bodies. This groundbreaking study, led by a team of cognitive neuroscientists from Peking University and Beijing Normal University, was actually inspired by one researcher’s long-held childhood dream of flying freely in the sky. In the carefully designed experiment, 25 subjects took a week-long structured VR flight training. Wearing professional VR headsets and motion-tracking devices, they controlled giant virtual rust-colored wings by swinging their arms and rotating their wrists, completing a series of challenging tasks such as chasing floating airballs, flying steadily over steep cliffs and accurately passing through hanging air rings. After the whole training, professional brain tests showed that their brains’ visual cortex (皮层), the key region that processes body part images, became much more active when seeing various wings, and its response pattern was highly similar to that of real human limbs (肢体). Cognitive neuroscientist Jane Aspell of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England stated that this is an intriguing study that nicely demonstrates the plasticity of the human brain. “If the brain can incorporate (把……并入) something as unhuman as a wing, it may also be able to incorporate many other kinds of limb enhancements.” Beyond reshaping brain activity, this immersive VR flight experience also deepens people’s intuitive understanding of flying in a way that boring theoretical knowledge never can. As VR technology gradually becomes a part of daily life, researchers will keep exploring its long-term influence on the human brain, bringing more innovative technological possibilities to future medical treatment and daily life. 5．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．The scene in X-Men has turned into a reality. B．Brains perceive virtual wings as real after training. C．Virtual reality is teaching us how to fly. D．Research is rooted in childhood’s dream. 6．What did subjects do during the experiment? A．They controlled the wings using both hands and feet. B．They completed different tasks in a virtual environment. C．They compared their own limbs with the virtual wings. D．They designed the tasks under the researchers’ guidance. 7．What does the underlined word “plasticity” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．The brain’s ability to change and adapt. B．The speed of brain’s response to signals. C．The size of the brain’s visual cortex. D．The way the brain controls body movements. 8．How is the text organized? A．Background → Reasons → Procedure → Predictions → Solution. B．Introduction → Procedure → Findings → Doubts → Conclusion. C．Background → Findings → Examples → Arguments → Result. D．Introduction → Findings → Procedure → Comments → Conclusion. 【答案】5．B 6．B 7．A 8．D 【导语】文章介绍一项VR飞行研究，阐述研究发现、实验过程、专家评价及该研究的未来应用前景。 【详解】 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“after systematic training with virtual wings, people’s brains react to the virtual wings just as they do to real arms and legs, gradually making these unreal wings feel like a natural part of their own bodies.(经过虚拟翅膀的系统训练后，人们的大脑对虚拟翅膀的反应与对真实四肢的反应一致，逐渐让这些虚拟翅膀成为身体的自然组成部分)”可知，经过训练后，大脑将虚拟翅膀视作真实肢体。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the carefully designed experiment, 25 subjects took a week-long structured VR flight training. Wearing professional VR headsets and motion-tracking devices, they controlled giant virtual rust-colored wings by swinging their arms and rotating their wrists, completing a series of challenging tasks such as chasing floating airballs, flying steadily over steep cliffs and accurately passing through hanging air rings.(在精心设计的实验中，25名受试者参加了为期一周的系统性虚拟现实飞行训练。他们佩戴专业虚拟现实头盔和动作追踪设备，通过摆臂和转动手腕操控巨大的锈色虚拟翅膀，完成一系列挑战性任务，如追逐浮空球、飞越陡峭悬崖、精准穿过悬浮空中圆环)”可知，受试者在虚拟环境中完成了各类任务。 7．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“If the brain can incorporate (把……并入) something as unhuman as a wing, it may also be able to incorporate many other kinds of limb enhancements.(如果大脑能够接纳翅膀这类非人体肢体，它或许也能够接纳许多其他类型的肢体强化装置)”可知，大脑可以适应、接纳新的肢体事物，体现大脑具备改变和适应的能力。plasticity意为大脑的变化适应能力。 8．篇章结构题。文章首两段以影视背景引入并介绍研究发现；第三段讲述具体实验过程；第四段呈现专家评价；最后一段总结研究价值与未来展望。因此行文结构为：引入背景→研究发现→实验过程→专家评论→总结展望。 Passage 3 According to the American Tinnitus Association, more than 25 million adults in the United States have tinnitus, a condition that includes strange sounds like ringing and buzzing in the ears, and may even lead to hearing loss. So far, there has been no known cure. However, with the help of tools like hearing aids or mindfulness cures, many are able to reduce their symptoms (症状). Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new device called Lenire, which uses a unique method — electrical stimulation of the tongue — to help treat tinnitus. The device includes a plastic mouthpiece equipped with small metal pieces that deliver gentle electrical pulses (脉冲) to the tongue during one-hour treatment sessions. Meanwhile, users wear a set of headphones that play specific sounds, such as tones and ocean waves. The goal is to guide the brain to pay less attention to the strange sounds and recognize that these sounds are not important. Over time, the brain learns to ignore them. Singer-songwriter Victoria Banks shared her experience with Lenire. “It’s kind of like if I lived near a waterfall and the waterfall was constantly going. After using Lenire, I began to feel better. My brain is now focusing on other things, like listening to, writing, and performing music,” she said. Although the device is not a complete solution for everyone, a recent study provides encouraging results. Thousands of U.S. tinnitus patients have been successfully treated with Lenire. After six weeks of treatment, 72.6% of patients with bothersome tinnitus experienced a meaningful reduction in their symptoms. After 12 weeks, that number increased to 81.8%. Richard Bistrong, a patient treated at New York Hearing Doctors, described how Lenire changed his life. “Lenire was nothing less than a game-changer in my life. I went from severe, almost unbearable tinnitus that required medication to treat depression and anxiety, to being able to enjoy life again after four months of using Lenire. Three years later, I can enjoy my life and not worry about my tinnitus anymore,” he said. 9．How does Lenire help treat tinnitus? A．It functions like hearing aids. B．It uses some mindfulness therapies. C．It sends gentle electrical pulses to the ear. D．It trains the brain to ignore the sounds. 10．Why did Victoria Banks mention waterfall in her words? A．To show her hobby of natural sounds. B．To explain the constant nature of tinnitus. C．To make her words more meaningful. D．To describe the effect of sounds on writing. 11．How is the fourth paragraph mainly developed? A．By making a comparison. B．By listing some examples. C．By providing figures. D．By showing a timeline. 12．What can we infer about Richard Bistrong from the last paragraph? A．His condition has greatly improved with the device. B．He no longer requires any form of medical care. C．He still suffered from depression after treatment. D．The treatment had limited effect on his condition. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．A 【导语】本文介绍耳鸣病症现状，讲解新型治疗器械 Lenire 的工作原理、实际治疗效果以及患者使用后的真实改善情况。 【详解】9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The goal is to guide the brain to pay less attention to the strange sounds and recognize that these sounds are not important. Over time, the brain learns to ignore them. (目标是引导大脑减少对奇怪声音的关注，并认识到这些声音并不重要。随着时间的推移，大脑学会忽略它们。)”可知，Lenire的作用是训练大脑忽略耳鸣声。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段Victoria Banks所说“It's kind of like if I lived near a waterfall and the waterfall was constantly going. (这就像我住在瀑布附近，瀑布一直在响。)”可知，她用瀑布的比喻来说明耳鸣是持续不断的、令人困扰的声音，即解释耳鸣的持续性特征。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段“After six weeks of treatment, 72.6% of patients with bothersome tinnitus experienced a meaningful reduction in their symptoms. After 12 weeks, that number increased to 81.8%. (经过六周治疗后，72.6%的烦人性耳鸣患者症状得到显著缓解。12周后，这一数字上升至81.8%。)”可知，本段主要通过列举具体的数据 (72.6%、81.8%等)来展示Lenire的治疗效果。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段Richard Bistrong所说“ I went from severe, almost unbearable tinnitus that required medication to treat depression and anxiety, to being able to enjoy life again after four months of using Lenire. Three years later, I can enjoy my life and not worry about my tinnitus anymore (在使用Lenire治疗四个月后，我的耳鸣症状从严重到几乎难以忍受（曾需药物治疗以缓解抑郁和焦虑）转变为能够重新享受生活。三年后，我可以尽情享受生活，不再为耳鸣问题烦恼。)”可推知，他的病情在使用该设备后得到了极大改善。 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海市宝山区2025-2026学年高二下学期期末英语试题 In April 2026, Sony AI announced a major new scientific breakthrough from its flagship research initiative, Project Ace. This news made headlines all over the world. Research on the advanced autonomous table tennis robot Ace had its complete findings officially published in Nature, a top journal, attracting very wide attention from global technology experts and AI researchers. Everyone in the field was excited about it. For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations. They could only operate under simplified conditions, such as lower ball speed and reduced spin, which were not challenging enough for real games. Most early robots simply relied on fixed ball paths from serving machines and failed to deal with flexible, changeable strategies from real human players who could change their plans anytime. As a result, unfortunately, no previous robot could ever compete fairly with well-trained athletes under official competition rules. That is why they never won official matches. In contrast, however, the Ace robot is equipped with very professional hardware and a high-precision perception system which works like human eyes. A flexible high-speed robotic arm enables it to adjust hitting angles and strength instantly with great accuracy, just like a real player or even better. Meanwhile, multiple synchronous high-speed cameras act as very sensitive visual sensors, very accurately capturing the ball’s real-time speed, flight path and complex spin with extremely low delay in no time. This advanced hardware allows the robot to observe the court and respond far faster than human beings, and never tires. Ace also adopts a core physical AI technology called model-free reinforcement learning. This is a new way of training robots. Instead of following preset movements, the robot continuously collects match data in real time, analyzes opponents’ playing styles, and adjusts its own strategies independently during real-time games. It can flexibly deal with very fast attacks and tricky spins in dynamic matches. This makes it a true competitor. In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees. Ace defeated three out of five strong elite (精英) players in standard matches. Nevertheless, it still suffered defeats against professional players, reflecting the big gap that still exists between the robot and top human athletes. It is truly still recognized as the first physical robot in history to reach real human expert-level performance in standard competitive sports. This is a huge step for robot sports. This success highlights the truly great potential of physical AI in handling real-world dynamic tasks like sports. Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot. 1．How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? A．Problem description→data analysis→expert opinions→summary B．Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses C．Historical overview→technical details→player interviews→limitations D．Cause and effect→comparison→personal view→prediction 2．The underlined word “synchronous” in paragraph 3 most probably means ________. A．operating with a fixed time delay B．working at different speeds separately C．happening or moving at the same time D．recording images from multiple angles 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the elite players who competed against Ace? A．They were all professional players with international titles. B．They had never played against any table tennis robot before. C．All the professional players can not perform better than Ace. D．They were easily defeated by Ace in every single match. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Sony AI’s New Robot: A Future Threat to Human Athletes B．How Table Tennis Robots Have Evolved over the Past Decade C．A Major Breakthrough of Physical AI in Competitive Sports D．Nature Journal’s Latest Issue on AI Technology and Robotics 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文介绍了索尼乒乓球机器人Ace突破传统机器人技术短板，依托先进硬件与AI技术在正式比赛中对战人类选手，也说明了该项实体人工智能技术的应用前景。 【详解】1．推理判断题。第二段“For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations.(在过去多年里，传统乒乓球机器人存在明显的技术短板)”介绍以往机器人的缺陷；第三、四段介绍Ace机器人的硬件与核心技术，即当下的解决方案；第五段“In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees.(在严格的正式测试中，所有比赛完全遵循国际乒联规则，并由专业裁判监督)”展示测试结果；第六段“Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot.(其核心技术可应用于智能工厂、家用服务机器人以及高精度医疗设备领域，推动未来智能科技快速发展。这些应用也将极大改善我们的生活)”介绍技术未来的用途。由此可知文章二至六段落结构为：过去的不足→如今的解决方案→测试结果→未来应用。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, multiple synchronous high-speed cameras act as very sensitive visual sensors, very accurately capturing the ball’s real-time speed, flight path and complex spin with extremely low delay in no time.(与此同时，多台synchronous高速摄像机充当灵敏的视觉传感器，能够即时、低延迟地精准捕捉球的实时速度、飞行轨迹和复杂旋转。)”可知，这些摄像机同时运作以捕捉动态画面，因此该单词意为“同步的、同时运作的”。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Ace defeated three out of five strong elite (精英) players in standard matches. Nevertheless, it still suffered defeats against professional players, reflecting the big gap that still exists between the robot and top human athletes.(Ace在正式比赛中击败了五名实力强劲的精英选手中的三位。不过，它依旧不敌部分职业选手，这也体现出该机器人和人类顶尖运动员之间仍存在较大差距)”可知，并非所有职业选手的表现都能优于这款机器人。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sony AI announced a major new scientific breakthrough from its flagship research initiative, Project Ace.(索尼人工智能宣布其王牌研究项目Ace取得重大科学突破。)”以及最后一段“This success highlights the truly great potential of physical AI in handling real-world dynamic tasks like sports.(这次成功凸显了实体人工智能在体育运动等现实动态任务中的巨大潜力。)”可知，全文围绕实体人工智能在竞技体育领域取得的重大突破展开，所以C项“A Major Breakthrough of Physical AI in Competitive Sports(实体人工智能在竞技体育领域取得重大突破)”符合文意。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年上学期12月月考英语试题 In All Her Fault, the latest TV drama released this month, Marrisa Irvine rushes to pick up her child from a playdate , but there is a problem as soon as she gets there: the person who answers the door has no idea who her child is — or who she is. ‌“I think you’ve got the wrong house,” they say. Her child has disappeared. The questions come fast and furious: Who made the playdate? Who checked out the nanny? Did mom really need to be at work? Like the title suggests, All Her Fault explores how women get stretched trying to strike a balance between a career and children — and get blamed if anything goes wrong. People often say that mothers are ‌“born caregivers”, yet in real life this praise soon turns into blame. When a child struggles at school or misbehaves in public, many eyes instinctively turn to the mother, while the father quietly fades into the background. In many families, the mother is treated as the ‌“default parent”. She is the one schools call first, the one who remembers every deadline and appointment. Because she is seen as the person most ‌“in charge”, people also feel free to hold her most accountable. Success is described as ‌“a devoted mother’s effort”, but failure is judged as ‌“a mother’s mistake”. In the past few decades, an ideal of ‌“intensive mothering” has spread through books, social media and parenting experts. The good mother is expected to pour in time, emotion and money, constantly planning, monitoring and improving herself. Any moment of tiredness or impatience can be read as proof that she is not trying hard enough. Fathers, however, are often placed in a different story line. In this script, a father is an extra helper rather than a full partner, and his main duty is assumed to be ‌“making a living”. When he occasionally cooks dinner or takes the child to the park, he is praised as a model dad going ‌“above and beyond”. The workplace and the media deepen this double standard. Mothers are seen as less hardworking employees once they have children, while fathers are seen as more reliable and mature. On screen and online, mothers who lose their temper are labelled as ‌“crazy” or ‌“toxic”, while fathers doing even the least are celebrated as heroes. So it is not that fathers are naturally more responsible or less at fault. Rather, society has written motherhood as a full-time responsibility that must be perfect, and fatherhood as optional extra credit. Until we rewrite this story and share care and blame more fairly, mothers will continue to stand in the harsh light of criticism while many fathers remain in the shadows. 13．In paragraph 4, the ‌“default parent” is the parent who ________. A．is mainly praised when the child succeeds, even if others also helped B．is blamed in public when something goes wrong but rarely given credit when things go well C．steps in as an extra helper only when the other caregiver is too busy making a living for the family D．is automatically contacted and relied on whenever something needs to be done for the child 14．According to paragraph 5, what is one major effect of the ideal of ‌“intensive mothering” on mothers? A．It leads moms to trust books, social media and parenting experts, so they feel surer about every decision. B．It makes moms feel they must pour in time and emotion only when their children are struggling or misbehaving. C．It keeps moms measured against a demanding standard where any tiredness or impatience is seen as failure. D．It encourages moms and dads to take turns planning, monitoring and improving themselves as equal caregivers. 15．Which of the following best sums up the main idea of the passage? A．It explains how expectations from home, work and media place heavier blame on moms than on dads. B．It advises working mothers to be extra careful when choosing playdates and nannies. C．It suggests if dads stopped working and stayed at home, double standards against mothers would disappear. D．It argues media images of crazy moms and heroic dads are a bigger problem than families or workplaces. 16．The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ________. A．listing several real examples of moms being blamed, and finally accepting this as simply part of being a parent B．explaining why moms are born caregivers and implying that intensive mothering is a natural and desirable ideal C．focusing on dads going above and beyond, using them to argue that men face more unfair judgment than women D．contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story 【答案】13．D 14．C 15．A 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过一部电视剧的情节引入，探讨了社会对母亲和父亲在育儿责任上的双重标准：母亲被视为理所当然的主要照顾者，承担着“密集母职”的完美期待和随之而来的指责；而父亲则被视为辅助者，其少量参与便获得赞扬。文章呼吁公平地分担育儿责任和指责。 【详解】13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In many families, the mother is treated as the “default parent”. She is the one schools call first, the one who remembers every deadline and appointment.(在许多家庭中，母亲被视为“默认家长”。她是学校第一个打电话联系的人，是记住每个截止日期和预约的人)”可知，“默认家长”指的是那个在孩子需要时被自动联系和依靠的家长。故选D项。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段中“In the past few decades, an ideal of ‌“intensive mothering” has spread through books, social media and parenting experts. The good mother is expected to pour in time, emotion and money, constantly planning, monitoring and improving herself. Any moment of tiredness or impatience can be read as proof that she is not trying hard enough.(过去几十年间，“密集母职”理念通过书籍、社交媒体和育儿专家之口广泛传播。理想的母亲被期待投入大量时间、情感与金钱，持续规划、监督并自我提升。任何一丝疲惫或不耐烦都可能被视为不够努力的证明)”可知，“密集母职”观念的主要影响是让母亲们始终被一个严苛的标准所衡量，任何疲惫或不耐烦都被视为失败。故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章开篇以电视剧情节引出母亲面临指责的社会现象；第三段“many eyes instinctively turn to the mother”指出社会目光本能地转向母亲而父亲隐入背景；第四段阐释母亲作为“默认家长”被问责；第五段说明“密集母职”理想对母亲的苛刻要求；第六段对比父亲被塑造成“额外帮手”的形象；第七段论述职场和媒体如何加深这一双重标准；结尾呼吁“rewrite this story and share care and blame more fairly(改写这个故事，更公平地分担关爱与指责)”。全文核心论点是：来自家庭、职场和媒体的社会期待，使母亲承受比父亲更重的指责。A项“It explains how expectations from home, work and media place heavier blame on moms than on dads.(文章解释了为什么家庭、工作和媒体对母亲的指责比对父亲的期望更重)”准确概括了这一主旨。故选A项。 16．推理判断题。根据文章结构，第一段以电视剧情节引入“母亲被指责”的现象；第二至第七段分别从家庭角色分工(default parent和extra helper)、社会观念(intensive mothering)、职场偏见和媒体呈现等多个维度，对比母亲和父亲在育儿中的不同处境与评价；末段总结这一对比，并呼吁改变。由此可见，文章通过开篇引入戏剧场景，然后系统对比家庭、职场和媒体对待父母双方的方式，最后发出呼吁。选项D“contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story(对比家庭、职场和媒体如何对待作为照顾者的母亲和父亲，并呼吁重新书写故事)”准确概括了这一组织方式。故选D项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市浦东新区上海海事大学附属中学2025-2026学年上学期期中考试 Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet... We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically. Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale (秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients (营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. 29．From Paragraph 1, we learn that ______. A．diet products fail to bring out people’s potential B．people have difficulty in choosing diet products C．diet products are misleading people D．people are fed up with diet products 30．One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to ______. A．try out a variety of diet foods B．hesitate before they enjoy diet foods C．pay attention to their own eating habits D．watch their weight rather than their diet 31．In Paragraph 3, “gain comes without pain” probably means ______. A．losing weight is effortless B．it costs a lot to lose weight C．diet products bring no pain D．diet products are free from calories 32．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? C: central point    P: point    Sp: sub-point (次要点)    C: conclusion A． B． C． D． 【答案】29．C 30．D 31．A 32．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了节食产品对人们心理和生理的负面影响，呼吁人们抵制节食产品。 【详解】29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.(我们如此轻易地被减肥产品的承诺和潜在效果吸引，以至于不再思考这些产品对我们的影响。我们正在为那些在心理和生理上伤害我们的产品买单。)”可知，节食产品误导了人们。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段中“On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale (秤) instead.(在某种程度上，我们不允许我们的大脑承认我们的体重问题不在于实际减肥，而在于控制高脂肪、高热量、不健康食物的摄入。节食产品让我们跳过思考阶段，直接去看秤。)”可知，节食产品的一个心理效应是人们倾向于关注自己的体重而不是饮食。故选D。 31．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.(每次我们喝零卡路里饮料时，都在无意识地告诉自己，不必付出努力就能得到想要的结果。减肥产品让人们相信“gain comes without pain”，认为生活可以没有阻力、没有奋斗。)”可知，节食产品让人们相信减肥是毫不费力的，所以gain comes without pain意思是“减肥是毫不费力的”。故选A。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.(我们周围到处都是“节食”这个词。我们很容易被节食产品的承诺和潜力所吸引，以至于我们不再去思考节食产品对我们做了什么。我们正在为那些在心理和生理上伤害我们的产品买单。)”、第二段中“Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically.(节食产品在心理上显著削弱了我们。)”、第三段中“On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects.(在另一个层面上，节食产品有更大的心理影响。)”、第四段中“The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause.(节食产品的危险不仅在于它们对我们的心理影响，还在于它们造成的身体伤害。)”、最后一段“Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.(既然我们已经意识到节食产品对我们的影响，是时候认真考虑购买它们了。减肥在于心灵的力量，而不是化学物质的力量。一旦我们意识到这一点，我们就能更好地抵制节食产品，从而防止使用它们带来的心理伤害。)”可知、文章第一段提出核心观点（CP）—— 减肥产品在心理和生理上伤害人们；第二段和第三段阐述减肥产品的心理危害（P1），其中第二段为一个次要点（Sp1），第三段为另一个次要点（Sp2）；第四段阐述减肥产品的生理危害（P2）；最后一段得出结论（C）——应抵制减肥产品以避免心理伤害）。故选B。 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第11讲 阅读理解新考向之篇章结构题 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：篇章结构题属于阅读理解逻辑高阶题型，不考查词句细节，侧重拆解文本行文逻辑、段落分工、写作手法与整体框架，解题核心是抓逻辑词、划分段落层级、区分段落功能 命题考向 核心解题动作 整体宏观结构 给每段贴功能标签→串联成流程链→与选项比对 段落功能作用 看段首衔接词→判断承接 / 转折 / 递进 / 总结→匹配功能 写作手法 / 论证方式 关注立场词与论证手段（对比 / 举例 / 数据 / 因果）→判断全文论证逻辑 图文结构图匹配 标注段落功能→判断并列 / 从属 / 递进→匹配树状 / 层级图 段落内部层次顺序 抓每段首句衔接词→判断逻辑先后→背景→评价→反驳 开篇引入方式 识别首段类型（场景 / 数据 / 反问 / 定义 / 对比）→判断引出话题还是亮明论点 考向1 考查篇章整体宏观结构题 For the first time, scientists have observed the brain throughout the pregnancy (怀孕) timeline. Sex hormones, like estrogen and testosterone, are powerful players in the brain, affecting mood, memory, and more. Some of the most dramatic hormonal changes that humans experience happen during pregnancy, and yet those nine months have been a black box for human neuroscience until now. A new study published this week in Nature Neuroscience provides the most extensive look inside that black box yet. Researchers scanned the brain of one woman 26 times over the entire course of her pregnancy — before, during and after. Brain scans show that tracks of white matter get stronger during pregnancy. Previous brain imaging studies from before and after pregnancy have shown that pregnancy shrinks (缩小) parts of the brain, specifically its gray matter. These outer layers of the brain are responsible for most of sensation, learning and other great things the brain does. Shrinking gray matter may sound scary, but it happens to all of us throughout development to fine-tune our neural processing and make our brains more efficient. Though the term “mommy brain” is often used to refer to the brain fog and forgetfulness some people feel during pregnancy, the brain changes are likely adaptive. For example, you may be forgetting where your keys are, but you are way more focused on what is happening to your baby. Researchers are particularly interested in changes within brain regions that help with social cognition by allowing us to take on others’ perspectives. The scale and pattern of brain changes during pregnancy are similar to what other researchers have seen in adolescent brains during puberty (青春期), also driven by hormones. Other researchers have been able to detect whether someone had been pregnant based only on neuro imaging data from decades later. So despite the common saying that our brains stop developing in our mid-20s, hormones seem to drive big, long-lasting changes throughout adulthood. From studying the woman’s brain, researchers confirmed gray matter decreased by four percent over the course of pregnancy and that decrease persisted throughout the end of the study two years after giving birth. And it wasn't just one area or network — 80% of brain regions shrunk. While certain areas and networks changed faster than others, the team doesn’t yet know what the implications are. 43．What is the structure of this passage? A．Presenting a finding → Explaining → Relating with other findings B．Introducing a topic → Providing examples → Summarizing the main points C．Stating a problem → Proposing solutions → Evaluating the solutions D．Describing a phenomenon → Analyzing the causes → Predicting the future trends 考向2 考查段落功能作用题 ......... Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play? While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling. 55．What is the author's purpose of writing Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6? A．To raise open questions that all linguists have. B．To present two different viewpoints on language learning. C．To stress the importance of experience in language learning D．To introduce adult language acquisition and show why it's unpopular. 考向3 考查写作手法 / 论证方式题 Caesar was right: thin people need watching. I’ve been watching them for most of my adult life, and I don’t like what I see. Whatever their personalities, thin people share one trait: they are very serious about everything. They live as if life were a project that must always be improved. In the first place, they aren’t much fun. Give them a coffee break and they jog around the block. Offer them a quiet evening and they fix the screen door. They say things like ‌“there aren’t enough hours in the day.” Fat people often feel the day is already long enough. Thin people make me tired. Their fast metabolisms keep them moving all the time, rubbing their bony hands together and looking for new problems to ‌“tackle”. I prefer slow, relaxed, easygoing fat people who know that if you clean something today, it will just get dirty again tomorrow. Some people say the idea of the ‌“jolly fat person” is only a myth, and that fat people are secretly unhappy. I disagree. They may not laugh all day, but they are usually kinder than the thin and nervous. Thin people don’t understand the power of a hot-fudge sundae for reducing stress. They don’t like soft, sweet things because they themselves are not soft or gentle. They are like carrots: hard, straight, and a little boring. They like to go straight to ‌“the heart of the matter,” while fat people are willing to leave things a bit unclear and vague, which is closer to how life really is. Thin people are always trying to ‌“face the truth”; fat people know there is no simple truth and no single ‌“key point” about anything. Thin people believe strongly in logic and neat plans. Fat people see many sides of a problem and know that life is often unfair and cannot be fully controlled. That is why thin people are often serious and tense. They talk about plans, rules, and self-control. Fat people, however, are convivial. They will forgive you, comfort you, and make you laugh. When you feel sad, you don’t want someone hard and strict. You want someone soft who will listen, relax with you, and make room for you — and fat people will always take you in. 12．How does the writer organize the passage? A．By first listing medical facts about thinness and fatness and then drawing a scientific conclusion. B．By starting with complaints about thin people and then employing contrasts to show a preference for fat people. C．By telling a sad personal story about weight problems and then suggesting several ways to lose weight. D．By describing both the thin and the fat differently and then ending with a balanced, neutral summary of both. 考向4 考查图文结构图匹配题 You can love them or hate them, but no matter which tourist destination you visit, chances are you’ll see someone with their head buried in a Lonely Planet guidebook. Lonely Planet is one of the world’s largest travel guide brands, publishing more than 500 different guides in eight languages. The popular brand also produces television shows, websites and podcasts all devoted to travel. Some people praise Lonely Planet books because they make traveling easy and affordable. They also save time and make sure you don’t miss the best things. They also provide the reviews of hostels, hotels, restaurants and ticket information about your destination. This can be great if you’re a nervous traveler, or if you haven’t traveled by yourself before. If you’re in a country where you don’t speak the language, sometimes there’s nothing better than getting into a taxi and opening up a guidebook. You simply point to a map that directs the taxi driver to a hostel that’s cheap and clean, with friendly staff and cold beer. But others criticize Lonely Planet and other travel guide publishers like them. They say guidebooks take the fun and spontaneity (自发性) out of traveling, and that part of the enjoyment of travel comes from the fact that anything can happen. They also regret that if you follow a guidebook, you’ll end up doing the same thing and having the same experience as everyone else. You might end up seeing the same group of people over and over, because everyone is reading the same book and following the same route. Another criticism of travel guides is that they have a large impact on local communities. For example, some locals devote their lives to behaving in ways that attract tourists. They pretend to live a traditional lifestyle, wear traditional clothes and live in traditional houses in order to attract the tourist dollar. 28．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text? (①～⑦ stand for Paragraph 1～Paragraph 7) A． B． C． D． 考向5 考查段落内部层次顺序题 Language Acquisition(习得) Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. How do young children understand and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings? Do adults learn language differently from children? Most linguistic(语言学的) researchers agree that both nature and nurture(后天) are involved in language acquisition. They disagree， however， about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth-and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition. For many linguists， biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that some linguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly experience every feature of their language before the age of five. These linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five， even without having heard them before. Many researchers have theorized what this innate(先天的) linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular theory(理论) is universal grammar. This theory believes that all languages have the same basic structural foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically tending to speak a particular language， a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a starting point， which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are exposed to. Not all linguists， however， believe that an inborn ability for language is the most important factor in language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They argue that children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. They gather data and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed. Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language. Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play? While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling. Explaining the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions, but also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain. 53．What’s the right order of the passage's summary? a. Studying language acquisition will help understand language and the brain better. b. Some experts focus on the role of environmental factors in language acquisition. c. Some experts believe innate factors explain children's language development. d. Acquiring a language is complicated， and it involves both nature and nurture. A．abcd B．dcba C．dbca D．adcb 考向6 考查开篇引入方式题 Take a good look at the American burying beetle(甲虫)Once found in 35 states, the insect is assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as critically endangered. Like the tiger, the American burying beetle has orange and black stripes(条纹); like the tiger, the beetle is declining in number. The tiger is an instantly recognizable symbol of species preservation, but most people aren’t familiar with the beetle. This difference is an example of the domination of the so-called celebrity species—the fascinating creatures that nonprofits and government agencies use to raise public interest in conservation. Most nonprofit funds for animal protection go to species such as apes, elephants, big cats, rhinoceroses, and giant pandas. Tigers are often rated the most popular animal—and India, home to the majority of these big cats, spent more than 49 million on tiger conservation alone in 2019. Meanwhile, many lesser known species of fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds weaken in namelessness. Worldwide, more than 35, 500 plant and animal species are on the edge of disappearing forever. This leaves us with a tough situation. Conservation is underfunded, so how do we decide which species to save? One potential solution, the debatable idea of conservation triage(检伤分类), holds that experts need to quickly decide which species can be saved while realizing that others can’t be saved. Conservationists have developed analytical tools to approach the question in a less emotional, more practical way. Fish and Wildlife Service now uses this knapsack (背包)method—inspired by a hiker’s need to fit the most valuable items into a small space—to get the “most bang for their buck” in saving species. The method calculates the most efficient conservation strategies using factors such as costs to recover a species and its likelihood of going extinct. 13．What does the first paragraph serve to the whole passage? A．To propose a definition B．To introduce the topic C．To reach a conclusion D．To present an argument 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 Soil salinization (土壤盐渍化) has long blocked agricultural production across coastal regions. To explore an eco-friendly recovery method, a research group conducted a controlled laboratory experiment to test whether biochar (生物炭) could decrease salt accumulation in salty soil. The researchers strictly followed experimental procedures. They collected identical coastal salty soil samples and divided them into four groups. Group A was the blank control without any treatment. Group B was mixed with 2% biochar by weight. Group C with 4% biochar, while Group D with 6%. All samples were placed in constant-temperature containers with fixed humidity for a 120-day observation cycle. Throughout the experiment, water supply, light duration and surrounding temperature stayed unchanged to eliminate external disturbances. At fixed intervals, workers measured dissolvable (可溶的) salt content and soil water passage ability. The recorded data showed apparent differences. After 120 days, Group A kept 87.2% of the original salt. By contrast, Group B fell to 61.5%, Group C to 43.8%, while Group D saw a small increase to 49.1%. Further tests showed too much biochar would block tiny soil holes, slow water flow, and thus stop salt from being washed away. Apart from data records, structural changes were also documented under a microscope. Proper amount of biochar loosened soil and formed hole-rich structures. However, too much use led to particle gathering, canceling its improving effects. The trial explicitly demonstrates a close link between biochar amount and its effect. Within a reasonable range, biochar works well to improve salty farmland. Scientists point out that blind overuse should be avoided in farmland improvement. They suggest local field tests prior to large-scale promotion to fit different soil conditions. 1．Which group achieved the lowest salt content after the experiment? A．Group A． B．Group B． C．Group C． D．Group D． 2．Why does the author present the salt content data of Group D? A．To emphasize the efficiency of overused biochar. B．To show environmental factors affect soil salt flowing. C．To prove salt loss is closely related to soil temperature. D．To illustrate a turning point in the material’s functional effect. 3．What is the writing structure of the passage? A．Opinion→ Evidence→ Conclusion B．Problem→ Experiment→ Result→ Suggestion C．Method→ Comparison→ Disagreement→ Solution D．Phenomenon→ Explanation→ Definition→ Summary 4．Which of the following agrees with the experiment’s rule? A．Proper biochar cuts soil holes to take away salt. B．Less salt depends on tightly packed soil particles. C．Poor water passage causes more salt in Group D．D．A longer test period speeds up salt removal by water. Passage 2 In X-Men, Warren Worthington III sprouts huge white wings from his back and shoots into the sky. Scientists have yet to fully turn the comic book gift from fiction into fact, but virtual reality is offering hints of what it’s like to learn to fly. Researchers officially reported on May 7, 2026 in Cell Reports that after systematic training with virtual wings, people’s brains react to the virtual wings just as they do to real arms and legs, gradually making these unreal wings feel like a natural part of their own bodies. This groundbreaking study, led by a team of cognitive neuroscientists from Peking University and Beijing Normal University, was actually inspired by one researcher’s long-held childhood dream of flying freely in the sky. In the carefully designed experiment, 25 subjects took a week-long structured VR flight training. Wearing professional VR headsets and motion-tracking devices, they controlled giant virtual rust-colored wings by swinging their arms and rotating their wrists, completing a series of challenging tasks such as chasing floating airballs, flying steadily over steep cliffs and accurately passing through hanging air rings. After the whole training, professional brain tests showed that their brains’ visual cortex (皮层), the key region that processes body part images, became much more active when seeing various wings, and its response pattern was highly similar to that of real human limbs (肢体). Cognitive neuroscientist Jane Aspell of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England stated that this is an intriguing study that nicely demonstrates the plasticity of the human brain. “If the brain can incorporate (把……并入) something as unhuman as a wing, it may also be able to incorporate many other kinds of limb enhancements.” Beyond reshaping brain activity, this immersive VR flight experience also deepens people’s intuitive understanding of flying in a way that boring theoretical knowledge never can. As VR technology gradually becomes a part of daily life, researchers will keep exploring its long-term influence on the human brain, bringing more innovative technological possibilities to future medical treatment and daily life. 5．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．The scene in X-Men has turned into a reality. B．Brains perceive virtual wings as real after training. C．Virtual reality is teaching us how to fly. D．Research is rooted in childhood’s dream. 6．What did subjects do during the experiment? A．They controlled the wings using both hands and feet. B．They completed different tasks in a virtual environment. C．They compared their own limbs with the virtual wings. D．They designed the tasks under the researchers’ guidance. 7．What does the underlined word “plasticity” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．The brain’s ability to change and adapt. B．The speed of brain’s response to signals. C．The size of the brain’s visual cortex. D．The way the brain controls body movements. 8．How is the text organized? A．Background → Reasons → Procedure → Predictions → Solution. B．Introduction → Procedure → Findings → Doubts → Conclusion. C．Background → Findings → Examples → Arguments → Result. D．Introduction → Findings → Procedure → Comments → Conclusion. Passage 3 According to the American Tinnitus Association, more than 25 million adults in the United States have tinnitus, a condition that includes strange sounds like ringing and buzzing in the ears, and may even lead to hearing loss. So far, there has been no known cure. However, with the help of tools like hearing aids or mindfulness cures, many are able to reduce their symptoms (症状). Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new device called Lenire, which uses a unique method — electrical stimulation of the tongue — to help treat tinnitus. The device includes a plastic mouthpiece equipped with small metal pieces that deliver gentle electrical pulses (脉冲) to the tongue during one-hour treatment sessions. Meanwhile, users wear a set of headphones that play specific sounds, such as tones and ocean waves. The goal is to guide the brain to pay less attention to the strange sounds and recognize that these sounds are not important. Over time, the brain learns to ignore them. Singer-songwriter Victoria Banks shared her experience with Lenire. “It’s kind of like if I lived near a waterfall and the waterfall was constantly going. After using Lenire, I began to feel better. My brain is now focusing on other things, like listening to, writing, and performing music,” she said. Although the device is not a complete solution for everyone, a recent study provides encouraging results. Thousands of U.S. tinnitus patients have been successfully treated with Lenire. After six weeks of treatment, 72.6% of patients with bothersome tinnitus experienced a meaningful reduction in their symptoms. After 12 weeks, that number increased to 81.8%. Richard Bistrong, a patient treated at New York Hearing Doctors, described how Lenire changed his life. “Lenire was nothing less than a game-changer in my life. I went from severe, almost unbearable tinnitus that required medication to treat depression and anxiety, to being able to enjoy life again after four months of using Lenire. Three years later, I can enjoy my life and not worry about my tinnitus anymore,” he said. 9．How does Lenire help treat tinnitus? A．It functions like hearing aids. B．It uses some mindfulness therapies. C．It sends gentle electrical pulses to the ear. D．It trains the brain to ignore the sounds. 10．Why did Victoria Banks mention waterfall in her words? A．To show her hobby of natural sounds. B．To explain the constant nature of tinnitus. C．To make her words more meaningful. D．To describe the effect of sounds on writing. 11．How is the fourth paragraph mainly developed? A．By making a comparison. B．By listing some examples. C．By providing figures. D．By showing a timeline. 12．What can we infer about Richard Bistrong from the last paragraph? A．His condition has greatly improved with the device. B．He no longer requires any form of medical care. C．He still suffered from depression after treatment. D．The treatment had limited effect on his condition. 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 In April 2026, Sony AI announced a major new scientific breakthrough from its flagship research initiative, Project Ace. This news made headlines all over the world. Research on the advanced autonomous table tennis robot Ace had its complete findings officially published in Nature, a top journal, attracting very wide attention from global technology experts and AI researchers. Everyone in the field was excited about it. For many years in the past, traditional table tennis robots had quite clear technical limitations. They could only operate under simplified conditions, such as lower ball speed and reduced spin, which were not challenging enough for real games. Most early robots simply relied on fixed ball paths from serving machines and failed to deal with flexible, changeable strategies from real human players who could change their plans anytime. As a result, unfortunately, no previous robot could ever compete fairly with well-trained athletes under official competition rules. That is why they never won official matches. In contrast, however, the Ace robot is equipped with very professional hardware and a high-precision perception system which works like human eyes. A flexible high-speed robotic arm enables it to adjust hitting angles and strength instantly with great accuracy, just like a real player or even better. Meanwhile, multiple synchronous high-speed cameras act as very sensitive visual sensors, very accurately capturing the ball’s real-time speed, flight path and complex spin with extremely low delay in no time. This advanced hardware allows the robot to observe the court and respond far faster than human beings, and never tires. Ace also adopts a core physical AI technology called model-free reinforcement learning. This is a new way of training robots. Instead of following preset movements, the robot continuously collects match data in real time, analyzes opponents’ playing styles, and adjusts its own strategies independently during real-time games. It can flexibly deal with very fast attacks and tricky spins in dynamic matches. This makes it a true competitor. In formal tests, which were very strict, all games exactly followed full International Table Tennis Federation rules and were supervised by professional referees. Ace defeated three out of five strong elite (精英) players in standard matches. Nevertheless, it still suffered defeats against professional players, reflecting the big gap that still exists between the robot and top human athletes. It is truly still recognized as the first physical robot in history to reach real human expert-level performance in standard competitive sports. This is a huge step for robot sports. This success highlights the truly great potential of physical AI in handling real-world dynamic tasks like sports. Its core technologies can be applied to smart factories, household service robots and high-precision medical equipment, driving the rapid development of future intelligent technology. These uses will improve our lives a lot. 1．How are the paragraphs from two to six organized? A．Problem description→data analysis→expert opinions→summary B．Past failures→present solution→test results→future uses C．Historical overview→technical details→player interviews→limitations D．Cause and effect→comparison→personal view→prediction 2．The underlined word “synchronous” in paragraph 3 most probably means ________. A．operating with a fixed time delay B．working at different speeds separately C．happening or moving at the same time D．recording images from multiple angles 3．What can be inferred from the passage about the elite players who competed against Ace? A．They were all professional players with international titles. B．They had never played against any table tennis robot before. C．All the professional players can not perform better than Ace. D．They were easily defeated by Ace in every single match. 4．What is the best title for this passage? A．Sony AI’s New Robot: A Future Threat to Human Athletes B．How Table Tennis Robots Have Evolved over the Past Decade C．A Major Breakthrough of Physical AI in Competitive Sports D．Nature Journal’s Latest Issue on AI Technology and Robotics Passage 2 【来源】上海市七宝中学2025-2026学年上学期12月月考英语试题 In All Her Fault, the latest TV drama released this month, Marrisa Irvine rushes to pick up her child from a playdate , but there is a problem as soon as she gets there: the person who answers the door has no idea who her child is — or who she is. ‌“I think you’ve got the wrong house,” they say. Her child has disappeared. The questions come fast and furious: Who made the playdate? Who checked out the nanny? Did mom really need to be at work? Like the title suggests, All Her Fault explores how women get stretched trying to strike a balance between a career and children — and get blamed if anything goes wrong. People often say that mothers are ‌“born caregivers”, yet in real life this praise soon turns into blame. When a child struggles at school or misbehaves in public, many eyes instinctively turn to the mother, while the father quietly fades into the background. In many families, the mother is treated as the ‌“default parent”. She is the one schools call first, the one who remembers every deadline and appointment. Because she is seen as the person most ‌“in charge”, people also feel free to hold her most accountable. Success is described as ‌“a devoted mother’s effort”, but failure is judged as ‌“a mother’s mistake”. In the past few decades, an ideal of ‌“intensive mothering” has spread through books, social media and parenting experts. The good mother is expected to pour in time, emotion and money, constantly planning, monitoring and improving herself. Any moment of tiredness or impatience can be read as proof that she is not trying hard enough. Fathers, however, are often placed in a different story line. In this script, a father is an extra helper rather than a full partner, and his main duty is assumed to be ‌“making a living”. When he occasionally cooks dinner or takes the child to the park, he is praised as a model dad going ‌“above and beyond”. The workplace and the media deepen this double standard. Mothers are seen as less hardworking employees once they have children, while fathers are seen as more reliable and mature. On screen and online, mothers who lose their temper are labelled as ‌“crazy” or ‌“toxic”, while fathers doing even the least are celebrated as heroes. So it is not that fathers are naturally more responsible or less at fault. Rather, society has written motherhood as a full-time responsibility that must be perfect, and fatherhood as optional extra credit. Until we rewrite this story and share care and blame more fairly, mothers will continue to stand in the harsh light of criticism while many fathers remain in the shadows. 13．In paragraph 4, the ‌“default parent” is the parent who ________. A．is mainly praised when the child succeeds, even if others also helped B．is blamed in public when something goes wrong but rarely given credit when things go well C．steps in as an extra helper only when the other caregiver is too busy making a living for the family D．is automatically contacted and relied on whenever something needs to be done for the child 14．According to paragraph 5, what is one major effect of the ideal of ‌“intensive mothering” on mothers? A．It leads moms to trust books, social media and parenting experts, so they feel surer about every decision. B．It makes moms feel they must pour in time and emotion only when their children are struggling or misbehaving. C．It keeps moms measured against a demanding standard where any tiredness or impatience is seen as failure. D．It encourages moms and dads to take turns planning, monitoring and improving themselves as equal caregivers. 15．Which of the following best sums up the main idea of the passage? A．It explains how expectations from home, work and media place heavier blame on moms than on dads. B．It advises working mothers to be extra careful when choosing playdates and nannies. C．It suggests if dads stopped working and stayed at home, double standards against mothers would disappear. D．It argues media images of crazy moms and heroic dads are a bigger problem than families or workplaces. 16．The passage mainly organized by opening with a TV drama scene and then ________. A．listing several real examples of moms being blamed, and finally accepting this as simply part of being a parent B．explaining why moms are born caregivers and implying that intensive mothering is a natural and desirable ideal C．focusing on dads going above and beyond, using them to argue that men face more unfair judgment than women D．contrasting how family, work and media treat moms and dads as caregivers, and calling for rewriting the story Passage 3 【来源】上海市浦东新区上海海事大学附属中学2025-2026学年上学期期中考试 Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet... We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically. Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale (秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients (营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them. 29．From Paragraph 1, we learn that ______. A．diet products fail to bring out people’s potential B．people have difficulty in choosing diet products C．diet products are misleading people D．people are fed up with diet products 30．One psychological effect of diet products is that people tend to ______. A．try out a variety of diet foods B．hesitate before they enjoy diet foods C．pay attention to their own eating habits D．watch their weight rather than their diet 31．In Paragraph 3, “gain comes without pain” probably means ______. A．losing weight is effortless B．it costs a lot to lose weight C．diet products bring no pain D．diet products are free from calories 32．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? C: central point    P: point    Sp: sub-point (次要点)    C: conclusion A． B． C． D． 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $