内容正文:
重大版五上 Unit 4 My favourite stories.
Lesson 2知识清单与详解
一、单元主题
A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed(患难见真情)
本课是一则经典寓言故事《熊和两个朋友》。汤姆和比尔是好朋友,一天他们在森林里散步时遇到了一只熊。危险来临时,比尔飞快地跑开爬上了树,留下汤姆一人。汤姆跑不快也不会爬树,只好躺在地上装死。熊闻了闻汤姆后走开了。比尔从树上下来问汤姆熊说了什么,汤姆借熊的口说出了"患难见真情"的道理。课文旨在引导学生理解真正的友谊,学会在朋友需要帮助时伸出援手。
二、核心词汇详解
序号
单词
音标
词性
释义
搭配 / 例句
1
bear
/beə(r)/
n.
熊
a bear 一只熊
The bear smelled Tom.
复数:bears
2
careful
/ˈkeəfl/
adj.
认真的;小心的
be careful 小心
careful with... 对……小心
拓展:描述朋友品质的词汇
Be careful! 小心!
3
down
/daʊn/
adv./prep.
(躺)下;向下
lie down 躺下
climb down 爬下来
walk down 向下走
He lay down on the ground.
4
lie
/laɪ/
v.
平躺;躺
lie down 躺下
lie on the ground 躺在地上
过去式:lay(不规则)
So he lay down on the ground.
5
strange
/streɪndʒ/
adj.
奇怪的;陌生的
a strange sound 奇怪的声音
a strange man 陌生人
They heard a strange sound.
6
tall
/tɔːl/
adj.
高的
a tall tree 一棵大树
tall and thin 又高又瘦
比较级:taller
Bill was tall and thin.
7
thin
/θɪn/
adj.
瘦的;薄的
tall and thin 又高又瘦
比较级:thinner
反义词:fat(胖的)
Bill was tall and thin.
易错提示:
① lie 作"平躺"时,过去式是 lay(不规则),过去分词是 lain;作"说谎"时,过去式是 lied(规则)。注意区分。
② thin 的比较级是 thinner(双写 n 加 er),因为 thin 是重读闭音节结尾。
③ tall 的反义词是 short(矮的),thin 的反义词是 fat(胖的)。课文中正好用了这两组反义词来描述两个人。
④ strange 意为"奇怪的"时修饰事物;意为"陌生的"时修饰人或地方。
三、重点短语
短语
释义
例句
good friends
好朋友
Tom and Bill were good friends.
short and fat
又矮又胖
Tom was short and fat.
tall and thin
又高又瘦
Bill was tall and thin.
walk in a forest
在森林里走
One day, they walked in a forest.
hear a strange sound
听到奇怪的声音
They heard a strange sound.
run away fast
飞快地跑开
Bill ran away fast.
climb up a tall tree
爬上一棵大树
Bill climbed up a tall tree.
couldn't run fast
跑不快
Tom couldn't run fast.
couldn't climb up a tree
不会爬树
He couldn't climb up a tree.
lie down on the ground
躺在地上
So he lay down on the ground.
smell Tom
闻了闻汤姆
The bear smelled Tom.
walk away
走开
The bear walked away.
climb down from the tree
从树上爬下来
Bill climbed down from the tree.
a friend in need is a friend indeed
患难见真情
The bear said, "A friend in need is a friend indeed."
四、核心句型
句型 1:主语 + was/were + 形容词(描述过去的状态/外貌)
Tom was short and fat. Bill was tall and thin.
汤姆又矮又胖。比尔又高又瘦。
结构:主语 + was/were + 形容词.
描述人物过去的外貌、性格或状态时,用 be 动词的过去式 was/were + 形容词。
单数主语用 was,复数主语用 were。
例句:She was beautiful. / They were happy. / He was brave.
句型 2:主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他(一般过去时叙述故事)
One day, they walked in a forest.
一天,他们在森林里散步。
They heard a strange sound.
他们听到了一个奇怪的声音。
结构:主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他.
叙述过去发生的故事时,谓语动词用过去式。
规则动词加 -ed:walk→walked, climb→climbed, smell→smelled
不规则动词:hear→heard, run→ran, lie→lay, say→said, are→were, is/am→was
例句:He ran to school. / She saw a bird. / They played football.
句型 3:主语 + couldn't + 动词原形(过去不能做某事)
Tom couldn't run fast. He couldn't climb up a tree.
汤姆跑不快。他不会爬树。
结构:主语 + couldn't + 动词原形 + 其他.
couldn't 是 can 的过去式否定形式,意为"不能、不会",后接动词原形。
could 是 can 的过去式,表示过去的能力。
例句:I couldn't swim last year. / She couldn't speak English. / They couldn't find the way.
句型 4:So + 句子(因此/所以,表因果)
So he lay down on the ground.
所以他躺在了地上。
结构:So + 主语 + 动词过去式 + 其他.
so 是连词,意为"因此、所以",表示因果关系,前一句是原因,后一句是结果。
注意:because(因为)和 so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子中。
例句:He was tired, so he went to bed. / It rained, so we stayed at home.
句型 5:What did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?(一般过去时特殊疑问句)
What did the bear say to you?
熊对你说了什么?
结构:疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
一般过去时的特殊疑问句,用助动词 did,后面的动词用原形。
回答用一般过去时:The bear said, "..."
例句:—What did you do yesterday? —I read a book.
—Where did he go? —He went to the park.
句型 6:谚语 A friend in need is a friend indeed.(患难见真情)
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
这是一句英语谚语,意为"在需要时帮助你的朋友才是真正的朋友"。
in need 在困难中、在需要时;indeed 真正地、确实。
课文中汤姆借熊的口说出这句话,讽刺比尔在危险来临时独自逃跑,不是真正的朋友。
类似谚语:A friend is easier lost than found.(得朋友难,失朋友易。)
五、语法点精讲
1. 一般过去时——不规则动词过去式 ★重点
本课出现了多个不规则动词的过去式,需要特别记忆。
原形
过去式
课文例句
记忆提示
are
were
Tom and Bill were good friends.
be 动词复数过去式
is/am
was
Tom was short and fat.
be 动词单数过去式
hear
heard
They heard a strange sound.
ear→heard
run
ran
Bill ran away fast.
u→a 变化
can
could
Tom couldn't run fast.
can→could
lie
lay
He lay down on the ground.
ie→ay 变化
say
said
What did the bear say?
ay→ai 变化
规则动词过去式:walk→walked, climb→climbed, smell→smelled
故事叙述常用一般过去时,动词都要用过去式形式。
2. 形容词反义词对
本课用了两组形容词反义词来描述两个人物的外貌。
人物
身高
体型
课文原句
Tom 汤姆
short 矮的
fat 胖的
Tom was short and fat.
Bill 比尔
tall 高的
thin 瘦的
Bill was tall and thin.
常见形容词反义词对:
tall(高的)— short(矮的);fat(胖的)— thin(瘦的)
big(大的)— small(小的);long(长的)— short(短的)
old(老的)— young(年轻的);new(新的)— old(旧的)
hot(热的)— cold(冷的);happy(开心的)— sad(伤心的)
3. could / couldn't 的用法
could 是 can 的过去式,表示过去的能力,意为"能、会"。
结构:
① 肯定句:主语 + could + 动词原形.
例句:She could swim when she was five.(她五岁时就会游泳。)
② 否定句:主语 + couldn't + 动词原形.
例句:Tom couldn't run fast.(汤姆跑不快。)
③ 一般疑问句:Could + 主语 + 动词原形?
例句:Could you swim last year? —Yes, I could. / No, I couldn't.
注意:could/couldn't 后始终接动词原形,没有人称和数的变化。
课文中 Tom couldn't run fast. He couldn't climb up a tree. 用 couldn't 说明汤姆在过去(遇到熊时)没有逃跑和爬树的能力。
4. 故事结构:Beginning — Middle — End
寓言故事通常有清晰的三段式结构。
部分
内容
课文原句
Beginning
开头
介绍人物和背景,引出故事
Tom and Bill were good friends. Tom was short and fat. Bill was tall and thin. One day, they walked in a forest. They heard a strange sound. It was from a bear.
Middle
中间
故事发展,冲突出现
Bill ran away fast and climbed up a tall tree. Tom couldn't run fast. He couldn't climb up a tree. So he lay down on the ground. The bear smelled Tom.
End
结尾
故事结局,点明寓意
The bear walked away. Bill climbed down from the tree. He asked Tom, "What did the bear say to you?" The bear said, "A friend in need is a friend indeed."
记忆口诀:开头介绍人和物,中间冲突来铺路,结尾寓意点清楚。
六、课文逐句解析(P.49-50)
预测题答案:A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.(患难见真情)
解析:故事中比尔在危险来临时独自逃跑,汤姆借熊的口说出"患难见真情",讽刺比尔不是真正的朋友。B 选项"真正的朋友应该在一起"与故事寓意不符。
原文
翻译
解析
Tom and Bill were good friends. Tom was short and fat. Bill was tall and thin.
汤姆和比尔是好朋友。汤姆又矮又胖。比尔又高又瘦。
were 是 are 的过去式;was 是 is/am 的过去式;short and fat / tall and thin 用两组反义词描述两人外貌,为后续情节做铺垫(胖的跑不快,瘦的跑得快)。
One day, they walked in a forest.
一天,他们在森林里散步。
One day 有一天(故事开头常用);walked 是 walk 的过去式(规则);in a forest 在森林里;交代故事发生的时间和地点。
They heard a strange sound. It was from a bear.
他们听到了一个奇怪的声音。声音来自一只熊。
heard 是 hear 的过去式(不规则);a strange sound 奇怪的声音;It was from a bear. 声音来自熊;It 指代前面的 sound;引出故事的冲突——遇到熊。
Bill ran away fast and climbed up a tall tree.
比尔飞快地跑开,爬上了一棵大树。
ran 是 run 的过去式(不规则);run away 跑开;fast 快地(副词修饰 ran);climbed 是 climb 的过去式(规则);climb up 爬上;a tall tree 一棵大树;比尔的反应——只顾自己逃跑,不顾朋友。
Tom couldn't run fast. He couldn't climb up a tree. So he lay down on the ground.
汤姆跑不快。他不会爬树。所以他躺在了地上。
couldn't 是 can 的过去式否定,后接动词原形;So 所以(表因果);lay 是 lie 的过去式(不规则);lie down 躺下;on the ground 在地上;汤姆的无奈选择——装死(熊不吃死物)。
The bear smelled Tom and then walked away.
熊闻了闻汤姆,然后走开了。
smelled 是 smell 的过去式(规则);then 然后;walked away 走开;and 连接两个先后发生的动作;熊以为汤姆死了,所以走开了。
Bill climbed down from the tree. He asked Tom, "What did the bear say to you?"
比尔从树上爬下来。他问汤姆:"熊对你说了什么?"
climbed down 爬下来;from the tree 从树上;asked 是 ask 的过去式;What did...say...? 一般过去时特殊疑问句,did 后用动词原形 say;比尔危险过后才下来,还假装关心。
The bear said, "A friend in need is a friend indeed."
熊说:"患难见真情。"
said 是 say 的过去式(不规则);引号内是直接引语;A friend in need is a friend indeed. 谚语"患难见真情";汤姆借熊的口讽刺比尔——在需要时抛弃朋友的人不是真正的朋友。
故事排序(P.51)
顺序
句子
对应情节
1
Tom and Bill walked in a forest.
开头:森林散步
2
A bear came.
发展:遇到熊
3
Bill ran away and climbed up a tree.
发展:比尔逃跑
4
Tom lay down on the ground.
发展:汤姆装死
5
The bear smelled Tom and walked away.
结局:熊走开
描述最好的朋友(P.52)
外貌描述词汇:
类别
词汇
Height 身高
tall 高的 / short 矮的
Weight 体型
fat 胖的 / thin 瘦的
Age 年龄
old 年长的 / young 年轻的
Face 脸型
round 圆的 / long 长的
Hair 头发
short 短的 / long 长的;black 黑色的 / brown 棕色的
Eyes 眼睛
big 大的 / small 小的
品质描述词汇:kind 善良的, polite 有礼貌的, modest 谦虚的, friendly 友好的, careful 认真的, creative 有创造力的, brave 勇敢的, hard-working 勤奋的
对话模板:
—Who is your best friend? —Tom is my best friend.
—What does he look like? —He is tall and thin. He has short black hair and big eyes.
—Why is he your best friend? —Because he is kind and brave. He always helps me when I am in trouble.
—What is a true friend like in your eyes? —A true friend should help you when you are in need. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
主旨启示:真正的朋友不是平时一起玩的人,而是在你遇到困难、需要帮助时能够伸出援手的人。危险来临时独自逃跑的人,不是真正的朋友。我们要珍惜真正的友谊,也要在朋友需要时做一个可靠的人。
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