内容正文:
Section A (4a-4c)
Unit 4
Our Memory
01
Teaching Objectives
语言能力:学生能够掌握本课词汇 opera、picnic、pardon、recall、shout out,识别并正确选用疑问词引导的宾语从句连接词(what/who/whom/whose/which/when/where/how/why),理解连接代词与连接副词的功能差异。能运用陈述语序规则将特殊疑问句改写为宾语从句,完成 4a 观察归纳、4b 句型转换与 4c 狐狸故事填空练习,能在语境中运用宾语从句完成语篇并自主造句表达记忆相关话题。
思维品质:学生能够通过观察 4a 例句,对比分析特殊疑问句与宾语从句在语序上的异同,辨析"疑问词作从句主语时语序不变"与"作非主语时需调整为陈述语序"两种情况,培养对比归纳的逻辑思维能力。通过给连接词分类(连接代词 vs 连接副词),发展分类概括能力。借助狐狸与葡萄藤的故事语篇,理解故事寓意,感悟母爱深沉,发展从语篇内容到情感意义的推断思维。
学习能力:学生能够通过观察—发现—归纳的路径自主总结宾语从句连接词的选择规则与语序规律,而非机械记忆。学会运用句型对比策略识别语序差异,借助 4c 故事填空将语法知识嵌入真实语篇语境中巩固迁移。通过小组讨论分享发现、同伴互查句型转换结果等方式开展合作学习,逐步形成利用教材练习梯度自主构建语法知识体系的学习策略。
文化意识:学生能够通过 4c 狐狸与葡萄藤的故事,体会母亲在困境中守护孩子的深沉母爱与家庭记忆的珍贵,感悟"记忆"背后承载的亲情纽带。联系本单元主题 Our Memory,理解无论是科学记忆方法还是温暖家庭回忆,记忆都与人类情感紧密相连。培养珍视亲情、感恩父母养育之恩的情感态度,增强对家庭温暖记忆的文化认同与人文关怀。
02
Teaching Points
教学重点:掌握疑问词引导宾语从句连接词的分类(连接代词 what/who/whom/whose/which 与连接副词 when/where/how/why)及各自功能;掌握宾语从句陈述语序规则(连接词 + 主语 + 谓语),能区分疑问词作从句主语(语序不变)与作非主语(需调整语序)两种情况;完成 4a—4c 全部练习,能在狐狸故事语篇中正确填入连接词并理解全文。
教学难点:在实际运用中准确判断疑问词在从句中的句法成分,从而决定是否需要调整语序——尤其是 who/what 作主语时保持原序与作宾语时需改陈述语序的区分;理解并运用宾语从句时态呼应规则(主现从任、主过从必过、真理永一现);将语法规则灵活迁移到真实语境表达中,避免机械套用,实现从形式认知到意义运用的跨越。
03
Section A (4a-4c)
I don't understand what she's going through.
I can't remember what things you asked me to buy.
Study how they are different from each other.
Could you tell me why it is easy to forget a word?
Read the sentences. Circle the connecting words and notice the word order in the object clauses.
宾语从句
一、定义与基本结构
宾语从句是指在复合句中充当宾语的从句,通常跟在及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后作宾语。它的作用相当于一个名词短语,但内部具有完整的主谓结构。
基本句型结构:主句 + 连接词 + 从句主语 + 从句谓语 + 其他成分
例:I think (that) he is a good student.(我认为他是个好学生。)
例:Do you know where she lives?(你知道她住在哪儿吗?)
例:I'm interested in what he said.(我对他说的话很感兴趣。)
要点:宾语从句虽然整体作宾语,但内部必须是“主语+谓语”的完整句子结构,这是它与简单宾语(名词/代词)的根本区别。
宾语从句
二、引导词(连接词)三大类
宾语从句的引导词决定了原句的句型类型,共分三类,需要根据原句是陈述句、一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句来选择。
(一)that — 由陈述句变来
当原句是陈述句时,用 that 引导宾语从句。that 在从句中不充当任何句子成分(不作主语、宾语等),也没有实际意义,仅起连接作用,在口语和非正式文体中通常可以省略。
例:He says (that) he likes reading.(他说他喜欢阅读。)
例:I believe (that) she will come.(我相信她会来。)
宾语从句
注意:当主句谓语是 say, think, believe, know, hope 等时,that 最常省略;但在正式文体或多个从句并列时不宜省略。
(二)if / whether — 由一般疑问句变来
当原句是一般疑问句时,用 if 或 whether 引导宾语从句,意为“是否”。从句改为陈述语序,并在句末使用句号。if 和 whether 在多数情况下可互换,但有以下区别:
1. 在正式用语或与 or not 连用时,只能用 whether,不能用 if。
2. 在介词之后只能用 whether。
3. 在 discuss, decide 等动词后通常用 whether。
4. 引导主语从句、表语从句时只能用 whether。
宾语从句
(三)疑问词 — 由特殊疑问句变来
当原句是特殊疑问句时,保留原有的疑问词作为引导词。疑问词分为两类:连接代词和连接副词。
连接代词:what(什么)、who(谁)、whom(宾格谁)、whose(谁的)、which(哪个)。连接代词在从句中要充当主语、宾语或定语等成分,不能省略。
例:I don't know what he is doing. 我不知道他在做什么。——what 作 doing 的宾语
例:Do you know who will come? 你知道谁会来吗?——who 作从句主语
例:Could you tell me which book you like? 你能告诉我你喜欢哪本书吗?——which 作 book 的定语
宾语从句
连接副词:when(何时)、where(何地)、how(怎样)、why(为什么)。连接副词在从句中作状语,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
例:I don't know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。——where 作地点状语
例:Can you tell me why he was late? 你能告诉我他为什么迟到吗?——why 作原因状语
例:Nobody knows when the meeting will start. 没人知道会议何时开始。——when 作时间状语
记忆技巧:连接代词有“成分”(在从句中当主/宾/定),连接副词只当“状语”。判断方法:把疑问词去掉看从句是否完整——不完整的是连接代词,完整的是连接副词。
宾语从句
三、陈述语序
宾语从句必须使用陈述语序,即:连接词 + 主语 + 谓语。无论原句是什么语序,变成宾语从句后都要调整为“主语在前,谓语在后”的陈述语序。这是宾语从句最
重要的语法规则之一。
(一)需要调整语序的情况
当疑问词在原特殊疑问句中不作主语时,变成宾语从句后需要将助动词(do/does/did)去掉,恢复陈述语序,并将谓语动词的时态与原助动词保持一致。
原句:Where does he live?→从句:where he lives(去掉 does,live 变 lives)
原句:What did she say?→从句:what she said(去掉 did,say 变 said)
合并:I don't know where he lives.(正)/ I don't know where does he live.(误)
宾语从句
(二)语序不变的情况
当疑问词在原特殊疑问句中本身就是主语时,变成宾语从句后语序不需要改变,因为原句已经是“主语+谓语”的结构。
原句:Who will come?→从句:who will come(who 是主语,语序不变)
原句:What happened?→从句:what happened(what 是主语,语序不变)
合并:I don't know who will come.(正)/ I don't know what happened.(正)
判断方法:将疑问词后紧跟着的内容去掉,看剩余部分是否为“谓语+其他”。若疑问词后直接是动词,说明它作主语,语序不变;若疑问词后是助动词+主语,说明它不作主语,需调整语序。
宾语从句
四、时态呼应三原则
宾语从句的时态要受主句时态的制约,主句与从句的时态需要保持逻辑上的一致,这称为“时态呼应”。共有三大原则:
原则一:主现从任
当主句是现在时态(一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时)时,从句可以根据实际情况使用任何需要的时态。
例:He says that he is reading.(他说他正在读。——主一般现在,从现在进行)
例:He says that he will come.(他说他会来。——主一般现在,从一般将来)
例:He says that he went there yesterday.(他说他昨天去那儿了。——主一般现在,从一般过去)
宾语从句
原则二:主过从必过
当主句是过去时态(一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时)时,从句也必须改为相应的过去时态。具体变化规律如下:
1. 从句原为一般现在时→改为一般过去时。
例如:He said he was tired.(他说他很累。)
2. 从句原为现在进行时→改为过去进行时。
例如:He said he was reading.(他说他正在读。)
3. 从句原为现在完成时→改为过去完成时。
例如:He said he had finished it.(他说他已完成。)
宾语从句
4. 从句原为一般将来时→改为过去将来时。
例如:He said he would come.(他说他会来。)
5. 从句原为一般过去时→ 改为过去完成时。
例如:He said he had gone there.(他说他已去那儿了。)
原则三:真理永一现
当从句陈述的是客观真理、自然规律或永恒不变的事实时,无论主句是什么时态,从句一律保持一般现在时,不受主句时态影响。
例:The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.(老师说地球绕着太阳转。)
例:He told me that light travels faster than sound.(他告诉我光比声速快。)
例:She said that water boils at 100℃.(她说水在100℃沸腾。)
宾语从句
特别注意:判断“真理”要看从句内容是否为公认事实,而非仅凭主观感觉。如 He said he was happy 是个人感受,仍需遵循“主过从必过”;而 He said the sun rises in the east 是客观事实,保持一般现在时。
五、特殊用法
(一)否定前移
当主句谓语是 think, believe, suppose, imagine 等表示“认为、以为”的动词,且从句表示否定意义时,否定词 not 要从从句移到主句谓语上,这称为“否定前移”。
原意:I think he is not right.→否定前移:I don't think he is right.(我认为他不对。)
原意:I believe she won't come.→否定前移:I don't believe she will come.(我相信她不会来。)
宾语从句
否定前移后的反意疑问句规则:反意疑问部分的主语和助动词要与从句(而非主句)保持一致。因为否定已前移到主句,所以反意疑问句要用肯定形式。
例:I don't think he is right, is he? 我认为他不对,是吗?——反问部分跟从句,用肯定
例:I don't believe she will come, will she? 我相信她不会来,是吗?——反问部分跟从句,用肯定
(二)that 的省略
在口语和非正式文体中,引导宾语从句的 that 通常可以省略,特别是在主句谓语为 say, think, know, believe, hope 等常见动词时。但以下情况不宜省略:
宾语从句
1. 当 that 宾语从句与另一个从句并列时。例如:He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to rest.(第二个 that 不宜省,避免歧义。)
2. 在正式文体或书面语中,通常保留 that。
3. 当从句与主句主语相同时,that 不能省略。
(三)宾语从句与 疑问词+to do 的互换
当宾语从句的主语与主句主语(或逻辑主语)相同时,宾语从句可以简化为“疑问词 + to do”结构。这种简化在表示“如何、何时、何地做某事”时尤为常见。
例:I don't know what I should do. = I don't know what to do.(我不知道该做什么。)
例:Could you tell me how I can get there? = Could you tell me how to get there.(你能告诉我怎么去那儿吗?)
宾语从句
(四)直接引语转换为间接引语
直接引语转间接引语本质上就是构造宾语从句。转换时需注意:人称变化(按转述者视角调整)、时态变化(主句为过去时则从句时态后退一级)、指示词变化(this 变 that, these 变 those, now 变 then, today 变 that day 等)、时间地点变化(here 变 there, tomorrow 变 the next day 等)。
直接引语:He said, "I am busy today."
间接引语:He said that he was busy that day.(I 变 he, am 变 was, today 变 that day)
注意:如果转述的是正在发生的事或习惯性动作,时态和指示词可以不变。例如:He said, "The sun rises in the east."→He said that the sun rises in the east. 真理不变时态。
宾语从句
六、高频易错点
易错点一:语序错误
最常见错误是将疑问句语序代入宾语从句,忘记改为陈述语序。
误:I don't know where does he live. 正:I don't know where he lives.
易错点二:时态不一致
主句为过去时,但从句忘记改为过去时态。
误:He said that he is busy. 正:He said that he was busy.(is 变 was)
易错点三:引导词混用
该用 whether 的地方用了 if,或该用 that 的地方用了疑问词。
误:It depends on if he comes. 正:It depends on whether he comes.
宾语从句
易错点四:否定前移后反意疑问句错误
否定前移后,反意疑问句应对从句提问,且用肯定形式,而非对主句提问。
误:I don't think he is right, don't I? 正:I don't think he is right, is he?
易错点五:if 与 or not 连用错误
当从句中有 or not 时,只能用 whether,不能用 if。
误:I don't know if he will come or not. 正:I don't know whether he will come or not.
易错点六:客观真理误改时态
从句为客观真理时,无论主句时态如何,从句保持一般现在时。
误:The teacher said that the earth went around the sun.
正:The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.(真理不变时态)
Combine two sentences into one using object clauses.
1. She cannot remember. Where did she put the opera ticket?
She cannot remember where she put the opera ticket.
2. Bob does not know. Who took his wallet?
Bob does not know who took his wallet.
3. When is the next test? Can you tell me?
Can you tell me when the next test is?
4. I do not understand. Why didn't you invite him to the picnic?
I do not understand why you didn't invite him to the picnic.
5. Pardon me, where can I get a bus to the airport? Could you please show me?
Pardon me, could you please show me where I can get a bus to the airport?
Complete the story with the words in the box. Some may be used more than once. Why did Fox cry after tasting a grape?
One morning, Mother Fox told Baby Fox ________ she was going to pick some grapes for him. Then she ran out, and he waited. After a long time, Baby Fox heard a familiar cry nearby: “Danger! Run!” It was his mother! He also heard gunshots! Poor, scared Baby Fox quickly ran away. He wondered ________ happened to his mother, but he was too afraid to look back.
Many years later, the grown-up fox returned home. He felt sad when he recalled ________ happened. Then he saw a grapevine nearby. “That's strange,” said Fox. “I wonder ________ it grows here.” He tasted a grape, “So sweet!” It reminded him of his mother. Suddenly, tears filled his eyes. He realized ________ the grapevine came from. When Mother Fox was on her way home with grapes in her mouth, she shouted out to warn her baby of danger. This was ________ she dropped the grapes.
where what why that
that
what
what
why
where
why
句子填空
1. —Do you know __________ umbrella this is?
—Oh, it's Peter's. Let's give it to him.
2. —Would you like to take part in the activity?
—I'd love to, but the question lies in __________ it is worth doing.
3. —Could you please tell me __________ bus I should take to the museum?
—Bus No. 32 will take you right there.
4. The police were seeking more information to find out __________ it was that killed the rich merchant.
5. —Are you clear __________ we meet tomorrow?
—Sure. In front of the South Gate.
whose
whether
which
who
where
6. —I saw David in the teachers' office this morning. Do you know __________ he was there?
—He went there to hand in his homework.
7. —Do you know __________ paper was made in ancient China?
—I have no idea. But I know people once used tree leaves to make paper.
8. Sally likes watching the news, she wants to find out __________ is going on around the world.
9. —I hope __________ all my dreams can come true. (that/if/whether)
—If you try your best, they will surely be realized.
10. —I'm waiting for the mail. Do you know __________ it will arrive?
—Usually it comes by 4:00 p.m.
why
how
what
that
when
句型转换
1. The volunteers helped out to make the games successful.(宾语从句 I think...)
I think _________ the volunteers _________ out to make the games successful.
2. Will they have a test tomorrow?(改为宾语从句)
She wonders _________ they _________ have a test tomorrow.
3. Where did you go yesterday?(改为宾语从句)
Can you tell me _________ you _________ yesterday?
4. What is he doing now?(改为宾语从句)
I want to know _________ he _________ doing now.
5. “When does the band start playing this evening?” asked Jack. (改为宾语从句)
Jack asked _________ the band _________ playing this evening.
that
helped
if/whether
will
where
went
what
is
when
started
04
Vocabulary
pardon v. 原谅,宽恕,饶恕,请再说一遍;n. 原谅,宽恕,赦免
pardon sb for (doing) sth 原谅某人(做了)某事 ask for pardon 请求原谅
Pardon me. 对不起;请原谅;麻烦再说一遍。 I beg your pardon. 对不起;请再说一遍。
易混辨析:pardon / forgive / excuse(三者都有“原谅”,语气、使用场景不同)
pardon:较为正式,宽恕较严重的过错;交际口语中专门表示 “没听清,请再说一遍”。侧重饶恕过失,也可用于法律上赦免。
forgive:侧重从内心原谅,消除怨恨,情感色彩强,常指伤害感情的错误。搭配 forgive sb for sth。
excuse:多指原谅轻微的过失、失礼,小疏忽,比如迟到、打断别人。搭配 excuse sb for sth;excuse me 是日常高频交际用语。
易混辨析:pardon me vs excuse me
excuse me 适用范围更广,走路挡路、问路、打喷嚏时都可以用;
pardon me 更正式,除道歉外,主要用于没听清楚时希望对方重说。
recall v. 回忆起,召回(产品),收回;n. 记忆力,回想,召回
recall (doing) sth 回忆起做过某事 recall that‑从句 回想起来……
recall sb/sth to sth 使…回想起;把…召回至… product recall 产品召回
易混辨析:recall / remember / memorize
recall:努力、有意识地去回想,把已经存在脑海里的东西调动出来,强调 “主动回想”。
remember:通用词,记得;既可以指自然而然记得,也可以指刻意记住。可以接 to do(记得要去做,还没做),接 doing(记得做过)。remember to do:记得要做某事(未做);remember doing:记得做过某事(已做)。
memorize:指刻意背诵、记牢,把原本不知道的东西装进大脑。
易混辨析:recall vs remind
recall 主语一般是人,人自己回想;
remind 含义是 “提醒;使想起”,主语通常是事物或他人,搭配 remind sb of sth。
shout out 大声喊出,呼喊,叫嚷,公开致谢,点名表扬
例句:He shouted out my name across the street. 他在街对面大声喊我的名字。
易混短语辨析:shout out & shout at
shout out:大声说出某句话、某个名字,强调把内容喊出来,对象不一定是对着某人发怒。
shout at:对着…… 大吼大叫,多带有生气、愤怒情绪,有指责意味。
易混短语辨析:shout out & shout to
shout to sb:为了让远处的人听见而大声喊话,不含发怒感情,只是距离远需要提高音量。
shout out 侧重 “喊出话语、名字”;shout to 侧重 “朝某人大声喊话”。
易混短语辨析:shout out & cry out
cry out:(因疼痛、惊吓)尖叫,呼喊;侧重因情绪、身体痛苦本能地叫喊。
shout out 多指主动有意识地大声说话。
05
Homework
Review the grammar learned in this class.
Preview the text for the next class.
See you in the next class!
$