专题16 阅读理解说明文类（专项训练）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文阅读核心能力，通过基础-重难-真题三级训练体系，覆盖细节理解、推理判断等四大题型，融合新情境与高考真题，系统提升语言理解与逻辑思维能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |模拟·基础演练|4题型（含2026年闵行等区模考题）|传统四大题型，聚焦科普、社会现象等主题|从细节识别到主旨归纳，构建“信息定位-逻辑分析-综合概括”递进链条| |重难·创新演练|3篇新情境（AI保密通信、刑事司法证据审查、植物火灾适应）|跨学科话题，设题强调推理与批判性思维|以新情境为载体，深化复杂信息解码与论证逻辑分析能力| |真题·实战演练|5篇（名校+2023高考真题）|高考高频考点，涵盖生物、社会心理等主题|从模拟到真题，实现“方法应用-考点迁移-应试实战”闭环训练|

第16讲 阅读理解说明文类 参考答案 模拟·基础演练 题型01 细节理解题 C 题型02 推理判断题 A 题型03 词义推断题 A 题型04 主旨大意题 C 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A Passage 2 5．B 6．B 7．C 8．A Passage 3 9．A 10．B 11．D 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D Passage 2 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．C Passage 3 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．A Passage 4 13．B 14．C 15．A 16．C Passage 5 63-66CABD 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第16讲 阅读理解说明文类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：聚焦科普知识、社会现象、文化考古、科技发展，逻辑严谨，常穿插数据、举例、对比等说明方法。…… 题型01 细节理解题 （2026年闵行区一模） “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 题型02 推理判断题 （2026年奉贤区一模） For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes 题型03 词义推断题 （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 题型04 主旨大意题 （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. ......... Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. 重难·创新演练 设题创新:介绍谷歌大脑团队测试神经网络能否保密通信;刑事司法中科学证据审查的不足及原因，并呼吁建立相关框架保障证据有效性。 Passage 1 【新情境·人工智能发展的警示】 【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题 No matter how much better than us computers are in fields such as calculating and analyzing, we humans still have a few skills that are exclusive to us — keeping secrets, for example. But don’t feel too relieved just yet, because computers may be catching up faster than we thought. The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called “neural networks” — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve. Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to “eavesdrop” (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve. All the help that Alice and Bob got from the researchers before the mission began was made up of a set of numbers called a key, which Eve didn’t have access to. At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. This test is considered a big step in the development of computers’ learning skills. “Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible,” Joe Sturonas of US encryption company PKWARE told New Scientist magazine. Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said. But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity. 1．The Google Brain team did the test to find out ________. A．how “neural networks” encrypt and decrypt B．how “neural networks” communicate with each other C．if “neural networks” could develop a will of their own D．if “neural networks” could keep their communication private 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 3．What can we conclude from the article? A．Artificial intelligence is not great at blind decryption, at least for now. B．Artificial intelligence is now able to decode encrypted text without any guidance. C．The more advanced artificial intelligence is, the more we can benefit from it. D．Stephen Hawking is strongly against the development of artificial intelligence. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards artificial intelligence? A．neutral B．positive C．negative D．indifferent Passage 2 【新情境·刑事司法中科学证据审查】 【来源】上海市2025-2026学年高三上学期12月春考适应性调研卷英语试题 Courts in the United States now rely heavily on scientific evidence and expert testimony (证词) to decide questions of fact. On 1 December 2023, revised draft to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 took effect, further clarifying the court’s duty as a gatekeeper of expert evidence. This change comes soon after the 30-year anniversary of the Daubert case, the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling on how federal judges should evaluate scientific evidence. Daubert was praised as a victory for science in the legal system, but its flexible standard has produced serious inconsistencies. Most notably, it has had a much stronger influence in civil cases than in criminal ones. Daubert’s basic message — that scientific evidence must be valid and reliable — should apply just as strictly in criminal justice and forensic science (法医学) . Before Daubert, judges mainly asked whether a method was “generally accepted” in a field, and often treated an expert’s own claim as enough. Daubert shifted the burden to judges, who must now seriously examine validity. The Court listed possible factors — testing, error rates, peer review, and general acceptance — but offered limited concrete guidance and left judges open questions. In civil cases, Daubert has clearly increased review of experts such as epidemiologists, economists, and physicians. Parties now challenge expert evidence more often, and more testimony is excluded under this gatekeeping role. Whether courts are always correct about validity is less clear, but the standard has generally raised the bar in civil actions. In criminal cases, however, change has been weak. Forensic evidence like fingerprints, bloodstain pattern analysis, and firearms identification often enters court with little scientific testing or proof of accuracy. Reports by the National Academy of Sciences and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology warned that many forensic pattern techniques have poor scientific foundations, unclear error rates, and limited statistical support. Moreover, crime labs are often tied to law enforcement, reducing independence. The reason for such situation is that public defenders lack resources, and judges frequently rely on “general acceptance” or old precedents (先例) instead of demanding strong scientific proof. The moment is right for a national committee of judges, scientists, legal scholars, and forensic professionals to design a framework that ensures forensic methods in court are truly valid and reliable. Only then can Daubert’s gatekeeping promise genuinely improve justice. 5．Which of the following statements about impacts of Daubert case is TRUE? A．The essence of scientific evidence is much emphasized. B．The court is responsible for evaluating expert evidence. C．Expert testimony is particularly unreliable in civil cases. D．The effectiveness of scientific evidence is broadly doubted. 6．According to the passage, which evidence may undergo the strictest review in court? A．A DNA comparison test conducted by forensic scientists in a murder case. B．Evaluation of a financial analyst about share prices in economic disputes. C．Identification of purchased animal species by zoologists in criminal cases. D．Handwriting comparisons by forensic experts when validating a contract. 7．Why are reforms in criminal justice weaker? (1) Forensic labs have connections with law enforcement. (2) Suspects have little ability to question the evidence. (3) Courts tend to follow rather than make decisions. A．(1) and (2). B．(1) and (3). C．(2) and (3). D．(1) , (2) and (3). 8．Below are statements from four professionals. Which professional may be inferred to have the most similar perspective to the author? We judges are not experts in the field of science, so our decision on whether or not accepting forensic testimony about questions of fact is not that reliable. Dr. William, Judge Forensic institutions share the same purpose with police officers, that is, to look for, or find, evidence and to use them to eventually prove suspects guilty. Mr. Jeffrey, Police Current situation of scientific evidence is far from satisfactory. That’s all because both parties tend to test and present evidence that are beneficial to themselves. Prof. Jacqueline, Scholar Different experts have their own view of scientific evidence. But from a practical perspective, it’s hard to prove anything without the presence of such evidence. Ms. Sherley, Lawyer A．Dr. William. B．Mr. Jeffrey. C．Prof. Jacqueline. D．Ms. Sherley. Passage 3 【新情境·四种加州植物对火灾的适应性特征】 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 Living with Fire: Surviving the Forest Wildfires of California California wildfires can cause devastating damage to property and human lives. But for plant species that have lived for thousands of years in the fire-prone Sierra Nevada, forest fires are an expected part of the natural environment. This infographic introduces four different California plant species, all with different adaptations to fire. Giant Sequoia·Sequoiadendron giganteum The giant sequoia is the typical example of a fire-adapted plant species. One of the largest trees in the world, giant sequoias grow particularly well in the mineral soil exposed by wildfire. Giant sequoias also have thick bark that protects them from low-severity fires. Because younger trees may catch fire easily, giant sequoia trees grow quickly as another adaptation to fire-prone environments. Fire-Resistant Bark Mature trees can have bark up to 2 feet thick, although 6-8inches is more common. This species grows to a height of 250feet-about the wing span of a Boeing 747. Seed Germination (发芽) Giant sequoia seeds germinate particularly well in mineral soil — the soil layer below the needles and decomposed material on forest floor that is exposed after fires burn. Fireweed·Chamerion angustifolium After a wildfire, fireweed is one of the first plants to re-grow in burned areas. Like many other plants that grow in openings created by fire, fireweed seeds are spread by wind. This allows the plant to reach newly burned areas, even if the parent plant is far away. Fireweed is an important post-disturbance species because it can recycle nutrients from burned soil. In fact, it was one of the most abundant species to recolonize Mount St. Helens after the 1980 volcanic eruption. Wind-spread Seeds Each fireweed plant can produce 80,000 seeds per year. These small seeds are dispersed by wind, allowing fireweed to quickly establish colonies in newly disturbed areas. Ponderosa Pine·Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine has thick bark plates that protect the tree’s interior and help the tree survive most fires. Mature trees can withstand high-severity fires, and even young trees can survive low-intensity fires. These trees also drop their lower branches as they grow. With less fuel near the ground, there’s less chance that fire will spread from the ground up into the living canopy (树冠) tree, destroying the pine needles required for photosynthesis. Finally, ponderosa pine trees have deep roots that are less likely to be damaged by fire. Fire-Resistant Bark The bark of mature ponderosa pine trees is thick and plated. This fire-resistant bark covers a very moist core that also helps to get rid of heat from wildfires. California Lilac·Ceanothus cordulatus California Lilac seeds are covered by an extremely hard seed coat. Wildfires crack open this coating, which then allows water to reach the seed and begin the sprouting process. Seedlings seldom sprout if there is no fire to begin the process of germination. In fact, California lilac seeds can lie inactive for hundreds of years until the next wildfire, although the areas where California lilac grows naturally experience fire every one or two decades. Buried Seeds California Lilac seeds buried within the soil can withstand fires as hot as 220°F (105℃) Soil Seed Bank Because seeds require fire to germinate, dropped seeds accumulate in soil “seed banks” every year. In some forests, there are almost 2 million California lilac seeds per acre of soil. 9．Which of the following is a correct match for the plant and its features? A．Giant Sequoia: thick bark and quick growth. B．Fireweed: fast regrowth and wind-spread branches. C．Ponderosa Pine: strong lower branches and big canopy. D．California Lilac: hard seed coat and inactivity after fires. 10．A mountainous region has just experienced its first major wildfire in years. The fire burned extremely hot, leaving behind deep layers of ash and exposed soil. The area is expected to remain open, with strong seasonal winds blowing across it. Which plant would most likely to recolonise this environment? A．Giant Sequoia. B．Fireweed. C．Ponderosa Pine. D．California Lilac 11．Where would you most likely find the above piece of information? A．In a travel guide about California forests. B．In a gardening magazine focused on domestic plants. C．In a newspaper report on recent California wildfires. D．In a field guide about fire-adapted plants. 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海市2025-2026学年高三上学期12月春考适应性调研卷英语试题 Peverel Smith, a legendary artist, was seen walking on a Manhattan sidewalk wearing jeans, high-tops, a blazer, and a wool cap. She was there to meet me at a gallery owned by her friends. We entered the quiet space, where a large horse statue was the only thing visible through the glass. Smith, who will turn 79 in December, was preparing for a busy fall. She was releasing her memoir (回忆录) , Bread of Angels, and going on an international tour to celebrate her famous album Horses. Smith’s career spans over 60 years, including poetry, music, photography, and more. One of her famous lyrics from Horses says, “People say, “Beware,” but I don’t care.” She has always questioned authority, starting from her childhood. In her memoir, she recalls a question she asked during school about what will happen to art. Her father loved art. Smith was sent to orphanage (孤儿院) after her parents’ death but was disappointed when she learned there was no place for art. She then dedicated herself to art. Smith’s early life was difficult. She grew up in a poor family, moving often and being sick a lot. Despite this, she loved storytelling and reading. She dreamed of writing the longest book in the world. She also wanted to be a musician, even though she said she didn’t know how to play guitar properly. Her rebellious spirit made her stand out in the male-dominated music scene. She married Fredrick Smith in Detroit and had two children. After Fred’s death in 1994, she returned to New York with her kids and continued her creative work. Smith’s life shows her ability to reinvent herself. She believes that everyone should find a piece of themselves in her stories. Smith plans to focus more on writing and less on memoirs. When asked how she feels, she said she feels like she is “ten and 100.” 1．What can we learn about Horses? A．Smith will go on a celebration tour for Horses this December. B．Horses holds lots of precious memories of Smith in her youth. C．Horses represents Smith’s resistance nature as her early album. D．Lyrics of Horses reflected nature of Smith since her childhood. 2．What is the main purpose of the 3rd paragraph? A．To introduce the life story of Peverel Smith. B．To convey Smith’s resilience under hardship. C．To explain origins of Smith’s literature talent. D．To present sympathy on Smith’s experiences. 3．The underlined part “ten and 100” in the last paragraph means ________. A．Smith is excellent in health though advanced in years B．Smith is passionate but sometimes feels overwhelmed C．Smith is now well-travelled and ready to author more D．Smith is sensible about age when recalling her youth 4．What is the best title of this passage? A．Peverel Smith — My Ageless Friend B．Peverel Smith and Her Horses C．Poetic Singer — Peverel Smith D．Lifetime Reinvention of Peverel Smith Passage 2 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 5．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 6．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 7．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 8．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping Passage 3 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期初态考英语试卷 When Scientist Dr. Randal Voss does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders (蝾螈) called axolotls. Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and light pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely idiot-like. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature. Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water. Axolotls, however, never complete the transformation to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water. A signature feature of the axolotls’ forever-young look is their wrinkled external gills, which help them breathe in their watery home — the only spot they’re found in the wild: Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City. It’s a bit of a scientific mystery why axolotls don’t transform into adult, land-dwelling versions of themselves. One hypothesis, according to Dr. Luis Zambrano, a professor of zoology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, is that the environment in Lake Xochimilco had enough resources for the salamanders that “it was by far better for them not to expend energy transforming and stay in the lake.” In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile (幼年的) aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual transformation as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts. In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade. However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic abnormal phenomenon that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for the pet trade. What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic divide,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. The introduction of axolotls to Minecraft in 2021 neatly led to a slight increase in Google searches for the animals, and social media makes it easy for people to gain access to photos and videos of the salamanders. The axolotl pet trade probably doesn’t directly harm the wild populations since wild salamanders aren’t being poached or taken from Lake Xochimilco. However, axolotls’ popularity and pet stores might make people assume that because axolotls live in all the tanks around the world, they are not in danger. Getting people to recognize that their favorite, friendly faced salamander doesn’t just exist in the vacuum of the internet, but in the real world where it faces severe conservation challenges still has a long way to go. 9．What can we infer from the third paragraph? A．If resources were scarce, axolotls would likely transform. B．The mystery of axolotl’s evolution has been uncovered by Luis. C．Axolotls can thrive in Lake Xochimilco with limited resources. D．Axolotls don’t have enough energy and resources to transform. 10．The author will most probably agree that _________. A．the popularity of pet axolotls has also made their wild relatives popular in pet trade B．the inbreeding of pet axolotls could cause health issues not present in wild populations C．pet axolotls are more likely to adapt to environmental changes than their wild counterparts D．colorful wild salamanders are so popular that they are overfished to the point of extinction 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph? A．Social media could mislead the public into thinking that axolotls are not endangered. B．Social media has no significant effect on the perception of axolotls among pet owners. C．The popularity of axolotls in pop culture will directly enhance their survival in the wild. D．Increased online visibility of axolotls causes greater public support for conservation efforts. 12．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Axolotls: Cute Faces, Critical Futures B．Axolotls: Special Colors, Ultimate Pets C．Saving Axolotls: The Combined Efforts D．Studying Axolotls: From Land to Water Passage 4 【来源】上海市浦东新区建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中教学质量检测英语试卷 A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition. I worried that publishers had long been producing poor imitations of Amanda Foreman’s successful Georgiana, displaying what critic Janet Malcolm called the weaknesses of much biography — believing that as long as the facts are included, style and insight don’t matter. But it turns out that biography wasn’t in serious decline after all. Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography assessed its condition and made the cheering diagnosis that it is, in fact, in good health. What has happened, these expert practitioners explained, is that biography has changed its shape. This shift has emerged from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe.We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately (气宇轩昂的) march through the decades in which every loose end, mistake, or dull period is neatly hidden out of sight. Mostly our lives feel shapeless, coming into focus only when a particular occasion makes us feel, for a few minutes at least, fully ourselves. One new approach to biography employs the presenting of something small to tell a bigger story. Frances Wilson demonstrated how effective this can be in How to Survive the Titanic. She focuses on the moment when J Bruce Ismay, the ship’s owner, jumped into a lifeboat while other first-class men honored the custom that women and children should take the available spaces. Pressing hard on Ismay’s split-second decision to leap to safety,Wilson tells a story not just about one man’s lost honour, but about a layered drama of class, nationality and technological modernity. Other biographers have realized that their subject’s non-eventful schooling or the long holidays by the sea can be shortened into a few simple paragraphs so they can spend more time on the bits that matter. It would be unrealistic to claim that these new ways of telling lives are entirely driven by intellectual concerns. The pressures are commercial, too. People also have limited capacity for focus,which means that those massive biographies of 400 pages can start to seem like a horrible threat rather than a delicious promise. 13．What did the author originally believe about the state of biography? A．It had evolved into a new and exciting form. B．It was declining in quality and vitality. C．It was attracting more talented writers. D．It was becoming too focused on fiction. 14．According to the passage what did the University of East Anglia conference conclude about biography? A．It was being replaced by memoirs and fiction. B．It was losing relevance in the digital age. C．It was doing well, though in a different form. D．It needed stricter publishing standards. 15．What can be inferred about the older style of biography from the author’s description? A．It often idealized its subjects and ignored complexity. B．It prioritized vivid storytelling over factual accuracy. C．It used fragmented narratives to represent real life. D．It focused primarily on minor events in daily lives. 16．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Biography as an art form is outdated and fading from the public. B．Modern biographers have lost touch with their subjects’ realities. C．Biography is adapting to new forms that better capture human experience. D．Readers no longer value lengthy literary works due to their limited time. Passage 5 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第16讲 阅读理解说明文类 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：聚焦科普知识、社会现象、文化考古、科技发展，逻辑严谨，常穿插数据、举例、对比等说明方法。…… 题型01 细节理解题 （2026年闵行区一模） “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 【答案】43. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“阿尔法一代”(2010年后出生的一代)的命名背景、研究面临的挑战及相关争议等。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. (但社会科学家表示，现在就确定这个包含学步儿童在内的群体的独特特征还为时过早。伦敦大学国王学院教授Bobby Duffy表示，预测他们将如何成长“和猜测没什么区别”：现在做出的许多判断在未来将被证明是错误的。)”可知，社会科学家和Bobby Duffy都认为目前无法精准描述阿尔法一代的特征。故选C 项。 题型02 推理判断题 （2026年奉贤区一模） For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes 【答案】 44. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文纪念斯托克顿 - 达灵顿铁路线通车200周年，讲述其开创铁路客运的意义、社会文化影响，同时惋惜其发展中的失误与现状困境。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past, not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track.(但对于火车爱好者来说，这个周末的意义在于回顾过去，而非展望未来。编号为 1的列车开启了一段远不止从 A 地到 B 地的旅程。从埃·内斯比特对乡村童年的描述到惠特·奥登的诗歌，这次旅行在我们的文学作品中留下了深远的影响。在兰开夏郡的坎福德，人们仍然铭记着该车站在经典电影《短暂的邂逅》中所扮演的重要角色，在这部影片中，一段悲惨的爱情因一名警卫的哨声以及轮子开始在铁轨上转动时发出的有节奏的声音而告终)”可知，铁路不仅是交通方式，还深刻影响了文学和影视，由此可推断铁路具有超越运输功能的文化意义。故选A。 题型03 词义推断题 （2026年嘉定区一模） More troubling is the disrespectful attitude towards complex art that surfaces in Lewis’s writing. Her rude view on Joyce’s literature (“what-if novels, but harder to read”), her dislike for pioneering films, and her confession of finding the Beatles music “boring” imply that her problem with “genius” might partly be a personal hate for difficult art and its creators. Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s. Lewis jumps on a train that is already slowing. 45. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph imply? A. Lewis is criticizing an idea that is no longer influential. B. Lewis’s book is thoughtful despite some drawbacks. C. Lewis’s criticism is fresh but faces the public’s resistance. D. Lewis is aware that the public’s faith in genius is declining. 【答案】 45. A 句意猜测题。根据划线词上文“While some online fans might admire some superstars uncritically, true faith in innate genius has been weaker since the 1960s.(虽然一些网络粉丝会不加批判地追捧某些巨星，但自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，人们对 “天赋型天才” 的盲目崇拜已经有所减弱。)”可知，自20世纪60年代起，人们对‘天赋型天才’的笃信已大幅减弱”，即说明刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念。故划线意思是“刘易斯是在批评一种已不再具有影响力的观念”。故选A。 题型04 主旨大意题 （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. ......... Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. 【答案】 46. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“捕获——重捕法”这一估算移动 / 难以逐个计数物体数量的技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数及实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法的应用场景与实际效果。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. (无论是战场上的敌方坦克、野外的动物，还是繁忙食堂里的餐具，要统计移动中的物体数量都并非易事。幸运的是，有一种方法无需逐一计数，就能估算出某类物体的总数。)”并结合全文可知，文章开篇指出“很难统计移动中的物体数量”，随后介绍“捕获 - 重捕法”这一技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数、实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法如何解决“统计移动 / 难以逐个计数的物体”问题，文章核心是介绍一种帮助你计算移动物体数量的 技巧。故选C。 重难·创新演练 设题创新:介绍谷歌大脑团队测试神经网络能否保密通信;刑事司法中科学证据审查的不足及原因，并呼吁建立相关框架保障证据有效性。 Passage 1 【新情境·人工智能发展的警示】 【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题 No matter how much better than us computers are in fields such as calculating and analyzing, we humans still have a few skills that are exclusive to us — keeping secrets, for example. But don’t feel too relieved just yet, because computers may be catching up faster than we thought. The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called “neural networks” — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve. Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to “eavesdrop” (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve. All the help that Alice and Bob got from the researchers before the mission began was made up of a set of numbers called a key, which Eve didn’t have access to. At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. This test is considered a big step in the development of computers’ learning skills. “Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible,” Joe Sturonas of US encryption company PKWARE told New Scientist magazine. Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said. But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity. 1．The Google Brain team did the test to find out ________. A．how “neural networks” encrypt and decrypt B．how “neural networks” communicate with each other C．if “neural networks” could develop a will of their own D．if “neural networks” could keep their communication private 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 3．What can we conclude from the article? A．Artificial intelligence is not great at blind decryption, at least for now. B．Artificial intelligence is now able to decode encrypted text without any guidance. C．The more advanced artificial intelligence is, the more we can benefit from it. D．Stephen Hawking is strongly against the development of artificial intelligence. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards artificial intelligence? A．neutral B．positive C．negative D．indifferent 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍谷歌大脑团队测试神经网络能否保密通信，及该测试的意义和霍金对人工智能发展的警示。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The Google Brain team has been working on computing systems called ‘neural networks’ — systems that were designed based on how neurons work in the human brain. This time, they gave a mission to three of the neural networks, which they named Alice, Bob and Eve.(谷歌大脑团队一直在研究名为“神经网络”的计算系统 —— 这类系统是基于人类大脑中神经元的工作原理设计的。这一次，他们给三个分别名为Alice、Bob和Eve的神经网络分配了一项任务)”以及第三段中的“Each of the networks had its own job-Alice sent messages to Bob, Eve tried to ‘eavesdrop’ (偷听) and find out the messages, and Alice and Bob had to figure out a way to hide the messages from Eve.(每个网络都有自己的任务 ——Alice给Bob发送信息，Eve试图“偷听”并找出这些信息，而Alice和Bob必须想办法向Eve隐藏这些信息)”可知，谷歌大脑团队做这项测试是为了查明神经网络是否能让它们的通信保持私密。故 D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s ‘speech’ most of the time.(没有这些数字或密钥，Eve大多数时候都无法理解Alice的“话语”)”可知，Eve常常难以理解Alice发给Bob的信息。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s ‘speech’ most of the time.(没有这些数字或密钥，Eve大多数时候都无法理解Alice的“话语”)”以及第五段中的“Computing with neural networks on this scale has only become possible in the last few years, so we really are at the beginning of what’s possible (如此规模的神经网络计算只是在过去几年才成为可能，所以我们确实还处于一切皆有可能的开端)”可知，人工智能至少目前不擅长无线索解密。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Unfortunately, the test happened only one week after UK physicist Stephen Hawking, while speaking at Cambridge University, warned how artificial intelligence could develop a will of its own. This could be “either the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity”, he said.(不幸的是，就在测试进行的一周前，英国物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金在剑桥大学发表演讲时警告说，人工智能可能会发展出自己的意志。他说，这可能是“人类有史以来发生的最好或最坏的事情”)”和最后一段“But just as Sturonas pointed out, no matter what the possibilities of computers are in the future, they are just starting out. We still have plenty of time to work out a solution before they get anywhere near becoming a threat to humanity.(但正如Sturonas所指出的，无论计算机未来有何种可能性，它们都才刚刚起步。在它们接近对人类构成威胁之前，我们还有足够的时间想出解决方案)”可知，作者既提及人工智能发展的进展，也提到霍金的警示，同时指出人类有时间应对潜在威胁，态度是中立的。故选A项。 Passage 2 【新情境·刑事司法中科学证据审查】 【来源】上海市2025-2026学年高三上学期12月春考适应性调研卷英语试题 Courts in the United States now rely heavily on scientific evidence and expert testimony (证词) to decide questions of fact. On 1 December 2023, revised draft to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 took effect, further clarifying the court’s duty as a gatekeeper of expert evidence. This change comes soon after the 30-year anniversary of the Daubert case, the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling on how federal judges should evaluate scientific evidence. Daubert was praised as a victory for science in the legal system, but its flexible standard has produced serious inconsistencies. Most notably, it has had a much stronger influence in civil cases than in criminal ones. Daubert’s basic message — that scientific evidence must be valid and reliable — should apply just as strictly in criminal justice and forensic science (法医学) . Before Daubert, judges mainly asked whether a method was “generally accepted” in a field, and often treated an expert’s own claim as enough. Daubert shifted the burden to judges, who must now seriously examine validity. The Court listed possible factors — testing, error rates, peer review, and general acceptance — but offered limited concrete guidance and left judges open questions. In civil cases, Daubert has clearly increased review of experts such as epidemiologists, economists, and physicians. Parties now challenge expert evidence more often, and more testimony is excluded under this gatekeeping role. Whether courts are always correct about validity is less clear, but the standard has generally raised the bar in civil actions. In criminal cases, however, change has been weak. Forensic evidence like fingerprints, bloodstain pattern analysis, and firearms identification often enters court with little scientific testing or proof of accuracy. Reports by the National Academy of Sciences and the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology warned that many forensic pattern techniques have poor scientific foundations, unclear error rates, and limited statistical support. Moreover, crime labs are often tied to law enforcement, reducing independence. The reason for such situation is that public defenders lack resources, and judges frequently rely on “general acceptance” or old precedents (先例) instead of demanding strong scientific proof. The moment is right for a national committee of judges, scientists, legal scholars, and forensic professionals to design a framework that ensures forensic methods in court are truly valid and reliable. Only then can Daubert’s gatekeeping promise genuinely improve justice. 5．Which of the following statements about impacts of Daubert case is TRUE? A．The essence of scientific evidence is much emphasized. B．The court is responsible for evaluating expert evidence. C．Expert testimony is particularly unreliable in civil cases. D．The effectiveness of scientific evidence is broadly doubted. 6．According to the passage, which evidence may undergo the strictest review in court? A．A DNA comparison test conducted by forensic scientists in a murder case. B．Evaluation of a financial analyst about share prices in economic disputes. C．Identification of purchased animal species by zoologists in criminal cases. D．Handwriting comparisons by forensic experts when validating a contract. 7．Why are reforms in criminal justice weaker? (1) Forensic labs have connections with law enforcement. (2) Suspects have little ability to question the evidence. (3) Courts tend to follow rather than make decisions. A．(1) and (2). B．(1) and (3). C．(2) and (3). D．(1) , (2) and (3). 8．Below are statements from four professionals. Which professional may be inferred to have the most similar perspective to the author? We judges are not experts in the field of science, so our decision on whether or not accepting forensic testimony about questions of fact is not that reliable. Dr. William, Judge Forensic institutions share the same purpose with police officers, that is, to look for, or find, evidence and to use them to eventually prove suspects guilty. Mr. Jeffrey, Police Current situation of scientific evidence is far from satisfactory. That’s all because both parties tend to test and present evidence that are beneficial to themselves. Prof. Jacqueline, Scholar Different experts have their own view of scientific evidence. But from a practical perspective, it’s hard to prove anything without the presence of such evidence. Ms. Sherley, Lawyer A．Dr. William. B．Mr. Jeffrey. C．Prof. Jacqueline. D．Ms. Sherley. 【答案】5．B 6．B 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国法院依赖科学证据和专家证词，围绕《联邦证据规则》702修订草案及多伯特案展开，分析其对民事与刑事案件的不同影响，指出刑事司法中科学证据审查的不足及原因，并呼吁建立相关框架保障证据有效性。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“On 1 December 2023, revised draft to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 took effect, further clarifying the court’s duty as a gatekeeper of expert evidence. This change comes soon after the 30-year anniversary of the Daubert case, the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling on how federal judges should evaluate scientific evidence.(2023年12月1日，《联邦证据规则》702条修订草案生效，进一步明确了法院作为专家证据守门人的职责。这一变化发生在多伯特案30周年纪念后不久，多伯特案是最高法院关于联邦法官应如何评估科学证据的里程碑式裁决)”可知，多伯特案的核心影响之一是明确了法院评估专家证据的职责，故选B项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In civil cases, Daubert has clearly increased review of experts such as epidemiologists, economists, and physicians. Parties now challenge expert evidence more often, and more testimony is excluded under this gatekeeping role.(在民事案件中，多伯特案明显加强了对流行病学家、经济学家和医生等专家的审查。各方现在更频繁地对专家证据提出质疑，更多证词在这种守门人角色下被排除在外)”及第四段中“In criminal cases, however, change has been weak.(然而，在刑事案件中，变化却很微弱)”可知，民事案件中的专家证据审查比刑事案件更严格。B项“经济纠纷中财务分析师对股价的评估”属于民事案件中的专家证据，可能接受最严格审查。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第五段“The reason for such situation is that public defenders lack resources, and judges frequently rely on “general acceptance” or old precedents (先例) instead of demanding strong scientific proof.(造成这种情况的原因是公设辩护人缺乏资源，法官经常依赖“普遍接受”或旧先例，而不是要求强有力的科学证据)”可知，刑事司法改革较弱的原因包括：“嫌疑人几乎没有能力质疑证据”，原文提及公设辩护人缺乏资源，可推断嫌疑人质疑证据的能力较弱（2）；法院倾向于遵循先例而非自主决策（3）。故选C项。 8．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者的核心观点是：法院对科学证据的审查存在不足，尤其刑事案件中法医证据缺乏严格科学验证，法官依赖先例，需建立框架保障证据有效可靠，强调法院对科学证据的裁决可靠性不足及法医与执法部门关联的问题。Dr. William（法官）认为法官非科学领域专家，对法医证词的裁决不可靠，与作者“法官依赖先例，对科学证据审查不足”的观点相近。故选A项。 Passage 3 【新情境·四种加州植物对火灾的适应性特征】 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 Living with Fire: Surviving the Forest Wildfires of California California wildfires can cause devastating damage to property and human lives. But for plant species that have lived for thousands of years in the fire-prone Sierra Nevada, forest fires are an expected part of the natural environment. This infographic introduces four different California plant species, all with different adaptations to fire. Giant Sequoia·Sequoiadendron giganteum The giant sequoia is the typical example of a fire-adapted plant species. One of the largest trees in the world, giant sequoias grow particularly well in the mineral soil exposed by wildfire. Giant sequoias also have thick bark that protects them from low-severity fires. Because younger trees may catch fire easily, giant sequoia trees grow quickly as another adaptation to fire-prone environments. Fire-Resistant Bark Mature trees can have bark up to 2 feet thick, although 6-8inches is more common. This species grows to a height of 250feet-about the wing span of a Boeing 747. Seed Germination (发芽) Giant sequoia seeds germinate particularly well in mineral soil — the soil layer below the needles and decomposed material on forest floor that is exposed after fires burn. Fireweed·Chamerion angustifolium After a wildfire, fireweed is one of the first plants to re-grow in burned areas. Like many other plants that grow in openings created by fire, fireweed seeds are spread by wind. This allows the plant to reach newly burned areas, even if the parent plant is far away. Fireweed is an important post-disturbance species because it can recycle nutrients from burned soil. In fact, it was one of the most abundant species to recolonize Mount St. Helens after the 1980 volcanic eruption. Wind-spread Seeds Each fireweed plant can produce 80,000 seeds per year. These small seeds are dispersed by wind, allowing fireweed to quickly establish colonies in newly disturbed areas. Ponderosa Pine·Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine has thick bark plates that protect the tree’s interior and help the tree survive most fires. Mature trees can withstand high-severity fires, and even young trees can survive low-intensity fires. These trees also drop their lower branches as they grow. With less fuel near the ground, there’s less chance that fire will spread from the ground up into the living canopy (树冠) tree, destroying the pine needles required for photosynthesis. Finally, ponderosa pine trees have deep roots that are less likely to be damaged by fire. Fire-Resistant Bark The bark of mature ponderosa pine trees is thick and plated. This fire-resistant bark covers a very moist core that also helps to get rid of heat from wildfires. California Lilac·Ceanothus cordulatus California Lilac seeds are covered by an extremely hard seed coat. Wildfires crack open this coating, which then allows water to reach the seed and begin the sprouting process. Seedlings seldom sprout if there is no fire to begin the process of germination. In fact, California lilac seeds can lie inactive for hundreds of years until the next wildfire, although the areas where California lilac grows naturally experience fire every one or two decades. Buried Seeds California Lilac seeds buried within the soil can withstand fires as hot as 220°F (105℃) Soil Seed Bank Because seeds require fire to germinate, dropped seeds accumulate in soil “seed banks” every year. In some forests, there are almost 2 million California lilac seeds per acre of soil. 9．Which of the following is a correct match for the plant and its features? A．Giant Sequoia: thick bark and quick growth. B．Fireweed: fast regrowth and wind-spread branches. C．Ponderosa Pine: strong lower branches and big canopy. D．California Lilac: hard seed coat and inactivity after fires. 10．A mountainous region has just experienced its first major wildfire in years. The fire burned extremely hot, leaving behind deep layers of ash and exposed soil. The area is expected to remain open, with strong seasonal winds blowing across it. Which plant would most likely to recolonise this environment? A．Giant Sequoia. B．Fireweed. C．Ponderosa Pine. D．California Lilac 11．Where would you most likely find the above piece of information? A．In a travel guide about California forests. B．In a gardening magazine focused on domestic plants. C．In a newspaper report on recent California wildfires. D．In a field guide about fire-adapted plants. 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了四种加州植物对火灾的适应性特征。 9．细节理解题。根据Giant Sequoia部分的内容“Giant sequoias also have thick bark that protects them from low-severity fires. Because younger trees may catch fire easily, giant sequoia trees grow quickly as another adaptation to fire-prone environments.(巨杉还长有厚实的树皮，能保护它们抵御低烈度火灾。由于幼树更容易着火，因此快速生长成为了巨杉适应火灾频发环境的另一种生存策略)”可知，巨杉具备厚树皮和生长迅速的特点。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据Fireweed部分的内容“After a wildfire, fireweed is one of the first plants to re-grow in burned areas. Like many other plants that grow in openings created by fire, fireweed seeds are spread by wind.(森林火灾过后，柳兰是最早在过火区域重新生长的植物之一。和许多生长在火灾过后开阔地带的植物一样，柳兰的种子靠风力传播)”可知，柳兰在火灾后率先再生，且种子依靠风力传播，适合火灾后裸露、多风的开阔区域。故选B。 11．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“Living with Fire: Surviving the Forest Wildfires of California  California wildfires can cause devastating damage to property and human lives. But for plant species that have lived for thousands of years in the fire-prone Sierra Nevada, forest fires are an expected part of the natural environment. This infographic introduces four different California plant species, all with different adaptations to fire.(伴火而生：在加州森林野火中存活 加州的森林野火会对财产和生命造成毁灭性的破坏。但对于在火灾频发的内华达山脉繁衍了数千年的植物物种而言，森林野火是自然环境中可预见的一部分。这份信息图介绍了四种不同的加州植物，它们均进化出了各异的野火适应机制)”可知，本文是一篇信息图介绍，聚焦加利福尼亚四种适应火灾环境的植物，分别阐述了每种植物的形态特征、抗火或灾后再生的机制。最有可能出现在关于适应火灾的植物的野外指南中。故选D。 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】上海市2025-2026学年高三上学期12月春考适应性调研卷英语试题 Peverel Smith, a legendary artist, was seen walking on a Manhattan sidewalk wearing jeans, high-tops, a blazer, and a wool cap. She was there to meet me at a gallery owned by her friends. We entered the quiet space, where a large horse statue was the only thing visible through the glass. Smith, who will turn 79 in December, was preparing for a busy fall. She was releasing her memoir (回忆录) , Bread of Angels, and going on an international tour to celebrate her famous album Horses. Smith’s career spans over 60 years, including poetry, music, photography, and more. One of her famous lyrics from Horses says, “People say, “Beware,” but I don’t care.” She has always questioned authority, starting from her childhood. In her memoir, she recalls a question she asked during school about what will happen to art. Her father loved art. Smith was sent to orphanage (孤儿院) after her parents’ death but was disappointed when she learned there was no place for art. She then dedicated herself to art. Smith’s early life was difficult. She grew up in a poor family, moving often and being sick a lot. Despite this, she loved storytelling and reading. She dreamed of writing the longest book in the world. She also wanted to be a musician, even though she said she didn’t know how to play guitar properly. Her rebellious spirit made her stand out in the male-dominated music scene. She married Fredrick Smith in Detroit and had two children. After Fred’s death in 1994, she returned to New York with her kids and continued her creative work. Smith’s life shows her ability to reinvent herself. She believes that everyone should find a piece of themselves in her stories. Smith plans to focus more on writing and less on memoirs. When asked how she feels, she said she feels like she is “ten and 100.” 1．What can we learn about Horses? A．Smith will go on a celebration tour for Horses this December. B．Horses holds lots of precious memories of Smith in her youth. C．Horses represents Smith’s resistance nature as her early album. D．Lyrics of Horses reflected nature of Smith since her childhood. 2．What is the main purpose of the 3rd paragraph? A．To introduce the life story of Peverel Smith. B．To convey Smith’s resilience under hardship. C．To explain origins of Smith’s literature talent. D．To present sympathy on Smith’s experiences. 3．The underlined part “ten and 100” in the last paragraph means ________. A．Smith is excellent in health though advanced in years B．Smith is passionate but sometimes feels overwhelmed C．Smith is now well-travelled and ready to author more D．Smith is sensible about age when recalling her youth 4．What is the best title of this passage? A．Peverel Smith — My Ageless Friend B．Peverel Smith and Her Horses C．Poetic Singer — Peverel Smith D．Lifetime Reinvention of Peverel Smith 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了传奇艺术家佩弗利尔·史密斯的生平经历，包括其职业生涯、早年困境、叛逆精神及不断自我重塑的人生态度。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“One of her famous lyrics from Horses says, “People say, “Beware,” but I don’t care.” She has always questioned authority, starting from her childhood.（她在《Horses》中的一句著名歌词写道：“人们说，“小心点，”但我不在乎。”从童年开始，她就一直质疑权威)”可知，《Horses》的歌词体现了史密斯从小就有的叛逆反抗本性。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Despite this, she loved storytelling and reading. She dreamed of writing the longest book in the world. She also wanted to be a musician, even though she said she didn’t know how to play guitar properly. Her rebellious spirit made her stand out in the male-dominated music scene. She married Fredrick Smith in Detroit and had two children. After Fred’s death in 1994, she returned to New York with her kids and continued her creative work.(尽管如此，她依旧热爱讲故事与阅读。她曾梦想写出世界上最长的书。她也想成为一名音乐家，尽管她坦言自己并不太会正确地弹奏吉他。她身上的叛逆精神，让她在男性主导的音乐界中脱颖而出。她在底特律与弗雷德里克・史密斯成婚，育有两个孩子。1994 年弗雷德去世后，她带着孩子们回到纽约，继续自己的创作事业)”可知，尽管历经诸多困境，她仍坚持追求艺术。因此本段的目的是，体现她在艰难困苦中的韧性。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据前文“Smith’s life shows her ability to reinvent herself. She believes that everyone should find a piece of themselves in her stories. Smith plans to focus more on writing and less on memoirs.(史密斯的一生展现了她自我重塑的能力。她相信每个人都能在她的故事中找到自己的影子。史密斯计划将更多精力放在写作上，减少回忆录的创作)”可知，史密斯虽年事已高，但始终保持创作活力，且有新的创作规划。C选项“Smith is now well-travelled and ready to author more”中，ready to author more与她“将更多精力放在写作上”的创作计划相呼应，契合“ten and 100”所传递的“既有丰富人生阅历，又有旺盛创作热情”的内涵。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合最后一段“Smith’s life shows her ability to reinvent herself. (史密斯的一生展现了她自我重塑的能力)”可知，文章围绕佩弗利尔·史密斯展开，讲述了她早年困境、职业生涯中的叛逆精神，以及历经人生变故后仍坚持创作、不断自我重塑的人生历程，核心凸显其“终身自我重塑”的特点。D项“佩弗利尔・史密斯的终身自我重塑”能够概括文章主旨，适合作本文标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 5．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 6．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 7．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 8．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．C 8．C 【导语】短文借朋友选购摩托车的亲身经历，剖析零价效应如何使人因“免费”做出不理性消费。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet.(但这款车发动机小很多，骑行姿势别扭得像蜷缩的螳螂，十分反常。后来我恍然大悟：排量750cc及以下的摩托车购车赠送头盔)”以及第五段中的“Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely-even irrationally-inviting.(我的朋友刚好也需要新头盔，免费头盔的吸引力强到让他失去理性)”可知，Alex认为附赠头盔的这款车很划算，因此选择它。 6．推理判断题。根据第八段“In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free?( 简而言之，“免费”会让人下意识走思维捷径。零成本就是零，哪里还需要精打细算？面对免费事物，人们似乎不会权衡利弊；免费背后又暗藏哪些弊端呢？)以及第九段“Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!(“免费”会简化思考：那款车或许划算，但这款有赠品免费拿！)”可知，免费的诱惑会让人丧失逻辑判断，做出吃亏的选择。 7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape.(但不必苛责他，所有人都会被“免费”蒙蔽：为免运费买下总价远超优惠的商品、试吃赠品后为回馈商家而消费、免费报价诱导我们陷入难以脱身的销售套路)”可知，屈服零价效应指被免费福利干扰理性判断。C选项“乔的成本收益分析没有蒙蔽他的判断，也没有让他忽视价格计算错误”是没有被零价格效应影响的表现，不符合题干要求。 8．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第六段中的“The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed?(免费头盔仅价值250美元，为何聪明人轻易被打动？)”与尾段“Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math.(遇到免费福利一定要停下来权衡，把免费当作仔细核算利弊的警示)”可知文章主要讲看似不花钱拿赠品，实则付出更高成本。所以C选项“免费之下，代价不菲”为最佳标题。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期初态考英语试卷 When Scientist Dr. Randal Voss does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders (蝾螈) called axolotls. Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and light pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely idiot-like. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature. Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water. Axolotls, however, never complete the transformation to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water. A signature feature of the axolotls’ forever-young look is their wrinkled external gills, which help them breathe in their watery home — the only spot they’re found in the wild: Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City. It’s a bit of a scientific mystery why axolotls don’t transform into adult, land-dwelling versions of themselves. One hypothesis, according to Dr. Luis Zambrano, a professor of zoology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, is that the environment in Lake Xochimilco had enough resources for the salamanders that “it was by far better for them not to expend energy transforming and stay in the lake.” In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile (幼年的) aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual transformation as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts. In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade. However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic abnormal phenomenon that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for the pet trade. What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic divide,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. The introduction of axolotls to Minecraft in 2021 neatly led to a slight increase in Google searches for the animals, and social media makes it easy for people to gain access to photos and videos of the salamanders. The axolotl pet trade probably doesn’t directly harm the wild populations since wild salamanders aren’t being poached or taken from Lake Xochimilco. However, axolotls’ popularity and pet stores might make people assume that because axolotls live in all the tanks around the world, they are not in danger. Getting people to recognize that their favorite, friendly faced salamander doesn’t just exist in the vacuum of the internet, but in the real world where it faces severe conservation challenges still has a long way to go. 9．What can we infer from the third paragraph? A．If resources were scarce, axolotls would likely transform. B．The mystery of axolotl’s evolution has been uncovered by Luis. C．Axolotls can thrive in Lake Xochimilco with limited resources. D．Axolotls don’t have enough energy and resources to transform. 10．The author will most probably agree that _________. A．the popularity of pet axolotls has also made their wild relatives popular in pet trade B．the inbreeding of pet axolotls could cause health issues not present in wild populations C．pet axolotls are more likely to adapt to environmental changes than their wild counterparts D．colorful wild salamanders are so popular that they are overfished to the point of extinction 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph? A．Social media could mislead the public into thinking that axolotls are not endangered. B．Social media has no significant effect on the perception of axolotls among pet owners. C．The popularity of axolotls in pop culture will directly enhance their survival in the wild. D．Increased online visibility of axolotls causes greater public support for conservation efforts. 12．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Axolotls: Cute Faces, Critical Futures B．Axolotls: Special Colors, Ultimate Pets C．Saving Axolotls: The Combined Efforts D．Studying Axolotls: From Land to Water 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍墨西哥蝾螈外形可爱、终生水生、具备再生能力，有重要科研价值。人工宠物螈与野生种群差异大，其走红易让人忽视野生个体正面临濒危的严峻现实。 【详解】9．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s a bit of a scientific mystery why axolotls don’t transform into adult, land-dwelling versions of themselves. One hypothesis, according to Dr. Luis Zambrano, a professor of zoology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, is that the environment in Lake Xochimilco had enough resources for the salamanders that “it was by far better for them not to expend energy transforming and stay in the lake.”(至于蝾螈为何不会转变成成年陆生形态的自身版本，这在科学上仍是一个谜。据墨西哥国立自治大学动物学教授路易斯·赞布拉诺博士所述，有一种假设认为，锡科尔米科湖的环境为这些蝾螈提供了充足的资源，因此“它们不花费能量进行转变，而是在湖中保持原状，这种选择显然要好得多。”)”可推知，如果资源匮乏，蝾螈很可能会发生变形。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild.(宠物蝾螈往往存在近亲繁殖的情况，而且它们缺乏野生环境中健康种群所应有的各种基因的广泛流动)”可知，作者很可能会认同，宠物蝾螈的近亲繁殖可能会导致与野生种群不同的健康问题。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, axolotls’ popularity and pet stores might make people assume that because axolotls live in all the tanks around the world, they are not in danger.(然而，由于美西蝾螈受欢迎且有专门的宠物店出售，人们可能会认为由于美西蝾螈遍布全球各地的水族箱中，所以它们并不处于危险之中)”可知，A选项“社交媒体可能会误导公众，让他们误以为蝾螈并不处于濒危状态”正确。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When Scientist Dr. Randal Voss does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders (蝾螈) called axolotls. Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and light pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely idiot-like. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.(当科学家拉尔登·沃斯博士和他的实验室开展科普活动时，总会遇到一些人，他们非常渴望见到他的研究对象——一种被称为“亚索托尔”的水生蝾螈。只要看一眼这种蝾螈，就不难理解它为何如此受欢迎。它们有着大大的眼睛、上翘的嘴巴和浅粉色的体色，看起来既欢快又有点傻乎乎的。但亚索托尔的内涵远不止于此：它们的故事是关于科学发现、对自然界的开发利用以及重建人类与自然的联系等方面的内容)”结合文章介绍墨西哥蝾螈外形可爱、终生水生、具备再生能力，有重要科研价值。人工宠物螈与野生种群差异大，其走红易让人忽视野生个体正面临濒危的严峻现实。可知，A选项“蝾螈：可爱的外表，危急的未来”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 4 【来源】上海市浦东新区建平中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中教学质量检测英语试卷 A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition. I worried that publishers had long been producing poor imitations of Amanda Foreman’s successful Georgiana, displaying what critic Janet Malcolm called the weaknesses of much biography — believing that as long as the facts are included, style and insight don’t matter. But it turns out that biography wasn’t in serious decline after all. Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography assessed its condition and made the cheering diagnosis that it is, in fact, in good health. What has happened, these expert practitioners explained, is that biography has changed its shape. This shift has emerged from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe.We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately (气宇轩昂的) march through the decades in which every loose end, mistake, or dull period is neatly hidden out of sight. Mostly our lives feel shapeless, coming into focus only when a particular occasion makes us feel, for a few minutes at least, fully ourselves. One new approach to biography employs the presenting of something small to tell a bigger story. Frances Wilson demonstrated how effective this can be in How to Survive the Titanic. She focuses on the moment when J Bruce Ismay, the ship’s owner, jumped into a lifeboat while other first-class men honored the custom that women and children should take the available spaces. Pressing hard on Ismay’s split-second decision to leap to safety,Wilson tells a story not just about one man’s lost honour, but about a layered drama of class, nationality and technological modernity. Other biographers have realized that their subject’s non-eventful schooling or the long holidays by the sea can be shortened into a few simple paragraphs so they can spend more time on the bits that matter. It would be unrealistic to claim that these new ways of telling lives are entirely driven by intellectual concerns. The pressures are commercial, too. People also have limited capacity for focus,which means that those massive biographies of 400 pages can start to seem like a horrible threat rather than a delicious promise. 13．What did the author originally believe about the state of biography? A．It had evolved into a new and exciting form. B．It was declining in quality and vitality. C．It was attracting more talented writers. D．It was becoming too focused on fiction. 14．According to the passage what did the University of East Anglia conference conclude about biography? A．It was being replaced by memoirs and fiction. B．It was losing relevance in the digital age. C．It was doing well, though in a different form. D．It needed stricter publishing standards. 15．What can be inferred about the older style of biography from the author’s description? A．It often idealized its subjects and ignored complexity. B．It prioritized vivid storytelling over factual accuracy. C．It used fragmented narratives to represent real life. D．It focused primarily on minor events in daily lives. 16．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Biography as an art form is outdated and fading from the public. B．Modern biographers have lost touch with their subjects’ realities. C．Biography is adapting to new forms that better capture human experience. D．Readers no longer value lengthy literary works due to their limited time. 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．A 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了传记并未衰落，而是以新形式呈现，更贴近真实的人生体验。 【详解】13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A few years ago, I wrote a piece in which I declared that biography, if not quite dead, was in very poor condition.(几年前，我写过一篇文章，在文中我宣称传记就算没有彻底消亡，也处于极其糟糕的状态)”可知，作者最初认为传记的质量和生命力正在下降。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Last weekend, the University of East Anglia hosted a conference at which the masters of biography assessed its condition and made the cheering diagnosis that it is, in fact, in good health. What has happened, these expert practitioners explained, is that biography has changed its shape.(上周末，东英吉利大学举办了一场研讨会，会上传记大师们评估了传记的发展状况，并得出了令人振奋的结论：事实上，传记发展态势良好。这些专业从业者解释说，变化在于传记已经改变了它的呈现形式)”可知，会议得出的结论是传记发展状况良好，只是呈现形式不同。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据第二段中“This shift has emerged from a growing sense that biography as it used to be done was not getting us close to the experience it was trying to describe.We all know that life isn’t actually comprised of a stately (气宇轩昂的) march through the decades in which every loose end, mistake, or dull period is neatly hidden out of sight.(这种转变源于人们越来越意识到，以往的传记写作方式并不能让我们贴近它试图描绘的人生体验。我们都知道，人生实际上并不是几十年间气宇轩昂的行进过程，其中每一个未了的细节、每一个错误或每一段平淡的时期都被巧妙地隐藏起来)”可推断，旧式传记常常将写作对象理想化并忽略人生的复杂性。故选A。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章核心内容为传记并没有衰落，而是正在适应能更好捕捉人类真实体验的新形式。C选项“传记正在适应能更好捕捉人类体验的新形式”正确总结了文章大意。故选C。 Passage 5 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） 外刊来源： To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $