专题13 阅读理解长难句式深度突破（专项训练）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

**基本信息** 以“特征识别-结构拆解-语义抓取”为主线，系统构建长难句分析方法，适配高考阅读三类题型解题需求。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |模拟·基础演练|4类特征8例句|主句核心定位→修饰成分剥离→逻辑关系梳理|从简单句复杂修饰到特殊句式，构建“特征-结构”对应模型| |重难·创新演练|3篇新情境9长难句|插入语/从句嵌套分步拆解法|结合学科新情境，强化复杂句式语义推导能力| |真题·实战演练|3篇名校真题12长难句|题型导向语义聚焦法|从语言形式分析过渡到思维品质提升，适配高考命题趋势|

第13讲 阅读理解长难句式深度突破 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：要求能识别复杂复合句、分隔结构、非谓语修饰，快速剥离次要修饰，精准抓取句子核心语义，支撑细节定位、逻辑推理、篇章主旨三类阅读题型作答 考向01 高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分 【01】The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. 结构分析： 主句核心（并列简单句）：The writers’ contract（主语 1）+ does not outlaw（谓语 1）+ the use of AI tools（宾语 1）；it（主语 2，指代 contract）+ sets up（谓语 2）+ protections（宾语 2）。 复杂修饰成分： 定语 1：of AI tools in the writing process（修饰 use，说明 “写作过程中的 AI 工具使用”）。 目的状语：to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers（不定式短语作目的状语）。 对比状语：rather than being used by their bosses to replace them（介词短语作对比状语，表 “而非被老板用来取代他们”）。 中文翻译： 【02】She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：She（主语）+ criticises（谓语）+ his later following thinkers（宾语）。 复杂修饰成分： 插入语（举例）：like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley（补充说明 thinkers 的具体人物）。 原因状语：for their ignoring social factors（介词短语作原因状语，表 “因他们忽视社会因素”）。 定语 1：affecting success（现在分词短语修饰 social factors，“影响成功的社会因素”）。 目的状语：for supporting racial rankings（介词短语说明忽视的目的，“为了支持种族排名”）。 中文翻译： 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔 【01】AI, which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, can help reduce emissions by optimizing energy use in various industries. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾）：AI（主语）+ can help reduce（谓语）+ emissions（宾语）。 插入语（分隔主谓）：which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 AI，打断了主语 AI 和谓语 can help reduce 的衔接）。 方式状语：by optimizing energy use in various industries（补充 “减少排放的方式”）。 中文翻译： 【02】Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾）：Two-thumbed mobile typists（主语）+ generated（谓语）+ an average of about 38 words per minute（宾语）。 插入语（分隔主谓宾逻辑链）：according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing（介词短语作插入语，补充 “数据来源”，打断了主语和宾语的直接衔接）。 插入语内部：what researchers describe as...（宾语从句，作 according to 的宾语，表 “研究人员所称的……”）。 中文翻译： 3 从句套从句，环环相扣 【01】What makes this book particularly fascinating is that it not only provides an in-depth analysis of historical events but also introduces readers to the perspectives of marginalized groups, which are often overlooked in traditional history texts. 结构分析： “What makes this book particularly fascinating” 为主语从句。 “that it not only provides… but also introduces…” 为表语从句，内部含并列谓语。 “which are often overlooked…” 为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 “perspectives”。 中文翻译 【02】Although the company faced severe financial challenges last year, it managed to launch an innovative product line that quickly gained market share, which not only saved the business but also reinforced its reputation as an industry leader. 结构分析： “Although the company faced severe financial challenges last year” 为让步状语从句。 “that quickly gained market share” 为限制性定语从句，修饰 “product line”。 “which not only saved the business but also reinforced its reputation…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容。 中文翻译 【03】The teacher explained that unless students develop critical-thinking skills and actively engage with the material, they will struggle to apply the knowledge they have learned in real-world situations, which is essential for their academic and professional success. 结构分析： “that unless students develop… and actively engage…” 为宾语从句，内含 unless 引导的条件状语从句。 “they have learned” 为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰 “knowledge”。 “which is essential…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句内容。 中文翻译 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 【01】 Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. 结构分析： 这个句子考查了V-ing形式作状语和虚拟语气的用法，其中“giving them a closer relationship”作为状语，说明了搬家的结果。 中文翻译 【02】It is the commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, that have enabled them to achieve remarkable results in the field of cancer research, bringing hope to patients around the world. 结构分析： 强调句，强调主语 “the commitment and passing of the team”。去掉强调结构后，句子为 “The commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, have enabled them...”。“bringing hope to patients around the world” 是现在分词短语作结果状语。 中文翻译 考向02 高考阅读理解中长难句式运用 【01】What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？ A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 主要答题依据： This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 答案： 分析：本句是一个包含because原因状语从句的复合句。because原因状语从句是一个包含while引导的时间状语从句的复合句，这个复合句的主句主语和谓语之间插入了who 引导的定语从句，主句的谓语使用的是leave sb/sth adj.（使……处于某种状态）的被动语态。本句可翻译为：当所有的专家忙于争辩哪个是最好的选择时，那些想要改善自己生活的人依然被诸多相互矛盾的信息困扰着，这让我感到无限沮丧。因此作者对专家们的态度是怀疑的，故本题选B。 【02】What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ A. They were unsure of themselves. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 主要答题依据： “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents . 答案： 分析：本題主要考查对引号中句子的理解。这个句子的结构并不复杂，第一个分句是主系表结构；第二个分句是省略了主语的主谓宾结构，其后再加far和fast及动词不定式作状语。本句难就难在考查了一个特殊的语法结构 “cant/couldn’t ...enough...”表示“越……越好”，所以引号中句子的意思是 “在20世纪60年代我们都有一点疯狂，为了证明我们可以独立，我们认为离家越远越好，越快越好。” 故本题选C。 【03】What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？ A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air. C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers market. 主要答题依据：Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. 答案： 分析：这个句子是一个长句，但本句其实就是一个由but连接的转折并列句。第一个分句是一个主谓宾简单句“Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets filled the weekend”；第二个分句是个主系表简单句“the best part was a 7 a.m. adventure”。第一个分句的主语后加了插入语对pink sunsets 补充说明；第二个分句的主谓之间也用破折号加入了插入语，表语“ a 7 a.m. adventure”后带了介词短语作定语和分隔式定语从句。定语从句“that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call”中的that指代 adventure， 再根据adventure后的定语可知，这次冒险是指早起去Sarasota当地的农贸市场，因此本题答案选D。 【04】What was the author going to do that evening？ A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables. 主要答题依据：Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. 答案： 分析：本句是一个复杂的主从复合句。主句为主谓结构的简单句“my happiness deepened”，其前面是一个as引导的倒装结构的让步状语从句，其后是when引导的时间状语从句，这个时间状语从句中又包含一个that 引导的主系表结构的宾语从句， 这个宾语从句中有一个介词短语for Jack Dusty作状语，其后接“a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton”作Jack Dusty的同位语， 补充说明Jack Dusty是一家新开的餐馆，然后再由where引导非限制性定语从句补充说明我打算要在那天晚上在Jack Dusty这家新开的餐馆里吃饭， 故答案选C。 【05】 In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_______. A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of America C. did great harm to the natural environment D. were the largest bird population in the US 主要答题依据： It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. 答案： 分析：本句是一個由that引导的主语从句的复合句。that引导的主语从句中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句的复合句， 这个复合句的主句是there be 句型， 其主语“more than 3 billion passenger pigeons”后由破折号引出同位语a number， 然后再接定语从句 “which is equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States ”的省略形式（省略了which is） 作a number的后置定语，最后这个there be 句型后又跟了一个V-ing形式的结果状语。根据这个句子的意思及仔细比较四个选项, 可知本题选D。 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 【新情境·“长相酷似者”（doppelgängers）的相关研究】 【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题 Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 结构分析： · 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； · “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； · “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； · “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； · 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 中文翻译： 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 结构分析： · 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； · 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； · 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； · 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 中文翻译： 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 结构分析： · “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； · 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 中文翻译： Passage 2 【新情境·当下青少年形成新群体 “i一代”】【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 They’re still kids, and although there’s a lot that the experts don’t yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it’s all because of technology. To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they signal an all-encompassing sensibility that some say marks the dawning of a new generation. The contrast between Millennials and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen of California State University that he has declared the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. “The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’,” Rosen says. “Everything is defined and individualized to ‘me’. My music choices are defined to ‘me’. What I watch on TV any instant is defined to ‘me’.” He says the iGeneration includes today’s teens and middle-schoolers, but it’s too soon to tell about elementary-school ages and younger. Rosen says the iGeneration believes anything is possible. “If they can think of it, somebody probably has or will invent it,” he says. “They expect innovation.” They have high expectations that whatever they want or can use “will be able to be tailored to their own needs and wishes and desires.” Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned. Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.” Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly. “The growth curve on the use of technology with children is exponential (指数的), and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think,” Rosen says. “We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.” 5．Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids ________. A．communicate with others by high-tech methods continually B．prefer to live a virtual life than a real one C．are equipped with more modem digital techniques D．know more on technology than their elders 6．Which of the following is true about the iGeneration according to Rosen? A．This generation is crazy about inventing and creating new things. B．Everything must be adapted to the peculiar need of the generation. C．This generation catches up with the development of technology. D．High-tech such as wireless devices goes with the generation. 7．Rosen’s findings suggest that technology ________. A．has an obvious effect on the function of iGeneration’s brain development B．has greatly affected the iGeneration’s behaviors and academic performance C．has no significantly negative effect on iGeneration’s mental and intellectual development D．has caused distraction problems on iGeneration which affect their daily performance. 8．According to the passage, education has to _________. A．adapt its system to the need of the new generation B．use more technologies to cater for the iGeneration C．risk its system to certain extent for the iGeneration D．be conducted online for iGeneration’s individualized need 最复杂长难句 Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：Rosen（主语）+ says（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that，核心部分为 so...that... 结构）。 · 宾语从句核心：the tech-dominated life experience（主语）+ is（系动词）+ so different（表语）+ from the Millennials（状语）+ that（结果状语从句引导词）+ they warrant the distinction of a new generation（结果状语从句）。 · 定语修饰： · of those born since the early 1990s（介词短语作定语，修饰主语 “生活经历”）。 · he wrote about in his 2007 book...Net Generation（定语从句，修饰 the Millennials，省略关系代词 whom）。 · which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”（非限制性定语从句，修饰 a new generation）。 · 插入语：Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation（书名，补充说明 2007 年的著作）。 中文翻译 Passage 3 【新情境·中国文化遗产】【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 · 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 · 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 · 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 · 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】2025届上海市曹杨第二中学高三下学期三模英语试题 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. In a separate paper, Ms Nikolova and Anthony Lepinteur of the University of Luxembourg, explore why this might be. They find that industrial robots make jobs less physically exhausting. But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. Work becomes more routine, not less. Machines need not have a dulling effect. In their research Ms Nikolova and her co-authors found that people did not perceive a loss of autonomy if they were working with computers, where they have more control of the machine than the other way round. And automation may well have a different impact on service industries like health caro, where less time spent on manual work might indeed mean more time with patients. A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug-dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 1．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 2．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 3．We can infer from Barrett’s research that ______. A．the introduction of robots leads to a decrease in job quality for all hospital staff B．when robots are introduced, staff tend to feel more satisfied regardless of their roles C．in the same department, workers in different positions can feel differently to automation D．in some occupational areas, automation does constantly reduce the perceived meaningfulness 4．Which of the following studies will others in the last paragraph cite as their evidence? A．A paper from Boris Nikolaev illustrates that many employees put a higher premium on non-monetary than monetary rewards. B．Research by Pok Man Tang of the University of Georgia suggests that workers who interact more with AI assistants feel lonelier and long for more social contact. C．A recent Federal Reserve discussion paper surveyed American workers who had switched jobs; they found that interest in the work mattered more to people than pay and benefits. D．An experiment conducted by Eugina Leung states that a technology that cuts down on boring tasks is fine; one that threatens your sense of identity is not. 长难句1 So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：it（形式主语）+ matters（谓语）。 · 真正主语由两个 whether 引导的主语从句并列构成，由 and 连接。 · 第一个主语从句：whether new technologies（主语）+ are introduced（被动谓语）+ in collaboration with employees（方式状语）+ or imposed（并列被动谓语，省略 are）+ from above（地点状语）。 · 第二个主语从句：whether they（主语，指代 new technologies）+ enhance or weaken（并列谓语）+ their sense of competence（宾语，their 指代 employees’）。 中文翻译 因此，新技术是在与员工协作的前提下推出，还是自上而下强制推行，以及新技术是增强还是削弱员工的胜任感，这一点至关重要。 长难句2： But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：the number of tasks（主语）+ decreases（谓语）。 · 定语从句：that remain open to humans（that 作主语，remain 系动词，open 表语），修饰先行词 tasks。 · 现在分词作结果状语：hurting（状语）+ both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process（并列宾语），表达主句带来的结果。 中文翻译： 但留给人类可完成的任务数量变少，这既损害了工作的多样性，也削弱了人们对生产流程的理解。 长难句3： A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. 句子结构分析 · 主句主语：A recent paper，from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen（介词短语作后置定语修饰 paper）。 · 主句谓语：looked at。 · 并列宾语 1：the prevalence of robots in industrial settings（名词短语作宾语）。 · 并列宾语 2：how that affected workers（how 引导宾语从句，that 指代工业场景机器人普及这件事）。 中文翻译：米莱娜・尼科洛娃与费姆克・克诺森近期发表的一篇论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度，以及这一现象对工人产生的影响。 Passage 2 In the early 2000s, Merlin Mann, a Web designer and devoted Macintosh enthusiast, was working as a freelance (自由职业的) project manager for software companies. He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. Mann wasn’t alone in his frustration. Work lives that had once been orderly — two or three blocks of work, broken up by meetings and phone calls — became wildly busy, unplanned, and impossibly overloaded. “E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. Things have not since changed much. Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. This vision is attractive, but it cannot be realized by individual actions alone. It will require management intervention. Up until now, there has been little will to shift the responsibility for productivity from the person to the organization. Most knowledge-work companies have been more focused on keeping up with technological breakthroughs that might open up new markets, without addressing the fundamental issues that underlie workplace inefficiency. To get more done, it’s been sufficient to simply encourage employees to work harder. Laptops and smartphones helped these efforts by enabling office workers to find extra hours in the day to get things done, providing a productivity balance against the inefficiencies of overload culture. It seems likely that any successful effort to reform professional life must start by making it easier to figure out who is working on what, and how it’s going. Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible. 5．What does the author try to illustrate with the example of Merlin Mann? A．More and more people have started to hop from one job to another. B．Creative design is very demanding mentally when done individually. C．Too many job responsibilities to perform could make people depressed. D．Small tasks could emerge at random to keep people disorganized at work. 6．What is the author’s view of email use in the workplace? A．It helps employees keep track of the work that has been piled up. B．It contributes to the difficulty and inefficiency of task management. C．It facilitates emotional support in times of uncertainty and anxiety. D．It provides an opportunity for employees to communicate informally. 7．What change does the author try to introduce in the workplace? A．Enhancing work flow with the aid of technology. B．Reducing workload and lowering the stress level. C．Setting distinct attainable goals for individuals. D．Redistributing work duties among employees. 8．What can be inferred about the system the author suggests? A．New software can help to hire workers from outside. B．Teamwork will become easier with a big picture. C．Division of labor will be negotiated within a team. D．Virtual reality can help to do on-the-job training. 长难句1： Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. 句子结构分析 · 并列主句 1：Most of us（主语）+ are（系动词）+ not our own bosses（表语），+ and therefore lack（并列谓语）+ the ability（宾语）+ to dramatically rebuild…responsibilities（不定式后置定语修饰 ability）。 · 转折连词 but 引出祈使句主句：imagine（祈使句谓语）。 · if 引导宾语从句作 imagine 的宾语： · 插入方式状语：through some combination of new management thinking and technology · 从句主语：we · 从句第一组并列谓语：could introduce（谓语 1）+ processes（宾语） · that 引导定语从句修饰 processes：that（主语）+ minimize（谓语）+ the time（宾语） · required to talk about work or fight off random tasks（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 time） · thrown our way by equally stressed co‑workers（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 random tasks） · and instead 引出从句第二组并列谓语：(could) let（谓语 2，省略 could）+ us（宾语）+ organize our days（宾补）+ around a small number of separate and specific objectives（方式状语）。 中文翻译 我们大多数人都并非自己的老板，因此无力彻底重构自身的工作职责架构，但不妨设想：如果借助新式管理理念与技术的某种结合，我们能够建立一套工作流程，最大限度减少用于工作沟通、或是应付同样压力重重的同事抛来的零散任务所耗费的时间，转而让我们可以围绕少数独立、明确的目标来规划每日工作。 长难句2： He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages. 句子结构分析 · 分句 1：He（主语）+ had held（谓语，过去完成时）+ similar roles（宾语）+ for years（时间状语）；so 引导结果状语分句：he（主语）+ knew（谓语）+ the ins and outs of the job（宾语）。 · 分号衔接并列分句 2：he（主语）+ was surprised（系表）+ therefore（插入状语）+ to find（不定式作原因状语）。 · that 引导 find 的宾语从句：he（主语）+ was literally buried under（被动谓语）；破折号引出并列介词短语：not by… but by… 作 buried under 的逻辑主语。 · such as scheduling conference calls 举例插入，修饰 administrative tasks。 · that 引导定语从句：that（主语）+ surfaced up（谓语）+ from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages（地点状语），先行词为 administrative tasks。 中文翻译： 他从事过类似岗位多年，熟知这份工作的方方面面；因此，他惊讶地发现，自己几乎被压得喘不过气 —— 压垮他的并非工作中烧脑的难题，而是大量琐碎的行政事务，例如安排电话会议，这些事务从杂乱成堆的邮件中不断冒出来。 长难句3： Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. 句子结构分析 · 现在分词作方式状语：Following the lead of software developers。 · 主句：we（主语）+ might use（谓语）+ virtual task boards（宾语）。 · where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 virtual task boards：every task（主语）+ is represented（被动谓语 1）+ by a card（状语），+ and (the card) is pinned（被动谓语 2，主语 card 承前省略）+ under a column（地点状语）+ indicating its status（现在分词后置定语修饰 column）。 · 嵌套定语从句 that indicates who is doing the work：that 指代 card 作主语，indicates 为谓语，who 引导宾语从句作 indicates 的宾语。 中文翻译： 效仿软件开发人员的做法，我们可以使用虚拟任务看板：每一项任务对应一张卡片，卡片标注负责人，并且归类贴在代表任务状态的栏目之下。 Passage 3 【来源】2025届上海市复兴高级中学高三下学期三模英语试题 Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells (使……膨胀) our self-respect, people will try to repeat that accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employees instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating (以……告终) in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished (减弱的) capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people compelled almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 9．What does the author say about the pursuit of work-related self-esteem? A．It may result in negative motivation. B．It contributes to one’s accomplishments. C．It can increase one’s vigor as one keeps trying. D．It costs too much emotionally and psychologically. 10．What do employees tend to do in pursuing work-related self-esteem? A．Take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities. B．Strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being. C．Turn to all means regardless of the consequences. D．Stretch their sense of shame and worthlessness. 11．What do we learn about people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem? A．They may often feel inferior to their colleagues. B．They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. C．They are never satisfied with their achievements. D．They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 12．What is the good news we learn from the recent research? A．The pursuit of goals may turn out to be enjoyable and pleasant. B．The emotional rewards from goal pursuit are worth the pains taken. C．The negative consequences of goal pursuit can mostly be avoided. D．The goal of swelling self-esteem can be achieved if one keeps trying. 长难句1: As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their wellbeing. 句子结构分析 主句核心：they（主语）+ extend（谓语）+ themselves（宾语）。 · As a result：副词短语作结果状语。 · to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness：不定式短语作目的状语。 · associated with failure：过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 feelings of shame and worthlessness。 · to such a degree：程度状语。 · that 引导结果状语从句（such…that… 句型）：there’s（there be 句型谓语）+ a subsequent adverse effect（主语）+ on their wellbeing（介词短语作后置定语修饰 effect）。 中文翻译 因此，为了避免失败带来的羞愧与自我否定感，他们会过度透支自己，以至于这会对自身身心健康产生后续的负面影响。 长难句2： According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 fulltime workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. 句子结构分析 · According to recent research：介词短语作评注性状语。 · in which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 research：psychologists（主语）+ interviewed（谓语）+ 370 fulltime workers（宾语）+ over a period of three weeks（时间状语）。 · 主句：the reality（主语）+ is（系动词）+ a little more complicated（表语）。 · 并列句：it（主语，指代 the reality）+ involves（谓语）+ negative as well as positive consequences（宾语）。 中文翻译： 根据近期一项研究，心理学家在三周时间内访谈了 370 名全职员工，现实情况要更为复杂，其中既包含积极结果，也存在消极影响。 长难句3： However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of selfesteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 句子结构分析 · However：转折副词作状语。 · 主句主语：the way；定语从句 people feel about their work，省略关系词 that，修饰 the way。 · 主句谓语结构：has less to do with … but more with …。 · 第一处宾语：whether 引导宾语从句 whether they’re motivated by the preservation of selfesteem，作介词 with 的宾语。 · 第二处宾语：the fact；that 引导同位语从句 that they’re simply motivated，解释 fact 的具体内容。 中文翻译： 然而，人们对工作的感受，与其说和他们为维护自尊而工作有关，不如说仅仅取决于他们本身是否拥有工作动力。 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第13讲 阅读理解长难句式深度突破 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：要求能识别复杂复合句、分隔结构、非谓语修饰，快速剥离次要修饰，精准抓取句子核心语义，支撑细节定位、逻辑推理、篇章主旨三类阅读题型作答 考向01 高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分 【01】The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. 结构分析： 主句核心（并列简单句）：The writers’ contract（主语 1）+ does not outlaw（谓语 1）+ the use of AI tools（宾语 1）；it（主语 2，指代 contract）+ sets up（谓语 2）+ protections（宾语 2）。 复杂修饰成分： 定语 1：of AI tools in the writing process（修饰 use，说明 “写作过程中的 AI 工具使用”）。 目的状语：to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers（不定式短语作目的状语）。 对比状语：rather than being used by their bosses to replace them（介词短语作对比状语，表 “而非被老板用来取代他们”）。 中文翻译： 编剧合同并未禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，确保这项技术处于劳动者的控制之下，而非被雇主用来取代他们。 【02】She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：She（主语）+ criticises（谓语）+ his later following thinkers（宾语）。 复杂修饰成分： 插入语（举例）：like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley（补充说明 thinkers 的具体人物）。 原因状语：for their ignoring social factors（介词短语作原因状语，表 “因他们忽视社会因素”）。 定语 1：affecting success（现在分词短语修饰 social factors，“影响成功的社会因素”）。 目的状语：for supporting racial rankings（介词短语说明忽视的目的，“为了支持种族排名”）。 中文翻译： 她批评他后来的追随者（如汉斯・艾森克和威廉・肖克利），因为他们为了支持种族排名而忽视了影响成功的社会因素。 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔 【01】AI, which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, can help reduce emissions by optimizing energy use in various industries. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾）：AI（主语）+ can help reduce（谓语）+ emissions（宾语）。 插入语（分隔主谓）：which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 AI，打断了主语 AI 和谓语 can help reduce 的衔接）。 方式状语：by optimizing energy use in various industries（补充 “减少排放的方式”）。 中文翻译： 人工智能 —— 其极具识别复杂模式和优化系统的能力 —— 可通过优化各行业的能源使用来帮助减少排放。 【02】Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾）：Two-thumbed mobile typists（主语）+ generated（谓语）+ an average of about 38 words per minute（宾语）。 插入语（分隔主谓宾逻辑链）：according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing（介词短语作插入语，补充 “数据来源”，打断了主语和宾语的直接衔接）。 插入语内部：what researchers describe as...（宾语从句，作 according to 的宾语，表 “研究人员所称的……”）。 中文翻译： 据研究人员称，这是迄今为止规模最大的手机打字实验 —— 双拇指手机打字者的平均速度约为每分钟 38 个单词。 3 从句套从句，环环相扣 【01】What makes this book particularly fascinating is that it not only provides an in-depth analysis of historical events but also introduces readers to the perspectives of marginalized groups, which are often overlooked in traditional history texts. 结构分析： “What makes this book particularly fascinating” 为主语从句。 “that it not only provides… but also introduces…” 为表语从句，内部含并列谓语。 “which are often overlooked…” 为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 “perspectives”。 中文翻译 这本书之所以特别引人入胜，在于它不仅对历史事件进行了深入分析，还向读者呈现了传统历史教材中常被忽视的边缘群体的视角。 【02】Although the company faced severe financial challenges last year, it managed to launch an innovative product line that quickly gained market share, which not only saved the business but also reinforced its reputation as an industry leader. 结构分析： “Although the company faced severe financial challenges last year” 为让步状语从句。 “that quickly gained market share” 为限制性定语从句，修饰 “product line”。 “which not only saved the business but also reinforced its reputation…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容。 中文翻译 尽管该公司去年遭遇严重财务困境，但它仍成功推出了一条迅速占领市场的创新产品线，此举不仅挽救了企业，也进一步巩固了其行业领导者的声誉。 【03】The teacher explained that unless students develop critical-thinking skills and actively engage with the material, they will struggle to apply the knowledge they have learned in real-world situations, which is essential for their academic and professional success. 结构分析： “that unless students develop… and actively engage…” 为宾语从句，内含 unless 引导的条件状语从句。 “they have learned” 为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰 “knowledge”。 “which is essential…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句内容。 中文翻译 老师指出，除非学生培养批判性思维并积极投入学习，否则他们难以把所学知识应用于现实情境，而这种能力对他们的学业与职业成功至关重要。 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 【01】 Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. 结构分析： 这个句子考查了V-ing形式作状语和虚拟语气的用法，其中“giving them a closer relationship”作为状语，说明了搬家的结果。 中文翻译 如今，三代人都认为搬家是成功的，这让他们拥有了比在不同城市时更亲密的关系。 【02】It is the commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, that have enabled them to achieve remarkable results in the field of cancer research, bringing hope to patients around the world. 结构分析： 强调句，强调主语 “the commitment and passing of the team”。去掉强调结构后，句子为 “The commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, have enabled them...”。“bringing hope to patients around the world” 是现在分词短语作结果状语。 中文翻译 正是团队的奉献和热情，而非资金资源，使他们在癌症研究领域取得了显著成果，为全球患者带来了希望。 考向02 高考阅读理解中长难句式运用 【01】What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？ A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 主要答题依据： This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 答案： 分析：本句是一个包含because原因状语从句的复合句。because原因状语从句是一个包含while引导的时间状语从句的复合句，这个复合句的主句主语和谓语之间插入了who 引导的定语从句，主句的谓语使用的是leave sb/sth adj.（使……处于某种状态）的被动语态。本句可翻译为：当所有的专家忙于争辩哪个是最好的选择时，那些想要改善自己生活的人依然被诸多相互矛盾的信息困扰着，这让我感到无限沮丧。因此作者对专家们的态度是怀疑的，故本题选B。 【02】What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ A. They were unsure of themselves. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 主要答题依据： “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents . 答案： 分析：本題主要考查对引号中句子的理解。这个句子的结构并不复杂，第一个分句是主系表结构；第二个分句是省略了主语的主谓宾结构，其后再加far和fast及动词不定式作状语。本句难就难在考查了一个特殊的语法结构 “cant/couldn’t ...enough...”表示“越……越好”，所以引号中句子的意思是 “在20世纪60年代我们都有一点疯狂，为了证明我们可以独立，我们认为离家越远越好，越快越好。” 故本题选C。 【03】What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？ A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air. C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmers market. 主要答题依据：Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. 答案： 分析：这个句子是一个长句，但本句其实就是一个由but连接的转折并列句。第一个分句是一个主谓宾简单句“Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets filled the weekend”；第二个分句是个主系表简单句“the best part was a 7 a.m. adventure”。第一个分句的主语后加了插入语对pink sunsets 补充说明；第二个分句的主谓之间也用破折号加入了插入语，表语“ a 7 a.m. adventure”后带了介词短语作定语和分隔式定语从句。定语从句“that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call”中的that指代 adventure， 再根据adventure后的定语可知，这次冒险是指早起去Sarasota当地的农贸市场，因此本题答案选D。 【04】What was the author going to do that evening？ A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables. 主要答题依据：Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. 答案： 分析：本句是一个复杂的主从复合句。主句为主谓结构的简单句“my happiness deepened”，其前面是一个as引导的倒装结构的让步状语从句，其后是when引导的时间状语从句，这个时间状语从句中又包含一个that 引导的主系表结构的宾语从句， 这个宾语从句中有一个介词短语for Jack Dusty作状语，其后接“a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton”作Jack Dusty的同位语， 补充说明Jack Dusty是一家新开的餐馆，然后再由where引导非限制性定语从句补充说明我打算要在那天晚上在Jack Dusty这家新开的餐馆里吃饭， 故答案选C。 【05】 In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_______. A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of America C. did great harm to the natural environment D. were the largest bird population in the US 主要答题依据： It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. 答案： 分析：本句是一個由that引导的主语从句的复合句。that引导的主语从句中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句的复合句， 这个复合句的主句是there be 句型， 其主语“more than 3 billion passenger pigeons”后由破折号引出同位语a number， 然后再接定语从句 “which is equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States ”的省略形式（省略了which is） 作a number的后置定语，最后这个there be 句型后又跟了一个V-ing形式的结果状语。根据这个句子的意思及仔细比较四个选项, 可知本题选D。 重难·创新演练 Passage 1 【新情境·“长相酷似者”（doppelgängers）的相关研究】 【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题 Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍“长相酷似者”（doppelgängers）的相关研究：其外貌相似源于共同基因，但性格无关联，人们因天生渴望相似性而对此着迷。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related.(研究表明，那些最能与他人完美“模仿”相像的人，其基因特征也颇为相似，尽管他们之间并无生物学上的亲缘关系)”可知，“长相酷似者”的外貌相似可能源于共同的基因。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings.(布伦内尔协助埃斯特勒与世界各地的数十对“孪生陌生人”取得了联系。志愿者们通过邮件寄送了基因样本，而埃斯特勒的团队则花费了四年时间来收集和比对这些数据，最终发表了他们的研究成果)”可知，埃斯特勒的团队通过对比布鲁内尔项目中 “长相酷似者” 的 DNA 展开研究。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside.(塞格尔发现，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处——他们就像陌生人一样不同。这表明，虽然基因塑造了我们的外表，但they don’t determine who we are inside)”可知，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处，由此可推知，基因不决定我们的内在性格，即性格并非由基因塑造。作者说“它们并不能决定我们内在的本质”，意思是说性格并非由我们的基因所决定的。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves.(即便如此，人类天生就会倾向于被与自己长相相似的人所吸引)”可知，人们对寻找长相酷似者感兴趣的原因是“天生会被与自己相似的人吸引”。故选B。 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 结构分析： · 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； · “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； · “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； · “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； · 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 中文翻译： 他研究了加拿大摄影师弗朗索瓦・布鲁内尔长期开展的 “我不是替身！” 项目中那些长相酷似者的基因相似性 —— 该项目自 1999 年以来，一直在拍摄那些没有血缘关系却长相相似的人。 句式结构解析： 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 结构分析： · 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； · 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； · 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； · 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 中文翻译： 借助先进的面部识别算法 —— 与警方和机场使用的算法类型相同 —— 埃斯特勒的研究团队筛选出了那些相似度堪比真正双胞胎的长相酷似者组合。 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 结构分析： · “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； · 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 中文翻译： 尽管他们体内的微生物群和人生经历大相径庭，但他们的外貌却由相似的 DNA 模式所塑造。 Passage 2 【新情境·当下青少年形成新群体 “i一代”】 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 They’re still kids, and although there’s a lot that the experts don’t yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it’s all because of technology. To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they signal an all-encompassing sensibility that some say marks the dawning of a new generation. The contrast between Millennials and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen of California State University that he has declared the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. “The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’,” Rosen says. “Everything is defined and individualized to ‘me’. My music choices are defined to ‘me’. What I watch on TV any instant is defined to ‘me’.” He says the iGeneration includes today’s teens and middle-schoolers, but it’s too soon to tell about elementary-school ages and younger. Rosen says the iGeneration believes anything is possible. “If they can think of it, somebody probably has or will invent it,” he says. “They expect innovation.” They have high expectations that whatever they want or can use “will be able to be tailored to their own needs and wishes and desires.” Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned. Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.” Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly. “The growth curve on the use of technology with children is exponential (指数的), and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think,” Rosen says. “We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.” 5．Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids ________. A．communicate with others by high-tech methods continually B．prefer to live a virtual life than a real one C．are equipped with more modem digital techniques D．know more on technology than their elders 6．Which of the following is true about the iGeneration according to Rosen? A．This generation is crazy about inventing and creating new things. B．Everything must be adapted to the peculiar need of the generation. C．This generation catches up with the development of technology. D．High-tech such as wireless devices goes with the generation. 7．Rosen’s findings suggest that technology ________. A．has an obvious effect on the function of iGeneration’s brain development B．has greatly affected the iGeneration’s behaviors and academic performance C．has no significantly negative effect on iGeneration’s mental and intellectual development D．has caused distraction problems on iGeneration which affect their daily performance. 8．According to the passage, education has to _________. A．adapt its system to the need of the new generation B．use more technologies to cater for the iGeneration C．risk its system to certain extent for the iGeneration D．be conducted online for iGeneration’s individualized need 最复杂长难句 Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：Rosen（主语）+ says（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that，核心部分为 so...that... 结构）。 · 宾语从句核心：the tech-dominated life experience（主语）+ is（系动词）+ so different（表语）+ from the Millennials（状语）+ that（结果状语从句引导词）+ they warrant the distinction of a new generation（结果状语从句）。 · 定语修饰： · of those born since the early 1990s（介词短语作定语，修饰主语 “生活经历”）。 · he wrote about in his 2007 book...Net Generation（定语从句，修饰 the Millennials，省略关系代词 whom）。 · which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”（非限制性定语从句，修饰 a new generation）。 · 插入语：Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation（书名，补充说明 2007 年的著作）。 中文翻译 罗森表示，20 世纪 90 年代初以后出生的人，其受科技主导的生活经历与他在 2007 年著作《我、聚友网与我：网络一代的养育之道》中所描述的千禧一代截然不同，因此他们理应被划分为新一代 —— 他将这一代人命名为 “i 一代”。 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．C 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家指出技术使当下青少年形成新群体 “i一代”，他们追求持续互联与个性化，受技术影响大，这也倒逼教育体系做出相应变革。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get.( 对于研究他们的心理学家、社会学家、代际和媒体专家来说，他们的数字设备使这个新群体与精通技术的千禧一代长辈区别开来。他们想要随时保持联系，以一种连他们的哥哥姐姐都不太理解的方式。)”以及第七段中“They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned.( 他们离不开无线设备，无线设备既能让他们发短信，也能让他们说话，所以他们可以一直保持联系——即使是在课堂上，据说手机是被禁止的。)”可知，与他们的千禧一代长辈相比，“i一代”的孩子不断地用高科技方法与他人交流。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段中Rosen的表述“The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’(科技是最容易看到这一点的方式，但它也是一种思维模式，这种思维模式与小写的‘我’相伴，我说的‘我’代表‘个性化’)”以及第七段中的“Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices(罗森说便携性是关键。他们与无线设备形影不离)”可知，无线设备等高科技与这一代人相伴相生。故选D项。 7．细节理解题。根据第八段中““They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.”(罗森说：“他们应该分心，应该表现得比现在更糟糕。”“但研究结果表明，青少年比我们根据他们的年龄和大脑发育所预测的更能承受干扰。”)”可知，罗森的发现表明技术对一代人的心理和智力发展没有显著的负面影响。故选C项。 8．推理判断题。根据第九段“Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly.( 罗森说，因为这些孩子更容易沉浸其中，而且年龄更小，所以教育系统必须做出重大改变。)”以及最后一段““We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.”(“我们必须给他们选择，因为他们希望自己的世界个性化。”)”可推知，根据文章，教育必须使其系统适应新一代的需要。故选A项。 Passage 3 【新情境·中国文化遗产】 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 · 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 · 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 · 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 · 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 尽管用冰木覆盖整个北极并不现实，但李（Tian Li）建议，可在沿海地区使用更大尺寸的冰木 —— 这些地区的原住民依赖冰面捕鱼 —— 以加快冬季冰盖形成，减少夏季冰体流失。 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍普渡大学团队研发“冰木”材料，旨在帮助北极形成新海冰以应对全球变暖导致的海冰减少，同时提及相关争议。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic(经过改造的浮木有助于北极新海冰的形成)”及第三段“Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice.(如今，印第安纳州西拉法叶市普渡大学的Tian Li及其同事正提议对木材进行改造，以帮助其促成新海冰的形成)”可知，“冰木”项目的主要目的是帮助北极形成新海冰。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica.(随着气候变暖，北冰洋的冰盖面积正在不断缩小，据预测，该地区将在 2030 年前迎来首个无冰夏日。海冰的消融会引发一个恶性循环：由于裸露的海水比冰颜色更深，它会吸收更多太阳热量，进一步使海水升温，导致冰体愈发难以重新形成。这促使人们提出了各类地球工程计划，旨在让北冰洋和南极洲的海水重新冻结)”可知，“恶性循环”指北极海冰减少→裸露海水吸收更多太阳热量→水温升高→海冰更难形成→海冰进一步减少，即一个负面结果会引发连锁反应，导致情况持续恶化。B项“学生为多学习而少睡觉→睡眠不足导致注意力下降→学习相同内容需更多时间→睡得更少”符合这一逻辑。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface.(阳光随后加热表面深色的碳化部分，使那里的水分蒸发，之后在较冷的白色部分凝结)”及第七段“During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉).(在水温保持在约 2℃（36 华氏度）的池塘中进行测试时，即便空气温度达到 7℃至 8℃（44.6 华氏度至 46.4 华氏度），漂浮的冰木顶部依然保持在冰点以下)”可知，“冰木”依靠表面碳化部分与去木质素部分的温度差促进冰的形成。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming.(经过改造的浮木或能促成北极新海冰的形成，助力抵消因全球变暖导致的冰盖面积快速缩减)”文章核心围绕“冰木”这一工程材料展开，介绍其研发背景、制作原理、实验效果及应用前景，同时提及相关争议。B项“让北极重新结冰：工程化冰木的科学与前景”能全面概括核心内容,为最佳标题。故选B项。 名校真题·实战演练 Passage 1 【来源】2025届上海市曹杨第二中学高三下学期三模英语试题 JULY 19TH was a day for help- desk heroes. A routine software update by CrowdStrike, a cyber-security company, caused computer breakdown in offices, hospitals and airports worldwide. Most white-collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress — but also full of meaning. If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? This is not a meaningless question. Technologies tend to spread in less dramatic ways, task by task rather than role by role. Before machines replace individuals, they change the nature of the work they do. A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect. In a separate paper, Ms Nikolova and Anthony Lepinteur of the University of Luxembourg, explore why this might be. They find that industrial robots make jobs less physically exhausting. But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. Work becomes more routine, not less. Machines need not have a dulling effect. In their research Ms Nikolova and her co-authors found that people did not perceive a loss of autonomy if they were working with computers, where they have more control of the machine than the other way round. And automation may well have a different impact on service industries like health caro, where less time spent on manual work might indeed mean more time with patients. A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug-dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 1．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first and second paragraphs? A．Machines can sometimes add more purposes to jobs when they fail. B．Technologies typically spread across entire roles, replacing workers in one go. C．Potential demerits of introducing machines in the workplace have been recorded. D．A cyber-security company caused technological faults on purpose when testing the software. 2．What’s the conclusion of Ms Nikolova’s research in industrial settings? A．Workers feel more autonomous and in control when working with robots. B．Machines reduce the sense of purpose in human workers’ jobs in reality. C．Industrial robots replace human workers, eliminating their tasks and roles. D．Automation facilitates manual labor, increasing the variety of tasks. 3．We can infer from Barrett’s research that ______. A．the introduction of robots leads to a decrease in job quality for all hospital staff B．when robots are introduced, staff tend to feel more satisfied regardless of their roles C．in the same department, workers in different positions can feel differently to automation D．in some occupational areas, automation does constantly reduce the perceived meaningfulness 4．Which of the following studies will others in the last paragraph cite as their evidence? A．A paper from Boris Nikolaev illustrates that many employees put a higher premium on non-monetary than monetary rewards. B．Research by Pok Man Tang of the University of Georgia suggests that workers who interact more with AI assistants feel lonelier and long for more social contact. C．A recent Federal Reserve discussion paper surveyed American workers who had switched jobs; they found that interest in the work mattered more to people than pay and benefits. D．An experiment conducted by Eugina Leung states that a technology that cuts down on boring tasks is fine; one that threatens your sense of identity is not. 长难句1 So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：it（形式主语）+ matters（谓语）。 · 真正主语由两个 whether 引导的主语从句并列构成，由 and 连接。 · 第一个主语从句：whether new technologies（主语）+ are introduced（被动谓语）+ in collaboration with employees（方式状语）+ or imposed（并列被动谓语，省略 are）+ from above（地点状语）。 · 第二个主语从句：whether they（主语，指代 new technologies）+ enhance or weaken（并列谓语）+ their sense of competence（宾语，their 指代 employees’）。 中文翻译 因此，新技术是在与员工协作的前提下推出，还是自上而下强制推行，以及新技术是增强还是削弱员工的胜任感，这一点至关重要。 长难句2： But the number of tasks that remain open to humans decreases, hurting both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process. 句子结构分析 · 主句核心：the number of tasks（主语）+ decreases（谓语）。 · 定语从句：that remain open to humans（that 作主语，remain 系动词，open 表语），修饰先行词 tasks。 · 现在分词作结果状语：hurting（状语）+ both the variety of work and people’s understanding of the production process（并列宾语），表达主句带来的结果。 中文翻译： 但留给人类可完成的任务数量变少，这既损害了工作的多样性，也削弱了人们对生产流程的理解。 长难句3： A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. 句子结构分析 · 主句主语：A recent paper，from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen（介词短语作后置定语修饰 paper）。 · 主句谓语：looked at。 · 并列宾语 1：the prevalence of robots in industrial settings（名词短语作宾语）。 · 并列宾语 2：how that affected workers（how 引导宾语从句，that 指代工业场景机器人普及这件事）。 中文翻译：米莱娜・尼科洛娃与费姆克・克诺森近期发表的一篇论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度，以及这一现象对工人产生的影响。 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“机器和人工智能对工作质量和员工感受的影响”这一主题展开讨论，通过引用多个研究案例和分析，探讨了机器在出现故障和正常运转时对工作的影响，以及自动化和人工智能在不同行业中的应用对员工感受和工作质量的潜在影响。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Most white - collar workers looked miserably at their screens and realised just how useless they are if they cannot log in. People in IT came to the rescue of helpless colleagues and stranded passengers. Their work that day was full of stress— but also full of meaning. (大多数白领悲惨地盯着他们的屏幕，意识到如果无法登录，他们的工作将变得毫无意义。信息技术部门的人员前来解救那些无助的同事和被困的乘客。他们那天的工作充满了压力，但也充满了意义。)”以及第二段“If machines can add purpose to some jobs when they fail, what about when they work properly? (如果机器在出现故障时能给某些工作增添意义，那么当它们正常运转时又会怎样呢？)”可知，有时候机器出现故障的时候，会给一些工作增添意义。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“A recent paper, from Milena Nikolova and Femke Cnossen looked at the prevalence of robots in industrial settings and how that affected workers. Robots reduced the perceived meaningfulness of jobs across the board, regardless of age, gender, skills and the type of work. In theory, machines can free up time for more interesting tasks; in practice, they seem to have had the opposite effect.( Milena Nikolova和Femke Cnossen撰写的一篇近期论文研究了工业环境中机器人的普及程度以及这对工人的影响。机器人普遍降低了工作的意义感，无论年龄、性别、技能水平和工作类型如何。理论上，机器可以腾出时间让人去做更有趣的任务；但实际上，它们似乎产生了相反的效果。)”可知，Nikolova女士的研究表明，机器减少了人类工作者工作中的意义感。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“A paper from 2011 by Michael Barrett of the University of Cambridge found that the introduction of drug- dispensing robots into hospital pharmacies had different effects. Pharmacists felt the quality of their jobs had improved because they had more time for patient counselling. Pharmacy assistants had a more miserable time of it, however, as their role shrank to loading medicine into the machines. (剑桥大学的Michael Barrett于2011年发表的一篇论文发现，在医院药房引入药物分发机器人产生了不同的影响。药剂师觉得他们的工作质量提高了，因为他们有更多的时间为患者提供咨询。然而，药房助理的日子就不好过了，因为他们的职责缩减为往机器里装药。)”可推测，即便都是在医院药房里工作，药剂师和药房助理的感受都不一样。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It is still too early to know how AI will affect the quality of work. Some will surely enjoy using a bot to brainstorm ideas and take care of boring tasks, while others may not. The thing for managers to remember is that machines can make employees feel differently about their work. So it matters whether new technologies are introduced in collaboration with employees or imposed from above, and whether they enhance or weaken their sense of competence. (目前还无法确定人工智能将如何影响工作质量。有些人肯定会喜欢使用机器人来集思广益和处理无聊的任务，而另一些人则可能不会。管理者要记住的一点是，机器会让员工对自己的工作产生不同的感受。因此，新技术是与员工合作引入还是从上面强加，以及它们是否增强了还是削弱了员工的胜任感，这些都是至关重要的。)”可知，员工的胜任感是非常重要的。故选D。 Passage 2 【来源】2025届上海市建平中学高三下学期三模考试英语试题 In the early 2000s, Merlin Mann, a Web designer and devoted Macintosh enthusiast, was working as a freelance (自由职业的) project manager for software companies. He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. Mann wasn’t alone in his frustration. Work lives that had once been orderly — two or three blocks of work, broken up by meetings and phone calls — became wildly busy, unplanned, and impossibly overloaded. “E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. Things have not since changed much. Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. This vision is attractive, but it cannot be realized by individual actions alone. It will require management intervention. Up until now, there has been little will to shift the responsibility for productivity from the person to the organization. Most knowledge-work companies have been more focused on keeping up with technological breakthroughs that might open up new markets, without addressing the fundamental issues that underlie workplace inefficiency. To get more done, it’s been sufficient to simply encourage employees to work harder. Laptops and smartphones helped these efforts by enabling office workers to find extra hours in the day to get things done, providing a productivity balance against the inefficiencies of overload culture. It seems likely that any successful effort to reform professional life must start by making it easier to figure out who is working on what, and how it’s going. Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible. 5．What does the author try to illustrate with the example of Merlin Mann? A．More and more people have started to hop from one job to another. B．Creative design is very demanding mentally when done individually. C．Too many job responsibilities to perform could make people depressed. D．Small tasks could emerge at random to keep people disorganized at work. 6．What is the author’s view of email use in the workplace? A．It helps employees keep track of the work that has been piled up. B．It contributes to the difficulty and inefficiency of task management. C．It facilitates emotional support in times of uncertainty and anxiety. D．It provides an opportunity for employees to communicate informally. 7．What change does the author try to introduce in the workplace? A．Enhancing work flow with the aid of technology. B．Reducing workload and lowering the stress level. C．Setting distinct attainable goals for individuals. D．Redistributing work duties among employees. 8．What can be inferred about the system the author suggests? A．New software can help to hire workers from outside. B．Teamwork will become easier with a big picture. C．Division of labor will be negotiated within a team. D．Virtual reality can help to do on-the-job training. 长难句1： Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. 句子结构分析 · 并列主句 1：Most of us（主语）+ are（系动词）+ not our own bosses（表语），+ and therefore lack（并列谓语）+ the ability（宾语）+ to dramatically rebuild…responsibilities（不定式后置定语修饰 ability）。 · 转折连词 but 引出祈使句主句：imagine（祈使句谓语）。 · if 引导宾语从句作 imagine 的宾语： · 插入方式状语：through some combination of new management thinking and technology · 从句主语：we · 从句第一组并列谓语：could introduce（谓语 1）+ processes（宾语） · that 引导定语从句修饰 processes：that（主语）+ minimize（谓语）+ the time（宾语） · required to talk about work or fight off random tasks（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 time） · thrown our way by equally stressed co‑workers（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 random tasks） · and instead 引出从句第二组并列谓语：(could) let（谓语 2，省略 could）+ us（宾语）+ organize our days（宾补）+ around a small number of separate and specific objectives（方式状语）。 中文翻译 我们大多数人都并非自己的老板，因此无力彻底重构自身的工作职责架构，但不妨设想：如果借助新式管理理念与技术的某种结合，我们能够建立一套工作流程，最大限度减少用于工作沟通、或是应付同样压力重重的同事抛来的零散任务所耗费的时间，转而让我们可以围绕少数独立、明确的目标来规划每日工作。 长难句2： He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages. 句子结构分析 · 分句 1：He（主语）+ had held（谓语，过去完成时）+ similar roles（宾语）+ for years（时间状语）；so 引导结果状语分句：he（主语）+ knew（谓语）+ the ins and outs of the job（宾语）。 · 分号衔接并列分句 2：he（主语）+ was surprised（系表）+ therefore（插入状语）+ to find（不定式作原因状语）。 · that 引导 find 的宾语从句：he（主语）+ was literally buried under（被动谓语）；破折号引出并列介词短语：not by… but by… 作 buried under 的逻辑主语。 · such as scheduling conference calls 举例插入，修饰 administrative tasks。 · that 引导定语从句：that（主语）+ surfaced up（谓语）+ from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages（地点状语），先行词为 administrative tasks。 中文翻译： 他从事过类似岗位多年，熟知这份工作的方方面面；因此，他惊讶地发现，自己几乎被压得喘不过气 —— 压垮他的并非工作中烧脑的难题，而是大量琐碎的行政事务，例如安排电话会议，这些事务从杂乱成堆的邮件中不断冒出来。 长难句3： Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. 句子结构分析 · 现在分词作方式状语：Following the lead of software developers。 · 主句：we（主语）+ might use（谓语）+ virtual task boards（宾语）。 · where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 virtual task boards：every task（主语）+ is represented（被动谓语 1）+ by a card（状语），+ and (the card) is pinned（被动谓语 2，主语 card 承前省略）+ under a column（地点状语）+ indicating its status（现在分词后置定语修饰 column）。 · 嵌套定语从句 that indicates who is doing the work：that 指代 card 作主语，indicates 为谓语，who 引导宾语从句作 indicates 的宾语。 中文翻译： 效仿软件开发人员的做法，我们可以使用虚拟任务看板：每一项任务对应一张卡片，卡片标注负责人，并且归类贴在代表任务状态的栏目之下。 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨现代职场中琐碎任务导致的工作低效问题，并提出借助技术优化工作流程的设想。 【详解】5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. (他担任类似职位已有多年，因此对这份工作的细节了如指掌；然而令他惊讶的是，自己简直被压得喘不过气来——并非被工作中需要耗费脑力的部分所累，而是被大量琐碎的行政任务所淹没，比如安排电话会议，这些任务都源自杂乱无章的电子邮件信息流。)”可知，作者通过Merlin Mann的例子说明，随机涌现的小任务会让人在工作中变得杂乱无章。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的““E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. (曼在回顾这段时期时说：“电子邮件是一团代表着焦虑的不确定性之球。”)”及第五段中的“Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. (由于我们如今在办公室的大量工作都以数字信息的快速交换形式展开，我们很容易想当然地将收件箱当作存放所有待办事项的非正式存储库。然而，这种策略掩盖了过载文化中许多最糟糕的方面。)”可知，作者认为职场中使用电子邮件加剧了任务管理的困难和低效。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. (不妨考虑一种将工作外化的系统。我们可以效仿软件开发人员的做法，使用虚拟任务板：每个任务都用一张卡片来表示，卡片上标明负责该任务的人员，并且这些卡片会被固定在相应的列下，这些列标明了任务的状态。)”可知，作者主张借助技术（如虚拟任务板）优化工作流程。故选A项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible.(快速浏览一下，你就能了解团队内正在进行的所有事情，并就每个人一次应该处理多少工作提出有意义的问题。有了这个设置，改进就成为可能。)”可知，作者建议的系统通过可视化任务板让团队成员对工作全局一目了然，从而使团队协作更轻松。故选B项。 Passage 3 【来源】2025届上海市复兴高级中学高三下学期三模英语试题 Many people associate their self-worth with their work. The more successful their career, the better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. It’s natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain. In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells (使……膨胀) our self-respect, people will try to repeat that accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable. What consumes the employees instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating (以……告终) in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment. Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished (减弱的) capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied both at work and outside of it. But thankfully, for those people compelled almost entirely by this specific form of motivation, the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can actually outweigh the harmful ones. Though these types of employees are motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation. Sure, it affects people’s personal lives to an unhealthy extent, because leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 9．What does the author say about the pursuit of work-related self-esteem? A．It may result in negative motivation. B．It contributes to one’s accomplishments. C．It can increase one’s vigor as one keeps trying. D．It costs too much emotionally and psychologically. 10．What do employees tend to do in pursuing work-related self-esteem? A．Take on tasks well beyond their actual capabilities. B．Strive to succeed at the expense of their well-being. C．Turn to all means regardless of the consequences. D．Stretch their sense of shame and worthlessness. 11．What do we learn about people over-concerned with work-related self-esteem? A．They may often feel inferior to their colleagues. B．They cannot enjoy their personal life to the full. C．They are never satisfied with their achievements. D．They have their own view of friendship and leisure. 12．What is the good news we learn from the recent research? A．The pursuit of goals may turn out to be enjoyable and pleasant. B．The emotional rewards from goal pursuit are worth the pains taken. C．The negative consequences of goal pursuit can mostly be avoided. D．The goal of swelling self-esteem can be achieved if one keeps trying. 长难句1: As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their wellbeing. 句子结构分析 主句核心：they（主语）+ extend（谓语）+ themselves（宾语）。 · As a result：副词短语作结果状语。 · to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness：不定式短语作目的状语。 · associated with failure：过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 feelings of shame and worthlessness。 · to such a degree：程度状语。 · that 引导结果状语从句（such…that… 句型）：there’s（there be 句型谓语）+ a subsequent adverse effect（主语）+ on their wellbeing（介词短语作后置定语修饰 effect）。 中文翻译 因此，为了避免失败带来的羞愧与自我否定感，他们会过度透支自己，以至于这会对自身身心健康产生后续的负面影响。 长难句2： According to recent research, in which psychologists interviewed 370 fulltime workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more complicated. And it involves negative as well as positive consequences. 句子结构分析 · According to recent research：介词短语作评注性状语。 · in which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 research：psychologists（主语）+ interviewed（谓语）+ 370 fulltime workers（宾语）+ over a period of three weeks（时间状语）。 · 主句：the reality（主语）+ is（系动词）+ a little more complicated（表语）。 · 并列句：it（主语，指代 the reality）+ involves（谓语）+ negative as well as positive consequences（宾语）。 中文翻译： 根据近期一项研究，心理学家在三周时间内访谈了 370 名全职员工，现实情况要更为复杂，其中既包含积极结果，也存在消极影响。 长难句3： However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether they’re motivated by the preservation of selfesteem but more with the fact that they’re simply motivated. 句子结构分析 · However：转折副词作状语。 · 主句主语：the way；定语从句 people feel about their work，省略关系词 that，修饰 the way。 · 主句谓语结构：has less to do with … but more with …。 · 第一处宾语：whether 引导宾语从句 whether they’re motivated by the preservation of selfesteem，作介词 with 的宾语。 · 第二处宾语：the fact；that 引导同位语从句 that they’re simply motivated，解释 fact 的具体内容。 中文翻译： 然而，人们对工作的感受，与其说和他们为维护自尊而工作有关，不如说仅仅取决于他们本身是否拥有工作动力。 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．B 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。许多人将自我价值与工作挂钩，但研究表明，追求工作相关自尊虽能带来积极动力，却也会导致负面动机，让人过度投入工作，牺牲幸福，影响个人生活。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“But repeating that accomplishment is often not realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotional consequences when it doesn’t reoccur. This form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more positive motivation types, such as completing a task purely because it’s fulfilling or enjoyable.(但重复这种成就往往并不现实，当它不再出现时，就会导致严重的负面情绪后果。这种形式的动机被广泛认为是一种消极的动机类型。它可能会阻碍其他更积极的动机类型，比如仅仅因为任务具有满足感或趣味性而完成它)”可知，追求与工作相关的自尊可能会导致消极的激励效果。故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“As a result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy, culminating (以……告终) in disproportionate levels of damaging sentiment.(因此，为了避免因失败而产生的羞愧和无价值感，他们会竭尽全力去追求成功，但这种过度的努力最终会对他们的身心健康产生不利影响。这种不惜一切代价追求成功的内在压力需要付出大量的努力。它会消耗他们的精力，最终导致过度负面的情绪反应)”可知，员工在追求与工作相关的自尊时，通常为了追求成功而不惜牺牲自身的幸福。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the most of their personal life. Their desire to avoid feeling inferior ends up making them feel inferior when it comes to their diminished (减弱的) capacity for friendship and leisure.(那些负面情绪逐渐演变成强烈的焦虑，影响了他们充分利用个人生活的能力。他们试图避免感到自卑的愿望，最终却导致他们在社交和休闲方面的能力下降时，反而更加感到自卑)”可知，对于那些过分在意与工作相关的自尊心的人无法充分享受个人生活。故选B。 12．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and pride that would result from success. An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the existence of negative motivation.(这种兴奋感使得追求目标的过程变得充满乐趣，并能激发因成功而产生的喜悦和自豪之情。这种积极的激励作用还意味着它能够消除消极动机的存在)”可知，对目标的追求可能会变得既有趣又令人愉快。故选A。 20 / 20网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $