Unit 8 重点词汇核心考点精讲 2026-2027学年八年级英语上册新教材译林版

该初中英语单元复习讲义通过词性分类表格和考点框架图系统构建了8AU8重点单词的知识体系，将名词、动词、形容词等按词性归类，每个单词从词形转换、同义转换、固定搭配等维度梳理考点，清晰呈现重难点分布及内在联系。 讲义亮点在于“多维度考点精讲”，如“sound”涵盖词形转换、同义转换等五个考点，结合课本原句强化语境理解，培养语言能力和思维品质。每个单词配例句和辨析对比，基础学生掌握基础用法，优秀学生深化词义辨析，助力教师实施分层教学，提升复习效率。

8AU8重点单词考点精讲 目录检索 sound 2 safe and sound 2 emergency 3 situation 4 heating 4 lightning 5 office 5 homeless 6 coach 6 road 7 accident 7 typhoon 8 terrible 8 state 9 fireman 10 traffic 10 slight 11 shake 11 thunder 12 bomb 12 shout 13 fear 14 in fear 14 direction 15 in all directions 15 brick 16 silent 16 nervous 17 beat 17 say to oneself 18 calm 19 calm down 19 since 20 weak 20 voice 21 except 21 smoke 22 burn 22 put out 23 heavily 23 guess 24 hat 25 clear 25 policeman 26 ache 26 postman 27 airport 27 passport 28 close 28 report 29 bush fire 30 so far 30 including 31 sign 31 avoid 32 wound 32 bleed 33 press 33 firmly 34 right away 34 tidal wave 35 warn 36 词性分类 【名词 (n.)】emergency、situation、heating、lightning、office、coach、road、accident、typhoon、state、fireman、traffic、shake、thunder、bomb、shout、fear、direction、brick、voice、smoke、hat、policeman、ache、postman、airport、passport、bush fire、sign、wound、tidal wave 【动词 (v./vi./vt.)】shake、shout、beat、calm、burn、heavily、guess、clear、ache、report、avoid、bleed、press、firmly、warn 【形容词 (adj.)】sound、homeless、terrible、slight、silent、nervous、weak、close 【副词 (adv.)】heavily、firmly 【连词 (conj.)】since 【介词 (prep.)】except、including 【短语】safe and sound、in fear、in all directions、say to oneself、calm down、put out、so far、right away sound /saʊnd/ adj. 健康的，无损伤的 课本原句：All of us were happy that we were safe. 课本原句：It is the Safety Week at Sunshine Middle School. Let's learn about emergencies and natural disasters and find out how to stay safe in these situations. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「sound」形容词，意为「健康的；无损伤的」。常用搭配safe and sound(安然无恙)。副词soundly(安稳地)。 例句：The building is still safe and sound after the earthquake. 考点二 同义转换：sound 说明：sound (adj.) = safe / healthy / whole(健康的，完好的)；sound强调无损伤，safe强调安全，healthy强调健康。 例句：The children returned home safe and sound. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：safe and sound(安然无恙)；sound mind(健全的头脑)；sound sleep(酣睡)；of sound body and mind(身心健康)。 例句：The missing boys came back safe and sound. 考点四 词义辨析：sound (adj.) vs sound (n.) 说明：「sound」作形容词意为「健康的」；作名词意为「声音」。同形异义，需根据语境判断。 例句：The dog made a strange sound. / The baby is safe and sound. 考点五 重点用法：safe and sound 说明：safe and sound是固定短语，意为「安然无恙」，常用于描述经历危险后平安归来。 例句：We were relieved to find the children safe and sound. safe and sound 短语 安然无恙 课本原句：Luckily, no one was hurt or killed. All of us were happy that we were safe. 课本原句：It is the Safety Week at Sunshine Middle School. Let's learn about emergencies and natural disasters and find out how to stay safe in these situations. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「safe and sound」固定短语，由形容词safe和sound组合而成，意为「安然无恙」。 例句：The whole family returned home safe and sound after the typhoon. 考点二 同义转换：safe and sound 说明：safe and sound = unhurt / uninjured / well(安然无恙)；safe and sound更口语化，强调经历危险后平安。 例句：All the passengers are safe and sound. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：arrive safe and sound(安然抵达)；return safe and sound(安然返回)；come back safe and sound(安然归来)。 例句：After the earthquake, all the students came back safe and sound. 考点四 词义辨析：safe vs sound 说明：「safe」强调没有危险；「sound」强调没有损伤。两者连用表示既安全又无恙，语气更强。 例句：The treasure was found safe and sound in the ruins. 考点五 重点用法：句尾位置 说明：safe and sound常置于句尾作表语或状语，与come / return / arrive等动词连用。 例句：The lost hiker finally returned safe and sound. emergency /ɪˈmɜːdʒənsi/ n. 紧急情况 课本原句：An emergency is a sudden, serious and dangerous event or situation. 课本原句：People need to act quickly to deal with it. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「emergency」名词，意为「紧急情况；突发事件」。复数emergencies。形容词emergent(紧急的)。 例句：In an emergency, call 110. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：emergency 说明：emergency (n.) = crisis / urgent situation(紧急情况)；emergency强调突发性，crisis强调转折点。 例句：Stay calm in case of an emergency. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：emergency call(紧急电话)；emergency room(急诊室)；in an emergency(在紧急情况下)；emergency exit(紧急出口)。 例句：The building has several emergency exits. 考点四 词义辨析：emergency vs accident 说明：「emergency」指需要立即应对的紧急状况；「accident」指意外事故。emergency涵盖范围更广。 例句：A car accident is a traffic emergency. 考点五 重点用法：in an emergency 说明：in an emergency是常见搭配，意为「在紧急情况下」，后可接动词原形或从句。 例句：In an emergency, stay calm and call for help. situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/ n. 情况 课本原句：An emergency is a sudden, serious and dangerous event or situation. 课本原句：We will keep reporting on this developing situation. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「situation」名词，意为「情况；形势；处境」。复数situations。动词situate(位于)。形容词situated(位于…的)。 例句：The situation is getting worse. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：situation 说明：situation (n.) = condition / state / circumstance(情况，状况)；situation强调整体形势，condition强调状态。 例句：She found herself in a difficult situation. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in a difficult situation(处于困境)；in a situation(在某种情况下)；current situation(当前形势)；lose a situation(失去工作)。 例句：He found himself in an embarrassing situation. 考点四 词义辨析：situation vs condition 说明：「situation」指某一时段的具体形势；「condition」指客观存在的状态或条件。 例句：The situation is serious. / The car is in good condition. 考点五 重点用法：abstract noun 说明：situation是抽象名词，常与in / under等介词搭配，表示处于某种形势。 例句：Under the current situation, we must act quickly. heating /ˈhiːtɪŋ/ n. 供暖 课本原句：Power cut leaves thousands without heating. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「heating」名词，意为「供暖；加热」。动词heat(加热)。形容词hot(热的)。 例句：The heating system broke down. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：heating 说明：heating (n.) = warming / warmth(供暖，加热)；heating指供暖系统，warmth指温暖的感觉。 例句：The house has central heating. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：central heating(集中供暖)；heating system(供暖系统)；heating pipe(暖气管)；gas heating(燃气供暖)。 例句：We need to fix the heating before winter. 考点四 词义辨析：heating vs heat 说明：「heating」特指供暖系统或供暖方式；「heat」泛指热量或热度。 例句：Turn on the heating. / The heat from the fire kept us warm. 考点五 重点用法：不可数名词 说明：heating是不可数名词，表示系统或服务时不可加s；表示不同供暖方式时可加s。 例句：The building uses solar heating. lightning /ˈlaɪtnɪŋ/ n. 闪电 课本原句：Lightning starts big fire in office building. 课本原句：When/While/As Millie was watching TV, lightning hit a nearby building. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「lightning」名词，意为「闪电」。动词lighten(打闪；变亮)。形容词light(轻的；亮的)。 例句：Lightning flashed across the sky. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：lightning 说明：lightning (n.) = thunderbolt / electric flash(闪电)；lightning是常用词，thunderbolt强调雷击。 例句：The tree was struck by lightning. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：lightning strike(雷击)；lightning rod(避雷针)；like lightning(闪电般地)；a flash of lightning(一道闪电)。 例句：He ran across the field like lightning. 考点四 词义辨析：lightning vs thunder 说明：「lightning」指闪电(光)；「thunder」指雷声(声)。两者常同时出现，但lightning先发生。 例句：Lightning struck first, then thunder roared. 考点五 重点用法：比喻用法 说明：lightning常用于比喻，形容极快或突然，如like lightning(闪电般地)、lightning fast(极快的)。 例句：The news spread like lightning. office /ˈɒfɪs/ n. 办公室，办公楼 课本原句：Lightning starts big fire in office building. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「office」名词，意为「办公室；办公楼」。复数offices。形容词official(正式的；官方的)。 例句：She works in a small office. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：office 说明：office (n.) = workplace / studio(办公室)；office指办公场所，studio多指工作室。 例句：The office is on the third floor. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：office building(办公楼)；office hours(办公时间)；office worker(上班族)；in the office(在办公室)。 例句：He spends most of his time in the office. 考点四 词义辨析：office vs bureau 说明：「office」普通用词，指办公室；「bureau」较正式，常指政府部门或机构。 例句：She works at the Information Bureau. / He works in an office. 考点五 重点用法：government office 说明：office可指政府机关职位，如take office(就职)、run for office(竞选公职)。 例句：The new president took office last week. homeless /ˈhəʊmləs/ adj. 无家可归的 课本原句：Earthquake makes thousands of people homeless. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「homeless」形容词，意为「无家可归的」。名词homelessness(无家可归的状态)。合成词：home + less。 例句：After the flood, many people were left homeless. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：homeless 说明：homeless (adj.) = displaced / destitute(无家可归的)；homeless强调无住处，displaced强调被迫迁移。 例句：The earthquake left thousands homeless. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：homeless people(无家可归者)；homeless shelter(流浪者收容所)；the homeless(无家可归者群体)。 例句：The city opened shelters for the homeless. 考点四 词义辨析：homeless vs lonely 说明：「homeless」指没有住处；「lonely」指感到孤独。两者都可形容人，但含义不同。 例句：Many homeless people also feel lonely. / She felt lonely in the new city. 考点五 重点用法：定冠词 the + 形容词 说明：the homeless表示「无家可归者(群体)」，作主语时谓语动词用复数。 例句：The homeless need our help in winter. coach /kəʊtʃ/ n. 长途汽车 课本原句：Coach comes off road and hits tree. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「coach」名词，意为「长途汽车；教练」。复数coaches。动词coach(训练；指导)。 例句：We travelled by coach across the country. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：coach 说明：coach (n.) = bus / long-distance bus(长途汽车)；coach特指长途客运汽车，bus更通用。 例句：The coach left the station at 8 a.m. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：by coach(乘长途汽车)；coach station(长途汽车站)；coach trip(乘长途汽车旅行)。 例句：They went to the village by coach. 考点四 词义辨析：coach (n.) vs coach (v.) 说明：「coach」作名词指长途汽车或教练；作动词指训练、指导。 例句：He coaches the football team. / We took the coach to the city. 考点五 重点用法：英美差异 说明：在英式英语中coach常指长途汽车；在美式英语中更倾向用bus，coach多指教练。 例句：We took the coach from London to Edinburgh. road /rəʊd/ n. 道路 课本原句：Coach comes off road and hits tree. 课本原句：Some people in the neighbourhood were clearing the snow from the streets. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「road」名词，意为「道路；公路」。复数roads。形容词roadside(路边的)。合成词：roadside, roadway。 例句：Be careful when crossing the road. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：road 说明：road (n.) = street / way / path(道路)；road指城际公路，street指市内街道，path指小路。 例句：The road was covered with snow. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：on the road(在路上)；by road(经陆路)；road sign(路标)；road accident(交通事故)；road safety(道路安全)。 例句：There was a serious road accident yesterday. 考点四 词义辨析：road vs street 说明：「road」泛指道路，包括公路和街道；「street」特指市内街道，两侧多有建筑物。 例句：The road to the village is narrow. / She lives on a busy street. 考点五 重点用法：by road 说明：by road是固定搭配，意为「经陆路」，与by air(经航空)、by sea(经海路)对应。 例句：We travelled to Shanghai by road. accident /ˈæksɪdənt/ n. 事故 课本原句：Three men hurt in car accident. 课本原句：There was an accident near our school at 4:10 yesterday afternoon. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「accident」名词，意为「事故；意外」。复数accidents。形容词accidental(意外的)。副词accidentally(意外地)。 例句：He was hurt in a car accident. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：accident 说明：accident (n.) = mishap / incident(事故，意外)；accident常指不幸事故，incident可指任何事件。 例句：The accident happened on a rainy day. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：traffic accident(交通事故)；car accident(车祸)；by accident(偶然)；accident report(事故报告)。 例句：She discovered the truth by accident. 考点四 词义辨析：accident vs incident 说明：「accident」多指突发的意外事故；「incident」可指任何事件，不一定是不幸的。 例句：A traffic accident happened at the corner. / There was a strange incident last night. 考点五 重点用法：by accident 说明：by accident是固定搭配，意为「偶然地；意外地」，与on purpose(故意地)相对。 例句：I met an old friend by accident on the street. typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/ n. 台风 课本原句：Typhoon leaves whole town in terrible state. 课本原句：However, if you are in a typhoon, you should go inside. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「typhoon」名词，意为「台风」。复数typhoons。形容词typhoon-hit(遭台风袭击的)。 例句：The typhoon caused great damage. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：typhoon 说明：typhoon (n.) = tropical storm / hurricane / cyclone(热带风暴)；typhoon指太平洋台风，hurricane指大西洋飓风。 例句：A typhoon is coming towards the east coast. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：typhoon warning(台风警报)；typhoon season(台风季)；hit by a typhoon(遭受台风袭击)。 例句：The typhoon warning was issued yesterday. 考点四 词义辨析：typhoon vs hurricane vs cyclone 说明：三者都指热带气旋，但typhoon指太平洋西北部，hurricane指大西洋和东北太平洋，cyclone指南印度洋和南太平洋。 例句：Typhoons often hit Southeast Asia in summer. 考点五 重点用法：地理术语 说明：typhoon是地理/气象术语，常出现在新闻和天气报道中。 例句：The typhoon will make landfall tonight. terrible /ˈterəbl/ adj. 可怕的 课本原句：Typhoon leaves whole town in terrible state. 课本原句：A terrible tidal wave hit while my friends and I were playing on our local beach. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「terrible」形容词，意为「可怕的；糟糕的」。副词terribly(可怕地；非常)。名词terror(恐怖)。 例句：A terrible storm hit the city. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：terrible 说明：terrible (adj.) = horrible / awful / dreadful(可怕的，糟糕的)；terrible口语中也可表示「很糟」。 例句：The noise outside was terrible. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：terrible accident(可怕的事故)；terrible storm(可怕的暴风雨)；terrible mistake(严重的错误)。 例句：We had a terrible experience during the typhoon. 考点四 词义辨析：terrible vs terrific 说明：「terrible」意为「可怕的；糟糕的」；「terrific」意为「极好的」。形近义反，注意区分。 例句：The film was terrible. / We had a terrific time on holiday. 考点五 重点用法：口语程度副词 说明：在口语中terribly可加强语气，相当于very，如terribly sorry(非常抱歉)。 例句：I'm terribly sorry for being late. state /steɪt/ n. 状态，情况 课本原句：Typhoon leaves whole town in terrible state. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「state」名词，意为「状态；国家」。复数states。动词state(陈述)。形容词stated(规定的)。 例句：The house was in a terrible state. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：state 说明：state (n.) = condition / situation / status(状态，情况)；state强调人或物的具体状况。 例句：She was in a state of shock after the accident. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in a state of(处于…状态)；state of mind(心态)；state of emergency(紧急状态)；the United States(美国)。 例句：The government declared a state of emergency. 考点四 词义辨析：state (n.) vs state (v.) 说明：「state」作名词指状态或国家；作动词指陈述、说明。 例句：He stated his opinion clearly. / The country is in a bad state. 考点五 重点用法：抽象名词 说明：state作「状态」解时是不可数名词，常与in搭配使用，构成in a ... state结构。 例句：The old car is still in good state. fireman /ˈfaɪəmən/ n. (pl. firemen) 消防员 课本原句：House fire traps five and firemen save the family. 课本原句：So far five people are dead, including a fireman. 课本原句：Right now, firemen are working hard to help them. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「fireman」名词，意为「消防员」。复数形式firemen(不规则变化)。同义词firefighter(消防员，更正式)。合成词：fire + man。 例句：The firemen rescued the child from the fire. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：fireman 说明：fireman (n.) = firefighter / fire officer(消防员)；fireman是常用词，firefighter更正式且性别中立。 例句：Firefighters arrived quickly at the scene. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：firemen's helmet(消防员头盔)；fire station(消防站)；brave firemen(勇敢的消防员)。 例句：The brave firemen saved many lives. 考点四 词义辨析：fireman vs policeman vs postman 说明：三者都是表示职业的名词，复数形式都不规则：firemen / policemen / postmen。 例句：Firemen, policemen and postmen all serve the public. 考点五 重点用法：复数形式 说明：fireman的复数是不规则形式firemen，类似man的合成词变复数时-men，如postmen, policemen。 例句：Many firemen were honoured for their bravery. traffic /ˈtræfɪk/ n. 交通 课本原句：Many cars hit each other. It was one of the largest traffic accidents in the town's history! 考点一 词形转换 说明：「traffic」名词，意为「交通；运输」。不可数名词。形容词traffic-jammed(交通堵塞的)。 例句：There was heavy traffic on the highway. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：traffic 说明：traffic (n.) = transportation / movement(交通，运输)；traffic指路上的车辆流动，transportation泛指运输。 例句：Traffic is bad at rush hour. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：traffic accident(交通事故)；traffic light(红绿灯)；traffic jam(交通堵塞)；heavy traffic(交通繁忙)。 例句：We got stuck in a traffic jam for two hours. 考点四 词义辨析：traffic vs transportation 说明：「traffic」特指路上或空中的交通流量；「transportation」指运输系统或运输方式。 例句：The city has heavy traffic. / Public transportation is convenient here. 考点五 重点用法：不可数名词 说明：traffic是不可数名词，没有复数形式，不能说a traffic，但可说heavy / light traffic。 例句：There is little traffic on this road. slight /slaɪt/ adj. 轻微的 课本原句：At first, I felt a slight shake. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「slight」形容词，意为「轻微的；瘦小的」。副词slightly(轻微地)。动词slight(轻视)。名词slight(轻视)。 例句：There is a slight difference between the two. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：slight 说明：slight (adj.) = small / minor / little(轻微的，少量的)；slight强调程度小，minor强调重要性低。 例句：She felt a slight pain in her back. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：slight chance(可能性很小)；slight headache(轻微头痛)；slight injury(轻伤)；not in the slightest(一点也不)。 例句：There is not the slightest reason to worry. 考点四 词义辨析：slight vs slim 说明：「slight」指轻微的、瘦小的；「slim」指细长的、苗条的，也可指希望渺茫。 例句：He is a slight boy. / She has a slim figure. / There is a slim chance of success. 考点五 重点用法：not in the slightest 说明：not in the slightest是固定搭配，意为「一点也不」，用于强调否定。 例句：I wasn't nervous in the slightest. shake /ʃeɪk/ n., vi. & vt. 摇动 课本原句：At first, I felt a slight shake. 课本原句：The earth started to shake. 课本原句：Finally, the noise and shaking ended. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「shake」名词/动词，意为「摇动」。过去式shook，过去分词shaken。现在分词shaking。 例句：The ground began to shake. (vi.) / He shook hands with me. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：shake 说明：shake (v.) = tremble / quiver(摇动，颤抖)；shake指用力摇动，tremble指因恐惧或寒冷颤抖。 例句：The whole house shook during the earthquake. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：shake hands(握手)；shake with cold(冷得发抖)；shake one's head(摇头)；milk shake(奶昔)。 例句：He shook his head and said no. 考点四 词义辨析：shake vs shiver vs tremble 说明：「shake」泛指摇动；「shiver」特指因寒冷或恐惧轻微颤抖；「tremble」指强烈颤抖。 例句：The leaves shook in the wind. / She shivered with cold. / His voice trembled with anger. 考点五 重点用法：shake名词用法 说明：shake作名词时意为「摇动；奶昔」，是可数名词，如give a shake(摇一下)。 例句：Give the bottle a good shake before opening. thunder /ˈθʌndə(r)/ n. 雷声 课本原句：Then I heard a loud noise like thunder. 课本原句：Suddenly, there was a loud noise like thunder as a burning tree fell down in front of me. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「thunder」名词，意为「雷声」。动词thunder(打雷；轰隆声)。形容词thundering(雷鸣般的)。副词thunderously(轰隆地)。 例句：Thunder rolled across the sky. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：thunder 说明：thunder (n.) = thunderclap / thunderbolt(雷声，雷击)；thunder是常用词，thunderclap强调突然。 例句：The thunder was so loud that the windows rattled. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：thunder and lightning(雷电)；a clap of thunder(一声雷响)；thunder strike(雷击)；thunder storm(雷暴)。 例句：There was a clap of thunder in the distance. 考点四 词义辨析：thunder vs lightning 说明：「thunder」指雷声(声)；「lightning」指闪电(光)。两者常同时出现，但lightning先发生。 例句：Lightning flashed, and then thunder roared. 考点五 重点用法：比喻用法 说明：thunder可作动词，意为「轰隆地响」，也可表示「大声喊叫」。 例句：The train thundered past. / He thundered at the children to be quiet. bomb /bɒm/ n. 炸弹 课本原句：Soon the real noise came, like bombs under the ground. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「bomb」名词，意为「炸弹」。复数bombs。动词bomb(轰炸)。形容词bombed(遭轰炸的)。 例句：The enemy dropped bombs on the city. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：bomb 说明：bomb (n.) = explosive / grenade(炸弹，爆炸物)；bomb指各种炸弹，grenade指手榴弹。 例句：The bomb exploded with a loud noise. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：atom bomb(原子弹)；time bomb(定时炸弹)；letter bomb(邮件炸弹)；bomb threat(炸弹威胁)。 例句：The police defused the time bomb. 考点四 词义辨析：bomb (n.) vs bomb (v.) 说明：「bomb」作名词指炸弹；作动词指轰炸、投弹。 例句：The city was bombed during the war. / They found a bomb in the building. 考点五 重点用法：比喻用法 说明：bomb在口语中可表示「轰动的事件」，如the news was a bomb(这消息是个炸弹)。 例句：His new film was a bomb at the box office. shout /ʃaʊt/ vi. & n. 呼喊，喊叫 课本原句：People shouted in fear. 课本原句：I shouted for help. 课本原句：I heard shouts from excited people. 课本原句：We heard people shouting. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「shout」动词/名词，意为「呼喊，喊叫」。过去式shouted。名词shout(呼喊)。现在分词shouting。 例句：She shouted for help. (v.) / He gave a shout of joy. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：shout 说明：shout (v.) = cry / yell / scream(呼喊，喊叫)；shout指大声喊，cry指叫喊或哭泣，yell指大声叫嚷。 例句：The children shouted with excitement. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：shout at(对…大喊)；shout for help(呼救)；shout out(大声喊出)；give a shout(喊一声)。 例句：Don't shout at the children. 考点四 词义辨析：shout vs cry vs scream 说明：「shout」指为引起注意而大声喊；「cry」指因情绪而叫喊或哭泣；「scream」指因恐惧尖叫。 例句：He shouted to his friends. / The baby cried. / She screamed in fear. 考点五 重点用法：shout at vs shout to 说明：shout at含有贬义，指对…吼叫；shout to表示「向…喊」，无贬义。 例句：Don't shout at me! / He shouted to his friends across the river. fear /fɪə(r)/ n. 恐惧，害怕 课本原句：People shouted in fear. 课本原句：A moment of fear went through my mind. 课本原句：We were watching in fear while the firemen were putting out the fire. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「fear」名词/动词，意为「恐惧，害怕」。过去式feared。形容词fearful(恐惧的)。形容词fearless(无畏的)。 例句：She trembled with fear. (n.) / He feared the worst. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：fear 说明：fear (n.) = fright / dread / terror(恐惧，害怕)；fear普通用词，terror指极度恐惧。 例句：There is a fear of earthquakes in this area. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in fear(恐惧地)；for fear of(唯恐)；fear for(为…担忧)；no fear(毫不畏惧)。 例句：He stayed indoors for fear of catching a cold. 考点四 词义辨析：fear vs anxiety 说明：「fear」指具体的恐惧对象；「anxiety」指焦虑、忧虑，不一定有具体对象。 例句：She has a fear of heights. / His anxiety about the exam kept him awake. 考点五 重点用法：for fear of 说明：for fear of是固定搭配，意为「唯恐；担心」，后可接名词或动名词。 例句：She spoke softly for fear of waking the baby. in fear 短语 恐惧地，害怕地 课本原句：People shouted in fear. 课本原句：We were watching in fear while the firemen were putting out the fire. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「in fear」介词短语，意为「恐惧地；害怕地」。由介词in + 名词fear构成，用作状语。 例句：The children ran away in fear. 考点二 同义转换：in fear 说明：in fear = in terror / in fright / with fear(恐惧地)；in fear强调状态，in terror强调强烈的恐惧。 例句：The villagers hid in fear as the storm approached. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in fear of(害怕，担心)；live in fear(生活在恐惧中)；tremble in fear(恐惧得发抖)。 例句：She lived in fear of being discovered. 考点四 词义辨析：in fear vs for fear 说明：「in fear」意为「处于恐惧中」；「for fear of」意为「唯恐；担心发生某事」。 例句：They were silent in fear. / He walked slowly for fear of falling. 考点五 重点用法：作状语 说明：in fear在句中常作方式状语，修饰动词，表示动作发生时的心理状态。 例句：She cried out in fear when she saw the snake. direction /dəˈrekʃn; daɪˈrekʃn/ n. 方向 课本原句：people were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were raining down. 课本原句：Some animals began to run in all directions. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「direction」名词，意为「方向；指导」。复数directions。动词direct(指导；指向)。形容词directional(方向的)。副词directly(直接地)。 例句：He walked in the wrong direction. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：direction 说明：direction (n.) = way / orientation(方向，方位)；direction指抽象方向，way指具体路线。 例句：Follow the directions on the medicine bottle. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in all directions(向四面八方)；in the direction of(朝…方向)；sense of direction(方向感)；under the direction of(在…指导下)。 例句：The birds flew in all directions. 考点四 词义辨析：direction vs instruction 说明：「direction」既可指方向，也可指说明(复数)；「instruction」特指指示、命令。 例句：Read the directions before taking the medicine. / Follow the teacher's instructions. 考点五 重点用法：directions复数用法 说明：directions作复数时意为「指示；说明」，如follow directions(按说明做)。 例句：The directions are written on the box. in all directions 短语 四处，到处 课本原句：people were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were raining down. 课本原句：Some animals began to run in all directions. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「in all directions」介词短语，意为「四处；到处」。由介词in + all + 名词directions构成。 例句：The birds flew away in all directions. 考点二 同义转换：in all directions 说明：in all directions = in every direction / everywhere(到处，四面八方)；in all directions强调方向之多。 例句：When the bell rang, the children ran in all directions. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：look in all directions(四处张望)；run in all directions(四处奔跑)；fly in all directions(四处飞舞)。 例句：She looked in all directions but couldn't find her child. 考点四 词义辨析：in all directions vs in every direction 说明：两者含义相近，in all directions更强调「所有方向」，in every direction强调「每个方向」。 例句：The wind blew the leaves in all directions. 考点五 重点用法：作状语 说明：in all directions常作方式状语，修饰运动类动词(run, fly, look等)。 例句：The crowd scattered in all directions when the police arrived. brick /brɪk/ n. 砖 课本原句：people were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were raining down. 课本原句：They quickly moved away the bricks. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「brick」名词，意为「砖」。复数bricks。形容词brick-built(砖砌的)。合成词：bricklayer(砌砖工人)。 例句：The house is made of bricks. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：brick 说明：brick (n.) = masonry unit / block(砖块)；brick特指建筑用砖，block泛指各种块状物。 例句：They built the wall with bricks. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：brick wall(砖墙)；lay bricks(砌砖)；brick by brick(一砖一砖地)；drop a brick(失言；出丑)。 例句：The team built the new house brick by brick. 考点四 词义辨析：brick vs stone 说明：「brick」指人造砖块；「stone」指天然石头。两者都是建筑材料，但来源不同。 例句：The building was made of bricks and stones. 考点五 重点用法：可数/不可数 说明：brick作为材料时是不可数名词，作为个体砖块时是可数名词。 例句：The wall is made of brick. / He laid a few bricks on the path. silent /ˈsaɪlənt/ adj. 安静的 课本原句：Finally, the noise and shaking ended. It was dark and silent around me. 课本原句：It was silent around me at first except the sounds of nature. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「silent」形容词，意为「安静的；沉默的」。副词silently(安静地)。名词silence(寂静)。动词silence(使安静)。 例句：The house was completely silent. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：silent 说明：silent (adj.) = quiet / still / mute(安静的，无声的)；silent强调无声，quiet强调没有喧闹。 例句：The students kept silent during the exam. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：keep silent(保持沉默)；remain silent(保持沉默)；silent film(无声电影)；silent night(寂静的夜)。 例句：Please remain silent in the library. 考点四 词义辨析：silent vs quiet 说明：「silent」指完全无声；「quiet」指没有吵闹，相对安静，但可能有声音。 例句：The forest was silent. / The room was quiet and peaceful. 考点五 重点用法：silent作表语 说明：silent常作表语，keep silent是固定搭配，意为「保持沉默」。 例句：He kept silent about the matter. nervous /ˈnɜːvəs/ adj. 焦虑的；胆怯的 课本原句：I felt nervous, and my heart was beating really fast. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「nervous」形容词，意为「焦虑的；紧张的；胆怯的」。副词nervously(焦虑地)。名词nervousness(焦虑)。 例句：She felt nervous before the exam. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：nervous 说明：nervous (adj.) = anxious / uneasy / tense(焦虑的，紧张的)；nervous指内心紧张，anxious强调担忧。 例句：I always feel nervous when speaking in public. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：feel nervous(感到紧张)；nervous breakdown(精神崩溃)；nervous system(神经系统)；get nervous(变得紧张)。 例句：Don't get nervous about the test. 考点四 词义辨析：nervous vs anxious vs upset 说明：「nervous」指紧张不安；「anxious」指忧虑担忧；「upset」指心情烦乱或难过。 例句：She is nervous about the interview. / He is anxious about his father's health. / She was upset by the news. 考点五 重点用法：be nervous of/about 说明：be nervous of意为「害怕」；be nervous about意为「对…感到紧张」。 例句：She is nervous of speaking in public. beat /biːt/ vi. & vt. （使）规律作响或运动；用力敲打 课本原句：I felt nervous, and my heart was beating really fast. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「beat」动词，意为「敲打；跳动」。过去式beat，过去分词beaten。现在分词beating。名词beat(敲打；节拍)。 例句：His heart was beating fast. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：beat 说明：beat (v.) = hit / strike / pound(敲打，跳动)；beat指有节奏地敲打或跳动，hit普通用词。 例句：The rain beat against the window. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：beat against(敲打；拍打)；beat up(痛打)；heart beat(心跳)；beat a drum(敲鼓)；beat time(打拍子)。 例句：The waves beat against the shore. 考点四 词义辨析：beat vs hit 说明：「beat」强调连续不断地打；「hit」指一次性击中。 例句：He beat the drum loudly. / She hit the ball with a bat. 考点五 重点用法：heart beat 说明：heart beat是固定搭配，意为「心跳」，常用于形容紧张或激动的状态。 例句：I could feel my heart beat getting faster. say to oneself 短语 暗想；自言自语 课本原句：'I'm trapped,' I said to myself. 课本原句：I told myself to calm down. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「say to oneself」动词短语，意为「暗想；自言自语」。同义短语tell oneself(告诉自己)。 例句：He said to himself that he would never give up. 考点二 同义转换：say to oneself 说明：say to oneself = think to oneself / tell oneself(暗想，自言自语)；三者含义相近。 例句：She said to herself, "Be brave." 考点三 固定搭配 说明：say to oneself(自言自语)；think to oneself(暗自思忖)；mutter to oneself(喃喃自语)。 例句：He walked along, saying to himself. 考点四 词义辨析：say to oneself vs talk to oneself 说明：「say to oneself」强调内心想法；「talk to oneself」可能指出声的自言自语。 例句：She said to herself that it was wrong. / The old man talked to himself in the street. 考点五 重点用法：过去式 said 说明：say to oneself的过去式是said to oneself，注意不规则变化。 例句：He said to himself that everything would be fine. calm /kɑːm/ vi. & vt. （使）平静，（使）镇静 课本原句：I told myself to calm down since I was still alive. 课本原句：I told myself to calm down. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「calm」形容词/动词，意为「平静的；使平静」。名词calm(平静)。副词calmly(平静地)。 例句：The sea was calm. (adj.) / She tried to calm the baby. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：calm 说明：calm (v.) = soothe / quiet / settle(使平静)；calm强调使情绪稳定，soothe强调抚慰。 例句：She calmed the angry child with a story. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：calm down(平静下来)；keep calm(保持冷静)；calm sea(平静的大海)；calm voice(平静的声音)。 例句：Please calm down and tell me what happened. 考点四 词义辨析：calm (adj.) vs calm (v.) 说明：「calm」作形容词意为「平静的」；作动词意为「使平静」。 例句：He has a calm voice. / Mother calmed the crying baby. 考点五 重点用法：calm down 说明：calm down是固定搭配，意为「平静下来」，既可及物也可不及物。 例句：The storm calmed down at midnight. calm down 短语 （使）平静 课本原句：I told myself to calm down since I was still alive. 课本原句：I told myself to calm down. 课本原句：We were watching in fear while the firemen were putting out the fire. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「calm down」动词短语，意为「（使）平静下来」。由动词calm + 副词down构成。 例句：Calm down, everything will be fine. 考点二 同义转换：calm down 说明：calm down = cool down / settle down / relax(平静下来)；calm down强调情绪稳定，cool down强调冷静。 例句：Take a deep breath and calm down. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：calm down(平静下来)；calm sb. down(使某人平静)；calm down one's anger(平息怒气)。 例句：She took a walk to calm herself down. 考点四 词义辨析：calm down vs quiet down 说明：「calm down」指情绪平静；「quiet down」指吵闹或喧哗停止。 例句：The excited crowd calmed down. / The children finally quieted down. 考点五 重点用法：祈使句常用 说明：calm down常用于祈使句，安慰或提醒他人保持冷静。 例句：Calm down! There's no need to panic. since /sɪns/ conj. 因为，既然 课本原句：I told myself to calm down since I was still alive. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「since」连词/介词/副词，意为「因为；自从」。可引导原因状语从句或时间状语从句。 例句：Since you are here, let's start. (conj.) / He has lived here since 2010. (prep.) 考点二 同义转换：since 说明：since (conj.) = as / because / now that(因为，既然)；since表示已知的原因，语气较弱。 例句：Since you are tired, you should rest. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：since then(从那时起)；ever since(自那以来)；since ... ago(自从…以来)；long since(很久以前)。 例句：He has been busy ever since. 考点四 词义辨析：since vs for 说明：「since + 时间点」与现在完成时连用；「for + 时间段」与现在完成时连用。 例句：He has lived here since 2010. / He has lived here for ten years. 考点五 重点用法：since引导原因从句 说明：since引导原因状语从句时，表示已知或显然的原因，与because相比语气较弱。 例句：Since it's raining, let's stay indoors. weak /wiːk/ adj. 虚弱的 课本原句：I cried out in a weak voice. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「weak」形容词，意为「虚弱的；弱的」。副词weakly(虚弱地)。名词weakness(弱点；虚弱)。反义词strong(强壮的)。 例句：She felt weak after the illness. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：weak 说明：weak (adj.) = feeble / frail / faint(虚弱的，无力的)；weak常用词，feeble强调年老体弱。 例句：His voice was weak with hunger. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：weak point(弱点)；weak tea(淡茶)；weak signal(微弱的信号)；feel weak(感到虚弱)。 例句：He has a weak heart and can't run fast. 考点四 词义辨析：weak vs weary 说明：「weak」指身体或力量虚弱；「weary」指疲倦的、困乏的。 例句：She was too weak to walk. / He was weary after a long day's work. 考点五 重点用法：be weak in 说明：be weak in是固定搭配，意为「在…方面薄弱/差」。 例句：He is weak in maths but strong in English. voice /vɔɪs/ n. 嗓音，说话声，唱歌声 课本原句：I cried out in a weak voice. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「voice」名词，意为「嗓音；声音」。复数voices。形容词voiced(有声的)。动词voice(表达)。合成词：voice-mail(语音邮件)。 例句：She has a beautiful voice. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：voice 说明：voice (n.) = tone / sound(声音，嗓音)；voice特指人的嗓音，tone指说话的语调。 例句：He spoke in a low voice. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in a low voice(低声地)；raise one's voice(提高嗓门)；lose one's voice(失声)；at the top of one's voice(高声地)。 例句：She lost her voice after the cold. 考点四 词义辨析：voice vs sound vs noise 说明：「voice」特指人的嗓音；「sound」泛指声音；「noise」指噪音。 例句：Her voice is sweet. / The sound of music filled the room. / Don't make so much noise. 考点五 重点用法：active voice 说明：voice在语法中表示「语态」，如active voice(主动语态)、passive voice(被动语态)。 例句：This sentence is in the active voice. except /ɪkˈsept/ prep. (=except for) 除…之外 课本原句：It was silent around me at first except the sounds of nature. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「except」介词/连词，意为「除…之外」。(=except for)。动词except(不包括)。 例句：Everyone came except Tom. (prep.) 考点二 同义转换：except 说明：except (prep.) = but / apart from / except for(除…之外)；except强调排除，besides强调包括。 例句：I have no friends except him. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：except for(除…之外)；except that(除了…之外)；except to do(除…之外不做某事)。 例句：The window was never opened except to air the room. 考点四 词义辨析：except vs besides 说明：「except」表示「除…之外(没有)」；「besides」表示「除…之外(还有)」。 例句：Everyone came except John (= John didn't come). / Besides John, Mary also came (= Mary also came). 考点五 重点用法：except for 说明：except for常用于句首或句中，引出一个例外情况，相当于but for。 例句：Except for a few spelling mistakes, the composition is good. smoke /sməʊk/ n. 烟 课本原句：I started to smell smoke. 课本原句：To protect yourself from the thick smoke, you can cover your mouth and nose with a wet piece of cloth. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「smoke」名词/动词，意为「烟；抽烟」。过去式smoked。形容词smoky(烟雾弥漫的)。 例句：Smoke came out of the chimney. (n.) / He doesn't smoke. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：smoke 说明：smoke (n.) = fume / exhaust(烟，烟尘)；smoke泛指烟，fume多指有害气体。 例句：Thick smoke filled the sky. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：thick smoke(浓烟)；no smoke without fire(无风不起浪)；cigarette smoke(香烟烟雾)；go up in smoke(化为乌有)。 例句：Their plans went up in smoke after the earthquake. 考点四 词义辨析：smoke (n.) vs smoke (v.) 说明：「smoke」作名词指烟；作动词指抽烟或冒烟。 例句：There was smoke everywhere. / He smokes a pipe. 考点五 重点用法：smoke作动词 说明：smoke作动词时意为「抽烟；冒烟」，作及物动词时意为「熏制」。 例句：He smokes twenty cigarettes a day. / The fish was smoked. burn /bɜːn/ vi.; vt. & vi. 着火；（使）烧毁，烧伤 课本原句：a burning tree fell down in front of me 课本原句：The bush fires may burn millions of square metres of land. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「burn」动词，意为「燃烧；烧伤」。过去式burnt或burned，过去分词burnt或burned。现在分词burning。形容词burning(燃烧的)。 例句：The house is on fire! (v.) / She burnt her hand. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：burn 说明：burn (v.) = blaze / flare / scorch(燃烧，烧焦)；burn常用词，blaze强调猛烈燃烧。 例句：The fire burned all night. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：burn down(烧毁)；burn up(烧尽)；burn one's hand(烫伤手)；burn a hole(烧出洞)；burning hot(炽热的)。 例句：The house was burned down in the fire. 考点四 词义辨析：burned vs burnt 说明：「burned」是规则变化；「burnt」是不规则变化。英式英语中两者通用，美式多用burned。 例句：The candle burned/burnt down. / She burned/burnt the toast. 考点五 重点用法：burn down 说明：burn down意为「烧毁；火势减弱」，可及物也可不及物。 例句：The factory was burned down. / The fire is burning down. put out 短语 扑灭，熄灭 课本原句：They finally put out the fire. 课本原句：before they are put out. 课本原句：We were watching in fear while the firemen were putting out the fire. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「put out」动词短语，意为「扑灭；熄灭；伸出」。由动词put + 副词out构成，过去式put out，过去分词put out。 例句：They put out the fire quickly. 考点二 同义转换：put out 说明：put out = extinguish / put off / douse(扑灭)；put out常用词，extinguish较正式。 例句：Firefighters put out the bush fire. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：put out the fire(灭火)；put out the light(关灯)；put out one's hand(伸出手)；put out a book(出版书籍)。 例句：She put out the candle before going to bed. 考点四 词义辨析：put out vs put off 说明：「put out」意为「扑灭；熄灭」；「put off」意为「推迟；使反感」。 例句：Please put out the fire. / Don't put off your homework. 考点五 重点用法：被动语态 说明：put out常用于被动语态：be put out，意为「被扑灭」。 例句：The fire was put out by the firemen. heavily /ˈhevɪli/ adv. 大量地 课本原句：it was snowing heavily. 课本原句：Last night there was a heavy snowstorm. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「heavily」副词，意为「大量地；重重地」。形容词heavy(重的；大量的)。合成词：heavy + ly。 例句：It was snowing heavily. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：heavily 说明：heavily (adv.) = greatly / intensely / severely(大量地，剧烈地)；heavily强调程度大。 例句：He was heavily punished for his mistake. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：snow heavily(雪下得大)；rain heavily(雨下得大)；breathe heavily(呼吸沉重)；heavily armed(重武装的)。 例句：The old man was breathing heavily. 考点四 词义辨析：heavily vs heavy 说明：「heavily」是副词，修饰动词或形容词；「heavy」是形容词，修饰名词。 例句：It is raining heavily. / There was a heavy rain last night. 考点五 重点用法：修饰动词 说明：heavily通常修饰动词，表示动作或状态的程度。 例句：She depends heavily on her parents. guess /ɡes/ vt. & vi. 猜测，估计 课本原句：Guess what I did? I built a snowman! 考点一 词形转换 说明：「guess」动词，意为「猜测；估计」。过去式guessed。名词guess(猜测)。形容词guessable(可猜测的)。 例句：Can you guess my age? (v.) 考点二 同义转换：guess 说明：guess (v.) = suppose / estimate / predict(猜测，估计)；guess指随便猜测，estimate强调精确估计。 例句：I guess it will rain tomorrow. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：guess what(猜猜看)；keep sb. guessing(让某人琢磨不定)；guess at(猜测)；a wild guess(胡乱猜测)。 例句：Guess what? I won the lottery! 考点四 词义辨析：guess vs suppose 说明：「guess」指完全无根据地猜；「suppose」指有一定根据的推测。 例句：I can only guess. / I suppose you are right. 考点五 重点用法：I guess 说明：I guess是美式英语口语，意为「我猜；我认为」，相当于I think。 例句：I guess you're right. hat /hæt/ n. （常指带檐的）帽子 课本原句：I drew a big smile on his face, put my hat on his head and took a photo. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「hat」名词，意为「帽子(常指带檐的)」。复数hats。动词hat(给…戴帽子)。合成词：red-hat(红帽子的)。 例句：He took off his hat when entering the room. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：hat 说明：hat (n.) = cap / bonnet / headgear(帽子)；hat指带檐的帽子，cap多指无檐的便帽。 例句：She wore a red hat on her head. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：wear a hat(戴帽子)；take off one's hat(脱帽)；pass the hat(募捐)；talk through one's hat(胡说八道)。 例句：He raised his hat and said hello. 考点四 词义辨析：hat vs cap 说明：「hat」指有檐的帽子；「cap」通常指无檐或只有前檐的帽子。 例句：She wore a straw hat. / He put on a baseball cap. 考点五 重点用法：a hat trick 说明：a hat trick是固定搭配，意为「帽子戏法」(一人连进三球)。 例句：The player scored a hat trick in the match. clear /klɪə(r)/ vt. 清除，清理 课本原句：Some people in the neighbourhood were clearing the snow from the streets. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「clear」形容词/动词，意为「清楚的；清除」。副词clearly(清楚地)。名词clearance(清除；空地)。 例句：The sky is clear today. (adj.) / Clear the table after dinner. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：clear 说明：clear (v.) = remove / tidy up / wipe(清除，清理)；clear指使变干净，remove指移走。 例句：The snow was cleared from the road. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：clear up(清理；放晴)；clear out(清除；离开)；clear away(清除)；clear the table(收拾桌子)；clear one's mind(清醒头脑)。 例句：Let's clear up the room before the guests arrive. 考点四 词义辨析：clear (adj.) vs clear (v.) 说明：「clear」作形容词意为「清楚的；清澈的」；作动词意为「清除；清理」。 例句：The water is clear. / Please clear the path of snow. 考点五 重点用法：clear of 说明：clear of是固定搭配，意为「清除；脱离」。 例句：Stay clear of the broken glass. policeman /pəˈliːsmən/ n. (pl. policemen) （男）警察 课本原句：The police came to check and warned us to stay away from the beach for a few days. 课本原句：After the tidal wave passed, the police checked to see if everyone was OK. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「policeman」名词，意为「(男)警察」。复数policemen(不规则变化)。阴性policewoman。合成词：police + man。 例句：The policeman helped the old lady cross the road. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：policeman 说明：policeman (n.) = police officer / officer(警察)；policeman常用词，police officer更正式。 例句：The police officer directed the traffic. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：policeman on duty(值班警察)；policeman in plain clothes(便衣警察)；call a policeman(叫警察)。 例句：She called a policeman for help. 考点四 词义辨析：policeman vs police 说明：「policeman」是可数名词，指单个警察；「police」是集合名词，指警察整体。 例句：A policeman stood at the corner. / The police are looking for the suspect. 考点五 重点用法：复数形式 说明：policeman的复数是不规则形式policemen，类似man的合成词变复数时-men。 例句：Several policemen were standing at the gate. ache /eɪk/ n. & vi. 疼痛 课本原句：headache / toothache 考点一 词形转换 说明：「ache」名词/动词，意为「疼痛」。复数aches。动词ache(疼痛；渴望)。合成词：headache(头痛)，toothache(牙痛)。 例句：I have an ache in my back. (n.) / My leg aches. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：ache 说明：ache (v./n.) = pain / hurt / sore(疼痛)；ache指持续的隐痛，pain泛指各种疼痛。 例句：She felt an ache in her stomach. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：have an ache(感到疼痛)；headache(头痛)；toothache(牙痛)；stomach ache(胃痛)；backache(背痛)。 例句：I've had a headache all morning. 考点四 词义辨析：ache vs pain 说明：「ache」指持续的隐痛或钝痛；「pain」泛指各种疼痛，可轻可重。 例句：She has a dull ache in her shoulder. / He felt a sharp pain in his chest. 考点五 重点用法：合成词 说明：ache常与身体部位合成：headache(头痛)、toothache(牙痛)、stomachache(胃痛)等。 例句：I have a terrible toothache. postman /ˈpəʊstmən/ n. (pl. postmen) 邮递员 课本原句：postman 课本原句：postcard 考点一 词形转换 说明：「postman」名词，意为「邮递员」。复数postmen(不规则变化)。同义词mailman(美式)。合成词：post + man。 例句：The postman delivers letters every day. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：postman 说明：postman (n.) = mailman / mail carrier(邮递员)；postman英式用词，mailman美式用词。 例句：The mail carrier brought the package. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：postman's knock(邮递员敲门)；postman on duty(值班邮递员)；the postman delivers(邮递员投递)。 例句：The postman rang the doorbell. 考点四 词义辨析：postman vs mailman 说明：「postman」是英式英语；「mailman」是美式英语。两者含义相同。 例句：He works as a postman in London. / He works as a mailman in New York. 考点五 重点用法：复数形式 说明：postman的复数是不规则形式postmen，类似man的合成词变复数时-men。 例句：Two postmen were sorting the letters. airport /ˈeəpɔːt/ n. 机场 课本原句：airport 考点一 词形转换 说明：「airport」名词，意为「机场」。复数airports。形容词airport-related(机场相关的)。合成词：air + port。 例句：We arrived at the airport two hours early. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：airport 说明：airport (n.) = airfield / aerodrome(机场)；airport通用词，aerodrome多用于英国旧式用法。 例句：The plane took off from the airport. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：at the airport(在机场)；airport terminal(航站楼)；airport shuttle(机场班车)；international airport(国际机场)。 例句：I'll pick you up at the airport. 考点四 词义辨析：airport vs airfield 说明：「airport」指大型民用机场；「airfield」指小型机场或军用机场。 例句：The new international airport is huge. / The small airfield was used during the war. 考点五 重点用法：合成词 说明：airport是合成名词，由air + port(港)构成，与seaport(海港)结构类似。 例句：Shanghai has two international airports. passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/ n. 护照 课本原句：passport 考点一 词形转换 说明：「passport」名词，意为「护照」。复数passports。动词passport(使…获得通行证)。合成词：pass + port。 例句：You need a passport to travel abroad. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：passport 说明：passport (n.) = travel document / visa(护照，旅行证件)；passport特指出国护照。 例句：Please show your passport at the checkpoint. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：apply for a passport(申请护照)；passport number(护照号码)；passport control(护照检查)。 例句：She applied for a passport before the trip. 考点四 词义辨析：passport vs visa 说明：「passport」是本国的出国证件；「visa」是目的国签发的入境许可。 例句：You need both a passport and a visa to travel abroad. 考点五 重点用法：a passport to 说明：a passport to是比喻用法，意为「通往…的途径」。 例句：A good education is a passport to success. close /kləʊs/ adj. 差一点儿，险些 课本原句：That was close—I nearly started a fire! 考点一 词形转换 说明：「close」形容词/动词，意为「接近的；关闭」。副词closely(紧密地)。名词closeness(接近)。 例句：The school is close to my home. (adj.) / Please close the door. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：close 说明：close (adj.) = near / nearby(近的，接近的)；close强调距离近，near普通用词。 例句：We live close to the school. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：close to(接近)；close down(关闭)；close friend(密友)；a close call(侥幸脱险)。 例句：That was a close call! We almost had an accident. 考点四 词义辨析：close vs near 说明：「close」语气更强，更强调距离的接近；「near」更通用。 例句：My house is close to the station. / The station is near my house. 考点五 重点用法：a close call 说明：a close call是固定搭配，意为「侥幸脱险；险些出事」。 例句：We had a close call when the car almost hit us. report /rɪˈpɔːt/ vi. & vt. 报道；汇报 课本原句：We will keep reporting on this developing situation. 课本原句：A news report usually starts with a lead. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「report」动词/名词，意为「报道；汇报」。过去式reported。名词report(报告)。形容词reported(据报道的)。 例句：He reported the accident to the police. (v.) / She wrote a report. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：report 说明：report (v.) = announce / inform / tell(报告，告知)；report指正式汇报，inform普通用词。 例句：The journalist reported the event live. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：report to(向…汇报)；news report(新闻报道)；report card(成绩单)；according to reports(据报道)。 例句：He reported the incident to his manager. 考点四 词义辨析：report (v.) vs report (n.) 说明：「report」作动词意为「报道；汇报」；作名词意为「报告；报道」。 例句：She reported on the earthquake. / I read the news report this morning. 考点五 重点用法：it is reported that 说明：it is reported that是固定句型，意为「据报道」，it作形式主语。 例句：It is reported that the storm will hit tomorrow. bush fire /ˈbʊʃ faɪə(r)/ n. 山林大火 课本原句：Bush fires hit parts of Australia yesterday. 课本原句：The bush fires may burn millions of square metres of land. 课本原句：The dangers of bush fires are real. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「bush fire」名词，意为「山林大火」。复数bush fires。形容词bush-fire-related(山林大火相关的)。合成词：bush + fire。 例句：Bush fires are common in Australia. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：bush fire 说明：bush fire (n.) = wildfire / forest fire(野火，山林大火)；bush fire特指灌木丛火灾，wildfire泛指野火。 例句：The bush fire spread quickly because of the strong wind. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：bush fire warning(山林大火警报)；bush fire season(山林火灾季)；hit by a bush fire(遭受山林大火)。 例句：The village was hit by a terrible bush fire. 考点四 词义辨析：bush fire vs forest fire 说明：「bush fire」特指灌木丛火灾(澳大利亚常见)；「forest fire」泛指森林大火。 例句：Bush fires are common in dry summer. 考点五 重点用法：合成名词 说明：bush fire是合成名词，中间可加连字符：bush-fire。复数加s在最后：bush fires。 例句：Hundreds of bush fires broke out across the country. so far 短语 迄今为止 课本原句：So far five people are dead, including a fireman. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「so far」副词短语，意为「迄今为止；到目前为止」。由副词so + 副词far构成。 例句：So far, so good. 考点二 同义转换：so far 说明：so far = up to now / until now / to date(迄今为止)；so far强调到目前为止。 例句：So far we have visited three cities. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：so far(迄今为止)；so far so good(到目前为止一切顺利)；as far as(就…而言)。 例句：So far so good, but more challenges lie ahead. 考点四 词义辨析：so far vs by far 说明：「so far」意为「迄今为止」；「by far」意为「最；…得多」，用于强调比较级或最高级。 例句：So far we have finished half the work. / This is by far the best. 考点五 重点用法：现在完成时 说明：so far通常与现在完成时连用，表示从过去某时到现在为止的情况。 例句：We haven't had any trouble so far. including /ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/ prep. 包括…在内 课本原句：So far five people are dead, including a fireman. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「including」介词，意为「包括…在内」。动词include(包括)。形容词inclusive(包括的)。反义词excluding(不包括)。 例句：There are ten people, including three children. (prep.) 考点二 同义转换：including 说明：including (prep.) = counting / inclusive of(包括…在内)；including强调把某些成分算在内。 例句：The price is 100 dollars, including tax. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：including sb./sth.(包括某人/某物)；not including(不包括)；including everything(包括所有)。 例句：Everyone came, including the teacher. 考点四 词义辨析：including vs included 说明：「including」放在所列举内容前；「included」放在所列举内容后，含义相同。 例句：Including the children, there are 20 people. / There are 20 people, children included. 考点五 重点用法：句中位置 说明：including引导的内容可放在名词后，也可放在句尾。 例句：Many countries, including China, have signed the agreement. sign /saɪn/ n. 标牌，指示牌 课本原句：It is also helpful to place signs around the cars to avoid another accident. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「sign」名词/动词，意为「标牌；签署」。复数signs。动词sign(签名；示意)。形容词signed(已签署的)。 例句：Follow the road signs. (n.) / He signed his name on the paper. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：sign 说明：sign (n.) = mark / signal / indication(标志，迹象)；sign指明显的标志或迹象。 例句：Dark clouds are a sign of rain. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：road sign(路标)；traffic sign(交通标志)；sign language(手语)；sign of the times(时代标志)。 例句：He showed us the no-smoking sign. 考点四 词义辨析：sign (n.) vs sign (v.) 说明：「sign」作名词指标牌或迹象；作动词指签名或示意。 例句：There is a sign on the door. / He signed the contract yesterday. 考点五 重点用法：a sign of 说明：a sign of是固定搭配，意为「…的迹象/征兆」。 例句：A red sky is a sign of fine weather. avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ vt. 避免，防止 课本原句：It is also helpful to place signs around the cars to avoid another accident. 课本原句：warned us to stay away from the beach for a few days. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「avoid」及物动词，意为「避免；防止」。过去式avoided。名词avoidance(避免)。形容词avoidable(可避免的)。 例句：Try to avoid making mistakes. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：avoid 说明：avoid (v.) = keep away from / prevent / escape(避免，防止)；avoid强调主观努力避开。 例句：You should avoid eating too much sugar. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：avoid doing sth.(避免做某事)；avoid sb./sth.(避开某人/某物)；avoided like the plague(像躲避瘟疫一样避开)。 例句：She avoided answering my question. 考点四 词义辨析：avoid vs escape 说明：「avoid」强调事先避开；「escape」强调事后逃脱。 例句：He avoided the question. / The bird escaped from the cage. 考点五 重点用法：avoid doing 说明：avoid后必须接动名词doing，不可接不定式to do。 例句：Avoid touching the broken glass. wound /wuːnd/ n. 伤，伤口 课本原句：First clean the wound. 课本原句：Tie a clean piece of cloth round the wound, and press it firmly for 10 to 15 minutes. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「wound」名词/动词，意为「伤；受伤」。复数wounds。动词wound(wound/wounded/wounding)(使受伤)。 例句：He had a deep wound on his arm. (n.) / The soldier was wounded. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：wound 说明：wound (n.) = injury / cut(伤，伤口)；wound特指刀伤或枪伤等外伤，injury泛指各种伤。 例句：The wound is healing slowly. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：treat a wound(处理伤口)；clean a wound(清洁伤口)；flesh wound(皮肉伤)；a wound to(对…的伤害)。 例句：The nurse cleaned the wound carefully. 考点四 词义辨析：wound vs injury 说明：「wound」多指刀枪等造成的伤；「injury」多指事故或运动造成的伤。 例句：He got a bullet wound. / She suffered a head injury in the crash. 考点五 重点用法：过去式特殊 说明：wound作动词时，过去式和过去分词都是wounded，不是wound(名词发音)。 例句：The soldier was wounded in the battle. bleed /bliːd/ vi. 流血，失血 课本原句：What should I do if it's bleeding? 考点一 词形转换 说明：「bleed」不及物动词，意为「流血，失血」。过去式bled，过去分词bled。现在分词bleeding。形容词bleeding(流血的)。名词bleeding(流血)。 例句：His nose is bleeding. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：bleed 说明：bleed (v.) = lose blood / hemorrhage(流血，失血)；bleed普通用词，hemorrhage医学用词。 例句：The wound is bleeding heavily. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：bleed to death(流血致死)；bleed heavily(大量出血)；nose bleeding(鼻出血)；bleed for(为…流血)。 例句：The soldier bled to death on the battlefield. 考点四 词义辨析：bleed vs blood 说明：「bleed」是动词，意为「流血」；「blood」是名词，意为「血」。 例句：He is bleeding. / There is blood on his shirt. 考点五 重点用法：过去式特殊 说明：bleed的过去式和过去分词是bled(不规则变化)，类似feed-fed-fed。 例句：She bled for her country. press /pres/ vt. & vi. 按，压 课本原句：press it firmly for 10 to 15 minutes. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「press」动词/名词，意为「按；压；新闻界」。过去式pressed。名词press(按；新闻界)。形容词pressing(紧迫的)。 例句：Please press the button. (v.) / The book is in the press. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：press 说明：press (v.) = push / squeeze / depress(按，压)；press强调持续施加压力，push强调用力推动。 例句：He pressed the doorbell. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：press the button(按按钮)；press conference(新闻发布会)；press on(继续；敦促)；press forward(奋力前进)。 例句：The minister held a press conference yesterday. 考点四 词义辨析：press (v.) vs press (n.) 说明：「press」作动词意为「按；压」；作名词意为「新闻界；出版社」。 例句：She pressed the key. / The press reported the news. 考点五 重点用法：press sb. to do 说明：press sb. to do sth.意为「催促某人做某事」。 例句：They pressed him to give an answer. firmly /ˈfɜːmli/ adv. 紧紧地 课本原句：press it firmly for 10 to 15 minutes. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「firmly」副词，意为「紧紧地；坚定地」。形容词firm(坚固的；坚定的)。合成词：firm + ly。 例句：He held her hand firmly. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：firmly 说明：firmly (adv.) = tightly / strongly / steadily(紧紧地，坚定地)；firmly强调稳固不动摇。 例句：She firmly believed he was right. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：hold firmly(紧握)；stand firmly(坚定地站立)；firmly believe(坚信)；press firmly(用力按压)。 例句：The door was firmly shut. 考点四 词义辨析：firmly vs strongly 说明：「firmly」强调动作稳定、有力；「strongly」强调程度强烈或情感强烈。 例句：He held her firmly. / I strongly recommend this book. 考点五 重点用法：修饰动词 说明：firmly通常修饰动词，表示动作的方式或态度。 例句：She said firmly that she would not give up. right away 短语 立即，马上 课本原句：If it's serious, you should go and see a doctor right away. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「right away」副词短语，意为「立即，马上」。由副词right + 副词away构成。 例句：I'll come right away. 考点二 同义转换：right away 说明：right away = immediately / at once / right now(立即，马上)；right away强调马上、不拖延。 例句：You should call the doctor right away. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：right away(立即)；right now(此刻；立刻)；right off(立即)；right here(就在这里)。 例句：He left right away after the call. 考点四 词义辨析：right away vs right now 说明：「right away」意为「立即」；「right now」既可表示「现在」也可表示「立即」，需根据语境判断。 例句：Come here right away! / I'm busy right now. 考点五 重点用法：句末位置 说明：right away通常置于句末作方式状语，强调动作的紧迫性。 例句：The doctor asked the patient to lie down right away. tidal wave /ˈtaɪdl weɪv/ n. 海啸，潮汐波 课本原句：A terrible tidal wave hit while my friends and I were playing on our local beach. 课本原句：After the tidal wave passed, the police checked to see if everyone was OK. 课本原句：it caused the tidal wave. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「tidal wave」名词，意为「海啸；潮汐波」。复数tidal waves。形容词tidal-wave-related(海啸相关的)。合成词：tidal + wave。 例句：A tidal wave can cause great damage. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：tidal wave 说明：tidal wave (n.) = tsunami / seismic sea wave(海啸)；tidal wave通用词，tsunami日语音译。 例句：The tidal wave destroyed many coastal villages. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：tidal wave warning(海啸警报)；tidal wave disaster(海啸灾难)；cause a tidal wave(引发海啸)。 例句：The tidal wave warning was issued immediately. 考点四 词义辨析：tidal wave vs tsunami 说明：「tidal wave」和「tsunami」都指海啸，含义相同，tsunami更专业，tidal wave更通俗。 例句：A tsunami is often called a tidal wave. 考点五 重点用法：合成名词 说明：tidal wave是合成名词，中间可加连字符：tidal-wave。复数加s在最后：tidal waves。 例句：The earthquake caused a massive tidal wave. warn /wɔːn/ vt. & vi. 警告，告诫 课本原句：warned us to stay away from the beach for a few days. 课本原句：They told us that there was an earthquake a few kilometres away under the sea. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「warn」动词，意为「警告，告诫」。过去式warned。名词warning(警告)。形容词warning(警告的)。 例句：I warned him not to go there. (v.) 考点二 同义转换：warn 说明：warn (v.) = caution / alert / advise(警告，提醒)；warn强调提醒危险。 例句：The weather service warned of a storm. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：warn sb. of/about(警告某人)；warn sb. not to do(警告某人不要做)；warn against(警告不要)；warning sign(警告标志)。 例句：The sign warned drivers about the danger ahead. 考点四 词义辨析：warn vs waken 说明：「warn」意为「警告」；「waken」意为「唤醒」。形近义异，注意区分。 例句：She warned me of the danger. / Please waken me at 6. 考点五 重点用法：warn sb. not to do 说明：warn sb. not to do sth.意为「警告某人不要做某事」。 例句：She warned the children not to play with fire. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $