高考英语阅读理解C篇 科普说明文 （四）2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

**基本信息** 聚焦高考英语科普说明文，系统提炼细节理解、推理判断等题型解题方法，构建“话题引入-原理分析-优缺对比”逻辑链，提升语言理解与思维推断能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |细节理解|4题|定位原文关键句，排除与原文矛盾/无依据选项|科技现象描述→具体特征提取→选项匹配验证| |推理判断|4题|基于原文信息推断，警惕绝对化表述|技术优势/局限→隐含逻辑分析→合理结论推导| |词义猜测|2题|结合上下文语境，分析修饰/因果关系|陌生词汇→语境线索（如routine修饰repeated work）→语义匹配| |主旨标题|2题|概括全文核心说明对象，排除偏离主题选项|话题引入→技术原理→应用前景→核心内容提炼|

高考英语阅读理解C篇（科普说明文） 话题：合成生物学AI辅助实验 话题：可自修复生物基建筑材料 话题：精密发酵新型食物 话题：水下微型生物追踪标签 Passage 1 话题：AI赋能合成生物学实验闭环 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Synthetic biology aims to redesign living cells to produce useful materials, yet traditional lab research moves at a slow pace. Researchers spend months designing gene sequences, running repeated tests and adjusting plans according to experimental data. Now artificial intelligence is stepping in to form a closed‑loop system for biological research. AI models can rapidly generate large numbers of potential gene designs based on given goals. However, early AI tools only offered theoretical suggestions without real‑world proof. New closed‑loop systems connect AI design, robotic lab equipment and result feedback. After robots carry out actual biological experiments, data flows back to AI algorithms, which revise previous designs for the next round of tests. This workflow greatly cuts down research cycles. What once took human biologists half a year may be finished within weeks. Still, the technology faces obvious limits. AI cannot completely replace human researchers. It generates plenty of unworkable designs, and human judgment remains necessary to tell valuable results from useless noise. Besides, high‑standard automatic experimental hardware costs a great deal. Scientists believe AI‑driven synthetic biology will not mean fully automated labs. Instead, it will serve as a powerful assistant, freeing researchers from repeated routine work so they can focus on creative thinking and major scientific puzzles. 1. What is the disadvantage of early AI tools for synthetic‑biology research? A. They could not produce theoretical gene designs. B. Their suggestions lacked support from real‑lab experiments. C. They took months to finish simple biological tasks. D. They required no human researchers to operate at all. 2. What benefit does the closed‑loop system bring to biological research? A. It shortens the whole research period effectively. B. It removes all mistakes in gene‑sequence designing. C. It reduces the cost of experimental hardware greatly. D. It solves all major scientific puzzles automatically. 3. What can we infer about AI‑driven synthetic biology from the text? A. Human researchers will disappear from biology labs soon. B. AI can judge whether experimental results are valuable. C. Human creative thinking still plays an irreplaceable role. D. Robotic equipment can work well without AI’s guidance. 4. What does the underlined word “routine” in the last paragraph mean? A. highly‑creative B. rarely‑seen C. repeated ordinary D. high‑risk complicated Passage 2 话题：可自修复生物基建筑材料 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Traditional concrete, the most widely used building material worldwide, has clear drawbacks. It cracks easily under temperature changes and long‑term pressure. Repair work costs huge amounts of money, and concrete production releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. To solve these problems, scientists are developing self‑healing bio‑based construction materials. These new materials mix special fungi with building base substances. Under suitable temperature and wetness conditions, the fungi grow slowly inside small cracks. Their growth produces solid substances that fill broken openings automatically. After cracks get repaired, fungi will stay inactive until new damage appears. Bio‑based building materials show promising performance in test labs. They cut later maintenance expenses and lower carbon output compared with traditional concrete. Nevertheless, real‑world application meets barriers. Fungi are sensitive to extreme weather. Severe heat or freezing cold will stop their active growth. Besides, large‑scale production technology has not been fully mature, which keeps the present price at a relatively high level. Researchers are trying to improve the material’s weather resistance and bring down production costs. They do not expect bio‑based materials to take the place of concrete completely in a short time. Instead, they will serve as a green choice for certain special building projects. 1. What is one shortcoming of traditional concrete? A. It can repair small cracks by itself. B. Its production causes carbon‑dioxide release. C. It costs little money for later repairs. D. It remains unchanged under all temperatures. 2. How do the fungi inside bio‑based materials repair cracks? A. They produce solid substances while growing. B. They absorb surrounding concrete completely. C. They create low temperature to cool broken parts. D. They take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 3. What can we infer about self‑healing bio‑based building materials? A. They can resist any extreme weather conditions. B. They have been widely used in ordinary buildings. C. High cost is one barrier to its large‑scale use. D. They will totally replace concrete in the near future. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. A promising green building material with self‑healing ability B. The history and wide usage of traditional concrete C. Different ways to reduce carbon‑dioxide pollution D. Methods of preventing buildings from natural disasters Passage 3 话题：精密发酵技术制造新型食物蛋白 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 Precision fermentation is an emerging food‑production technology. Scientists program harmless microbes to produce protein, fat and other nutritional elements. Different from traditional farming that depends on large areas of farmland and livestock raising, this method creates food materials inside huge industrial fermentation containers. The technology brings noticeable advantages for global food security. It saves farmland resources and cuts greenhouse‑gas release linked with animal husbandry. Weather changes or natural disasters will not directly influence production, since the whole process goes on in closed factory environments. Several international food brands have started to adopt fermentation‑produced egg and dairy protein in their products. Precision fermentation also faces real‑world challenges. Building and running such factories demands large investment. Besides, public acceptance remains uncertain. Many consumers feel doubtful about food made by engineered microbes, worrying about potential safety risks, even though official safety assessments have been carried out. Experts point out that popular science work is necessary to clear up the public’s misunderstanding. Precision fermentation will not wipe out traditional agriculture. It offers an extra path for human food supply. In the future, it may become an important complement to global food systems rather than a complete replacement. 1. What is the feature of precision‑fermentation food production? A. It relies heavily on large‑scale livestock raising. B. Food materials are produced inside industrial containers. C. Its output is greatly affected by bad weather conditions. D. It needs plenty of farmland to grow raw crops. 2. What advantage can precision fermentation bring? A. It helps save farmland and cut related gas release. B. It removes all investment costs for food factories. C. It makes traditional farming disappear in the future. D. It needs no official safety checks before market sale. 3. What can we infer from paragraph 3? A. All consumers fully accept fermentation‑produced food. B. Public science popularization can help improve its acceptance. C. Fermentation food has been proved to have serious safety risks. D. Factories of precision fermentation cost very little money to run. 4. What does the underlined word “complement” in the last paragraph mean? A. total replacement B. useful addition C. hidden danger D. main source Passage 4 话题：水下微型追踪标签，助力水生生物研究 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 For decades, biologists have struggled to track small‑sized underwater creatures. Traditional satellite or radio tracking tags are too heavy. If fixed on tiny fish, the devices will change animals’ natural movement and affect their survival. Researchers have developed a rice‑sized underwater tracking tag to solve this long‑existing technical difficulty. The newly‑invented tag follows a strict design rule: its weight must not go beyond two percent of the animal’s body mass. It combines micro‑high‑energy batteries and improved signal transmitters. The tiny device can keep working for about forty days, long enough to record the complete river‑migration periods of small aquatic creatures. Receiving equipment hundreds of meters away can catch its signal. The tag opens new chances for aquatic conservation. Scientists can collect migration paths, activity ranges and living habits of small fish that were hard to observe in the past. Still, limits exist. The tag cannot work for years continuously, and it cannot send signals through very deep seawater. Besides, producing such tiny high‑performance equipment remains expensive. Researchers plan to further reduce costs and extend working time. They expect more small aquatic species will be studied with the help of this technology, supporting better protection measures for underwater ecosystems. 1. What problem do traditional tracking tags bring to tiny underwater animals? A. They cannot receive signals from far‑away equipment. B. Their weight disturbs animals’ natural behaviours. C. They can work continuously for over forty days. D. They are too small to be fixed on fish bodies. 2. What is one design requirement for the rice‑sized tracking tag? A. Its weight should be under 2% of the creature’s body mass. B. It must send real‑time video of underwater environments. C. Its production cost should be as low as ordinary radio tags. D. It can keep running for several years without replacement. 3. What can we infer about the new micro‑tracking tag? A. It can function normally in extremely deep ocean water. B. It has completely solved all problems in aquatic research. C. It helps scientists study small fish which were hard to track. D. Its manufacturing cost has been lowered to a quite low level. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A. A micro tracking tag for researching small underwater creatures B. Different ways to protect endangered large ocean mammals C. The living habits of various common river fish species D. Advanced satellite technology used in modern ocean exploration 参考答案与详细解析 Passage 1 答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 1. B 细节理解。定位第二段early AI tools only offered theoretical suggestions without real‑world proof，早期AI工具只有理论建议，缺少真实实验支撑。 A：不能生成基因设计，与原文矛盾； C：花费数月完成简单任务，是传统生物研究特点，不是早期AI缺点； D：完全不需要人类操作，文中无依据。 2. A 细节理解。定位第三段This workflow greatly cuts down research cycles，闭环系统有效缩短研究周期。 B：消除基因设计全部错误，all绝对化，原文仍产出大量无效设计； C：大幅降低硬件成本，原文硬件成本高昂； D：自动解决全部重大科学难题，无中生有。 3. C 推理判断。定位最后一段freeing researchers from repeated routine work so they can focus on creative thinking，人类创造性思维依旧不可替代。 A：研究者很快会离开生物实验室，与原文相反； B：AI判断实验结果价值，原文需要人类分辨有效结果； D：机器人可以脱离AI指导工作，文中没有该信息。 4. C 词义猜测。routine修饰work，指科研中重复、普通的日常工作。repeated ordinary重复普通的；A高度创造性的；B罕见的；D高风险复杂的。A/B/D不符合语境。 Passage 2 答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 1. B 细节理解。定位第一段concrete production releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，传统混凝土生产会释放二氧化碳。 A：可以自我修复裂缝，是新材料特征； C：后期维修花费少，原文维修成本高； D：各种温度下性能不变，原文温度变化容易开裂。 2. A 细节理解。定位第二段the fungi grow slowly inside small cracks. Their growth produces solid substances that fill broken openings automatically，真菌生长产生固态物质填补裂缝。 B：完全吞噬周围混凝土；C制造低温冷却破损部位；D吸收大气二氧化碳，均与原文不符。 3. C 推理判断。定位第三段large‑scale production technology has not been fully mature, which keeps the present price at a relatively high level，成本高是大规模推广的阻碍。 A：抵抗一切极端天气，原文极端冷热抑制真菌活性； B：已经广泛用于普通建筑，尚未大规模应用； D：短期内彻底替代混凝土，原文不会短时间完全取代。 4. A 主旨标题。全文介绍具备自修复能力的新型绿色建筑生物基材料。 B传统混凝土历史；C减少二氧化碳的方法；D建筑防灾手段，均偏离文章核心说明对象。 Passage 3 答案：1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 1. B 细节理解。定位第一段this method creates food materials inside huge industrial fermentation containers，精密发酵在工业容器内生产食物原料。 A高度依赖畜牧养殖；C受恶劣天气严重影响；D需要大量耕地，均是传统农业特点。 2. A 细节理解。定位第二段It saves farmland resources and cuts greenhouse‑gas release linked with animal husbandry，该技术节约耕地，减少温室气体排放。 B消除工厂全部投资，原文建厂投入巨大； C让传统农业消失，末段不会消灭传统农业； D上市前无需安全检测，原文要经过官方安全检查。 3. B 推理判断。定位第三段Experts point out that popular science work is necessary to clear up the public’s misunderstanding，科普工作可以提升大众接受度。 A消费者全部接受发酵食品，大众仍然存有疑虑； C发酵食品被证实存在严重安全隐患，官方已经安全检测； D发酵工厂运行成本很低，原文投入巨大。 4. B 词义猜测。complement，语境：精密发酵不会取代传统农业，而是食物供给体系有益补充。useful addition有益补充；A完全替代；C安全隐患；D主要来源。A/C/D语义不匹配。 Passage 4 答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 1. B 细节理解。定位第一段Traditional satellite or radio tracking tags are too heavy. If fixed on tiny fish, the devices will change animals’ natural movement，传统标签过重，干扰小动物自然活动。 A无法接收远处信号，不是传统标签的问题； C可以连续工作40天，是新型微型标签的性能； D尺寸太小无法固定，传统标签太重而不是太小。 2. A 细节理解。定位第二段its weight must not go beyond two percent of the animal’s body mass，新型标签重量不能超过动物体重的2%。 B发送水下实时视频，文中没有视频功能； C生产成本和普通标签一样低，新型标签价格昂贵； D数年不间断运行，目前只能工作40天。 3. C 推理判断。定位第三段The tag opens new chances for aquatic conservation. Scientists can collect migration paths…of small fish that were hard to observe in the past，帮助科学家追踪以前难以研究的小型水生生物。 A可在极深海水正常工作，原文无法在极深水传递信号； B彻底解决水生研究全部难题，表述绝对； D生产成本已经压到很低，现阶段造价高昂。 4. A 主旨标题。整篇文章介绍用于小型水下生物研究的微型追踪标签。 B大型海洋哺乳动物保护；C河鱼生活习性；D海洋探索卫星技术，都偏离核心说明对象。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $