摘要:
**基本信息**
系统构建疑问词引导宾语从句的方法体系,通过概念-分类-应用逻辑链提升语言运用与思维辨析能力。
**专项设计**
|模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑|
|----|-----------|----------|----------|
|语法知识点|5模块(含转换要点/判断关键)|转换“三步骤”、疑问词选择“成分法”、语序“陈述原则”、时态“主从呼应”|概念生成→疑问词分类(代词/副词/词组)→语序/时态规则→“疑问词+不定式”拓展|
|专项练习|30题(单选/填空/句型转换)|通过错题对比(如what to do与how to do it)强化辨析|基础识别→语境应用→结构转换,覆盖中考高频易错点|
内容正文:
新人教版九年级上册Unit4语法汇总与练习
Grammar:疑问词引导的宾语从句
第一部分 语法知识点
一、疑问词引导的宾语从句
1、基本概念与结构
当宾语从句由特殊疑问句转化而来时,通常保留原特殊疑问词作为引导词。常见引导词包括what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how,以及how long, how far, how often, how many等“疑问词组”。
基本结构:主句 + 疑问词(组)+ 宾语从句。
例:I wonder where he lives.
我想知道他住在哪里。
例:Could you tell me why the train is late?
你能告诉我火车为什么晚点吗?
与that, if和whether不同,疑问词不仅起连接作用,通常还在从句中充当一定的句子成分,因此一般不能省略。
2、从特殊疑问句变为宾语从句
转换时要保留原来的特殊疑问词,再把疑问句语序调整为陈述语序,并根据主句和语境处理时态。
例:Where does she work? → Do you know where she works?
她在哪里工作?→你知道她在哪里工作吗?
例:Why was he absent? → The teacher asked why he was absent.
他为什么缺席?→老师问他为什么缺席。
转换要点可以概括为:保留疑问词,去掉助动词do / does / did,恢复“主语 + 谓语”的顺序,并按需要改变谓语形式。
二、疑问词的选择与作用
1、疑问代词:在从句中充当名词性成分
what, who, whom, whose 和 which属于疑问代词。它们可以在宾语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。选择时既要看句意,也要看从句中缺少什么成分。
what 什么;……的事物 主语、宾语、表语 I know what he needs.
who / whom 谁 主语或宾语 Tell me who called you.
whose 谁的 定语或表语 I wonder whose bag this is.
which 哪一个;哪些 主语、宾语、定语 She asked which bus we should take.
what + 名词 什么样的…… 定语 Do you know what time it is?
what通常用于范围不明确的选择;which常用于在一定范围内进行选择。
例:I do not know what I should buy.
我不知道该买什么。范围不明确。
例:I cannot decide which of the two books I should buy.
我无法决定这两本书中该买哪一本。范围明确。
2、疑问副词:在从句中充当状语
when, where, why 和 how属于疑问副词,分别表示时间、地点、原因和方式,在宾语从句中通常充当状语。
when 时间 Please tell me when the meeting will begin.
where 地点 Do you know where she bought the book?
why 原因 I wonder why he changed his mind.
how 方式、程度或状态 Can you explain how the machine works?
3、常见疑问词组
how可以和形容词、副词或限定词构成疑问词组,用来询问更加具体的信息。常见结构有how long(多长时间或多长)、how far(多远)、how often(多久一次)、how soon(多久以后)、how many(多少,可数名词)、how much(多少,不可数名词或价格)等。
例:Do you know how long she has studied English?
你知道她学英语多久了吗?
例:Could you tell me how far the station is from here?
你能告诉我车站离这里有多远吗?
判断关键:先根据回答所提供的信息确定询问的是时间、距离、频率、数量还是方式,再选择相应的疑问词或疑问词组。
三、宾语从句的语序
1、一般情况:疑问词后用陈述语序
疑问词引导的宾语从句必须使用陈述语序,即“疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语”。即使主句带有问号,从句内部也不能使用特殊疑问句的倒装语序。
例:Could you tell me where the library is?
你能告诉我图书馆在哪里吗?
错误:Could you tell me where is the library? 正确:Could you tell me where the library is?
例:I wonder why she did not attend the meeting.
我想知道她为什么没有参加会议。
错误:I wonder why did she not attend the meeting. 正确:I wonder why she did not attend the meeting.
2、疑问词本身作主语时,语序看起来不变
如果who, what或which本身就是从句的主语,疑问词后直接接谓语动词。此时原特殊疑问句本来就没有“助动词 + 主语”的倒装结构,所以变为宾语从句后形式看起来基本不变。
例:Who broke the window? → Do you know who broke the window?
谁打破了窗户?→你知道谁打破了窗户吗?
例:What happened outside? → Tell me what happened outside.
外面发生了什么?→告诉我外面发生了什么。
判断关键:先看疑问词是不是动作的执行者。若疑问词本身就是主语,不要在其后另加主语,也不要使用do / does / did。
3、含有do you think 的特殊疑问句
当think, believe, suppose, guess等表示看法的动词用于插入结构时,特殊疑问词通常放在整个句子的开头,后面的宾语从句仍使用陈述语序。
例:Who do you think will win the match?
你认为谁会赢得比赛?
例:Where do you think he has gone?
你认为他去了哪里?
不能说Do you think who will win the match。疑问词应提前到句首,但从句中的“主语 + 谓语”顺序不能改变。
四、宾语从句的时态
1、主句是现在时或将来时
主句使用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时时,宾语从句根据实际时间和语境选择合适的时态。
例:I do not know where he lives now.
我不知道他现在住在哪里。
例:Can you tell me when the train will arrive tomorrow?
你能告诉我火车明天什么时候到吗?
2、主句是过去时
主句使用一般过去时时,宾语从句通常使用相应的过去时态:表示当时的状态或动作用一般过去时;表示过去视角下的将来时用过去将来时;表示发生在主句动作之前的动作时可用过去完成时。
例:She asked where I lived.
她问我住在哪里。
例:He wanted to know when the train would leave.
他想知道火车什么时候开。
例:The teacher asked why I had missed the class.
老师问我为什么错过了那节课。
3、客观事实与委婉语气
宾语从句表示客观事实、自然规律或科学真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句仍使用一般现在时。
例:The teacher asked how the earth moves around the sun.
老师问地球是怎样绕太阳转的。
Could you tell me …中的could通常只是使语气更委婉,不表示过去,因此从句仍应根据实际时间选择时态。
例:Could you tell me when the next bus will arrive?
你能告诉我下一班公共汽车什么时候到吗?
五、“疑问词 + 不定式”结构
1、基本结构与意义
部分疑问词可以与不定式连用,构成“疑问词 + to do”结构,在句中作宾语。这种结构常见于know, decide, tell, show, learn, wonder等动词之后。
例:I do not know what to say.
我不知道该说什么。
例:We have not decided where to stay.
我们还没有决定住在哪里。
例:Please show me how to use the camera.
请教我怎样使用这台相机。
在主语一致或上下文能够明确动作执行者时,“疑问词 + to do”常可与宾语从句互换。
例:I cannot decide which one I should choose. = I cannot decide which one to choose.
我无法决定该选择哪一个。
2、what to do 与 how to do it
what to do表示“做什么”,what是do的宾语,后面不能再加it;how to do it表示“怎样做这件事”,how表示方式,do后需要宾语it。
正确:I do not know what to do. 正确:I do not know how to do it.
错误:I do not know how to do. 错误:I do not know what to do it.
第二部分 专项巩固练习题
一、单项选择(15题)
1. Do you know ____ he came here for?
A. why B. what C. where D. how
2. Could you tell me ____ the nearest hospital is?
A. what B. how C. where D. when
3. I don’t know ____ to do next.
A. how B. what C. where D. when
4. Please tell me ____ we will have the meeting.
A. that B. what C. when D. whose
5. He wants to know ____ broke the glass.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
6. I can’t decide ____ book I should buy.
A. what B. which C. where D. how
7. Could you tell me ____?
A. where does Tom live
B. where Tom lives
C. where Tom live
D. where is Tom living
8. She asked me ____ I could finish the work.
A. how soon B. how long C. what D. whose
9. I don’t know ____ to do it.
A. what B. how C. where D. which
10. Do you know ____?
A. what happened outside
B. what did happen outside
C. what did happen outside
D. what happen outside
11. He asked ____ the earth goes around the sun.
A. what B. that C. who D. where
12. —____ do you think he will visit?
—Beijing.
A. Where B. What C. When D. How
13. I wonder ____ he comes back every month.
A. how often B. how long C. how soon D. how far
14. She didn’t know ____ she should ask for help.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. what
15. He wanted to know ____.
A. when would the train leave
B. when the train would leave
C. when will the train leave
D. when the train will leave
二、用合适的疑问词填空(10题)
1. I don’t know ____ he is late again.
2. Could you tell me ____ I can get to the park?
3. Please tell me ____ you will come back.
4. Do you know ____ bag this is?
5. I can’t decide ____ one I like best.
6. He wants to know ____ is waiting for him.
7. I wonder ____ we should do next.
8. Nobody knows ____ the accident happened.
9. Could you tell me ____ the station is from here?
10. She hasn’t decided ____ to go for vacation.
三、句型转换(5题)
1. Where does he study? Do you know?(合并宾语从句)
____________________________________
2. What happened? Nobody knows.(合并宾语从句)
____________________________________
3. How can I get to the museum? Could you tell me?(合并宾语从句)
____________________________________
4. Which shirt should I choose? I can’t decide.(改为疑问词+不定式结构)
____________________________________
5. When will she arrive? He wanted to know.(合并宾语从句)
____________________________________
第三部分 参考答案与解析
一、单项选择
1、B
解析:what…for 表示“为何,为了什么”,在从句中作for的宾语。
2、C
解析:询问地点,用where引导宾语从句。
3、B
解析:what to do,what作do的宾语。
4、C
解析:询问开会时间,when符合句意。
5、A
解析:who在从句中作主语,指代人。
6、B
解析:在一定范围内选择,用which。
7、B
解析:宾语从句使用陈述语序,主语Tom为第三人称单数,谓语用lives。
8、A
解析:how soon多久以后,对将来时间提问。
9、B
解析:how to do it,how作方式状语,it作do的宾语。
10、A
解析:what在从句中作主语,语序不变,用过去式happened。
11、B
解析:陈述客观真理,that引导宾语从句。
12、A
解析:答语是地点,用where。
13、A
解析:how often多久一次,对频率提问。
14、B
解析:whom在从句中作ask for help的宾语。
15、B
解析:主句一般过去时,从句用过去将来时,陈述语序。
二、用合适的疑问词填空
1、why
2、how
3、when
4、whose
5、which
6、who
7、what
8、where / when
9、how far
10、where
三、句型转换
1、Do you know where he studies?
2、Nobody knows what happened.
3、Could you tell me how I can get to the museum?
4、I can’t decide which shirt to choose.
5、He wanted to know when she would arrive.
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