高中英语全套语法 导学案-2026-2027学年初高中英语衔接复习专项

高中英语全套语法 目录 语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 2 语法复习二、主谓一致 10 语法复习三：名词性从句 15 语法复习四：定语从句 23 语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语 31 语法复习六：状语从句 37 语法复习七：倒装句 43 语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1） 48 语法复习九：动词词义辨析 60 语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气 65 语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词 70 语法复习十二：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式 75 语法复习十三：非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式 79 语法复习十四：非谓语动词（三）——过去分词 84 语法复习十五：形容词和副词 88 语法复习十六：代 词 96 语法复习十七：名 词 104 语法复习十八：数 词 111 语法复习十九：冠 词 115 语法复习二十：介 词 121 语法复习二十一：连 词 126 高中英语语法复习(全套)配套练习参考答案 132 语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （2） 主语： 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （6） 宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 练习一 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、选择填空： ( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing. A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather ____. A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____. A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet ( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning. A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70. A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded ( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest. A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we ( )7. He found the street much ______. A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well. A. its B. it C. that D. that is ( ) 9. The dog ____ mad. A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked ( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army. A. that B. when C. in which D. where 二、简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句 由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）复合句 含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语 e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词 e.g. We work. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语 e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补） e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 （三）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. （四）高考考点探讨 1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。 2、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。 3、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。 如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。 练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句 一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there? 4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句： I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）. Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 三、选择填空： 1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so 2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____? A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it 3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. What C. What a D. What an 4. Let us pass, ____? A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you 5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ? A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he 6. You had better not smoke here, ____? A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you 7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. and D. or 8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because 9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____. A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry 10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming. A. or B. for C. while D. so 11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home? ---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so 12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.” A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high 13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____. A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is 14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is 15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired. A. or B. so C. for D. yet 16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger. A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made 17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library. A. but B. and C. or D. yet 18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. ---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you. A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me 19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he 20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it. A. since B. but C. because D. so 21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much. A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but 23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed 27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A. whom B. where C. which D. while 28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave 29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday. A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you 30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does. A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch 四、按要求完成下列句子： 1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句） 2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问） 3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?（完成反意疑问） 4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句） 5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句) 6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句） 7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问） 8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问） 9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句） 10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问） 语法复习二、主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 （一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。 8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. （二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 （三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.. 注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。 练习：主谓一致 1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English. A.am B.is C.are D.be 2. The rich ____ not always happy. A.are B.is C.has D.have 3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students. A.are B.am C.is D.was 4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China. A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study 5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home. A.am B.is C.are D.be 6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters., A.are;are B.am;am C.am;are D.is;is 7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like 8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants. A.was B.is C. would be D.are 9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world. A.is B.are C.has D.have 10. Every means ____ tried but without any result. A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been 11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule. A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished 12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon. A.is B.was C.are D.is being 13. The great writer and professor____. A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. A.are B.is C.has D.have 15. A large number of students in our class____ girls. A. are B. was C. is D. be 16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are. A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed 17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English. A. is B. are C. was D. were 18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published. A. has been B.have been C.was D.is 19. A chemical works____ built there. A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been 20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years. A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five 21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world. A.is B.are C.was D.were 22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected. A. are B.have C.has D.is 23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked. A.have B.has C. have been D.has been 24.Many a man ____ come to help us. A.have B.has C.is D.are 25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said. A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are 26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A. is searching for B. were searching for C. are searching for D. were searching 27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed. A.is;ill B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them 28.This pair of trousers ____ too long for him. A.is B.be C.are D.were 29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table. A.is B.are C.has D.have 30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four. A.is B.are C.get D.equal 31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seems 32.____of the money____ run out. A. Three-fifth; has B. Three-fifth; has been C. Three-fifths; has D. Three-fifths; have 33. The whole class ____ the teacher attentively. A. are listening to B. is listening to C.are listening D. is listening 34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult. A.is B.are C.was D.were 35. Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building. A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are 36. Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation. A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need 37. That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all. A. is B.was C.are D.all 38.What we need____ good textbooks. A.is B.are C.have D.has 39. What you said just now____ the matter we are discussing. A.have something to at B. has something to do with C.had something to do with D.has been something to do with 40. More than one member ____ against the plan. A. is B.are C.has D.have 41. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet. A. has not decided B. is not decided C. are not decided D. have not decided 42. Half of the fruit ____ bad. A. are B. has C. is D. have 43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently? A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is 44. Mathematics ____ the language of science. A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be 45. My family ____ small. A. is B. were C. are D. makes 46. The following ____ some other examples. A. are B. is C. was D. were 47. They both have some friends; but his ____ more active. A. is B. will be C. was D. are 48. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country. A. is B. are C. was D. has 49. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit. A. are B. is C. were D. was 50. To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training. A. was B. is C. are D. were 51. Either he or I ____ to attend the mass meeting this evening. A. is B. am C. are D. be 52. ____ either he or I to attend the mass meeting this evening. A. is B. am C. are D. be 53. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here. A. are B. were C. is D. will 54. She as well as her brother ____ a League member. A. are B. were C. will D. is 55. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are 56. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow. A. is B. am C. are D. be 57. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside. A. is B. are C. is from D. are from 58. Many a man ____ the novel. A. has read B. have read C. is read D. are read 59. Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon. A. is B. was C. are D. were 60. Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you. A. are B. is C. was D. were 语法复习三：名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。 （一）引导名词性从句的连接词 1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。 3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。 注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。 （2） 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如： Who will go is not important. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.(that不可省略) I will give the ticket to whoever wants to enjoy it. 重点1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.（主语从句） It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. （主语从句） It was in the morning that the murder took place.（强调句） It is John that broke the window. （强调句） 重点2. 用it 作形式主语的结构： 句型 例子 It is＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 It is＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… It is＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧… It appears that… 似乎… It＋被动结构＋从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that…已证实… It is said that… 据说… （三）宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 情况说明 例句 作动词的宾语 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略) I heard (that) he joined the army. 由what, whether (if),when, where 等引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句 She told me that she would accept my invitation. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 否定的转移（若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式） I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 重点1：it作形式宾语 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后，但是，在下列情况下，须用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。 (1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make＋it＋宾补(形容词或名词)＋不定式/从句 (2)动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy＋it＋从句 (3)动词短语see to/depend on/rely on＋it＋从句 (4)固定搭配take it for granted that/owe it to sb.that＋从句 No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent. 重点2：动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可省略，其余的不可省略。 I've heard (that) your parents have agreed to your plan and that you are going to carry out the experiment （四）表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that不可省略。 系动词 1.be动词 am，is，are，was，were 2.感官动词 look,feel, smell, sound, taste 3.变化 become, grow, turn, get, go 4.保持 keep, remain, stay, 5.似乎 seem，appear 6.其他 prove，turn out，stand My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. At that time,it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word. 重点1：常考的表语从句 (1)This/That/It is why＋表语从句(表结果)“这/那就是……的原因” (2)This/That/It is because＋表语从句(表原因)“这/那是因为……” (3)The reason why...is that＋表语从句“……的原因是……” This is why we can’t get the support of the people. Mary didn't come.It is because she was ill. The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. （五）同位语从句 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。常见同位语从句的名词：advice，conclusion，doubt，fact，hope，idea，news，promise，question，suggestion，thought，truth，wish，word等。引导同位语从句的引导词：that，whether，how，where，when，why等。 情况说明 例句 同位语从句的功能（一般由that引导） 对于名词进一步解释说明 The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 同位语从句在句子中的位置 有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 重点1：同位语从句与定语从句的区别 作用 that用法 例句 同位语从句 解释说明 that在从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略。 The news that he won a gold medal made us happy. 定语从句 修饰 that既起引导词的作用，又在从句中充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时that可省略，所修饰的名词指物时可用which替换。 The news which I heard from radio was true. （五）whether, if引导名词性从句的区别： 情况说明 例句 1 在句首引导主语从句时，只能用whether Whether we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 2 if不能引导表语从句、同位语从句 What the doctor really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.  3 if不能引导介词后的宾语从句 Everything depends on whether we can make a plan that they will agree to. 4 如果宾语从句是否定句只能用if I asked Pave if he hadn’t decided what he would say at the meeting. 5 discuss 后的宾语从句只能用whether引导 We discussed whether the medicine will cause side effect. 注意：doubt 作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether 或if 引导；如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that 引导。 (1) I doubt whether/ if he is fit for the job. (2) I don’t doubt that he can do it very well. （六）wh-ever和no matter wh-­的区别 wh­ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh­只能引导让步状语从句。 ①I will give this dictionary to whoever wins the first prize in the English contest.(宾语从句) 我将把这本字典赠给在英语竞赛中获得一等奖的人。 ②Whoever/No matter who wins the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.(状语从句) 不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典赠给他。 （七）表示“要求，建议，命令；坚持”的词后跟名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋do”，其中should可以省略 ①The boss ordered that the task (should) be completed by noon.(宾语从句) 老板命令(我们)在中午之前完成任务。 ②The doctor's advice is that I (should) rest more and drink more.(表语从句) 医生建议我多休息、多喝水。 ③It was proposed that this matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.(主语从句) 有人提议这事在下次会议上讨论。 ④The boss refused the demand that she (should) do the work alone.(同位语从句) 老板拒绝了她单独做那项工作的请求。 （八）What在名词性从句中的含义 What在名词性从句中的含义 例句 1.“……的东西或事情” They’ve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力协助了她。 He saves what he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。 2.“……的人或的样子” He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。 He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。 Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？ 3.……的数量或数目 Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。 The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。 4.……的时间 After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。 The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。 5.……的地方 This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。 In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。 （九）技法点拨 在语法填空中： 1．首先确定空格处所在从句是否为名词性从句。然后分析从句在整个句中所充当的成分，确定从句所属类型：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句。 2．判断从句中的连接词。 (1)若从句不缺少成分则要考虑句意是否完整，若句意不完整，则需用whether/if；若句意完整，则用that。 (2)若从句缺少主、宾或表语，则用连接代词。 (3)若从句缺少状语，则用连接副词。 练习：名词性从句 一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句： 1. China is no longer what it used to be. 2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all. 3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station. 4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all. 5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing. 7. That is where Lu Xun used to live. 8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about. 9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school? 10. I wonder why she refused my invitation. 二、用适当的连词填空： 1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy. 2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation. 3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time. 4. ____________ we need is more time. 5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody. 6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet. 7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for. 8. Is that ____________ you are looking for? 9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is? 10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not. 三、选择填空： 1. Do you see _____ I mean? A. that B./ C. how D. what 2. Tell me_____ is on your mind. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on. A. what B. that C. / D. how 4. Let me see _____. A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio 5. Keep in mind _____. A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said 6. Could you advise me _____? A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first 7. He was criticized for _____. A. he had done it B. what he had done C. what had he done D. that he had done it 8. Would you kindly tell me _____? A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station 9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____. A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China 10. We took it for granted ___ A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming C. they were coming not D. were they not coining 11. I really don't know _____ A. I should do next B. what should I do next C. what I should do next D. how I should do next 12. I'm afraid _____. A. the little girl will have to be operated on B. that will the little girl have to operate on C. the little girl will have to operate on D. that will the little girl have to be operated on 13. She walked up to _____ . A. where did I stand B. where I stood C. I stood there D. where I stood there 14. Can you tell me _____? A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman 15. We'll give you _____. A. that do you need B. what do you need C. whatever you need D. whether do you need 16. They want us to know _____ to help us. A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they 17. We must put _____ into practice. A. what we have learned B. that we have learned C. that have we learned D. what have we learned 18. Did she say anything about _____? A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done 19. He was never satisfied with _____. A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved C. she had achieved D. that she achieved 20. These photographs will show you _____. A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill. A. on that B. what C. that D. on which 22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation. A. when B. where C. why D. that 23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school. A. what you did B. that you had done C. that what you did D. what did you do 24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there. A. what B. that C. which D./ 25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker. A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him 26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it. A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone 27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet. A. What B. That C. When D. Where 28. _____ was said here must be kept secret. A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where 29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet. A. if B. that C. what D. when 30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide. A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That 31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word. A. that B. what C. why D. how 32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one. A. what B. that C. why D. where 33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right. A. That B. When C. What D. Whether 34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there. A. if B. whether C. why D. that 35. It doesn' t matter _____he' s come back or not. A. if B. whether C. that D. when 36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time. A. when B. that C. why D. where 37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day. A. when B. why C. where D. that 38._____ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Which D. The things 39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D.Who 40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all. A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That 41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake. A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not 42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious. A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever 43. Has it been announced _____? A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off 44. That is _____ we all support his idea. A. what B. why C. where D. when 45. That’s _____ we should do. A. that B. what C. how D. why 46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said A. What; that; what B. What; what; what C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which 47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be. A. when B. why C. that D. what 48. That’s _____ I want to say. A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that 49. That’s _____ . A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie 50. That is _____ . A. where lived he there B. where did he live C. where he lived D. that where he lived 51. The questions is _____. A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing 52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today next in importance to oxygen. A. how B. which C. what D. as 53. That's_____. A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher 54. They are just _____. A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have 55. It looked ____. A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain 56. That's_____. A. how she did it B. that how did she do it. C. how did she do it D. what she did it 57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off. A. where B. which C. that D. why 58. That’s _____ I lived when I was ten years old. A. where B. at which C. there where D. when 59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them. A. if B. that C. when that D. that where 60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong. A. what B. that C. why D. if 61. We heard the news _____ our team had won. A. that B. what C. whether D. why 62. The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all. A. why B. if C. that D. whether 63.I have no idea _____ she will be back. A. that B. where C. that when D. when 64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country. A. whether B. that C. why D. when 65. They have no idea at all _____. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone 语法复习四：定语从句 一、定义 1.定语从句：跟在一个名词或者代词后面，对其进行修饰的句子。它的作用就相当于一个形容词。 2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词常有3个作用：1）引导定语从句2）代替先行词3）在定语从句中担当一个成分。 e.g. He is a teacher（who likes singing songs.） (先行词) （关系词 ） 4.基本结构：先行词（名词、代词）+（关系代词、关系副词）+ 陈述句语序。 e.g.It’s a disease that affects mainly older people. e.g. The fish,which I bought this morning, is very fresh. 二、关系代词 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的成分 例句 that 人/物 主语/宾语/表语 The watch that my father bought was made in Shanghai. which 物 主语/宾语 A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. who 人 主语/宾语 The person who broke the window must pay for it. whom 人 宾语 Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？ whose 人/物 定语 The girl whose mother is ill will stay at home today. 注意：关系代词that，which，who，whom在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略 难点一：只用that不用which的情况 ①先行词是everything，nothing，anything，much， little，none等不定代词或由不定代词any，some，no，much，few，little， every，all等修饰时 Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen. ②先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时 This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. ③先行词中既有人又有物时 Look at the man and his dog that are walking up the street. ④先行词被 the only，the very，the same等修饰且指物时 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. ⑤当先行词前面有who／which等疑问代词时，引导定语从句只用that。 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 难点二：只用which不用that的情况： ①关系代词前有介词或介词短语时。 Here is the book about which I told you yesterday. ②引导非限制性定语从句时。（前面有逗号） Football,which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 难点三：只用who不用that的情况： ①先行词为代词 He who laughs last laughs best. ②先行词为one ,ones ,those时 We should help those who are in trouble 难点四：whose的用法 whose的先行词可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。“whose+名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which／whom”来代替。 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 门坏了的那间教室很快就会被修理。 The girl whose mother is ill will stay at home today. =The girl the mother of whom is ill will stay at home today. 三、关系副词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的成分 例句 when 时间 时间状语=on/in... which I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. where 地点 地点状语=on/in... which The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. why 原因reason 原因状语=for which I don't know the reason why he didn't come. 难点一：关系副词where的特殊用法 如果定语从句的先行词为point和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且在从句中作状语，要用 where 引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。 常见的抽象地点名词aaccpp5s AA activity ,atmosphere Those successful dancer think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing . CC case ,condition I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but can't write a good essay. PP position ,point He is now a position where he can earn lots of money 5S situation ,state ,system ,scene ,stage I will never forget the scene where they first met me. 难点二：如何判断用关系代词或关系副词 when , where, why 在句中作状语，分别表示时间，地点，原因，但是要注意不要看见先行词是 时间就填when，地点就填where，原因就填why，一定要分析先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。比较下列句子： I’ll never forget the day (that/which I spent with you on the farm). (先行词the day作spent的宾语：I spent the day with you on the farm.) I’ll never forget the day (when I worked together with you on the farm). (先行词the day在从句中作时间状语：I worked together with you on the farm on that day.) He works in the factory (which/that makes color TV sets). (先行词the factory在从句中作主语：The factory makes color TV sets.) He works in the factory (where color TV sets are made). (先行词the factory在从句中作地点状语：Color TV sets are made in the factory.) 四、as引导的定语从句 多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。 Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one’s health. As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 重点一：as在定语从句中的搭配 the same...as ; such/so...as; as ... as 和....一样 As we know， As is known to us， It is known to us that What is known to us is that 众所周知 as is reported 正如所报道的 as we have seen 正如我们已经看到的 as is shown in the report 正如报道中所展示的 as is often the case 情况往往如此 as was expected 正如所预料的 as is mentioned above 正如以上所提到的， 比较：同一个 or 同一类？ I live in the same house that he used to live in.（ 同一个 ） I’m wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.（同一类 ） 比较：定语从句 or 结果状语从句？ Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句 ） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句 ） 重点二：as 和 which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别 ①位置的不同 which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后 He was late again,which made his teacher very angry. as位置较灵活，也就是说 as 可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后 Jack, as you know, is an honest man. Jack is an honest man , as you know. As you know, Jack is an honest man. ②先行词的不同 which 引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。 He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子） as 引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子； He is an honest man, as is known to all. ③意思不同 which 翻译成 “这一点” He won the first prize, which delighted him. as一般译为 “正如” “就像 As is known to everybody , smoking is harmful to one's health. 五、定语从句中的其他常见考点 1.way后接定语从句的情况 先行词是way，且在从句中作状语时 in which/that/省略 I don’t like the way （that/in which）you speak to your mother. 先行词是way，且在从句中作主语/宾语时 主:which /that 宾:which /that/省略 I want to know the way (that) he told you yesterday 2.定语从句中的主谓一致 （1）当定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词须与先行词在数等方面保持一致。 The girl who is dancing is my sister.这个正在跳舞的女孩是我的妹妹。 The girls who are dancing are my classmates.正在跳舞的女孩们是我的同学。 （2） “one of＋复数名词”作先行词时，从句的谓语动词通常用复数，但one前有the，the only，the very，the right 或 just the等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。 He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting. 他是在会上被表扬的学生之一。 He is the only one of the students who was praised at the meeting. 他是在会上唯一被表扬的学生。 3.“介词+关系代词” ①介词+关系代词 Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice． =Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice． ②名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词 He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors． Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels． =Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels． ③形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. ④介词+关系代词+名词 I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.(不能使用 whose) 4.定语从句含插入成份 定语从句中可以在主语后插入像 sb feel/think/believe/suppose/say...成分，这并不影响定语从句，分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。 如：她就是这位音乐家说的这个国家最优秀的钢琴家。 This is the woman who/that the musician said was the most wonderful pianist in the world. We will discuss the benefits which/that I feel have resulted from the project. 练习、定语从句 一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句： 1. The fan is on the desk. You want it. 2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday. 3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away. 4. The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard. 5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park. 6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday. 7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night. 8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning. 9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago. 10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it. 11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop. 12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now. 13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer. 14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in. 15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class. 16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees. 17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields. 18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag. 19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple. 20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table. 二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which: 1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about. 2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke. 3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 4. The two things ________ ________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English. 5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found. 6. The stories about the Long March, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written. 三、选择填空： 1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London. A. who B. which C. whom D. when 2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten. A. that B. which C. what D. as 4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily? A. when B. where C. which D. who 5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week. A. which B. that C. whom D. as 6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here. A. whom B. which C. who D. when 7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning? A. when B. where C. which D. who 8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when 9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker. A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who 10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour. A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which 11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 12. The man ____ around our school is from America. A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed 13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who 14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French. A. where B. who C. in which D. which 15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose 16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police. A. that B. which C. whatever D. all 17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport. A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those 18. This is the very letter ____came last night. A. who B. which C. that D. as 19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I. A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one 20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago. A. where B. / C. when D. what 21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago. A. where B. that C. which D. on which 22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island. A. which B. in which C. that D. / 23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him. A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which 24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow? A. that B. which C. its D. whose 25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom 26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. which C. that D. where 27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. where C. in which D. / 28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country? A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise. A. it B. which C. that D. he 30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people. A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were 31. I live in the house ____ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that 32. ---- What game is popular with them? ---- The ____ most is tennis. A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it 33. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had. A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during that 34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when 35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League. A. when B. that C. at which D. where 36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month. A. that B. what C. which D. when 37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected. A. which B. as C. that D. it 38. ____ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn. A. What B. As C. That D. Which 39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ. A. whose B. that C. whom D. who 40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which 41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind? A. why B. which C. for that D. of which 42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough. A. which B. what C. it D. that 43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article. A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed 44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam. A. It B. Which C. As D. That 45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected. A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what 46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser. A. when B. as C. whose D. what 47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me. A. when B. as C. whose D. what 48. He is absent ____ is often the case. A. what B. which C. who D. as 49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city. A. that B. which C. what D. when 50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. A. who B. that C. whom D. which 51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who 52. This is the only book ____ I can find. A. that B. which C. it D. with which 53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading. A. is B. are C. has D. have 55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best. A. is B. are C. has D. have 56. There was ____ to prevent the accident. A. something could do B. anything we could do C. nothing we couldn’t do D. nothing we could do 语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语 一、强调句 （一）强调句句型 1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。 e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。 e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping? 3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ e.g. When and where was it that you were born? 4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。 强调主语 It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强调宾语 It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday. 强调地点状语 It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday. 强调时间状语 It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station. 5、 注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。 （二）not … until … 句型的强调句 1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 2、 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。 （三）谓语动词的强调 1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。 e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！ 2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。 二、It的用法 （一）作人称代词 1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。 e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake） Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air） They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it. （it代替前面They…town分句中的情况） 2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。 e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree） The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby） 3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。 e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me. ---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children. ---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment. 4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。 e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it. ---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk. 5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。 e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China） The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate） （二）作无人称代词 it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。 It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.). It is noon. It is a half hour’s walk to the factory. It is eighteen square metres in area. What does it matter? （三）作强调词，构成强调结构 用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。 （四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语） 为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。 e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词） We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it与that从句中间夹有 strange） 但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。 e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句） 练习一、强调句、It的用法 1. My bike is missing. I can’t find ____ anywhere. A. one B. ones C. it D. that 2. ---- Who’s that? ---- ____ Professor Li. A. That’s B. It’s C. He’s D. This’s 3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning. A. It B. He C. She D. That 4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, I’ve seen ____. A. that B. it C. such D. one 5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours. A. this B. that C. it D. one 6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. You 7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government. A. that B. this C. its D. it 8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing. A. that B. it C. which D. what 9. ____ four years since I joined the Army. A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is 10. How long ____ to finish the work? A. you’ll take B. you’ll take it C. will it take you D. will take you 11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang. A. who B. whom C. how D. that 12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting. A. where B. that C. in which D. on which 13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded. A. which B. when C. as D. that 14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave? A. and B. that C. that’s D. so 15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying. A. it B. that C. so D. she 16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai. A. many years that B. many years before C. many years ago that D. many years when 17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well. A. It, all B. It, that C. There, who D. There, that 18. So ____ that no fish can live in it. A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow 三、省略 为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况： （一）简单句中的省略 1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同） (I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter. 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。 e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。 e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there). He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。 e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be. ---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语。 e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty). 5、同时省略几个成分。 e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet. （二）并列句中的省略 两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. （三）主从复合句中的省略 1、主句中有一些成分被省略。 e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。 （四）其它省略 1、连词that的省略： ①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。 ②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略 ①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。 e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. ②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。 e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。 e.g. The boy did nothing but play. 3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分） 4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分） 5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。 e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be). 四、插入语 英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。 （一）插入语的类型： 1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。 e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。 I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语 e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子 e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever. （二）插入语的位置 通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？ （三）插入语在句中的作用 一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。 （四）插入语的特殊用法 下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。 e.g. How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was （五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语 by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。 练习二、省略和插入语 1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____. A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have 2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____? A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do 3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____. A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so 4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____. A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to 5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something. A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is 6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president. A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were 7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again. A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When 8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home. A. Should B. Would C. When D. If 9. I like sports and ____ my brother. A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes 10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri. A. was B. He was C. who is D. although 11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____. A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t 12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____. A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going 13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准） — ____, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 14. How long ____ she would stay here? A. did she say B. she said C. did D. / 15. ____ could do such thing? A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who 练习三、综合训练 1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____? A. this B. he C. it D. the one 2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker. A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is 3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here. A. that B. when C. after D. who 4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth. A. why B. which C. so D. that 5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died? A. where B. that C. which D. in which 6. ____ is no difference between A and B. A. It B. Where C. There D. What 7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago. A. was B. were C. are D. had been 8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go yet before we arrive.” A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is 9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly ____. A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed 11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. that B. until C. before D. when 13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began. A. while B. which C. that D. since 14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____. A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it 15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____. A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed. A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know 18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here. A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I 19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him. A. It B. What C. So D. Such 20. ____, he would have passed the exam. A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard 21. ---- David has made great progress recently. ---- ____, and ____. A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have 22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when 23. He was unable to make such progress, ____. A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he 语法复习六：状语从句 由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。 （一）时间状语从句 表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。 e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. （二）原因状语从句 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember. （三）地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question. （四）目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. He left early in case he should miss the train. 区别so that， in order that They started early so that they might arrive in time． ＝They started early so as to／in order to arrive in time. He works hard in order that he can serve he country well. 注意： so that和so as to均不能位于句首. He hurried to the station so that he could catch the early bus.（表目的） = He got to the station hurriedly so that he could catch the early bus． 他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，为的是能搭上早班车。 He hurried to the station so that he caught the early bus.（表结果） = He got to the station hurriedly so that he caught the early bus. = He got to the station so hurriedly that he caught the early bus. （五）结果状语从句 结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. （六）条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank. If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. （七）让步状语从句 让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind. （八）方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。 e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened. （九）比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。 e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels. （十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。 e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If (you are) asked you may come in. If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。 e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） This place is where they once hid.（表语从句） 练习、状语从句 一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句： 1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things. 2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be. 3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it. 4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him. 5.I shall go to the park unless it rains. 6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 7. Where there is water, there is life. 8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates. 9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you. 10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart. 11. Once you begin the work, you must continue. 12. I will find her wherever she may be. 13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us. 14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep. 15. We must do everything as he tells us. 16. India is much bigger than Japan. 17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome. 18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates. 二、用适当的连词填空： 1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty. 2. He began to work __________ he got there. 3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here. 4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food. 5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces. 6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy. 7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema. 8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty. 9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot. 10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting. 11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily. 12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family. 13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can. 14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down. 15. He was angrier __________ ever before. 16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in. 17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus. 18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open. 三、选择填空： 1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back. A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although 2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked. A. if B. unless C. for D. since 3. We will work ____ we are needed. A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever 4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you. A. so that B. if C. when D. although 5._____ you go, don't forget your people. A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever 6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last. A. since B. for C. when D. as 7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try. A. because B. however C. when D. since 8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home. A. When B. Because C. Though D. As 9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working. A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of 10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you. A. as B. when C. since D. for 11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school. A. though B. although C. as if D. when 12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When 13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station. A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though 14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch. A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as 15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work. A. since B. until C. because D. though 16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back. A. even if B. as though C. because D. until 17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field. A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they 18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better. A. since B. so that C. for D. because 19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up. A. unless B. as C. if D. until 20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions. A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where 21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark. A. and B. but C. as D. unless 22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how. A. until B. unless C. when D. before 23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go. A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even 24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless 25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where 26. What's the matter _____ they still haven't answered the telegram? A. when B. that C. though D. however 27. Bring it nearer _____ I may see it better. A. although B. even though C. so that D. since 28. You may arrive in Beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train. A. that B. though C. unless D. if 29. Helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed. A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though 30. More people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today. A. than B. when C. while D. as 31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework. A. Much B. However C. As D. Although 32. Poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go. A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever 33. The child was __ immediately after supper. A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bed C. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed 34. The history of nursing __ the history of man. A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as 35. _____ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York. A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although 36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible. A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of 37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died. A. than B. as C. while D. when 38. _____ David goes, he is welcome. A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever 39. The house stood _____ there had been a rock. A. which B. at which C. when D. where 40. Small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool. A. because B. so C. if D. as 41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 42. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____. A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good 43. John plays football _____, if not better than, David. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 44. Although he is considered a great writer, A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read 45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 46.—What was the party like? —Wonderful. It' s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. when C. before D. since 47. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then 48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever 49. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when 50._____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is 51. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting. A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished 52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time. A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However 53. It was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself. A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work 语法复习七：倒装句 英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。 （一）倒装句的意义 1、适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。 e.g. May I come in? Was the People’s Liberation Army founded in 1927? 2、为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。 e.g. Never have I been late for school this term. So early did he come to school that no other students came. （二）倒装的使用情况 完全倒装——副词/介词短语/表语+谓语+主语 1、副词位于句首引起的完全倒装句 表示地点的副词here, there方位的副词in, out, up, down时间的副词now, then位于句首，句子采用完全倒装，即主语和谓语颠倒位置。注意该结构主语为代词时不倒装；谓语动词也不能用进行时态。 地点副词 here, there Here comes a taxi! There went the last train! Here you are. 方位副词 in, out, up, down Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 时间副词 now, then Now comes your turn. Then came the chairman. 2、介词短语位于句首引起的完全倒装句 介词短语in front of, at the back of, in the middle of等位于句首，采用完全倒装语序。 On the wall hangs a world of map. At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. 3、表语位于句首引起的完全倒装句 用作表语的形容词、分词等位于句首，句子采用完全倒装语序。 形容词 Present at the discussion were several health experts. 分词 Lying on the floor was a wounded boy. Gone are the days when we used the foreign oil. 部分倒装——so/否/only+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 1、so/such…that…位于句首引起的部分倒装句 要点精讲：so/such…that…句型位于句首时，主句部分采用倒装语序。 So+adj+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. Such+a +adj+n+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 Such a nice man did he seem that we all believe him. 2、否定词位于句首引起的部分倒装句 否定词 典型示例 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, by no means, in no case, at no time, in no way, under no circumstances Not once has he failed to fulfill his tasks. Hardly does she have time to listen to music. On no account must you accept any money if he offers it. Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. Not only…but also…不仅...而且.... 前倒后不倒。 Not only does she speak Spanish, but also she knows how to type. Not only did he refuse the gift, but also he severely criticized the sender. Neither...nor 既不....也不.... 前倒后也倒 Neither was the price satisfactory,nor did the colour agree with me. Not until+从句+主句，主导从不倒 可转化为It is/was not until+强调部分+that+其他 Not until yesterday did I learn anything about it. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…一...就 Hardly/ scarcely had sb done sth when sb did sth No sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 3、only短语位于句首引起的部分倒装句 only+副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装语序。 典型场合 典型示例 Only+副词（then)+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. 只在那时他才意识到他错了。 Only+介词短语(in this way/by doing sth)+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 … Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. 只有通过喊叫他才能让人们听见自己。 Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有这样，我们才能好好地学习英语。 Only+状语从句(when,if...)+be/助动词/情态动词+其他 Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 只有当我们着陆才看到飞机损毁多么严重。 4、though/as引起的部分倒装句 as引导让步状语从句时，要把形容词、副词、单数名词、原形动词提到句首，as后边采用陈述语序。注意：该句型as可用though替换；单数名词前常省略不定冠词。 典型场合 典型示例 动词原形+as/though+主语+谓语 Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door. 尽管他努力了，门打不开。 单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语 Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 尽管是个男孩，他表现得像个女孩。 形容词+as/though+主语+谓语 Beautiful though the necklace was, we thought it was over-priced. 尽管项链很好看，我们认为价格过高了。 副词+as/though+主语+谓语 Hard though they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind. 尽管他们尽力了，他们没能让她改变主意。 5、虚拟条件句省略if引起的部分倒装句 if虚拟条件从句含有were/had/should时,省去if,将这些词移至主语之前，构成部分倒装。 Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. Had I arrived (= If I had arrived) five minutes earlier, I would have caught the flight. Should he come (=If he should come) today, tell him to ring me up. 6、neither/ nor/ so…引起的部分倒装句 “neither/ nor/ so+助动词/系动词/情态动词”表示前面一种否定/肯定情况也适合于后者。注意：“so+主语+谓语”属于强调句，表示“确实如此”；So it is with sb.=It is the same with sb.表示两种以上情况也适合于后者。 典型场合 典型示例 neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 He can't speak German, neither can I. 他不会说德语，我也不会。 She doesn't like them. Nor does Jeff.  她不喜欢他们，杰夫也不喜欢。 so+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语 She is a bit nervous. So am I. 她有点紧张，我也如此。 so+主语+谓语 --It was very hot yesterday. –So it was. 昨天天气很热。的确如此。 So it is with sb.=It is the same with sb. Mr Smith is a teacher and seldom comes later to class. So it is with Mrs Smith. 史密斯先生是位教师，上课很少迟到。他太太也如此。 7、情态动词may开头引起的部分倒装句 may位于句首的倒装句多表示祝愿，注意后边谓语用动词原形。 May you have a happy life！ May you succeed! Long live the People’s Republic of China! 练习：倒装句 1. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted. A. didn’t I realize B. did I realize C. I didn’t realize D. I realized 2. Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language. A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you 3. If you don’t go, neither ____. A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall 4. No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left. A. had I got, when B. I had got, than C. had I got, than D. did I get, when 5. ---- Your father is very strict with you. ---- ____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he 6. ____ today, he would get there by Sunday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave 7. Never in my life ____ such a thing. A. I have heard or have seen B. have I heard or seen C. I have heard or seen D. did I hear or see 8. ---- Here ____! Where is Xiao Liu? ---- There ____. A. comes the bus, is he B. comes the bus, he is C. the bus comes, is he D. the bus comes, he is 9. ____ , I will not buy it. A. Much as do I like it B. As much I like it C. Much as I like it D. As I like it much 10. ---- I like football. I don’t like volleyball. ---- ____. A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So it is with me D. So is it with me 11._____ the expense, I _____ to Italy. A. If it were not, go B. Were it not for, would go C. Weren't it for, will go D. If it hadn' t been, would have gone 12. So _____ in the darkness that he didn' t dare to move an inch. A. he was frightened B. was he frightened C. frightened he was D. frightened was he 13.—In modem times, girls like beautiful clothes. —Yes, _____ and boys. After all, our life has greatly improved. A. so do they; so do you B. so they do; so you do C. so do they; so you do D. so they do; so do you 14.—You have an English class every day except Sunday. --- _____. A. So we have B. So we do C. So have we D. So do we 15.1 wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife _____, so _____ mine. A. does; will B.will; does C.will; would D.does; do 16. Only after I read the text over again _____ its main idea. A. that I knew B.did I knew C. 1 could know D. I did know 17.—You seem to have learned all the English words by heart. A.So I do B.So do I C. So I have D. So have 1 18. —I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. A. So do I B. Neither do I C. I m the same D. So it is with me 19. So excited _____ that he couldn't say a word. A. he seemed B. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look 20. Jimmy was so nervous not a single word _____ down in the dictation. A. he wrote B. he was written C. did he write D. was he written 21. Little ______ when 1 took the trip where it would lead me. A. have I known B. had I known C. do 1 know D. did I know 22. —Have you ever seen anything like that before? — ____. A. No, I never have seen anything like that before B. No, never I have seen anything like that before C. No, never have 1 seen anything like that before D. No, I have seen anything like that before never 23. _____ , 1 would accept the invitation and go to the party. A. Were I you B. Was I you C. Had I been you D. Would 1 be you 24. You should work less _____. A. and neither should I B. and so should I C. and nor should I D. and so I should 25. _____ and caught the mouse. A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat 26. Not only _____ a promise, but also he kept it. A. did he make B. he made C. does he make D. has he made 27. His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. _____. A. So is his aunt B. So has his aunt C. So his aunt does D. So it is with his aunt 28. Not once _____ their plan. A. did they change B. they changed C. changed they D. they did change 29.—Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? —I don't know, and ______ . A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also 30. Not until he arrived home _____ he find that this wallet had been stolen. A. did B. would C. when D. that 31. —This is one of the oldest trees in the world. — _____ such a big tree. A. Never I have seen B. I haven't never seen C. Never have I seen D. I have seen never 32. Nowhere else in the world _____ cheaper tailoring（裁缝业, 成衣业）than in Hong Kong. A. a tourist can find B. can a tourist find C. a tourist will find D. a tourist has found 33. _____ succeed in doing anything. A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Only we can by working hard D. Only by working hard can we 34. _____ that we all went out, lying in the sun. A. So fine was the weather B. So was the fine weather C. The weather was so fine was D. So the weather was tine 35. ____ a nice man ____ that we all believe him. A. So; did he seem B. So; he seemed C. Such; he seemed D. Such; did he seem 36. —You seem to be an actor. —_____. I have played many parts in a lot of films. A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am 37. Not only ____ working hard, but also ____ very polite. A. the boy is; he is B. is the boy; he is C. the boy is; is he D. is the boy; is he 38. _____ , he never seems able to do the work beautifully. A. Try as he does B. As he tries C. Try as does he D. As try he does 39.—I cannot see the picture well from here. — _____. A. Neither can t I B. Neither I can C. I can't neither D. Neither can I 40.— You ought to have given them some advice — _____, but who cared what I asked? A. So ought you B. So 1 ought C. So it was D. So I did 41. So carelessly _____ that he almost killed himself. A. he drives B. does he drive C. did he drive D. he drove 42. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill. A. he cared B. did he care C. he cares D. does he care 43. Well ____ know him and well ____ know me. A. I did; he did B. did I; he did C. did I; did he D. I did; did he 44. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when 45. Little wonder _____ up their hands in dismay. A. have some thrown B. some have thrown C. thrown some have D. have thrown some 46. _____ , he would have passed the exam. A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard 47. We were lucky enough, for no sooner _____ home _____ it rained. A. we returned; and B. we had returned; when C.did we return; when D. had we returned; than 48. So little _____ agree on the plan that they could not settle their difference. A. did they B. do they C. they did D. they did not 49. _____ he realized it was too late to return home. A. No sooner it grew dark than B. Hardly did it grow dark when C. It was not until dark that D. It was until dark that 语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1） 动词的时态： 1. 一般现在时的用法 (1) 表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。例如： He goes to school every day。（经常性动作） He is very happy.（现在的状态） The earth moves around the sun.〈真理〉 (2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。 If you come this afternoon，we'll have a meeting. When I graduate，I'll go to the countryside. (3) 有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive, start，stop，return，open，close等。 The meeting begins at seven. The train starts at nine in the morning． (4) 表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate．think, remember, find，sound等常用一般现在时。例如：I like English very much. The story sounds very interesting. 2. 一般过去时的用法 (1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。 He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1988. (2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would＋动词原形”。例如： I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea． 注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used to＋名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于……’’。例如：I am used to the climate here． He is used to swimming in winter. 3. 一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。 (1) “ be going to＋动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。 It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today. (2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。 I’m leaving for Beijing. Next week I’m staying in the country for days. (3) “be to + 动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。 Are we to go on with this work ? The boy is to go to school tomorrow. (4) “be about to＋动词原形” 表示即刻发生的动作，意为：be ready to do sth．后面一般不跟时间状语。 We are about to leave. I’m about to start out. (5) 某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 The meeting starts at five o'clock． He gets off at the next stop. 4. 现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“ be ＋ 现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如： What are you doing? The bridge is under construction. 特殊情况 (1) 表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。 I have a dream. (2) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a) 逐渐地。 b) 反复进行的动作。 a) I’m beginning to understand it. (我慢慢开始明白了。) b) The monkey is jumping up and down there. (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。) (3) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。 The Changjiang River flows to the east. (长江向东流。 客观现实) The Changjiang River is flowing to the east. (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹) Tom often lies to our teachers. (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯) Tom is always lying to our teacher. (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度) 5. 过去进行时的用法 (1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十 现在分词”构成。例如： In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in. (2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较： Yesterday my sister wrote a letter. (写了一封信) Yesterday my sister was writing a letter. (这封信或许还没有写完) 6. 现在完成时的用法 现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。 (1)表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet (常位于否定句和疑问句句末）, already, before, ever（常用于疑问句), just, recently, lately, so far, up to now, in recent yeas, over the years, for+时间段 eg. ① We have known each other for twenty years. ② My father has lived here since 2000. ③ I have been there for two days. ④ We haven’t seen each other since he went abroad. (2)表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作。 (3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经历，常常带有twice, ever, never, before等状语。 (4)在“It/This is +the first/second/third/...time+that从句”句型中， that从句中的谓语动词使用现在完成时。 eg. ①This is the first (that) I have come here. ②This is the best tea (that)I have ever drunk (5)在“It/This is +the +形容词最高级+名词+从句”句型中， 从句中的谓语动词使用现在完成时。 (6)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作而发生。 注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。 7. 过去完成时的用法 过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。 (1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生 或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。 |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 过去的过去　 过去　 现在 She had learned some English before she came to the institute. (2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的 动作，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/ by the end of +过去时间点(过去的某一时间), by + 过去时间点; by the time + 过去时间点; before + 过去时间点; by then (3)在宾语从句中，当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。常在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said that she had seen the film before. (4)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish 等动词可以用过去完成时表示过去未能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. (5)Hardly/ Scarcely/ Rarely/ Barely…when…; No sooner…than…句型位于句首时，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去式，且用倒装，译为：刚刚......就......; 一......就...... No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. (6)用在“It was the+序数词或最高级+that+…”； (7)用在It was high time that... 从句用过去完成时 但It is high time that ....从句用一般过去时或(should)+动词原形 8. 过去将来时的用法 过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如： They were sure that they would succeed. would/should +动词原形 表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 was/were going to+动词原形 表示过去某时计划、打算做某事 was/were about to+动词原形 表示过去某时即将做某事 9. 现在完成进行时的用法 现在完成进行时由“have（has）+ been＋现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如： I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别 (1)现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的 延续和反复. Tom has been riding horses the whole morning. Tom has ridden horses three times this morning. . (2)现在完成进行时表示反复的，连续的动作，不与表示次数、频度的词连用 Who has been eating my apples？ Who has eaten my apples？ (3)现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果。 He has been painting for decades and he says he sees no possibility of quitting his job. 时态 动词构成 提示词 例句· 一般现在时 do/does often,usually,sometimes,always, on Sundays, every...;once a week when/if/as soon as 主将从现 I eat an apple every day. 一般过去时 did Yesterday,in 1990，last ...，... ago,just now,at that time， one day; once upon a time; when/if/as soon as/since后谓语.used to do sth I ate an apple yesterday 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing now, at this moment, at present, in this month，these days Look! Listen! Be quiet/Don’t make noise!! Where is Tom? I am eating an apple now. 过去进行时 was/were+doing ①this morning , the whole morning, all day yesterday, this time last night, from 2 to 4 yesterday, ②when, while（前面句子有过去时的动词） I was eating an apple when you came to my home. 一般将来时 will +do am/is/are going to+do be/be about to+do tomorrow， next..., soon, in the future, in+一段时间，before long, if/as soon as等主将从现 I will/shall eat an apple tomorrow. 过去将来时 would+do was/were going to+do if/as soon as后用过去时，主句用过去将来时 He said he would be here at 8pm 现在完成时 have/has+done ①for + 时间段；since + 时间点, how long句型；twice/many times等次数 ②ever,never, already, yet, up to now; till no; so far，in the past few years等 I have lived here since 2019. He has made a lot of friends since he came to Beijing. 过去完成时 had+done by/by the end of /before+过去的时间点 I had finished my homework before you came here. 练习一：动词时态与语态（1） 1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano. A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played 2. She ______ the door before she goes away. A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking. 3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals. A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching 4. What _____ if I drink this? A. happens B. $