内容正文:
Unit 3 Diverse Cultures 精品讲义2027春高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第4讲 Welcome to Chinatown!
语言考点:定语从句语法讲练(学生版)
语言考点 ● 定语从句(where 与 which、that 与 which、who 与 whom/whose)
【课时安排】本讲为 Unit 3 Reading and Thinking 板块第4课时,建议用时2课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能通过“从句缺什么”判断先行词在定语从句中的成分,锁定关系词;
2. 能区分 where 与 which、that 与 which、who 与 whom 的选用;
3. 能完成10空定语从句语法填空(含1个非定从干扰项),并准确说明判断依据;能在语篇中识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;
4. 【进阶】能在定从密集的语篇中识别非定从干扰项,避免“惯性填关系词”。
【板块一】课前撞墙:四句话,哪句对?
先不动笔,只看下面四句话,判断每句是对还是错,并写出理由:
① This is the factory which I visited last year.
② This is the factory where I worked for ten years.
③ This is the factory which I worked for ten years.
④ This is the factory where I visited last year.
这一“撞”,撞的是本单元语法考点——定语从句里关系词的选用。多数学生的反应是:①②好像对,③④好像也对。可一旦把“凭语感”换成“问一句:工厂在从句里是干什么的”,答案立刻就清楚了。
先把你的判断记下(尤其是③和④,写下来你觉得“顺不顺口”),学完这一讲回来对照。
①( )理由:______________________
②( )理由:______________________
③( )理由:______________________
④( )理由:______________________
【板块二】精讲:先别管“该填什么”,先学会“判断缺了什么”
二-1 一切从“撞墙”开始:你选③时,脑子里在想什么?
先看第③句错在哪:
③ This is the factory which I worked for ten years.(错句)
多数学生看到这个句子时,会认为 worked 后有 for ten years,似乎有宾语,所以选 which。但这是把介词短语当成了动词宾语。动词 work 是______动词,后面不接直接宾语;for ten years 是______,作时间状语。从句“I worked for ten years”主谓结构完整,不缺______,缺的是______,应用______。
用替换法一试就明:
把“for ten years”换成“there”:
“I worked there.”——句子完整,there是______。
所以缺的是______,不是______,用______。
再看④ This is the factory where I visited last year.:visited 是______动词,它后面必须接一个______(参观了什么东西)。句子里 last year 是时间状语,不是 visited 的______。所以 visited 后面缺______,缺宾语就要用______,不能用______。
一句话点破(请你补全):
“③错在把______当成了动词宾语;④错在______后面没接宾语,却给了状语关系词。”
二-2 前置能力:怎么快速判断一个动词“缺不缺宾语”?
学生在考场上最怕的不是“不知道which和where的区别”,而是“看不出这个动词到底有没有宾语”。以下两步,写在草稿纸上不超过10秒:
第一步:划出从句的“谁”(主语)和“干什么”(谓语动词)。
第二步:问——这个动词后面直接跟着一个名词或代词吗?
如果直接跟着了,而且这个名词/代词就是动作的承受者 → 有______(从句缺宾语,用关系代词)。
如果没跟着,或者跟着的是介词短语(如 in the room / for ten years / on Monday) → 没有______(从句完整,缺状语,用关系副词)。
关键区分范例(边听边把“结论”列填完整):
句子
动词后面直接跟名词了吗?
结论(请填写)
I visited the factory.
跟了(the factory是visit的承受者)
________________
I worked for ten years.
没跟(for ten years是介词短语)
________________
I lived in Beijing.
没跟(in Beijing是介词短语)
________________
I met him yesterday.
跟了(him是meet的承受者)
________________
学生常见误区:只要动词后面有“东西”,就以为那是宾语。不对!必须区分“直接跟的名词/代词”(宾语)和“介词+名词”(介词短语作状语)。
二-3 核心方法:三问定词(在“前置能力”之后)
每遇到一个定语从句,依次问三问(边听边补全“用什么”):
第一问:从句的主语是谁?如果从句里缺主语,就用______(人)或______(物)。
第二问:从句的宾语是谁?如果从句里缺宾语,就用______(人)/ ______(物),且可省略。
第三问:从句既不缺主语也不缺宾语,那它缺的是“时间/地点/原因状语”——此时用______ / ______ / ______。
一句话概括(补全):关系______(who/which/that/whom)负责补“名词成分”(主语/宾语),关系______(when/where/why)负责补“状语成分”。判断前先问一句:从句本身______吗?
二-4 回到撞墙:①—④的完整解剖(学完再回来对照)
原题③的错误已在二-1中分析。请在下面的表格中,为①②④补全“缺什么”和“正确答案”。
序号
句子
缺什么
(请填写)
正确答案
(请填写)
①
This is the factory ___ I visited last year.
______________
______________
②
This is the factory ___ I worked for ten years.
______________
______________
④
This is the factory ___ I visited last year.
______________
______________
③和④是“同一句话的正误两面”——区别只在“缺宾语还是缺状语”这一问。看懂这一问,你刚才的判断就能自己验证了。
【板块三】三个分水岭,从核心痛点向外展开
分水岭一(★核心痛点★):where 与 which(含介词+which)
这是本单元最常考、学生错误率最高的一组。核心判断还是那一问:从句缺宾语用which,缺地点状语用where。
课文原句①(缺状语→用where):
There are Chinese tea stores, ________ visitors can taste and buy varieties of Chinese tea.
taste和buy都有宾语(varieties of Chinese tea),不缺宾语。缺的是“在这些店里”的______ → 用______(也可写成______)。
课文原句②(缺宾语→用which):
This is the tea store ________ I visited.
visited是及物动词,后面没接宾语 → 缺______ → 用______。
用“替换法”辅助判断:
把先行词(如 the tea store)放回从句,看它在从句里担任什么角色。
放回去是 “in the tea store”(作状语)→ ______。
放回去是 “the tea store”(作宾语)→ ______。
高频变体:where = 介词 + which
where可以写成“介词 + which”,如 in which / at which / on which。判断标准完全一样:缺地点状语 → ______ 或 ______。
即时小练习(快速判断,2题):
(1) This is the room ______ I slept last night.
(2) This is the room ______ I cleaned yesterday.
分水岭二:who 与 whom、whose
who:在从句里做______(动作的发出者)。
whom:在从句里做______(动作的承受者),尤其在介词后面。
whose:表“……的”(所属关系),先行词是人或物均可。
课文原句(介词+whom):
many of ______ do not speak English fluently
of 是介词,介词后面用______ → ______。这种“介词+whom”是非限制性定语从句的常见结构,意为“他们中的许多”。
whose的判断标志:看先行词和后面名词之间是不是“谁的什么”的关系。例如:
the writer ______ books are famous(“作家的书”,所属关系 → ______)
分水岭三:that 与 which(指物时)
指物时,限制性定语从句里 that 和 which 常可互换,但有三条硬规则(考试必考):
规则① 非限制性定语从句(有逗号)只能用______,不能用 that。
课文原句:the legendary Dragon Gate, ________ was built using materials donated from China(有逗号,属非限制性定语从句 → 用______)
规则② 介词 + 关系词,只能用______,不能用 that。介词后面必须跟宾格形式的关系词,that没有格的变化,所以介词后不能用that。例:the house in ______ I lived(不能用in that)。
规则③ 先行词有“限定性标记”时,只能用______,不能用 which。
这是英语语法历史上“避歧义”的惯用约定——当先行词被最高级或序数词限定时,用that可以明确告诉读者“我指的是这个特定对象”。具体包括:
· 先行词有最高级(the best、the most beautiful)
· 先行词有序数词(the first、the second)
· 先行词有 the only / the very / the same
· 先行词是不定代词(all、everything、nothing、something、little、much)
例:This is the first museum ________ I visited.(先行词为序数词 the first → 用______)
注意:若先行词在从句中作状语,以上规则不适用,需用关系副词(where/when)。
注意:指“人”时 who 和 that 可互换;但先行词既有人又有物时,只能用 that。
【板块四】实战:语法填空(定语从句专项 · 含干扰项)
【测试材料】Cloze-Gap Filling
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词。
说明:本篇10个设空中,第8空所在句并非定语从句,请勿惯性填写关系词。先判断“是不是定从”,再判断“缺什么”。
The Market That Never Sleeps
My grandmother came to Melbourne in 1975, a time _____1_____ Australia was opening its doors to immigrants. She settled near Victoria Market, a place _____2_____ traders from more than fifty countries sell fresh food every morning. It was the first place _____3_____ she felt she truly belonged.
My favourite seller is Mr. Chen, _____4_____ parents came from Hong Kong. He speaks three languages, a skill _____5_____ many of us who grew up there share. On Saturdays, the market fills with smells of curry and grilled corn. I still remember one morning _____6_____ my grandmother bought me a warm bun and told me the story of her journey.
There is one thing _____7_____ she always repeats: a city grows rich by opening its doors. She points to the market, _____8_____ her face lights up. Every stall tells the story of a family _____9_____ chose to start again. People _____10_____ once knew no one now call this place home.
【作答区】
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
7. ____________________
8. ____________________
9. ____________________
10. ____________________
提示:每空先判断“是不是定从”,再判断“缺什么”。第8空最可能骗到你。
【板块五】分层练习(从选到判)
基础层 · 二选一(套用“从句缺什么”)
【题目】从每题给出的两个选项中,选出正确的一项,并写出判断依据。
1. This is the museum ______ I first saw the old paintings.
A. which B. where
我的答案:______ 判断依据:__________________
2. The girl ______ sits in the front row is our monitor.
A. who B. whom
我的答案:______ 判断依据:__________________
3. The man ______ taught me English last year is my uncle.
A. who B. which
我的答案:______ 判断依据:__________________
4. I want to visit the city ______ has a famous tea culture.
A. which B. where
我的答案:______ 判断依据:__________________
5. The writer ______ books I often read is from Hubei.
A. who B. whose
我的答案:______ 判断依据:__________________
中档层 · 改错(找出并改正)
【题目】下列每句话中有一处错误,请找出并改正。
6. This is the factory where I visited last month.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
7. The book, that was written in 1998, is still popular today.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
8. The teacher, that came from Beijing, gave us a wonderful lesson.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
挑战层 · 合并句子(把两个句子合成一个带定从的句子)
【题目】将每组两个句子合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句。
9. The building is very old. We visited the building yesterday.
__________________________
__________________________
10. I still remember the day. I met my best friend on that day.
__________________________
__________________________
11. I will never forget the farm. I grew up on the farm.
__________________________
__________________________
12. This is the book. I paid 20 yuan for it.
__________________________
__________________________
【板块六】定语从句速查与自检清单
【速记口诀】
从句缺什么,就补什么。
缺主语 → who / which / that;
缺宾语 → whom / which / that(可省略);
缺定语(谁的)→ whose;
缺时间 → when;缺地点 → where;
缺原因(且先行词为 reason 时)→ why。
介词后面只接 which / whom;
非限制性从句只用 which(物)/ who(人),不用 that。
【本讲自检清单】
□ 遇到定语从句,能先问“从句缺主语、宾语还是状语”再选词。
□ 能说出 where 与 which 的本质区别(缺宾语vs缺状语),并各造一句。
□ 能说出“介词+which”、非限制性从句不能用 that 的原因。
□ 能完成10空的定语从句语法填空并解释判断依据。
□ 【进阶】能在定从密集的语篇中识别出非定从结构(如并列句),避免惯性填关系词。
【课后作业】城市里的多元文化(含3种练习)
练习一 · 语篇填空(含干扰项)
【测试材料】Cloze-Gap Filling
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词。
注意:其中有1个空不是定语从句,请勿惯性填写关系词。
A Taste of Home
In a busy street of Sydney, there is a noodle shop _____1_____ has been open for sixty years. The owner, Mr. Wang, came from Guangzhou when he was young. The shop is a place _____2_____ locals and newcomers meet over steaming bowls of noodles.
Every wall is covered with photos of customers, many of _____3_____ have grown up eating here. “The noodles,” he says, “are the same ones _____4_____ my father made back home.” He believes food is the language _____5_____ everyone understands, no matter where they come from.
The day _____6_____ the shop celebrated its sixtieth birthday, the street was packed with people _____7_____ came back to say thanks. Mr. Wang, _____8_____ son now helps in the kitchen, says he has no plan to stop. “This shop,” he smiles, “is a bridge _____9_____ connects the past and the present. _____10_____ people who dream of a better life will always find their way here.
练习二 · 单句选择填空(10题)
【题目】从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. This is the farm ______ my grandfather used to work.
A. which B. where C. when D. who
我的答案:_____
2. The scientist ______ discovery is very important won the Nobel Prize.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
我的答案:_____
3. The movie, ______ I saw last week, is very touching.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
我的答案:_____
4. Is there anything ______ I can do for you?
A. which B. that C. what D. who
我的答案:_____
5. The house ______ windows face south is my uncle's.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
我的答案:_____
6. She is the only one of the students ______ passed the exam.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
我的答案:_____
7. I'll never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
我的答案:_____
8. The reason ______ he gave us was not true.
A. why B. for which C. that D. where
我的答案:_____
9. The old man, ______ I talked with just now, is a famous writer.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
我的答案:_____
10. The train ______ we traveled to Beijing was very fast.
A. on which B. that C. which D. where
我的答案:_____
练习三 · 改错与合并句子(8题)
【题目一:改错】下列每句话中有一处错误,请找出并改正。(4题)
11. The house which I lived in it for ten years has been sold.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
12. The man to that you talked is my father.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
13. This is the hotel where we visited last summer.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
14. The teacher, which came from America, taught us English.
错误:____________ 改正:____________
【题目二:合并句子】将每组两个句子合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句。(4题)
15. The woman is my aunt. She helped me with my English.
__________________________
__________________________
16. This is the school. I studied there for three years.
__________________________
__________________________
17. I have a friend. His father is a doctor.
__________________________
__________________________
18. The book is very interesting. I borrowed it from the library.
__________________________
__________________________
【终验自查】读完这一讲,你脑中留下的是“网”还是“点”?
如果你记住了“先判断动词有没有直接宾语,再分及物/不及物”这一条判断流程 → 你留下的是网。
如果你只记住了“where表地点、which表物”这种零散规则 → 请回到板块二,重新走一遍“撞墙→前置能力→三问定词”的路径。
本讲核心句(请自己默写一遍):
“缺宾语用关系代词(which/that/whom),缺状语用关系副词(where/when/why)——但前提是,我能准确判断一个句子到底“缺不缺宾语”。”
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
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Unit 3 Diverse Cultures 精品讲义2027春高一(下)英语-新教材人教版必修三
第4讲 Welcome to Chinatown! 语言考点:定语从句
语法讲练(教师版)
语言考点 ● 定语从句(where 与 which、that 与 which、who 与 whom/whose)
【课时安排】本讲为 Unit 3 Reading and Thinking 板块第4课时,建议用时2课时。
【学习目标】
1. 能通过“从句缺什么”判断先行词在定语从句中的成分,锁定关系词;
2. 能区分 where 与 which、that 与 which、who 与 whom 的选用;
3. 能完成10空定语从句语法填空(含1个非定从干扰项),并准确说明判断依据;能在语篇中识别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;
4. 【进阶】能在定从密集的语篇中识别非定从干扰项,避免“惯性填关系词”。
【板块一】课前撞墙:四句话,哪句对?
先不动笔,只看下面四句话,判断每句是对还是错,并说出为什么:
① This is the factory which I visited last year.
② This is the factory where I worked for ten years.
③ This is the factory which I worked for ten years.
④ This is the factory where I visited last year.
这一“撞”,撞的是本单元语法考点——定语从句里关系词的选用。多数学生的反应是:①对、②对,③④好像也对。可一旦把“凭语感”换成“问一句:工厂在从句里是干什么的”,答案立刻就清楚了。
先把你的判断记下(尤其是③和④,写下来你觉得“顺不顺口”),学完这一讲回来对照。
【教师操作提示】此环节建议耗时3分钟,只让学生口答,不动笔,避免学生靠“改词性”蒙对。
【板块二】精讲:先别管“该填什么”,先学会“判断缺了什么”
二-1 一切从“撞墙”开始:你选③时,脑子里在想什么?
先看第③句错在哪:
③ This is the factory which I worked for ten years.(错句)
多数学生看到这个句子时,会认为 worked 后有 for ten years,似乎有宾语,所以选 which。但这是把介词短语当成了动词宾语。动词 work 是不及物动词,后面不接直接宾语;for ten years 是介词短语,作时间状语。从句“I worked for ten years”主谓结构完整,不缺宾语,缺的是地点状语,应用 where。
用替换法一试就明:
把“for ten years”换成“there”:
“I worked there.”——句子完整,there是地点状语。
所以缺的是地点状语,不是宾语,用 where。
再看④ This is the factory where I visited last year.:visited 是及物动词,它后面必须接一个宾语(参观了什么东西)。句子里 last year 是时间状语,不是 visited 的宾语。所以 visited 后面缺宾语,缺宾语就要用关系代词(which/that),不能用关系副词(where)。
一句话点破:
“③错在把介词短语当成了动词宾语;④错在及物动词后面没接宾语,却给了状语关系词。”
二-2 前置能力:怎么快速判断一个动词“缺不缺宾语”?
学生在考场上最怕的不是“不知道which和where的区别”,而是“看不出这个动词到底有没有宾语”。以下两步,写在草稿纸上不超过10秒:
第一步:划出从句的“谁”(主语)和“干什么”(谓语动词)。
第二步:问——这个动词后面直接跟着一个名词或代词吗?
如果直接跟着了,而且这个名词/代词就是动作的承受者 → 有宾语(从句缺宾语,用关系代词)。
如果没跟着,或者跟着的是介词短语(如 in the room / for ten years / on Monday) → 没有宾语(从句完整,缺状语,用关系副词)。
关键区分范例(学生必须抄在讲义空白处):
句子
动词后面直接跟名词了吗?
结论
I visited the factory.
跟了(the factory是visit的承受者)
有宾语 → 缺宾语 → 用which/that
I worked for ten years.
没跟(for ten years是介词短语)
没有宾语 → 缺状语 → 用where/when
I lived in Beijing.
没跟(in Beijing是介词短语)
没有宾语 → 缺地点状语 → 用where
I met him yesterday.
跟了(him是meet的承受者)
有宾语 → 缺宾语 → 用whom/that
学生常见误区:只要动词后面有“东西”,就以为那是宾语。不对!必须区分“直接跟的名词/代词”(宾语)和“介词+名词”(介词短语作状语)。
二-3 核心方法:三问定词(在“前置能力”之后)
每遇到一个定语从句,依次问三问:
第一问:从句的主语是谁?如果从句里缺主语,就用 who(人)或 which/that(物)。
第二问:从句的宾语是谁?如果从句里缺宾语,就用 whom(人)/ which / that(物),且可省略。
第三问:从句既不缺主语也不缺宾语,那它缺的是“时间/地点/原因状语”——此时用 when / where / why。
一句话概括:关系代词(who/which/that/whom)负责补“名词成分”(主语/宾语),关系副词(when/where/why)负责补“状语成分”。判断前先问一句:从句本身完整吗?
二-4 回到撞墙:①—④的完整解剖(学完再回来对照)
序号
句子
动词
缺什么
正确答案
学生常见误判
①
This is the factory ___ I visited last year.
visited(及物)
缺宾语
which/that(可省略)
误判为where
②
This is the factory ___ I worked for ten years.
worked(不及物)
缺地点状语
where
—
④
This is the factory ___ I visited last year.
visited(及物)
缺宾语
which/that(where错)
误判为where
原题③的错误已在二-1中分析:worked不及物,缺地点状语,应改为where。③和④是“同一句话的正误两面”——③把不缺宾语的句子硬塞了which;④把缺宾语的句子错给了where。区别只在“缺宾语还是缺状语”这一问。
【板块三】三个分水岭,从核心痛点向外展开
分水岭一(★核心痛点★):where 与 which(含介词+which)
这是本单元最常考、学生错误率最高的一组。核心判断还是那一问:从句缺宾语用which,缺地点状语用where。
课文原句①(缺状语→用where):
There are Chinese tea stores, where visitors can taste and buy varieties of Chinese tea.
taste和buy都有宾语(varieties of Chinese tea),不缺宾语。缺的是“在这些店里”的地点状语 → 用 where(也可写成 in which)。
课文原句②(缺宾语→用which):
This is the tea store which I visited.
visited是及物动词,后面没接宾语 → 缺宾语 → 用 which(也可用that)。
用“替换法”辅助判断:
把先行词(如 the tea store)放回从句,看它在从句里担任什么角色。
放回去是 “in the tea store”(作状语)→ where。
放回去是 “the tea store”(作宾语)→ which。
高频变体:where = 介词 + which
where可以写成“介词 + which”,如 in which / at which / on which。判断标准完全一样:缺地点状语 → where 或 介词+which。
即时小练习(快速判断,2题):
(1) This is the room ______ I slept last night.
(2) This is the room ______ I cleaned yesterday.
【答案】(1) where(slept不及物,缺地点状语);(2) which/that(cleaned及物,缺宾语)。
分水岭二:who 与 whom、whose
who:在从句里做主语(动作的发出者)。
whom:在从句里做宾语(动作的承受者),尤其在介词后面。
whose:表“……的”(所属关系),先行词是人或物均可。
课文原句(介词+whom):
many of whom do not speak English fluently
of 是介词,介词后面用宾格 → whom。这种“介词+whom”是非限制性定语从句的常见结构,意为“他们中的许多”。
whose的判断标志:看先行词和后面名词之间是不是“谁的什么”的关系。例如:
the writer whose books are famous(“作家的书”,所属关系 → whose)
分水岭三:that 与 which(指物时)
指物时,限制性定语从句里 that 和 which 常可互换,但有三条硬规则(考试必考):
规则① 非限制性定语从句(有逗号)只能用 which,不能用 that。因为 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句;而 which 可以指代先行词或整个主句。
课文原句:the legendary Dragon Gate, which was built using materials donated from China(有逗号 → 用which,不能用that)
规则② 介词 + 关系词,只能用 which(介词+which),不能用 that。介词后面必须跟宾格形式的关系词,that没有格的变化,所以介词后不能用that。例:the house in which I lived(不能用in that)。
规则③ 先行词有“限定性标记”时,只能用 that,不能用 which。这是英语语法历史上“避歧义”的惯用约定——当先行词被最高级或序数词限定时,用that可以明确告诉读者“我指的是这个特定对象”。具体包括:
· 先行词有最高级(the best、the most beautiful)
· 先行词有序数词(the first、the second)
· 先行词有 the only / the very / the same
· 先行词是不定代词(all、everything、nothing、something、little、much)
例:This is the first museum that I visited.(序数词 → 用that,不能用which)
注意:若先行词在从句中作状语,以上规则不适用,需用关系副词(where/when)。
注意:指“人”时 who 和 that 可互换;但先行词既有人又有物时,只能用 that。
【板块四】实战:语法填空(定语从句专项 · 含干扰项)
【测试材料】Cloze-Gap Filling
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词。
说明:本篇10个设空中,第8空所在句并非定语从句,请勿惯性填写关系词。先判断“是不是定从”,再判断“缺什么”。
The Market That Never Sleeps
My grandmother came to Melbourne in 1975, a time ______1______ Australia was opening its doors to immigrants. She settled near Victoria Market, a place ______2______ traders from more than fifty countries sell fresh food every morning. It was the first place ______3______ she felt she truly belonged.
My favourite seller is Mr. Chen, ______4______ parents came from Hong Kong. He speaks three languages, a skill ______5______ many of us who grew up there share. On Saturdays, the market fills with smells of curry and grilled corn. I still remember one morning ______6______ my grandmother bought me a warm bun and told me the story of her journey.
There is one thing ______7______ she always repeats: a city grows rich by opening its doors. She points to the market, ______8______ her face lights up. Every stall tells the story of a family ______9______ chose to start again. People ______10______ once knew no one now call this place home.
【答案】
1. when 2. where 3. where 4. whose 5. which 6. when 7. that 8. and(非定从!) 9. who 10. who
【答案与解析】(严格按“先判是否定从→再判缺什么”顺序)
1. when。先行词 a time。从句“Australia was opening its doors”结构完整(主谓宾齐全),不缺主语/宾语。缺的是“在这个时间”的时间状语 → 用 when。
2. where。先行词 a place。从句“traders...sell fresh food”完整(主谓宾齐全),不缺主语/宾语。缺的是“在这个地方”的地点状语 → 用 where。
3. where。先行词 the first place 在从句中作地点状语:belong to the place(属于那里),belong 为不及物动词,不能直接接宾语,故不可用 that/which;从句完整,缺地点状语,用 where。注意:序数词限定 that 的规则仅适用于关系代词作主语/宾语时,不适用于从句缺状语的情况。
4. whose。先行词 Mr. Chen。从句“parents came from Hong Kong”中,parents前面缺“他的”表所属 → 用 whose。
5. which。先行词 a skill 后有逗号,为非限制性定语从句,指物,只能用 which,不能用 that。
6. when。先行词 one morning。从句“my grandmother bought me a warm bun and told me the story”完整(主谓宾齐全),不缺主语/宾语。缺的是“在那天早上”的时间状语 → 用 when。
7. that。先行词 one thing,是不定代词(thing),且从句“she always repeats”中repeats缺宾语(重复“这件事”)→ 指物 + 不定代词 → 用 that(分水岭三规则③)。
8. and。此处不是定语从句!空格前后为两个完整句子,且后面主语 her face 不是地点名词,不能填 where;需用并列连词 and 连接,表示顺承关系。若误填where,则“her face lights up”不缺状语也不缺成分,where没有着落,语法错误。
9. who。先行词 a family。从句“chose to start again”中,chose缺主语(谁选择)→ 指人 → 用 who。(也可用that,但指人时who更优)
10. who。先行词 People。从句“once knew no one”中,knew缺主语(谁曾经不认识任何人)→ 指人 → 用 who。
【板块五】分层练习(从选到判)
基础层 · 二选一(套用“从句缺什么”)
【题目】从每题给出的两个选项中,选出正确的一项,并写出判断依据。
1. This is the museum ______ I first saw the old paintings.
A. which B. where
【答案】B(where)。从句“I first saw the old paintings”结构完整(主谓宾齐全),不缺宾语。缺的是“在这个博物馆里”的地点状语 → 用where。
2. The girl ______ sits in the front row is our monitor.
A. who B. whom
【答案】A(who)。从句“sits in the front row”中,sits缺主语(谁坐)→ 指人做主语 → 用who。
3. The man ______ taught me English last year is my uncle.
A. who B. which
【答案】A(who)。从句“taught me English”中,taught缺主语(谁教)→ 指人做主语 → 用who。
4. I want to visit the city ______ has a famous tea culture.
A. which B. where
【答案】A(which)。从句“has a famous tea culture”中,has缺主语(哪座城市有)→ 指物做主语 → 用which。
5. The writer ______ books I often read is from Hubei.
A. who B. whose
【答案】B(whose)。从句“books I often read”中,books与先行词“the writer”之间是“作家的书”的所属关系 → 用whose。
中档层 · 改错(找出并改正)
【题目】下列每句话中有一处错误,请找出并改正。
6. This is the factory where I visited last month.
【答案】where → which/that。visited是及物动词,后面缺宾语(参观“工厂”),应使用关系代词which/that,不能用关系副词where。
7. The book, that was written in 1998, is still popular today.
【答案】that → which。非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开),指物只能用 which,不能用 that(分水岭三规则①)。
8. The teacher, that came from Beijing, gave us a wonderful lesson.
【答案】that → who。非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开),指人只能用 who,不能用 that(分水岭三规则①的延伸)。
挑战层 · 合并句子(把两个句子合成一个带定从的句子)
【题目】将每组两个句子合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句。
9. The building is very old. We visited the building yesterday.
【答案】The building which/that we visited yesterday is very old.。visited缺宾语,指物用which/that,可省略。原句的“the building”在第二句中是visited的宾语,故用关系代词。
10. I still remember the day. I met my best friend on that day.
【答案】I still remember the day when I met my best friend.。从句“I met my best friend”结构完整,不缺宾语,缺的是“在那一天”的时间状语 → 用when。书面正式语体中也可用on which;口语中偶见that代替when,但考试优先填写when。
11. I will never forget the farm. I grew up on the farm.
【答案】I will never forget the farm where I grew up.(或:... on which I grew up.)。grew up为不及物动词短语,缺地点状语,故用 where 或 on which;介词 on 不可省。
12. This is the book. I paid 20 yuan for it.
【答案】This is the book for which I paid 20 yuan.(或:This is the book which/that I paid 20 yuan for.)。pay for 为固定搭配,介词 for 可提前至关系代词前,也可置于句末;先行词 the book 指物,介词后只能用 which,不可用 that。
【板块六】定语从句速查与自检清单
【速记口诀】
从句缺什么,就补什么。
缺主语 → who / which / that;
缺宾语 → whom / which / that(可省略);
缺定语(谁的)→ whose;
缺时间 → when;缺地点 → where;
缺原因(且先行词为 reason 时)→ why。
介词后面只接 which / whom;
非限制性从句只用 which(物)/ who(人),不用 that。
【本讲自检清单】
□ 遇到定语从句,能先问“从句缺主语、宾语还是状语”再选词。
□ 能说出 where 与 which 的本质区别(缺宾语vs缺状语),并各造一句。
□ 能说出“介词+which”、非限制性从句不能用 that 的原因。
□ 能完成10空的定语从句语法填空并解释判断依据。
□ 【进阶】能在定从密集的语篇中识别出非定从结构(如并列句),避免惯性填关系词。
【课后作业】城市里的多元文化(含3种练习)
练习一 · 语篇填空(含干扰项)
【测试材料】Cloze-Gap Filling
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的词。
注意:其中有1个空不是定语从句,请勿惯性填写关系词。
A Taste of Home
In a busy street of Sydney, there is a noodle shop ______1______ has been open for sixty years. The owner, Mr. Wang, came from Guangzhou when he was young. The shop is a place ______2______ locals and newcomers meet over steaming bowls of noodles.
Every wall is covered with photos of customers, many of ______3______ have grown up eating here. “The noodles,” he says, “are the same ones ______4______ my father made back home.” He believes food is the language ______5______ everyone understands, no matter where they come from.
The day ______6______ the shop celebrated its sixtieth birthday, the street was packed with people ______7______ came back to say thanks. Mr. Wang, ______8______ son now helps in the kitchen, says he has no plan to stop. “This shop,” he smiles, “is a bridge ______9______ connects the past and the present. ______10______ people who dream of a better life will always find their way here.”
【答案】1. which/that 2. where 3. whom 4. that 5. that 6. when 7. who/that 8. whose 9. that/which 10. And / So(非定从!)
【解析】
1. which/that。先行词shop,从句“has been open”缺主语,指物 → which/that。
2. where。先行词place,从句“locals and newcomers meet”完整,缺地点状语 → where。
3. whom。many of whom,介词of后接宾格,指人 → whom。
4. that。先行词ones,有the same修饰,且从句“my father made”缺宾语 → 用that稳妥。
5. that。先行词 language 指物,在从句中作宾语,限制性定语从句中 that/which 均可;此处填 that 为佳。
6. when。先行词the day,从句“the shop celebrated”完整,缺时间状语 → when。
7. who/that。先行词people,从句“came back”缺主语,指人 → who/that。
8. whose。先行词Mr. Wang,从句“son now helps”表“他的儿子”所属 → whose。
9. that/which。先行词bridge,从句“connects...”缺主语,指物 → which/that。
10. And / So。此处不是定语从句!空格后 people 后的 who dream of a better life 是定语从句,修饰 people;主句为 people will always find their way here。空格处需连词与上一句连接,表示顺承/因果,填 And 或 So。不能填关系词,因为空格不在定语从句内部。
练习二 · 单句选择填空(10题)
【题目】从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. This is the farm ______ my grandfather used to work.
A. which B. where C. when D. who
【答案】B(where)。work不及物,从句完整,缺地点状语 → where。
2. The scientist ______ discovery is very important won the Nobel Prize.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
【答案】C(whose)。“科学家的发现”,所属关系 → whose。
3. The movie, ______ I saw last week, is very touching.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
【答案】B(which)。非限制性定语从句(有逗号),指物 → which(不能用that)。
4. Is there anything ______ I can do for you?
A. which B. that C. what D. who
【答案】B(that)。先行词是不定代词anything → 只能用that。
5. The house ______ windows face south is my uncle’s.
A. which B. that C. whose D. who
【答案】C(whose)。“房子的窗户”,所属关系 → whose。
6. She is the only one of the students ______ passed the exam.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
【答案】A(who)。先行词 the only one of the students 的中心词是 one,指人;关系词在从句中作主语,应用 who 或 that。选项中只有 who 符合(whom 为宾格,which/whose 不指人),故选 A。
7. I’ll never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
【答案】B(when)。从句“I joined the army”完整,缺时间状语 → when。
8. The reason ______ he gave us was not true.
A. why B. for which C. that D. where
【答案】C(that)。从句“he gave us”中,gave缺宾语(给了“什么理由”),缺宾语 → 用that/which。若填why,则why在从句中作原因状语,但gave缺宾语,故why错误。此句是“reason”作先行词但在从句中作宾语的典型反例,考查学生是否会惯性填why。
9. The old man, ______ I talked with just now, is a famous writer.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
【答案】B(whom)。介词with后接宾格,指人 → whom。
10. The train ______ we traveled to Beijing was very fast.
A. on which B. that C. which D. where
【答案】A(on which)。此处强调“乘坐火车”这一工具(on the train),介词 on 不可省,故用 on which。若用 where,则强调地点,但 travel 是不及物动词,搭配 there 尚可,但搭配 on the train 则需补出介词;语法填空优先考查“介词+which”结构,故填 on which。
练习三 · 改错与合并句子(8题)
【题目一:改错】下列每句话中有一处错误,请找出并改正。(4题)
11. The house which I lived in it for ten years has been sold.
【答案】去掉it。先行词the house在从句中作in的宾语(lived in the house),关系词which已经指代the house,后面不能再加it。正确:The house which I lived in for ten years has been sold.
12. The man to that you talked is my father.
【答案】that → whom。介词to后不能用that,指人用宾格whom。
13. This is the hotel where we visited last summer.
【答案】where → which/that。visited缺宾语,应用关系代词。
14. The teacher, which came from America, taught us English.
【答案】which → who。非限制性定语从句指人,用who。
【题目二:合并句子】将每组两个句子合并为一个含有定语从句的复合句。(4题)
15. The woman is my aunt. She helped me with my English.
【答案】The woman who/that helped me with my English is my aunt.。helped缺主语,指人用who/that。
16. This is the school. I studied there for three years.
【答案】This is the school where I studied for three years.。studied不及物,缺地点状语 → where。
17. I have a friend. His father is a doctor.
【答案】I have a friend whose father is a doctor.。所属关系 → whose。
18. The book is very interesting. I borrowed it from the library.
【答案】The book which/that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.。borrowed缺宾语 → which/that。
【终验自查】读完这一讲,你脑中留下的是“网”还是“点”?
如果你记住了“先判断动词有没有直接宾语,再分及物/不及物”这一条判断流程 → 你留下的是网。
如果你只记住了“where表地点、which表物”这种零散规则 → 请回到板块二,重新走一遍“撞墙→前置能力→三问定词”的路径。
本讲核心句(请自己默写一遍):
“缺宾语用关系代词(which/that/whom),缺状语用关系副词(where/when/why)——但前提是,我能准确判断一个句子到底‘缺不缺宾语’。”
【教师备注】
本讲所有练习题均附完整解析,学生可自行对照。
课后练习二第8题(reason gave)为“反惯性”设计,建议课堂上重点讲评,打破学生“reason后面一定用why”的思维定式。
板块四第8空(and)和课后练习一第10空(And/So)为“非定从干扰项”,分别通过主语非地点名词和已含关系词的结构设计,确保答案唯一,旨在训练学生在考场上先判断“是不是定从”,再判断“填什么词”,这是高考语法填空的真实情境。
挑战层合并句子第11、12题为本轮新增,专门强化“介词+which”与关系副词的互转,建议要求学生用两种方式作答(关系副词与介词+which),并口头说明介词选择的依据。
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