2027届高三英语二轮复习专项 阅读理解C篇科普说明文（二）

**基本信息** 聚焦科普说明文核心题型，通过典例解析构建“定位-分析-概括”解题体系，逻辑链清晰覆盖高频考点，助力提升语言理解与逻辑推理能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |细节理解|4题（如Passage 1第1题）|原文定位关键信息，比对选项排除干扰|现象→原理→应用的科普文信息链| |词义猜测|2题（如Passage 2第2题）|上下文语境分析，结合定义解释|术语概念生成与文本语境的关联| |主旨大意|1题（Passage 1第4题）|抓首段核心观点+各段主题句|研究背景→发现→意义的逻辑推导| |推理判断/观点态度|3题（如Passage 4第4题）|原文信息合理推断，避免过度解读|问题→措施→挑战的论证逻辑|

高三 二轮复习专项｜阅读理解C篇·科普说明文 Passage 1 话题：仿生机器人（昆虫导航技术赋能智能设备） Passage 2 话题：城市“降温树木”，城市绿化与微气候（城市生态科普） Passage 3 话题：白天小憩的科研新发现（人体睡眠科普） Passage 4 话题：人工牡蛎礁，海洋生态修复前沿科普 Passage 1 话题：仿生机器人（昆虫导航技术赋能智能设备） For decades, engineers have struggled to create low‑power navigation tools for tiny robots. Unlike heavy human‑made positioning systems, many insects can travel for miles without high‑energy equipment, relying only on visual signals from the surroundings. Scientists are now copying this natural ability to build a new generation of robot navigation systems. A research team at Cambridge University carried out a series of experiments to figure out insect navigation rules. They found that flying insects judge distance mainly through optical flow: objects nearby appear to move faster across their sight, while distant things move more slowly. By recording such visual changes, insects can work out how far they have travelled, even in areas completely lacking road signs or satellite signals. Based on the discovery, researchers built a chip‑sized navigation sensor. It consumes far less electricity than traditional GPS receivers and weighs only a few grams. The device is expected to serve small flying robots for farm monitoring, wildlife tracking and disaster‑site exploration, where satellite signals often fail. However, the bio‑inspired system still has clear limits. Heavy rain, thick fog and dark conditions will disturb visual information and reduce its accuracy. Scientists are combining visual data with simple wind sensors to improve performance in changeable weather. Researchers believe insect‑based navigation technology will greatly cut costs for small‑scale robotic devices in the near future. 1. What is the advantage of the new navigation sensor? A. It works perfectly in rainy weather. B. It requires much less power. C. It can replace all GPS equipment. D. It weighs more than traditional receivers. 2. What does “optical flow” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Visual movement signals B. Road marking systems C. High‑speed flying skills D. Satellite data service 3. What field can the new navigation system be applied to? A. Deep‑sea resource mining. B. Space station maintenance. C. Wildlife observation. D. High‑speed train control. 4. What is the main idea of the text? A. Flying insects’ living habits are studied for agricultural progress. B. A new navigation technology draws inspiration from insect vision. C. Traditional GPS positioning systems face unavoidable technical failures. D. Scientists are developing robots to rescue people in natural disasters. Passage 2 话题：城市“降温树木”，城市绿化与微气候（城市生态科普） Many cities plant large numbers of trees against summer heat waves, yet not all trees cool city streets equally. Urban biologists have found that tree species vary greatly in their cooling effects, and wrong choices may even raise local temperatures. Trees release water through their leaves in a process called transpiration, which produces a cooling effect just as sweating cools human bodies. Broad‑leaf trees with thick, wide leaves generally give off more water vapour and provide stronger cooling. On the contrary, certain evergreen trees with narrow leaves carry out weak transpiration. Some popular city trees also release organic chemicals, which under hot sunlight can react with vehicle waste gas and form ground‑level ozone, a pollutant that warms air and harms public health. City planners once picked tree species mainly based on low cost and resistance to city pollution. Today, heat reduction has become a key standard for urban forest projects. Researchers suggest cities build diverse tree communities rather than relying on a single kind of tree. Mixed forests can lower street temperature by several degrees and cut down pollution risks. Still, tree cooling is not an easy solution to urban overheating. Mature trees with full leaf coverage work best, while newly‑planted young trees barely offer cooling benefits. It will take years for newly built urban forests to function well against summer heat. 1. Why can some trees cool city streets effectively? A. Their roots absorb warm rainwater quickly. B. They release water from leaves into the air. C. They take in harmful gas directly from cars. D. Their narrow leaves reflect strong sunlight. 2. What problem may wrong tree choices bring to cities? A. Higher local air temperature. B. Rapid loss of farmland nearby. C. Sharp rise of city building costs. D. Widespread disappearance of wildlife. 3. What do researchers advise city planners to do? A. Plant only broad‑leaf trees in downtown areas. B. Remove all evergreen trees along main city roads. C. Build mixed‑species urban forests. D. Speed up the growth of young trees with chemicals. 4. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Young trees can cool streets within several months. B. Tree cooling effects cannot be gained in a short time. C. Urban heat waves will soon disappear with more trees. D. Mature trees cannot survive in heavily polluted cities. Passage 3 话题：白天小憩的科研新发现（人体睡眠科普） For a long time, public opinions have been divided over daytime napping. Some believe short naps refresh brain performance, while others argue daytime sleep will ruin night‑time sleep quality. A newly published long‑term study offers fresh evidence about the benefits and risks of regular midday rest. Researchers from an Australian university tracked more than 20,000 adults for over five years. Volunteers recorded their daily napping habits, and researchers tested their brain reaction speed, memory and sleep cycles. Data showed that people who took 10‑to‑20‑minute naps daily scored higher on mental ability tests. Brief naps help the brain clear light tiredness without entering deep sleep. However, longer naps lasting more than forty minutes showed different results. When human brains fall into deep sleep during daytime rest, waking up suddenly will cause sleep inertia, a state marked by slow thinking and heavy dizziness. People who slept over 40 minutes at noon were more likely to suffer poor sleep at night. Scientists stress that napping is not suitable for everyone. Those who already struggle with sleeplessness should avoid daytime naps entirely. The study does not encourage everyone to develop a napping habit, but suggests people choose proper rest forms according to their own physical condition. A short nap is helpful only when it fits one’s personal sleep schedule. 1. What is the finding about 10‑20‑minute daily naps? A. They greatly lengthen one’s night sleep. B. They improve people’s mental performance. C. They cause serious dizziness after waking up. D. They push the brain into deep sleep quickly. 2. What does the phrase “sleep inertia” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A. The sleepy, confused state after waking from deep sleep. B. A healthy sleep habit formed over many years. C. The fast brain reaction after a short nap. D. A special medical treatment for sleeplessness. 3. Who are advised to give up daytime napping? A. Office workers with heavy daily tasks. B. People who already have trouble sleeping at night. C. Teenagers with rich daily spare time. D. Volunteers taking part in sleep research projects. 4. Which statement matches the researchers’ suggestion? A. All citizens should form a midday napping habit. B. One should nap for at least forty minutes every day. C. People need to judge whether napping suits themselves. D. Napping can completely remove mental tiredness forever. Passage 4 话题：人工牡蛎礁，海洋生态修复前沿科普 Oysters were once among the most common coastal sea creatures worldwide. Over‑fishing, coastal construction and water pollution have destroyed over eighty percent of natural oyster reefs across the globe in the past two centuries. In recent years, environmental scientists have started to build man‑made oyster reefs to repair damaged ocean ecosystems. An oyster reef is far more than a group of shellfish. Oysters filter waste particles from seawater, greatly improving coastal water quality. The hard reef structures under water create safe shelters for small fish and sea creatures, increasing ocean biological diversity. Besides, reefs along coastlines can weaken the force of incoming ocean waves and protect shorelands from storm damage. Environmental teams lay hard stone bases along shallow coasts, then place oyster larvae onto these man‑made platforms. Successful artificial reef projects have been carried out in many coastal areas. One project along China’s eastern coast witnessed clear progress within three years: local water became cleaner, and the number of near‑shore fish species rose sharply. Rebuilding oyster reefs is not an easy task. Polluted seawater, ocean warming and invasive sea species can stop oysters from growing. Artificial reef programmes require long‑term monitoring and joint efforts from scientists, local fishermen and government departments. Experts remind the public that coastal repair is a slow process and immediate results cannot be expected. 1. What is the main cause of the loss of natural oyster reefs? A. Worldwide climate cooling. B. Human activities along coasts. C. Sharp fall of global sea levels. D. Lack of food for sea creatures. 2. Which is one function of oyster reefs? A. Slow down the wave power hitting coasts. B. Produce fresh drinking water for cities. C. Prevent sea waves from rising worldwide. D. Provide food for large land animals. 3. What challenge do artificial oyster reef projects face? A. Too clean seawater. B. Stable ocean temperature. C. Harmful foreign sea species. D. Too many local fishermen. 4. What is the author’s attitude toward ocean repair projects? A. Doubtful and disappointed. B. Objective and realistic. C. Uncaring and passive. D. Over‑optimistic and blind. 参考答案与解析 Passage 1 1. B 【考点】细节理解题 解析：根据文章第三段“It consumes far less electricity than traditional GPS receivers and weighs only a few grams.”可知，这款新型导航传感器最大优势是功耗更低。A错误，大雾雨天会降低设备精度；C表述过于绝对，不能完全取代GPS；D和原文重量轻事实相反。 2. A 【考点】词义猜测题 解析：根据第二段解释，昆虫通过感知视野当中物体移动快慢判断距离，optical flow指视觉层面物体移动信号。其余选项不符合语境。 3. C 【考点】细节理解题 解析：原文第三段写明设备可用于农场监控、野生动物追踪。深海采矿、空间站维护、高铁管控不在文章列举范围内。 4. B 【考点】主旨大意题 解析：全文围绕科学家借鉴昆虫视觉原理研发新一代导航芯片展开。A范围跑偏，文章不是研究昆虫生活习性；C只是背景信息；D仅为其中一项应用场景，不能概括全篇。 Passage 2 1. B 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第二段表明，树木通过叶片蒸腾作用，向空气中释放水分，从而实现降温。A、C、D均与原文科学原理不符。 2. A 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第二段提到选错树种，树木释放的化学物质在高温下会形成污染物，进而升高局部气温。文章没有提及农田减少、城建成本上涨、野生动物消失。 3. C 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第三段“Researchers suggest cities build diverse tree communities rather than relying on a single kind of tree”，专家建议建设多树种混合城市森林，而非只种阔叶树或是彻底移除常绿树。 4. B 【考点】推理判断题 解析：最后一段说明成年大树降温效果最好，新栽种小树短期降温能力弱，城市森林发挥降温作用需要漫长时间。A与原文相悖；C、D属于过度推断。 Passage 3 1. B 【考点】细节理解题 解析：文章第二段说明，每日10‑20分钟短时午休，受试者脑力测试成绩更好，短时午休能够恢复大脑状态。A午休并不会延长夜间睡眠；C长时间午休睡醒才会头晕；D短时午休不会进入深度睡眠。 2. A 【考点】词义猜测题 解析：第三段，人体白天进入深度睡眠，如果突然被叫醒，就会产生sleep inertia，也就是头脑昏沉、反应迟钝的状态。 3. B 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第四段“Those who already struggle with sleeplessness should avoid daytime naps entirely.”本身夜间失眠的人群，不建议午休。 4. C 【考点】推理判断题 解析：研究并不鼓励所有人午休，每个人要根据自身睡眠状况，判断午休是否适合自己。A、B表述违背原文；D午休不能够永久消除疲惫。 Passage 4 1. B 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第一段“Over‑fishing, coastal construction and water pollution…”过度捕捞、海岸工程、海水污染，都属于人类海岸活动，造成天然牡蛎礁大规模消失。 2. A 【考点】细节理解题 解析：第二段“reefs along coastlines can weaken the force of incoming ocean waves”牡蛎礁可以削弱海浪冲击海岸的力量。B、D文中没有提及；C阻止全球海浪上涨，夸大生态功能。 3. C 【考点】细节理解题 解析：末段“Polluted seawater, ocean warming and invasive sea species can stop oysters from growing.”海洋外来入侵物种，是人工牡蛎礁项目面临的一大难题。A干净海水有利于牡蛎生长；B海水升温才是难题；D渔民本身不是阻碍项目开展的因素。 4. B 【考点】观点态度题 解析：作者一方面介绍人工牡蛎礁巨大生态价值，同时客观指出修复工程难度大、见效慢，态度客观务实。作者没有怀疑、漠视或者盲目乐观。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $