【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第4讲Unit1-Festivals and Celebrations（结构分析与写作迁移）-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第三册（教师版+学生版）

本讲义聚焦节日类说明文“总分总”结构分析这一核心知识点，系统梳理总起段点题、分述段展开、总结段升华的结构逻辑，衔接顺承、转折等五类信号词识别方法，并构建从结构分析到写作谋篇的迁移支架，承接第3讲内容精读，实现从语言点到篇章结构的能力提升。 该资料以“结构三问”分层训练（导入测试→理论精讲→实战分析→分层练习）培养思维品质，通过高考主旨题与段落结构题答题通法提升语言能力，写作迁移框架助力学习能力发展。例如用元宵节短文即时练习段落功能判断，提供节日介绍写作模板，课中辅助教师高效授课，课后自检清单与独立作业帮助学生查漏补缺，强化知识应用。

Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations 精品讲义2027春季高一（下）英语新教材人教版必修三 第4讲 节日类说明文的结构分析 （教师版） 阅读课 · 结构分析与写作迁移 【课时安排】 建议用时1—2课时。第3讲已把课文 Why Do We Celebrate Festivals? 的内容与语言点精读完毕，本讲跳出“这一篇”，把阅读的重心抬到“结构”层面：以一篇新的节日类说明文为载体，教“总分总结构分析法”，直击高考的主旨大意题、段落结构题，并把结构迁移到书面表达的谋篇布局。两讲素材不重复、各自独立可用。 【学习目标】 学完本讲，你应该能： ① 用“结构三问”给说明文分段，判断每段在全文里干什么； ② 识别顺承、转折、举例、因果、总结五类衔接信号词，理顺段与段的逻辑； ③ 把“总分总”骨架迁移到书面表达，三分钟搭出节日介绍类的写作框架。 一、撞墙导入：给每段贴一张“功能标签” 【测试材料】 下面是一篇介绍元宵节的说明文，共四段。先通读一遍，然后给每一段选一个功能标签：总起、分述一、分述二、总结。凭第一感觉贴，别多想——贴错正好暴露卡点。 The Lantern Festival Paragraph 1: The Lantern Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month, marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. It is a festival of light and reunion, when families come together to enjoy the first full moon of the year. More than a cheerful celebration, it carries the hopes of a bright future and the warmth of being together. Paragraph 2: The most eye-catching part of the festival is the display of lanterns. Streets and parks are decorated with lanterns of every shape and colour, from round red ones to ones shaped like animals. In ancient times, people lit lanterns to pray for a good harvest and a bright future. Today, visitors still walk under them at night, admiring the warm light and taking pictures to share with friends and family. Paragraph 3: Food plays an equal part in the celebration. Yuanxiao, small round balls made of glutinous rice, are served because their round shape stands for family unity. In some places, people write riddles on lanterns and enjoy solving them together, while in others, dragon dances fill the streets with colour and noise. These customs turn the festival into an evening of shared joy. Paragraph 4: Though the customs of the Lantern Festival have developed over time, its core meaning has never changed. It reminds us to value family, to look forward to the new year with hope, and to keep our cultural traditions alive. In a world that changes fast, the lantern still shines for the same reason it always has—to bring people together. 【作答区】 【可选标签】总起 / 分述一 / 分述二 / 总结 Paragraph 1 → 功能：______ Paragraph 2 → 功能：______ Paragraph 3 → 功能：______ Paragraph 4 → 功能：______ 【答案与解析】 答案：Paragraph 1 总起；Paragraph 2 分述一（灯）；Paragraph 3 分述二（食物与游戏）；Paragraph 4 总结。 解析：判断段功能的钥匙，是看段首句“在谈什么、和全文什么关系”。第一段点出节日名字、时间，并抛出“光与团圆的节日”这一总判断，是总起；第二段段首 The most eye-catching part... 只谈“灯”，是第一个分论点；第三段段首 Food plays an equal part... 只谈“食物与游戏”，是与它并列的第二个分论点；第四段 Though...its core meaning has never changed，用“核心意义不变”收束全篇，是总结。前后一对照，“立主题—展开—收拢”的层次就清楚了。 【教师点拨】 追问设计：此处可追问学生：“你怎么判断第二段和第三段是并列而非递进？”引导学生关注段首句的信号词（the most eye-catching / Food plays an equal part）。常见错误预判：学生容易把“分述”和“举例”混淆，可追问：“这段如果删掉，全文主旨还完整吗？”如果删掉后主旨依然完整，说明它是举例而非分论点。课堂操作建议：建议让学生先独立贴标签3分钟，再同桌交换核对，最后全班展示。 二、精讲一：说明文的“总分总”骨架 节日类、文化类、科普类的说明文，绝大多数都长着一张“总分总”的脸。所谓总分总，就是：开头把主题立起来，中间分几个角度把它讲开，结尾再收拢升华。读懂这个骨架，你拿到任何一篇说明文，都能三分钟画出它的结构图。 ① 总起段：立主题 位置在首段，任务是“点题、交代背景、给出主旨”。判断标准：这一段通常交代了“这是什么/发生在什么时候/为什么值得讲”，并会抛出一个统领全篇的判断句。判断总起段的关键：看它是否回答了“这是什么节日”和“为什么值得写”两个问题。 ② 分述段：展开主题 位置在中间，每段只讲一个分论点，段首往往有“观点句”，段内用例子、数据、细节支撑。判断标准：段首句常带 the most...、another、also 这类“并列信号”。判断分述段的关键：段首句是否只谈“一个具体角度”，且与其他分述段之间是并列关系而非包含关系。 ③ 总结段：收拢升华 位置在末段，任务是“回顾主题、点明意义、升华立意”。判断标准：常出现 though/in short/above all 等词，把前文的“做法”收束成“意义”。判断总结段的关键：看它是否把前文的“具体做法”收拢为“抽象意义”，且不再引入新信息。 【即时练习】 1. 下面是一篇介绍端午节的说明文的三个段落（顺序已打乱）。判断它们各自属于“总分总”的哪一部分。 A. Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice wrapped in bamboo leaves, are the festival’s essential treat. Many families also hang mugwort on their doors to drive away disease in the hot summer. B. The Dragon Boat Festival, celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, honours the memory of the poet Qu Yuan. Over time, it has grown into a festival of health, courage and togetherness. C. Though the ways people celebrate may vary, its spirit—remembering the past, protecting health, and uniting communities—remains the same from generation to generation. 答案：A 分述段；B 总起段；C 总结段。 解析：把三段段首句并排一比就清楚了：B 点出节日名称、时间、纪念对象，并给出“成长为健康、勇气、团聚的节日”的总判断，是总起；A 只谈“粽子、艾草”一个具体角度，是分述；C 用 Though...remains the same 收束到“精神代代相传”，是总结。判断结构不数句子长短，只看“段首句在全篇承担什么任务”。 三、精讲二：衔接信号词——段与段的“路标” 结构不是凭空长出来的，是靠“信号词”和“指代”缝起来的。读懂这些路标，你既知道“这段讲什么”，也能看出“这段和上一段是什么关系”。把衔接手段按功能分成五类，记熟它们，阅读时一眼就能看出文章是怎么推进的。 功能 典型信号词 作用 顺承/并列 and, also, besides, moreover, the most... 补充新的分论点，并列展开（方向一致） 转折/对比 but, however, yet, although, in spite of 转出新角度或相反情形（方向反转） 举例 for example, such as, for instance 用例子支撑前面观点 因果 because, so, therefore, as a result 交代原因或结果 总结 in short, above all, in conclusion 收束全文、点明意义 “并列”与“转折”的核心区别：并列信号（also, besides, the most…）引出的是与上文同一方向的补充信息，不否定上文；转折信号（however, although, yet）引出的是反方向或限制性信息，暗示前文所述不够全面或有例外。阅读中遇到 however，必须先问：“这个 however 在否定什么？”找到被否定的对象，段间关系就清楚了。 注意：表格中“the most...”归入“顺承/并列”类，但“the most...”只有在“多个并列分论点”的语境中才作并列信号；若单独出现且无后续并列项，它只是最高级描述，不承担结构功能。课堂操作建议：问学生“这篇阅读里的‘the most...’后面还有没有 another/also？如果有，才是并列信号。” 除了信号词，还有两种看不见的“缝”：一是指代，如 this custom、its core meaning 里的 it/this，回指前文出现过的对象；二是复现，即同一主题词反复出现，如元宵节里的 lantern、元宵节里反复的 festival。看到 these、its、such 这类词，先问“它指谁”，结构就顺了。 【即时练习】 2. 从方框中选择恰当的信号词，补全下面这段介绍中秋节的短文，使逻辑通顺。 for example however in short because also The Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for family reunion. Families gather to enjoy the full moon and mooncakes. (1) ______, the round shape of the moon stands for completeness and unity. (2) ______, many young people who study or work far away cannot return home. (3) ______, they still call their parents and send mooncakes home. (4) ______, children who live in other cities often book train tickets months ahead so that they can be with their parents. (5) ______, the festival is not just about the moon—it is also about the ties that keep families close. 答案：(1) because (2) however (3) also (4) for example (5) in short 解析：每个空都先看它前后两句话是什么关系，再对号入座。(1) 前句说“家人相聚赏月吃月饼”，后句解释“圆象征圆满”，前果后因，填 because；(2) 前句讲团圆，后句说“很多年轻人回不了家”，方向一反转，填 however；(3) 回不了家怎么办？“仍会打电话寄月饼”，顺着补一句，填 also；(4) 前句说年轻人回不了家，后句举“外地孩子提前订票回家”的具体事例，填 for example；(5) 前文列举了各种团圆方式，此处收束——“不只是关于月亮”，填 in short。这种“先判关系、再对号”就是信号词题的通法。 四、精讲三：主旨题与结构题的答题通法 结构分析不是空谈，它直接转化为两类高考题的得分能力：主旨大意题和段落结构题。把“总分总”骨架变成答题动作，是这一节要做的事。 ① 主旨大意题：找“盖得住全文”的那句 动作只有两步：第一步，先看总起段，抓住统领全篇的判断句；再看总结段，抓住升华句。第二步，用这两句去比对选项——能“盖住全文各段”的是正确项，只讲某一局部的是干扰项。 为什么这招稳？因为总分总文章的“答案”天然写在总起和总结里，中间分述段都是对它的展开。你不需要读完全文才能答主旨题，抓住首尾两句，方向就不会偏。 ② 段落结构题：问“这段在全文干什么” 动作也只有两步：第一步，看段首句是“观点”还是“例子”——观点句常带 the most/another/also 等并列信号，例子句常带 for example/such as。第二步，看段首句和上一段的关系——并列讲新角度是“分述”，转折讲相反是“对比”，收拢讲意义是“总结”。 判断结构不数句子长短，只看“段首句在全文里承担什么角色”。把角色认清了，结构题就变成“给角色贴标签”的送分题。 【即时练习】 3. 阅读下面这篇短文，完成两道题。 The Dragon Boat Festival, celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, is one of China’s oldest festivals. It honours the memory of the poet Qu Yuan. The most dramatic custom is the dragon boat race, in which teams of rowers paddle to the beating of drums. Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice, are the festival’s essential food. While the ways people celebrate may vary, the festival’s spirit—remembering the past and uniting communities—remains the same. (1) Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A. The dragon boat race is the most exciting sport in China. B. The Dragon Boat Festival honours Qu Yuan through its customs and keeps its spirit alive. C. Zongzi is the most popular food in China. D. The festival has changed its date over time. 答案：B 解析：主旨题先抓首句和末句——首句点出节日、纪念屈原，末句“精神代代相传”，两者合成“通过习俗纪念屈原、传承精神”，B 正好盖住全文。A、C 只讲龙舟和粽子，是分述段的局部细节；D 无原文依据。容易被误选的是 C 这种“具体食物”项——它是局部不是整体，而主旨题的干扰项最爱拿分述段的一个细节冒充全文。 (2) The sentence “Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice, are the festival’s essential food” mainly serves to ______. A. introduce a new festival B. describe another custom of the festival’s traditions C. state the main argument of the passage D. conclude the whole passage 答案：B 解析：这句在龙舟（第一个习俗）之后又引出粽子（第二个习俗），是并列分述性质的细节，B 的 “describe another custom” 准确点出了这一功能。A 无据；C 说它是全文主旨，但它只是众多习俗之一；D 说它作结论，可真正总结的是末句。判定它归属的关键，是它与前文龙舟的关系——并列，属于分述，不是收束。 五、实战：用“结构三问”走一遍冬至短文 把前面两节的方法合起来，对一篇新语篇完整走一遍“结构三问”：这段在文章里干什么？和上一段什么关系？作者为什么放在这？三问一过，结构与主旨一起浮出来。 【测试材料】 The Winter Solstice The Winter Solstice, which falls around December 22nd, is one of the oldest seasonal festivals in China. For centuries, it has been a day when families gather to mark the return of longer daylight and to prepare for the coldest part of winter. In northern China, the festival is inseparable from dumplings (jiaozi). According to tradition, eating dumplings on this day keeps people from freezing their ears in winter. In the south, families often enjoy tangyuan, sweet rice balls that stand for reunion and harmony. Though regional customs differ, the Winter Solstice has always been about warmth—the warmth of food, of family, and of hope as the days grow longer again. 【作答区】 请按“结构三问”的顺序，依次回答： ① 第一段在文章里干什么？和标题什么关系？ ② 第二段在文章里干什么？和第一段什么关系？ ③ 第三段在文章里干什么？作者为什么把它放在最后？ ④ 最后用一句话回答：三问走完，你看出这篇文章的“总分总”骨架了吗？ 【答案与解析】 ① 答案：第一段是总起——点出冬至是什么（最古老的节气节日之一）和为什么重要（迎接白昼变长、准备过冬），与标题“冬至”直接呼应。 解析：判断段功能，看段首句在全文承担什么任务。第一段段首点出节日、时间、意义，回答了“这是什么节气、为什么值得写”，正好接住标题，是总起。 ② 答案：第二段是分述——段首 In northern China... 只谈“各地食物习俗”这一个角度，用北饺子、南汤圆两个例子把分论点讲实。 解析：判断“列举南北食物”的作用，先看它服务谁——它服务第二段“这个节日离不开饮食”的观点，是例证支撑分论点，不是独立的新观点。 ③ 答案：第三段是总结——Though regional customs differ... 把前文“南北不同习俗”收束到“温暖”这个抽象概念，不再引入新信息。 解析：第三段 Though...the Winter Solstice has always been about warmth，用“温暖”收拢全篇。作者把它放在最后，是因为读者需要先了解“各地习俗不同”这一事实，才能理解“虽然不同但核心相同”的结论——顺序本身构成论证逻辑。 ④ 答案：冬至是中国古老节气节日，人们通过家庭团聚和南北不同的食物习俗，迎接白昼变长、度过寒冬，承载着温暖、团聚与希望的意义。 解析：主旨抓首尾两句——首段讲“家庭团聚、迎接白昼变长”，末段讲“温暖与希望”，两者合一即为主旨；分述段（各地食物）是展开，不是主旨本身。注意：主旨概括必须包含该节日区别于其他节日的独特内涵——冬至的独特性在于“白昼最短后的光明回归”，泛泛说“承载希望”就失去了这篇短文的个性。 【教师点拨】 追问设计：走完全文后，可追问学生：“如果删掉第二段（南北食物），这篇文章的主旨还成立吗？”引导学生理解分述段对总起段的支撑作用。常见错误预判：学生可能把第三段的“温暖”理解为内容总结而非结构总结，可追问：“第三段有没有引入新的具体信息？还是把前文收拢为一个抽象概念？” 六、分层练习：由段到篇，逐层登高 基础层 · 段落功能匹配 判断下面每段属于说明文的“总起 / 分述 / 总结”哪一部分。 (1) The festival of Qingming, which falls in early April, is a time when Chinese families remember their ancestors and enjoy the first green of spring. (2) Though customs vary from place to place, Qingming always reminds people to honour the past while cherishing the present. (3) People sweep tombs, plant willows, and fly kites on this day to show respect and welcome spring. 答案：(1) 总起 (2) 总结 (3) 分述 解析：判断的依据是段首句干的是“立题、展开还是收拢”的活。(1) 点出节日、时间、主旨（纪念祖先、迎接春天），立题，是总起；(2) Though...always reminds 收束到“意义”，收拢，是总结；(3) 具体罗列扫墓、插柳、放风筝等做法，展开，是分述。 中档层 · 衔接词填空 选择恰当的词（however, for example, therefore, in short, also）填入，使短文通顺。 The Spring Festival is the most important holiday in China. Families return home from all over the country. (1) ______, the festival’s customs include pasting couplets and setting off firecrackers. (2) ______, many cities now ban fireworks to protect the air. (3) ______, some families still find other ways to celebrate, such as watching the Spring Festival Gala. (4) ______, the festival is a time for reunion and fresh hope. (5) ______, red couplets on every door are a clear sign of the holiday’s arrival. 答案：(1) also (2) however (3) for example (4) in short (5) also 解析：答案从前后文的“关系”里长出来——前后同向就填并列词，方向反转就填转折词。(1) 前句讲回家团聚，后句补充习俗，同向并列，填 also；(2) 前句讲放鞭炮，后句说“很多城市禁放”，方向一反转，填 however；(3) 禁放了怎么办？“用其他方式庆祝”，举出具体例子，填 for example（也可看作结果，但举例更贴）；(4) 开始收拢“团聚与新希望”，填 in short；(5) 前文已列多种春节习俗，此处补充“红对联是节日到来的标志”作又一并列细节，填 also。 挑战层 · 结构 + 主旨综合 阅读下面短文，完成两道题。 The Double Ninth Festival, celebrated on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, is a day for respecting the elderly and enjoying autumn. In the past, people climbed high mountains, wore zhuyu, and drank chrysanthemum wine to avoid misfortune. Today, many still climb hills and admire the chrysanthemums, while others visit their grandparents and send them gifts. Although the ways have changed, the festival’s spirit—showing respect and care for the elderly—remains strong. (1) Which sentence best states the main idea? A. Climbing mountains is the only way to celebrate. B. The Double Ninth Festival honours the elderly and its spirit lives on. C. People used to drink chrysanthemum wine. D. The festival has lost its traditional customs. 答案：B 解析：首句立“敬老、赏秋”的主旨，末句“精神依然强大”收束，B 盖住全文。A 的“唯一方式”过于绝对；C 只是过去的一个细节；D 与末句“习俗虽变精神犹存”相反。这道题的干扰项设计很有代表性——一个绝对化（only），一个用过去的细节以偏概全，都是主旨题最爱埋的雷。 (2) The sentence “In the past, people climbed high mountains, wore zhuyu, and drank chrysanthemum wine” mainly serves to ______. A. state the main argument B. describe the festival’s past customs as an example C. introduce a different festival D. state the main idea of the festival’s meaning 答案：B 解析：这句列举过去登高、插茱萸、饮菊酒等做法，是对“过去如何过节”的例证式描述，B 正确。A 说它是主旨，但主旨是“敬老”，这句只是具体习俗；C 无据；D 说它是“陈述节日意义的主旨”，但这句话只讲了“过去的具体做法”，没有提到“敬老”这个主旨——它服务的是主旨，不代表主旨本身。学生容易误以为“总起段内的每一句都是主旨”，从而选 D，需注意区分。段落结构题要认清“这句服务的对象是谁”。 七、写作迁移：把“总分总”搬到笔头 结构分析最大的用武之地在写作。高考书面表达里“介绍一个中国传统节日”是常客，这类题最怕学生“想到哪写到哪”。用本讲的总分总骨架，三分钟就能搭出一篇条理清楚的节日介绍。 从读到写：冬至短文告诉我们的写作顺序 刚刚读过的冬至短文，结构拆出来是：总起（冬至是什么+为什么重要）→ 分述一（北方饺子）→ 分述二（南方汤圆）→ 总结（虽然不同但核心相同）。 如果让你反过来写一篇类似的节日介绍，顺序应该是什么？答案是一样的：先立主题（总起），再展开角度（分述），最后升华（总结）。 不同之处在于：读的时候你是“找结构”，写的时候你是“搭结构”。搭的时候要问自己三个问题：①我要介绍什么节日、它的核心意义是什么？（这就是总起要写的）；②我有几个角度可以展开？（每个角度一段）；③最后我想让读者记住什么？（这就是总结要写的）。先想清这三个问题，再动笔填句，就不会写偏。 【写作框架】 总起：The _____ Festival, which falls on _____, is a time for _____.（点节日、时间、主旨） 分述一：The most _____ custom is _____.（先写最突出的习俗） 分述二：People also _____.（补充其他习俗） 总结：Though _____, the festival always reminds us of _____.（收束到意义、升华） 【参考范文】 注意：这篇范文的每一句分别对应框架的哪一部分？请在括号里标注（总起/分述/总结）。 The Mid-Autumn Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a time for family reunion. The most popular custom is enjoying the full moon while eating mooncakes, whose round shape stands for completeness and unity. Many people also light lanterns or watch the moon from high places with their families. Though ways of celebrating may differ from place to place, the festival always reminds us of the warmth of home and the value of being together. 【练习】 4. 仿照上面的框架，用“总分总”结构，用英文写一段约 80 词的短文，介绍端午节（The Dragon Boat Festival）。要求：总起点明节日与主旨，分述写两个习俗，总结升华。 答案：参考：The Dragon Boat Festival, which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, is a time to honour the poet Qu Yuan. The most exciting custom is the dragon boat race, in which teams paddle to the beating of drums. People also eat zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice, to remember the past. Though the ways may change, the festival always reminds us of courage, unity and our cultural roots. 解析：动笔顺序就是框架顺序——先立总起（点节日、时间、主旨“纪念屈原”），再选两个习俗（龙舟、粽子，各一句带例），最后总结（升华到勇气、团结、文化根脉）。骨架先立住，句子自然各归其位。 维度 3分（达标） 1分（不达标） 总起 点出节日名称、时间、主旨 缺两项及以上 分述 写出两个不同习俗，各有细节 只有一个习俗或无细节 总结 有升华句，不重复前文信息 无总结句 八、带走型收尾：结构图口诀与衔接词速记 【结构图口诀】 “总分总，记三招：总起点题把主旨抛，分述一段一观点，总结升华意义高。” 口诀不是背的，是用的。拿到任何一篇说明文，默念这三招，先画出“哪段总起、哪段分述、哪段总结”，再谈细节。 【衔接词速记】 五类路标一句话串记：“顺承用 also，转折靠 however，举例 for example，因果 because，总结 in short。” 把这两句口诀抄在笔记本首页，考前扫一眼，结构题的“手感”就回来了。 【本讲自检清单】 □ 我能给任意一段说明文标出“总起 / 分述 / 总结”。 □ 我能在一篇陌生文章中，2分钟内圈出至少3个不同类别的信号词，并说出它们各自的功能。 □ 做主旨题，我会先看首尾两句再比对选项，不被局部细节带偏。 □ 写节日介绍，我能先用“总分总”搭好框架再动笔。 九、课后作业：独立完成一套结构分析练习 下面是本讲素材之外的一篇新说明文，主题仍属“节日”，正好检验你能否把“总分总”结构分析法迁移到新语篇。先标出各段功能，再答主旨与结构题，最后对照解析纠偏。 阅读下面短文，回答后面的问题。 The Qixi Festival Paragraph 1: The Qixi Festival, celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, is often called Chinese Valentine’s Day. It comes from an old love story about the cowherd and the weaver girl, who are said to meet only once a year across the Milky Way. For centuries, it has been a day of love, wishes and romance. Paragraph 2: In the past, young women would pray to the weaver girl for skill in needlework, a practice called “begging for skill” (qiqiao). They would lay out fruits and needles under the moonlight and show off their craftsmanship to their neighbours. Paragraph 3: Today, the festival has taken on a modern look. Couples exchange gifts and flowers, and young people share the legend on social media. Shops are decorated with hearts and stars, turning the ancient festival into a lively commercial event. Paragraph 4: Though the way people celebrate Qixi has changed greatly, its core meaning—the wish for love and lasting affection—remains as strong as it was a thousand years ago. 1. Match each paragraph with its function (总起 / 分述 / 总结). Paragraph 1: ______ Paragraph 2: ______ Paragraph 3: ______ Paragraph 4: ______ 答案：Paragraph 1 总起；Paragraph 2 分述；Paragraph 3 分述；Paragraph 4 总结。 解析：这把尺仍好用：第一段点出节日、时间、主旨（爱的节日），是总起；第二段讲“过去乞巧”，第三段讲“现代庆祝方式”，从两个时段展开，都是分述；第四段 Though...remains as strong 收束到“核心意义不变”，是总结。第二、三段的时间对比（过去/现在）正是判断它们并列分述的暗号。 2. What is the passage mainly about? A. How the Qixi Festival began and how it is celebrated now. B. Why the Qixi Festival is no longer popular. C. The best gifts for the Qixi Festival. D. The history of Chinese needlework. 答案：A 解析：先抓首尾——首段立“爱的节日”，末段收“意义不变”，中间两段分别讲过去与现在的庆祝方式，A 的“起源与现在的庆祝”正好盖住全文。B 与“仍受欢迎”相反；C 是细节；D 离题。 3. The word “They” in Paragraph 2 refers to ______. A. young women B. the cowherd and the weaver girl C. neighbours D. shops 答案：A 解析：指代题往回看前一句的主语。“In the past, young women would pray... They would lay out fruits and needles...”——They 紧承上一句的主语 young women，单复数也一致。遇到 who/what/they 这类词，先回前一句找“它指谁”，指代就顺了。 4. Paragraph 3 mainly serves to ______. A. describe the festival’s modern customs as another aspect of its celebration B. argue that the festival has lost its traditional meaning C. introduce a different festival in the same month D. give a conclusion about the festival’s future 选完后，回看 Paragraph 2 的第一句话，圈出它的时间标志词；再回看 Paragraph 3 的第一句话，圈出它的时间标志词。比较两个时间标志，它们是什么关系？ 答案：A 解析：第三段讲“现代庆祝方式”，与第二段“过去习俗”形成时间维度的并列分述，都是对总起段“爱的节日”这一主题的展开，故选 A。B 与末段“核心意义不变”矛盾；C 离题；D 将分述段误认为总结段。 【错误路径排查】如果你选了 B（“已失去传统意义”）→ 回看第四段末句“核心意义不变”，B 与原文直接矛盾，属于“只看局部没看全局”。如果你选了 C（“介绍另一个节日”）→ 回看全文第一句，从头到尾都在讲七夕，没有换过话题，说明 C 属于“凭空添加信息”。如果你选了 D（“总结全文”）→ 回看第四段开头 Though，那才是总结信号；第三段没有出现 though/in short/above all 等收束词，所以不可能是总结。 【教师点拨】 课堂操作建议：本套课后作业覆盖段落功能、主旨、指代、段落结构四类题，全部建立在结构分析之上。若学生第2题失分，说明没先画出“总分总”骨架就急着做题——提醒学生“结构在前、答案在后”的使用顺序。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations 精品讲义2027春季高一（下）英语新教材人教版必修三 第4讲 节日类说明文的结构分析（学生版） 阅读课 · 结构分析与写作迁移 【课时安排】 建议用时1—2课时。第3讲已把课文 Why Do We Celebrate Festivals? 的内容与语言点精读完毕，本讲跳出“这一篇”，把阅读的重心抬到“结构”层面：以一篇新的节日类说明文为载体，教“总分总结构分析法”，直击高考的主旨大意题、段落结构题，并把结构迁移到书面表达的谋篇布局。两讲素材不重复、各自独立可用。 【学习目标】 学完本讲，你应该能： ① 用“结构三问”给说明文分段，判断每段在全文里干什么； ② 识别顺承、转折、举例、因果、总结五类衔接信号词，理顺段与段的逻辑； ③ 把“总分总”骨架迁移到书面表达，三分钟搭出节日介绍类的写作框架。 一、撞墙导入：给每段贴一张“功能标签” 【测试材料】 下面是一篇介绍元宵节的说明文，共四段。先通读一遍，然后给每一段选一个功能标签：总起、分述一、分述二、总结。凭第一感觉贴，别多想——贴错正好暴露卡点。 The Lantern Festival Paragraph 1: The Lantern Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month, marks the end of the Chinese New Year celebrations. It is a festival of light and reunion, when families come together to enjoy the first full moon of the year. More than a cheerful celebration, it carries the hopes of a bright future and the warmth of being together. Paragraph 2: The most eye-catching part of the festival is the display of lanterns. Streets and parks are decorated with lanterns of every shape and colour, from round red ones to ones shaped like animals. In ancient times, people lit lanterns to pray for a good harvest and a bright future. Today, visitors still walk under them at night, admiring the warm light and taking pictures to share with friends and family. Paragraph 3: Food plays an equal part in the celebration. Yuanxiao, small round balls made of glutinous rice, are served because their round shape stands for family unity. In some places, people write riddles on lanterns and enjoy solving them together, while in others, dragon dances fill the streets with colour and noise. These customs turn the festival into an evening of shared joy. Paragraph 4: Though the customs of the Lantern Festival have developed over time, its core meaning has never changed. It reminds us to value family, to look forward to the new year with hope, and to keep our cultural traditions alive. In a world that changes fast, the lantern still shines for the same reason it always has—to bring people together. 【作答区】 【可选标签】总起 / 分述一 / 分述二 / 总结 Paragraph 1 → 功能：______ Paragraph 2 → 功能：______ Paragraph 3 → 功能：______ Paragraph 4 → 功能：______ 二、精讲一：说明文的“总分总”骨架 节日类、文化类、科普类的说明文，绝大多数都长着一张“总分总”的脸。所谓总分总，就是：开头把主题立起来，中间分几个角度把它讲开，结尾再收拢升华。读懂这个骨架，你拿到任何一篇说明文，都能三分钟画出它的结构图。 ① 总起段：立主题 位置在首段，任务是“点题、交代背景、给出主旨”。判断标准：这一段通常交代了“这是什么/发生在什么时候/为什么值得讲”，并会抛出一个统领全篇的判断句。判断总起段的关键：看它是否回答了“这是什么节日”和“为什么值得写”两个问题。 ② 分述段：展开主题 位置在中间，每段只讲一个分论点，段首往往有“观点句”，段内用例子、数据、细节支撑。判断标准：段首句常带 the most...、another、also 这类“并列信号”。判断分述段的关键：段首句是否只谈“一个具体角度”，且与其他分述段之间是并列关系而非包含关系。 ③ 总结段：收拢升华 位置在末段，任务是“回顾主题、点明意义、升华立意”。判断标准：常出现 though/in short/above all 等词，把前文的“做法”收束成“意义”。判断总结段的关键：看它是否把前文的“具体做法”收拢为“抽象意义”，且不再引入新信息。 【即时练习】 1. 下面是一篇介绍端午节的说明文的三个段落（顺序已打乱）。判断它们各自属于“总分总”的哪一部分。 A. Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice wrapped in bamboo leaves, are the festival’s essential treat. Many families also hang mugwort on their doors to drive away disease in the hot summer. B. The Dragon Boat Festival, celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, honours the memory of the poet Qu Yuan. Over time, it has grown into a festival of health, courage and togetherness. C. Though the ways people celebrate may vary, its spirit—remembering the past, protecting health, and uniting communities—remains the same from generation to generation. 我的判断：A. ______ B. ______ C. ______ 三、精讲二：衔接信号词——段与段的“路标” 结构不是凭空长出来的，是靠“信号词”和“指代”缝起来的。读懂这些路标，你既知道“这段讲什么”，也能看出“这段和上一段是什么关系”。把衔接手段按功能分成五类，记熟它们，阅读时一眼就能看出文章是怎么推进的。 功能 典型信号词 作用 顺承/并列 and, also, besides, moreover, the most... 补充新的分论点，并列展开（方向一致） 转折/对比 but, however, yet, although, in spite of 转出新角度或相反情形（方向反转） 举例 for example, such as, for instance 用例子支撑前面观点 因果 because, so, therefore, as a result 交代原因或结果 总结 in short, above all, in conclusion 收束全文、点明意义 “并列”与“转折”的核心区别：并列信号（also, besides, the most…）引出的是与上文同一方向的补充信息，不否定上文；转折信号（however, although, yet）引出的是反方向或限制性信息，暗示前文所述不够全面或有例外。阅读中遇到 however，必须先问：“这个 however 在否定什么？”找到被否定的对象，段间关系就清楚了。 注意：表格中“the most...”归入“顺承/并列”类，但“the most...”只有在“多个并列分论点”的语境中才作并列信号；若单独出现且无后续并列项，它只是最高级描述，不承担结构功能。 除了信号词，还有两种看不见的“缝”：一是指代，如 this custom、its core meaning 里的 it/this，回指前文出现过的对象；二是复现，即同一主题词反复出现，如元宵节里的 lantern、元宵节里反复的 festival。看到 these、its、such 这类词，先问“它指谁”，结构就顺了。 【即时练习】 2. 从方框中选择恰当的信号词，补全下面这段介绍中秋节的短文，使逻辑通顺。 for example however in short because also The Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for family reunion. Families gather to enjoy the full moon and mooncakes. (1) ______, the round shape of the moon stands for completeness and unity. (2) ______, many young people who study or work far away cannot return home. (3) ______, they still call their parents and send mooncakes home. (4) ______, children who live in other cities often book train tickets months ahead so that they can be with their parents. (5) ______, the festival is not just about the moon—it is also about the ties that keep families close. 我的答案：(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ (5) ______ 四、精讲三：主旨题与结构题的答题通法 结构分析不是空谈，它直接转化为两类高考题的得分能力：主旨大意题和段落结构题。把“总分总”骨架变成答题动作，是这一节要做的事。 ① 主旨大意题：找“盖得住全文”的那句 动作只有两步：第一步，先看总起段，抓住统领全篇的判断句；再看总结段，抓住升华句。第二步，用这两句去比对选项——能“盖住全文各段”的是正确项，只讲某一局部的是干扰项。 为什么这招稳？因为总分总文章的“答案”天然写在总起和总结里，中间分述段都是对它的展开。你不需要读完全文才能答主旨题，抓住首尾两句，方向就不会偏。 ② 段落结构题：问“这段在全文干什么” 动作也只有两步：第一步，看段首句是“观点”还是“例子”——观点句常带 the most/another/also 等并列信号，例子句常带 for example/such as。第二步，看段首句和上一段的关系——并列讲新角度是“分述”，转折讲相反是“对比”，收拢讲意义是“总结”。 判断结构不数句子长短，只看“段首句在全文里承担什么角色”。把角色认清了，结构题就变成“给角色贴标签”的送分题。 【即时练习】 3. 阅读下面这篇短文，完成两道题。 The Dragon Boat Festival, celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, is one of China’s oldest festivals. It honours the memory of the poet Qu Yuan. The most dramatic custom is the dragon boat race, in which teams of rowers paddle to the beating of drums. Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice, are the festival’s essential food. While the ways people celebrate may vary, the festival’s spirit—remembering the past and uniting communities—remains the same. (1) Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? A. The dragon boat race is the most exciting sport in China. B. The Dragon Boat Festival honours Qu Yuan through its customs and keeps its spirit alive. C. Zongzi is the most popular food in China. D. The festival has changed its date over time. (2) The sentence “Zongzi, pyramid-shaped dumplings of sticky rice, are the festival’s essential food” mainly serves to ______. A. introduce a new festival B. describe another custom of the festival’s traditions C. state the main argument of the passage D. conclude the whole passage (1) 我的答案：______ (2) 我的答案：______ 五、实战：用“结构三问”走一遍冬至短文 把前面两节的方法合起来，对一篇新语篇完整走一遍“结构三问”：这段在文章里干什么？和上一段什么关系？作者为什么放在这？三问一过，结构与主旨一起浮出来。 【测试材料】 The Winter Solstice The Winter Solstice, which falls around December 22nd, is one of the oldest seasonal festivals in China. For centuries, it has been a day when families gather to mark the return of longer daylight and to prepare for the coldest part of winter. In northern China, the festival is inseparable from dumplings (jiaozi). According to tradition, eating dumplings on this day keeps people from freezing their ears in winter. In the south, families often enjoy tangyuan, sweet rice balls that stand for reunion and harmony. Though regional customs differ, the Winter Solstice has always been about warmth—the warmth of food, of family, and of hope as the days grow longer again. 【作答区】 请按“结构三问”的顺序，依次回答： ① 第一段在文章里干什么？和标题什么关系？ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ② 第二段在文章里干什么？和第一段什么关系？ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ③ 第三段在文章里干什么？作者为什么把它放在最后？ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ④ 最后用一句话回答：三问走完，你看出这篇文章的“总分总”骨架了吗？ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 六、分层练习：由段到篇，逐层登高 基础层 · 段落功能匹配 判断下面每段属于说明文的“总起 / 分述 / 总结”哪一部分。 (1) The festival of Qingming, which falls in early April, is a time when Chinese families remember their ancestors and enjoy the first green of spring. (2) Though customs vary from place to place, Qingming always reminds people to honour the past while cherishing the present. (3) People sweep tombs, plant willows, and fly kites on this day to show respect and welcome spring. 我的判断：(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ 中档层 · 衔接词填空 选择恰当的词（however, for example, therefore, in short, also）填入，使短文通顺。 The Spring Festival is the most important holiday in China. Families return home from all over the country. (1) ______, the festival’s customs include pasting couplets and setting off firecrackers. (2) ______, many cities now ban fireworks to protect the air. (3) ______, some families still find other ways to celebrate, such as watching the Spring Festival Gala. (4) ______, the festival is a time for reunion and fresh hope. (5) ______, red couplets on every door are a clear sign of the holiday’s arrival. 我的答案：(1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ (5) ______ 挑战层 · 结构 + 主旨综合 阅读下面短文，完成两道题。 The Double Ninth Festival, celebrated on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, is a day for respecting the elderly and enjoying autumn. In the past, people climbed high mountains, wore zhuyu, and drank chrysanthemum wine to avoid misfortune. Today, many still climb hills and admire the chrysanthemums, while others visit their grandparents and send them gifts. Although the ways have changed, the festival’s spirit—showing respect and care for the elderly—remains strong. (1) Which sentence best states the main idea? A. Climbing mountains is the only way to celebrate. B. The Double Ninth Festival honours the elderly and its spirit lives on. C. People used to drink chrysanthemum wine. D. The festival has lost its traditional customs. (2) The sentence “In the past, people climbed high mountains, wore zhuyu, and drank chrysanthemum wine” mainly serves to ______. A. state the main argument B. describe the festival’s past customs as an example C. introduce a different festival D. state the main idea of the festival’s meaning (1) 我的答案：______ (2) 我的答案：______ 七、写作迁移：把“总分总”搬到笔头 结构分析最大的用武之地在写作。高考书面表达里“介绍一个中国传统节日”是常客，这类题最怕学生“想到哪写到哪”。用本讲的总分总骨架，三分钟就能搭出一篇条理清楚的节日介绍。 从读到写：冬至短文告诉我们的写作顺序 刚刚读过的冬至短文，结构拆出来是：总起（冬至是什么+为什么重要）→ 分述一（北方饺子）→ 分述二（南方汤圆）→ 总结（虽然不同但核心相同）。 如果让你反过来写一篇类似的节日介绍，顺序应该是什么？答案是一样的：先立主题（总起），再展开角度（分述），最后升华（总结）。 不同之处在于：读的时候你是“找结构”，写的时候你是“搭结构”。搭的时候要问自己三个问题：①我要介绍什么节日、它的核心意义是什么？（这就是总起要写的）；②我有几个角度可以展开？（每个角度一段）；③最后我想让读者记住什么？（这就是总结要写的）。先想清这三个问题，再动笔填句，就不会写偏。 【写作框架】 总起：The _____ Festival, which falls on _____, is a time for _____.（点节日、时间、主旨） 分述一：The most _____ custom is _____.（先写最突出的习俗） 分述二：People also _____.（补充其他习俗） 总结：Though _____, the festival always reminds us of _____.（收束到意义、升华） 【参考范文】 注意：这篇范文的每一句分别对应框架的哪一部分？请在括号里标注（总起/分述/总结）。 The Mid-Autumn Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a time for family reunion. The most popular custom is enjoying the full moon while eating mooncakes, whose round shape stands for completeness and unity. Many people also light lanterns or watch the moon from high places with their families. Though ways of celebrating may differ from place to place, the festival always reminds us of the warmth of home and the value of being together. 我的标注（给范文的四句话分别标上“总起/分述/总结”）： 第一句 ______ 第二句 ______ 第三句 ______ 第四句 ______ 【练习】 4. 仿照上面的框架，用“总分总”结构，用英文写一段约 80 词的短文，介绍端午节（The Dragon Boat Festival）。要求：总起点明节日与主旨，分述写两个习俗，总结升华。 【我的短文】 ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 维度 3分（达标） 1分（不达标） 总起 点出节日名称、时间、主旨 缺两项及以上 分述 写出两个不同习俗，各有细节 只有一个习俗或无细节 总结 有升华句，不重复前文信息 无总结句 八、带走型收尾：结构图口诀与衔接词速记 【结构图口诀】 “总分总，记三招：总起点题把主旨抛，分述一段一观点，总结升华意义高。” 口诀不是背的，是用的。拿到任何一篇说明文，默念这三招，先画出“哪段总起、哪段分述、哪段总结”，再谈细节。 【衔接词速记】 五类路标一句话串记：“顺承用 also，转折靠 however，举例 for example，因果 because，总结 in short。” 把这两句口诀抄在笔记本首页，考前扫一眼，结构题的“手感”就回来了。 【本讲自检清单】 □ 我能给任意一段说明文标出“总起 / 分述 / 总结”。 □ 我能在一篇陌生文章中，2分钟内圈出至少3个不同类别的信号词，并说出它们各自的功能。 □ 做主旨题，我会先看首尾两句再比对选项，不被局部细节带偏。 □ 写节日介绍，我能先用“总分总”搭好框架再动笔。 九、课后作业：独立完成一套结构分析练习 下面是本讲素材之外的一篇新说明文，主题仍属“节日”，正好检验你能否把“总分总”结构分析法迁移到新语篇。先标出各段功能，再答主旨与结构题。 阅读下面短文，回答后面的问题。 The Qixi Festival Paragraph 1: The Qixi Festival, celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, is often called Chinese Valentine’s Day. It comes from an old love story about the cowherd and the weaver girl, who are said to meet only once a year across the Milky Way. For centuries, it has been a day of love, wishes and romance. Paragraph 2: In the past, young women would pray to the weaver girl for skill in needlework, a practice called “begging for skill” (qiqiao). They would lay out fruits and needles under the moonlight and show off their craftsmanship to their neighbours. Paragraph 3: Today, the festival has taken on a modern look. Couples exchange gifts and flowers, and young people share the legend on social media. Shops are decorated with hearts and stars, turning the ancient festival into a lively commercial event. Paragraph 4: Though the way people celebrate Qixi has changed greatly, its core meaning—the wish for love and lasting affection—remains as strong as it was a thousand years ago. 1. Match each paragraph with its function (总起 / 分述 / 总结). Paragraph 1: ______ Paragraph 2: ______ Paragraph 3: ______ Paragraph 4: ______ 2. What is the passage mainly about? A. How the Qixi Festival began and how it is celebrated now. B. Why the Qixi Festival is no longer popular. C. The best gifts for the Qixi Festival. D. The history of Chinese needlework. 2. 我的答案：______ 3. The word “They” in Paragraph 2 refers to ______. A. young women B. the cowherd and the weaver girl C. neighbours D. shops 3. 我的答案：______ 4. Paragraph 3 mainly serves to ______. A. describe the festival’s modern customs as another aspect of its celebration B. argue that the festival has lost its traditional meaning C. introduce a different festival in the same month D. give a conclusion about the festival’s future 4. 我的答案：______ 选完后，回看 Paragraph 2 的第一句话，圈出它的时间标志词；再回看 Paragraph 3 的第一句话，圈出它的时间标志词。比较两个时间标志，它们是什么关系？ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $