Unit 7 重点词汇核心考点精讲 2026-2027学年八年级英语上册新教材译林版

该初中英语讲义通过词性分类表格与目录检索系统构建8AU7重点单词知识体系，将54个核心词汇按名词、动词、形容词等类别梳理，每个单词从词形转换、同义转换、固定搭配、词义辨析、重点用法五个维度展开考点精讲，清晰呈现知识脉络与重难点内在联系。 讲义亮点在于结合课本原句强化语境应用，如“wetland”通过同义转换对比marsh/swamp差异，培养语言能力。设计词义辨析如“include vs contain”引导分析比较，提升思维品质。每个考点配例句与用法提示，基础学生可掌握基础用法，优秀学生能深入拓展，支持分层复习，助力教师实施精准教学。

8AU7重点单词考点精讲 目录检索 wetland 2 include 2 non-living 3 pond 3 around 4 hold 4 return 5 get rid of 6 prevent 6 store 7 sponge 7 act 8 kidney 8 nearly 9 carbon dioxide 9 trap 10 harmful 11 therefore 11 lung 12 slow down 12 sadly 13 ton 13 harm 14 wildlife 15 topic 15 quite a few 16 noisy 16 system 17 cause 17 damage 18 north-east 18 cover 19 rare 20 red-crowned crane 20 stay 21 daytime 21 lead 22 lead to 22 mud 23 create 23 coral 24 reef 24 penguin 25 ecosystem 26 climate 26 set up 27 balanced 27 knowledge 28 wastewater 28 environment-friendly 29 sir 30 madam 30 kill 31 solve 31 environmental 32 词性分类 【名词 (n.)】wetland、pond、sponge、kidney、carbon dioxide、lung、ton、wildlife、topic、system、north-east、cover、red-crowned crane、stay、daytime、mud、coral、reef、penguin、ecosystem、climate、knowledge、wastewater、sir、madam 【动词 (v./vi./vt./linking v.)】include、around、hold、return、prevent、store、act、nearly、trap、therefore、sadly、harm、cause、damage、north-east、stay、lead、create、kill、solve 【形容词 (adj.)】non-living、harmful、noisy、north-east、rare、balanced、environment-friendly、environmental 【副词 (adv.)】around、nearly、therefore、sadly、north-east 【短语】get rid of、slow down、quite a few、lead to、set up wetland /ˈwetlænd/ n. 湿地 课本原句：Wetlands only cover about 6% of the earth's land area. 课本原句：But they are home to around 40% of all the types of plants and animals. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「wetland」可数名词，意为「湿地」。复数wetlands。合成词：wet + land。 例句：Zhalong Nature Reserve is one of the world's most important wetlands. 考点二 同义转换：wetland 说明：wetland (n.) = marsh / swamp(湿地，沼泽)；wetland泛指，marsh指草本沼泽，swamp指木本沼泽。 例句：Many birds live in wetlands like Zhalong. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：wetland ecosystem(湿地生态系统)；wetland park(湿地公园)；protect wetlands(保护湿地)；coastal wetland(沿海湿地)。 例句：We should do more to protect wetlands. 考点四 词义辨析：wetland vs forest 说明：「wetland」指土壤水饱和的区域；「forest」指树木密集的区域。两者都是重要的生态系统。 例句：Wetlands and forests both play important roles in nature. 考点五 重点用法：介词搭配 说明：wetland常用搭配in a wetland(在一片湿地中)、on the wetland(在湿地上)。 例句：Many rare birds live in this wetland. include /ɪnˈkluːd/ vt. 包括 课本原句：An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living things in an area. 课本原句：Many birds live in Zhalong all year round. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「include」及物动词，意为「包括；包含」。过去式included。名词inclusion(包含)。形容词inclusive(包括的)。 例句：The price includes breakfast. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：include 说明：include (vt.) = contain / comprise(包含，包括)；include侧重包含的部分，contain强调内容。 例句：The book includes a chapter on ecosystems. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：include ... in ...(把…包括在…中)；include sb. in(把某人包括在内)；including(包括…在内)。 例句：There are ten students, including me. 考点四 词义辨析：include vs contain 说明：「include」侧重整体中包含某些部分；「contain」侧重容器或整体中容纳、盛有。 例句：The list includes my name. The box contains books. 考点五 重点用法：including 说明：including是介词，后接名词或代词，表示「包括…在内」，常放在句尾或句中。 例句：Everyone came, including the teacher. non-living /ˌnɒn ˈlɪvɪŋ/ adj. 非生物的 课本原句：An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living things in an area. 课本原句：What are some of the non-living things in an ecosystem? 考点一 词形转换 说明：「non-living」形容词，意为「非生物的；无生命的」。合成词：non + living。 例句：Water and rocks are non-living things. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：non-living 说明：non-living (adj.) = inanimate / lifeless(无生命的)；non-living更通用，inanimate多形容无生命物体。 例句：Stones are non-living things. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：non-living things(非生物)；non-living environment(非生物环境)；non-living factors(非生物因素)。 例句：Sunlight and water are non-living things in an ecosystem. 考点四 词义辨析：non-living vs dead 说明：「non-living」指本来就无生命(如石头、水)；「dead」指曾经有生命但现在已死(如枯木)。 例句：Rocks are non-living. The fallen tree is dead. 考点五 重点用法：否定前缀 说明：前缀non-表示「非；不」。类似构词：non-stop(不停的)、non-smoking(禁烟的)、non-violent(非暴力的)。 例句：We took a non-stop flight to Beijing. pond /pɒnd/ n. 池塘 课本原句：Ecosystems can be of different sizes, from small ponds to large grasslands. 课本原句：Frogs often live near the pond. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「pond」可数名词，意为「池塘」。复数ponds。 例句：There is a small pond near the village. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：pond 说明：pond (n.) = pool(池塘，水塘)；pond多指人工或自然小池塘，pool可指任何水洼。 例句：Ducks are swimming in the pond. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：fish pond(鱼塘)；on the pond(在池塘边/在池塘里)；pond water(池塘水)；a pond of fish(一池鱼)。 例句：We sat by the pond and watched the fish. 考点四 词义辨析：pond vs lake vs pool 说明：「pond」指较小的池塘；「lake」指较大的湖泊；「pool」指水洼或泳池。 例句：a pond in a garden, a lake in the mountains, a swimming pool. 考点五 重点用法：介词搭配 说明：常用搭配by the pond(在池塘边)、in the pond(在池塘里)、on the pond(在池塘上)。 例句：Children like to play by the pond. around /əˈraʊnd/ adv. 大约；周围 课本原句：But they are home to around 40% of all the types of plants and animals. 课本原句：It covers around 71% of the earth's surface. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「around」作副词意为「大约；周围；到处」。作介词意为「在…周围；大约」。 例句：Around 100 people came to the meeting. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：around 说明：around (adv./prep.) = about(大约；在…周围)；around更口语，about作「大约」时更正式。 例句：There are around 50 students in our class. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：around the world(世界各地)；all around(到处)；look around(环顾四周)；around 50(大约50)；get around(四处走动)。 例句：We travelled around the world last summer. 考点四 词义辨析：around vs round 说明：「around」多用于美式英语；「round」多用于英式英语。两者在「周围；大约」用法上可互换。 例句：Come around/round for tea sometime. 考点五 重点用法：around作介词 说明：around作介词，表示「围绕；在…各处」，与动词搭配构成短语。 例句：We walked around the park for an hour. hold /həʊld/ vt. 容纳；拿着；举行 课本原句：It holds plenty of salt water. 课本原句：The stadium can hold 50,000 people. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「hold」多义词：作及物动词意为「容纳；拿着；举行；抓住」。作不及物动词意为「持续；有效」。过去式held。 例句：The bottle holds 500ml of water. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：hold 说明：hold (vt.) = contain(容纳)；hold (vt.) = grasp / grip(抓住)；hold (vt.) = host / conduct(举行)。 例句：The hall holds 500 people. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：hold on(稍等；坚持)；hold up(举起；延误)；hold back(阻止；退缩)；hold a meeting(举行会议)；hold on to(抓住)。 例句：Hold on, please. I'll be right back. 考点四 词义辨析：hold vs take 说明：「hold」强调握住、拿着；「take」强调拿走、带走。 例句：Hold the baby gently. Take this gift with you. 考点五 重点用法：hold作不及物 说明：hold作不及物动词表示「(信念等)成立；持续有效」。 例句：My promise still holds. return /rɪˈtɜːn/ vi. 返回，回去 课本原句：the water rises to the sky, falls onto the land and then returns to the ocean. 课本原句：The birds return to Zhalong every year. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「return」作不及物动词意为「返回；归还」。作及物动词意为「归还；回报」。名词return(返回；回报)。 例句：He returned home late. (vi.) 考点二 同义转换：return 说明：return (v.) = come back / go back(返回)；return更正式，come back更口语。 例句：Spring will return soon. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：return to(返回；恢复到)；return from(从…返回)；in return(作为回报)；return ticket(往返票)；on my return(我回来时)。 例句：I'd like to buy a return ticket to Shanghai. 考点四 词义辨析：return vs give back 说明：「return」强调回到原处或原主；「give back」强调把东西还给别人。 例句：He returned the book. Please give back my pen. 考点五 重点用法：in return 说明：「in return」是固定短语，意为「作为回报；作为交换」，常与for连用。 例句：He helped me, and I helped him in return. get rid of 短语 清除；摆脱 课本原句：Plants in wetlands help get rid of pollution and make the water clean. 课本原句：We should get rid of the rubbish in the forest. 考点一 同义转换：get rid of 说明：「get rid of」= remove / eliminate / dispose of(去除，清除)；get rid of最口语，remove和eliminate更正式。 例句：Please get rid of the old newspapers. 考点二 固定搭配 说明：get rid of(摆脱；清除)；get rid of pollution(清除污染)；get rid of rubbish(清除垃圾)。 例句：We must get rid of the pollution in the river. 考点三 词义辨析：get rid of vs throw away 说明：「get rid of」侧重摆脱、清除；「throw away」侧重扔掉、丢弃。 例句：Get rid of bad habits. Throw away the trash. 考点四 重点用法：get rid of的时态 说明：「get rid of」是固定短语，get可用got/gotten代替(过去式)；rid是形容词。 例句：He got rid of his fear of public speaking. 考点五 常用句型 说明：get rid of sth. (清除某物)；get rid of sb. (摆脱某人)。 例句：We need to get rid of the old furniture. prevent /prɪˈvent/ vt. 防止，阻止 课本原句：Wetlands can also help prevent floods. 课本原句：Now the Chinese government has made laws to prevent all these things in Zhalong. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「prevent」及物动词，意为「防止；阻止」。过去式prevented。名词prevention(防止)。形容词preventive(预防的)。 例句：We must prevent the disease from spreading. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：prevent 说明：prevent (vt.) = stop / keep ... from / avoid(阻止，防止)；prevent强调预防，stop强调阻止发生。 例句：The wall prevents the water from flooding the village. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：prevent ... from doing(阻止…做某事)；prevent the spread of(防止…扩散)；prevent an accident(防止事故)。 例句：Trees help prevent the soil from being washed away. 考点四 词义辨析：prevent vs avoid 说明：「prevent」强调阻止某事发生；「avoid」强调避免、回避(不见得成功)。 例句：We prevented the fire. I avoid eating too much. 考点五 重点用法：prevent from doing 说明：「prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.」是固定句型，from doing不可省略。 例句：The rain prevented us from going out. store /stɔː(r)/ vt. 贮存 课本原句：During heavy rains, wetlands store water like huge sponges. 课本原句：These plants store water in their leaves. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「store」作及物动词意为「贮存；储存」。作名词意为「商店；储备」。过去式stored。名词storage(储存)。 例句：Squirrels store nuts for winter. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：store 说明：store (vt.) = save / keep / put away(储存，保存)；store侧重大量储存，keep普通用法。 例句：Wetlands store water during heavy rains. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：store up(储存)；in store(准备好的；即将发生)；store ... for(为…储存)；department store(百货商店)。 例句：There is a surprise in store for you. 考点四 词义辨析：store vs save 说明：「store」侧重储存大量物品；「save」侧重节省、积攒或挽救。 例句：Store the food in a cool place. Save money for the future. 考点五 重点用法：作名词 说明：store作名词可指「商店」或「储备」，与shop(英式)用法类似但store更通用。 例句：I went to the store to buy some milk. sponge /spʌndʒ/ n. 海绵块 课本原句：During heavy rains, wetlands store water like huge sponges. 课本原句：Sponges can hold a lot of water. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「sponge」可数名词，意为「海绵；海绵状物」。复数sponges。作动词意为「用海绵擦洗」。 例句：The sponge holds water well. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：sponge 说明：sponge (n.) = foam rubber(海绵，泡沫橡胶)；sponge可指天然海绵或人造海绵。 例句：She cleaned the table with a sponge. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：sponge cake(海绵蛋糕)；sea sponge(海里的天然海绵)；sponge sth. down(用海绵擦洗)；absorbent sponge(吸水海绵)。 例句：She made a delicious sponge cake for dessert. 考点四 词义辨析：sponge vs foam 说明：「sponge」指多孔吸水的物质；「foam」指泡沫(液体中的气泡)。 例句：a wet sponge vs soap foam. 考点五 重点用法：比喻用法 说明：sponge可比喻「吸收知识的人」：like a sponge(像海绵一样吸收)。 例句：Children learn like sponges at this age. act /ækt/ vi. 起作用；行动 vt. 扮演 课本原句：They act like the "kidneys" of the earth. 课本原句：We should act now to protect the wetlands. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「act」作不及物动词意为「行动；起作用；表演」。作及物动词意为「扮演」。名词action(行动)。 例句：The medicine acts quickly. (vi.) 考点二 同义转换：act 说明：act (v.) = perform / behave(行动，表现)；act (v.) = play(扮演)；act (n.) = law(法令)。 例句：She acted in a famous movie. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：act as(充当，扮演)；act out(表演出来)；act on/upon(按照…行事)；act like(像…一样)；Act now!(现在行动！)。 例句：Wetlands act as natural filters. 考点四 词义辨析：act vs action 说明：「act」是可数名词，指具体行为；「action」是不可数名词，强调行动的过程或概念。 例句：a brave act vs take action quickly. 考点五 重点用法：act as 说明：「act as」意为「充当；担任」，后接职业或身份名词。 例句：He acts as our team leader. kidney /ˈkɪdni/ n. 肾脏 课本原句：They act like the "kidneys" of the earth. 课本原句：Human kidneys filter waste from the blood. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「kidney」可数名词，意为「肾脏」。复数kidneys。形容词kidney-shaped(肾形的)。 例句：He has a kidney problem. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：kidney 说明：kidney没有完全等同的同义词，主要用kidney bean(菜豆，肾形豆)或kidney stone(肾结石)等固定搭配。 例句：Kidney beans are red and shaped like kidneys. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：kidney bean(菜豆)；kidney stone(肾结石)；kidney failure(肾衰竭)；kidney-shaped(肾形的)。 例句：She had a kidney stone removed last year. 考点四 词义辨析：kidney vs liver 说明：「kidney」是肾脏，过滤血液；「liver」是肝脏，代谢解毒。两者都是重要器官。 例句：Kidneys and liver are both vital organs. 考点五 重点用法：比喻意义 说明：课文中kidney比喻湿地的「肾脏」功能，强调其过滤净化作用。 例句：Wetlands are like the kidneys of the earth. nearly /ˈnɪəli/ adv. 几乎，差不多，将近 课本原句：Forests make up nearly a third of the earth's land area. 课本原句：The project is nearly finished. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「nearly」副词，意为「几乎；差不多；将近」。 例句：It's nearly time for lunch. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：nearly 说明：nearly (adv.) = almost(几乎)；两者用法基本相同，nearly更常用于英式英语。 例句：It's nearly noon now. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：nearly all(几乎全部)；nearly every day(几乎每天)；not nearly(远不及；相差甚远)。 例句：Nearly all the students passed the exam. 考点四 词义辨析：nearly vs almost 说明：「nearly」与「almost」意思相近，但nearly不与never、nobody、nothing、no等否定词连用，almost可以。 例句：Almost nobody came. (对) Nearly nobody came. (错) 考点五 重点用法：not nearly 说明：「not nearly」意为「远不是；远不及」，相当于far from。 例句：The job is not nearly as easy as you think. carbon dioxide /ˌkɑːbən daɪˈɒksaɪd/ n. 二氧化碳 课本原句：Plants there take in carbon dioxide from the air and produce oxygen. 课本原句：Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「carbon dioxide」合成名词，意为「二氧化碳」。化学式CO₂。 例句：Plants need carbon dioxide to grow. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：carbon dioxide 说明：carbon dioxide没有完全等同的同义词；常用缩写CO₂。 例句：CO₂ levels are rising in the atmosphere. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：carbon dioxide emissions(二氧化碳排放)；absorb carbon dioxide(吸收二氧化碳)；carbon dioxide level(二氧化碳浓度)。 例句：Trees help absorb carbon dioxide from the air. 考点四 词义辨析：carbon dioxide vs carbon monoxide 说明：「carbon dioxide」是CO₂，二氧化碳，无毒但导致温室效应；「carbon monoxide」是CO，一氧化碳，有毒。 例句：CO₂ and CO are different gases. 考点五 重点用法：缩写CO₂ 说明：在科学和环保话题中常缩写为CO₂。注意carbon和dioxide是合成词的一部分。 例句：We should reduce CO₂ emissions to fight climate change. trap /træp/ vt. 吸收；使落入险境 课本原句：They also trap harmful things in their leaves and help clean the air. 课本原句：Hunters used to trap animals in the forest. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「trap」作及物动词意为「吸收；使落入险境；困住」。作名词意为「陷阱；圈套」。过去式trapped。 例句：The leaves trap dust and pollutants. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：trap 说明：trap (vt.) = capture / catch(捕获，困住)；trap侧重用陷阱困住。 例句：Don't trap the bird in the cage. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：trap ... in(把…困在…里)；fall into a trap(落入陷阱)；set a trap(设陷阱)；speed trap(超速监控区)。 例句：He fell into a trap set by the hunter. 考点四 词义辨析：trap vs catch 说明：「trap」强调用陷阱或巧妙手段困住；「catch」侧重用手或工具抓住。 例句：We trapped the mouse. I caught the ball. 考点五 重点用法：trap作名词 说明：trap作名词「陷阱」与动词同形，常用搭配set a trap(设陷阱)。 例句：They set a trap to catch the fox. harmful /ˈhɑːmfl/ adj. 有害的 课本原句：They also trap harmful things in their leaves and help clean the air. 课本原句：Pollution is harmful to wildlife. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「harmful」形容词，意为「有害的」。比较级more harmful，最高级most harmful。名词harm(伤害)。 例句：Smoking is harmful to health. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：harmful 说明：harmful (adj.) = damaging / dangerous / bad(有害的)；harmful是harm + -ful派生。 例句：Carbon dioxide in large amounts is harmful. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：harmful to(对…有害)；harmful effects(有害影响)；harmful substances(有害物质)；harmful gases(有害气体)。 例句：Some factories release harmful gases into the air. 考点四 词义辨析：harmful vs harmless 说明：「harmful」有害的；「harmless」无害的。两者为反义词，均为形容词。 例句：Some snakes are harmful, but others are harmless. 考点五 重点用法：harm的派生 说明：harm (n./v.) → harmful (adj.) → harmless (adj.)。注意拼写：harmful中m不变，harmless中m也不变。 例句：Don't be afraid; this snake is harmless. therefore /ˈðeəfɔː(r)/ adv. 因此 课本原句：Therefore, people often call forests the "lungs" of the earth. 课本原句：He was late; therefore, he missed the meeting. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「therefore」副词，意为「因此；所以」。 例句：It was raining; therefore we stayed home. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：therefore 说明：therefore (adv.) = so / thus / as a result / hence(因此，所以)；therefore较正式，so最口语。 例句：I was tired, therefore I went to bed early. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：therefore + clause(因此…)；therefore常放主谓之间或句尾。 例句：He studied hard and therefore passed the exam. 考点四 词义辨析：therefore vs so 说明：「therefore」是较正式的连接副词，可前后用逗号；「so」是连词，连接两个分句。 例句：It was raining, therefore we stayed home. / It was raining, so we stayed home. 考点五 重点用法：therefore的位置 说明：therefore通常放在句首或主谓之间，用逗号隔开，相当于连接副词。 例句：Therefore, we should protect the environment. lung /lʌŋ/ n. 肺 课本原句：Therefore, people often call forests the "lungs" of the earth. 课本原句：Smoking can damage your lungs. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「lung」可数名词，意为「肺；肺脏」。复数lungs。形容词lunged(有…肺的)。 例句：He has strong lungs from running. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：lung 说明：lung没有直接同义词，常用搭配iron lung(铁肺，人工呼吸器)等。 例句：Forests are the lungs of the earth. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：lung cancer(肺癌)；lung capacity(肺活量)；have good lungs(肺活量大)；the lungs of(…的肺，比喻)。 例句：The forests act as the lungs of the earth. 考点四 词义辨析：lung vs kidney vs liver 说明：「lung」是肺，呼吸器官；「kidney」是肾，过滤器官；「liver」是肝，代谢器官。 例句：Lungs help us breathe, kidneys filter blood, liver processes food. 考点五 重点用法：比喻用法 说明：课文中lung比喻森林的「肺」功能，强调其产生氧气的作用。 例句：We must protect the lungs of the earth — the forests. slow down 短语 (使)慢下来 课本原句：It plays an important role in slowing down climate change. 课本原句：Drivers should slow down in bad weather. 考点一 同义转换：slow down 说明：「slow down」= slow up / decelerate(放慢，降低速度)；slow down最常用。 例句：Please slow down; the road is icy. 考点二 固定搭配 说明：slow down(慢下来)；slow down climate change(减缓气候变化)；slow down the pace(放慢节奏)。 例句：We need to slow down climate change. 考点三 词义辨析：slow down vs speed up 说明：「slow down」意为放慢、减速；「speed up」意为加速、加快。两者为反义短语。 例句：The car slowed down. The car sped up. 考点四 重点用法：可分动词短语 说明：「slow down」是动副短语，可分开使用：slow ... down/慢…下来。 例句：Slow the car down at the crossing. 考点五 常用句型 说明：slow down + 名词(使…慢下来)；slow down + doing(慢下来做某事)。 例句：Slow down when you cross the street. sadly /ˈsædli/ adv. 不幸地；悲伤地 课本原句：Sadly, we're facing a serious problem: ocean pollution. 课本原句：She looked at him sadly and said goodbye. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「sadly」副词，意为「不幸地；悲伤地；令人遗憾地」。形容词sad(悲伤的)。名词sadness(悲伤)。 例句：Sadly, he lost his wallet. (adv.) 考点二 同义转换：sadly 说明：sadly (adv.) = unfortunately / regretfully(遗憾地，不幸地)；sadly侧重情绪上的悲伤。 例句：Sadly, the beautiful forest was destroyed. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：sadly say(悲伤地说)；sadly for sb.(对某人来说不幸的是)；shake one's head sadly(悲伤地摇头)。 例句：Sadly for him, his team lost the game. 考点四 词义辨析：sadly vs unfortunately 说明：「sadly」含悲伤色彩；「unfortunately」只表遗憾，不含悲伤。 例句：Sadly, she passed away. (悲伤) Unfortunately, I'm busy. (遗憾) 考点五 重点用法：句首修饰全句 说明：「sadly」放在句首作插入语，修饰整个句子，相当于令人遗憾的是…。 例句：Sadly, many animals lose their homes every year. ton /tʌn/ n. 吨 课本原句：There are millions of tons of plastic in the ocean. 课本原句：The truck weighs two tons. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「ton」可数名词，意为「吨」。复数tons。常用单位：1 ton = 1000 kg(公吨)或2000 lbs(英吨)。 例句：The ship weighs 500 tons. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：ton 说明：ton (n.) = metric ton / tonne(公吨)；英式英语tonne更正式。 例句：The factory produces 100 tons of waste daily. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：tons of(大量的；许多)；half a ton(半吨)；a ton of(一吨；大量)；in tons(以吨为单位)。 例句：There are tons of fish in the sea. 考点四 词义辨析：ton vs tonne 说明：「ton」是通用单位；「tonne」专门指公吨(1000 kg)；「short ton」是美吨(2000 lbs)。 例句：A tonne equals 1000 kilograms. 考点五 重点用法：tons of 说明：「tons of」是固定短语，意为「许多；大量」，后可接可数或不可数名词。 例句：I have tons of homework to do. harm /hɑːm/ vt. & vi. 伤害，损害 课本原句：the plastic will harm the [balance] of the ocean ecosystem. 课本原句：Pollution can harm wildlife. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「harm」作动词意为「伤害；损害」。作名词意为「伤害；损害」。过去式harmed。形容词harmful / harmful / harmless。 例句：Smoking harms your health. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：harm 说明：harm (v.) = damage / hurt / injure(伤害，损害)；harm可指抽象或具体的伤害。 例句：Don't harm the environment. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：do harm to(对…有害)；come to no harm(没受到伤害)；harm oneself(伤害自己)；out of harm's way(远离危险)。 例句：Exercise won't do harm to your health. 考点四 词义辨析：harm vs hurt vs damage 说明：「harm」多指抽象或道德上的伤害；「hurt」多指肉体或感情上的疼痛；「damage」多指物品的损坏。 例句：Pollution harms the environment. The fall hurt his leg. The storm damaged the house. 考点五 重点用法：harm作名词 说明：harm作名词常与do搭配：do harm to(对…造成伤害)。 例句：Too much sugar will do harm to your body. wildlife /ˈwaɪldlaɪf/ n. 野生生物 课本原句：The area provides food and cover for a lot of wildlife. 课本原句：We should protect wildlife in nature reserves. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「wildlife」不可数名词，意为「野生生物；野生动物」。合成词：wild + life。 例句：Wildlife is important for the ecosystem. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：wildlife 说明：wildlife (n.) = wild animals / wild creatures(野生生物)；wildlife是统称，作主语时谓语用单数。 例句：Wildlife needs our protection. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：wildlife protection(野生动物保护)；wildlife reserve(野生动物保护区)；wildlife park(野生动物园)；wildlife habitat(野生动植物栖息地)。 例句：China has many wildlife reserves. 考点四 词义辨析：wildlife vs animal 说明：「wildlife」统称野生生物(包括动物和植物的野生状态)；「animal」指动物(包括家养)。 例句：wildlife in the forest vs domestic animals. 考点五 重点用法：主谓一致 说明：wildlife是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 例句：Wildlife is being threatened by pollution. topic /ˈtɒpɪk/ n. 话题 课本原句：We made the forest the topic of this class. 课本原句：Climate change is a hot topic. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「topic」可数名词，意为「话题；题目」。复数topics。形容词topical(时下关注的；主题的)。 例句：Let's discuss this topic. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：topic 说明：topic (n.) = subject / theme / issue(话题，主题)；topic指谈话的题目，subject较正式。 例句：Environment protection is today's topic. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：topic sentence(主题句)；on the topic of(关于…话题)；change the topic(改变话题)；topic of conversation(谈话主题)。 例句：Let's change the topic; this is too sad. 考点四 词义辨析：topic vs theme 说明：「topic」指具体讨论的话题；「theme」指文章或作品的主题思想。 例句：a topic of discussion vs the theme of the novel. 考点五 重点用法：on the topic of 说明：「on the topic of」是固定短语，意为「关于…的话题」。 例句：We had a long talk on the topic of wildlife protection. quite a few 短语 相当多，不少 课本原句：Quite a few desert plants also give animals food. 课本原句：Quite a few students joined the eco-club. 考点一 同义转换：quite a few 说明：「quite a few」= quite a lot of / several / many(相当多，许多)；quite a few只修饰可数名词。 例句：There are quite a few birds in the wetland. 考点二 固定搭配 说明：quite a few + 可数名词复数(相当多的…)；quite a few people(相当多的人)。 例句：Quite a few people came to the meeting. 考点三 词义辨析：quite a few vs quite a little 说明：「quite a few」修饰可数名词；「quite a little」修饰不可数名词。 例句：quite a few books (许多书) vs quite a little water (相当多的水) 考点四 重点用法：quite a few of 说明：「quite a few of」后接代词或带the的名词。 例句：Quite a few of my friends like hiking. 考点五 常用句型 说明：quite a few + 名词(许多…)；Quite a few ... + 谓语(有许多…)。 例句：Quite a few problems remain unsolved. noisy /ˈnɔɪzi/ adj. 充满噪声的，吵闹的 课本原句：The deep ocean isn't noisy. 课本原句：The classroom is too noisy. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「noisy」形容词，意为「吵闹的；嘈杂的；喧闹的」。比较级noisier，最高级noisiest。名词noise(噪声)。 例句：The street is noisy at night. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：noisy 说明：noisy (adj.) = loud / rowdy(吵闹的)；noisy形容环境嘈杂，loud形容声音大。 例句：The children are noisy in the playground. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：noisy classroom(吵闹的教室)；noisy street(吵闹的街道)；noisy neighbours(吵闹的邻居)；a noisy environment(嘈杂的环境)。 例句：I don't like the noisy environment in the city. 考点四 词义辨析：noisy vs loud 说明：「noisy」形容环境充满噪声；「loud」形容声音或动作大。 例句：a noisy party vs a loud voice. 考点五 重点用法：反义词 说明：noisy (adj.) ↔ quiet / silent(安静的)；noisy的名词形式是noise(噪声)。 例句：Please be quiet; the baby is sleeping. system /ˈsɪstəm/ n. 系统；体系 课本原句：You might hear about the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the largest coral reef system on earth. 课本原句：Our school has a new computer system. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「system」可数名词，意为「系统；体系；制度」。复数systems。形容词systematic(系统的)。副词systematically(系统地)。 例句：The education system needs reform. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：system 说明：system (n.) = network / setup(系统，体系)；system强调整体，network强调网络。 例句：Our solar system is huge. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：nervous system(神经系统)；solar system(太阳系)；computer system(计算机系统)；ecosystem(生态系统)；operating system(操作系统)。 例句：The coral reef is part of an ecosystem. 考点四 词义辨析：system vs method 说明：「system」强调完整的系统；「method」强调做某事的方法。 例句：a new system for managing data vs a teaching method. 考点五 重点用法：system的派生词 说明：systematic (adj.) = 有系统的；systematically (adv.) = 系统地。 例句：He works in a systematic way. cause /kɔːz/ vt. 使发生，造成 课本原句：this causes corals to die slowly. 课本原句：Smoking causes cancer. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「cause」作及物动词意为「造成；导致」。作名词意为「原因；事业」。过去式caused。 例句：Heavy rain caused the flood. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：cause 说明：cause (vt.) = bring about / lead to / result in(导致，造成)；cause最通用。 例句：Pollution causes many diseases. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：cause damage(造成损害)；cause problems(引起问题)；cause sb. to do(使某人做某事)；root cause(根本原因)。 例句：Carelessness caused the accident. 考点四 词义辨析：cause vs reason 说明：「cause」指直接原因(cause of)；「reason」指解释或理由(reason for)。 例句：the cause of the fire vs the reason for his absence. 考点五 重点用法：cause sb. to do 说明：「cause sb. to do sth.」意为「使某人做某事」，cause后接sb.+to do结构。 例句：The news caused her to cry. damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ vt. 损害，毁坏 课本原句：Rubbish causes pollution and damages the forest ecosystem. 课本原句：The storm damaged many houses. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「damage」作及物动词意为「损害；毁坏」。作不可数名词意为「损害；损失」。过去式damaged。 例句：The fire damaged the building. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：damage 说明：damage (vt.) = harm / hurt / destroy(损害，毁坏)；damage侧重部分损坏。 例句：The flood damaged the crops. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：do damage to(对…造成损害)；brain damage(脑损伤)；damage control(损害控制)；cause damage(造成损害)。 例句：Smoking does great damage to your lungs. 考点四 词义辨析：damage vs destroy 说明：「damage」指部分损坏，可修复；「destroy」指彻底毁坏，无法修复。 例句：The car was damaged. The city was destroyed by the war. 考点五 重点用法：damage作名词 说明：damage作不可数名词时，常用do damage to结构；作可数名词damages指「损害赔偿金」。 例句：He claimed $10,000 in damages. north-east /ˌnɔːθ ˈiːst/ n. 东北 adj. 东北方的 adv. 向东北方 课本原句：Zhalong Nature Reserve is in Heilongjiang Province in the north-east of China. 课本原句：The north-east part of the country is cold. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「north-east」可作名词(东北)、形容词(东北的)、副词(向东北)。复合词：north + east。 例句：Harbin is in the north-east of China. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：north-east 说明：north-east (n.) = NE(东北)；英文中常用NE缩写表示方位。 例句：The wind is blowing from the NE. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in the north-east of(在…的东北)；to the north-east(向东北)；north-east wind(东北风)。 例句：Beijing is in the north-east of China. 考点四 词义辨析：方位词 说明：常见方位词：north(北)、south(南)、east(东)、west(西)；复合方位：north-east(东北)、south-west(西南)等。 例句：compass directions: N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE, SW. 考点五 重点用法：写法 说明：复合方位词通常加连字符：north-east(英式)、northeast(美式)。 例句：The school is in the north-east of the city. cover /ˈkʌvə(r)/ n. 躲避处；罩子 课本原句：The area provides food and cover for a lot of wildlife. 课本原句：Put a cover over the machine. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「cover」作及物动词意为「覆盖；包括；采访」。作名词意为「覆盖物；罩子；躲避处」。 例句：Snow covered the ground. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：cover 说明：cover (vt.) = protect / hide(覆盖，遮盖)；cover (n.) = shelter / protection(躲避处)。 例句：The book covers many topics. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：cover ... with(用…覆盖…)；take cover(躲避)；under cover(在隐蔽处)；book cover(书皮)；cover story(封面故事)。 例句：We took cover under the tree during the storm. 考点四 词义辨析：cover vs include 说明：「cover」强调范围、面积；「include」强调内容、组成。 例句：The report covers all topics. The price includes breakfast. 考点五 重点用法：cover作名词 说明：cover作名词「躲避处」多用于野生动物语境中，强调提供隐蔽场所。 例句：The bushes provide cover for small animals. rare /reə(r)/ adj. 稀罕的，珍贵的 课本原句：It is home to some rare birds. 课本原句：Snow is rare in this area. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「rare」形容词，意为「稀有的；罕见的；珍贵的」。比较级rarer，最高级rarest。副词rarely(很少)。 例句：It is a rare bird. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：rare 说明：rare (adj.) = uncommon / scarce / unusual(稀有的，罕见的)；rare更强调珍贵性。 例句：Pandas are rare animals. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：rare bird(珍稀鸟类)；rare species(珍稀物种)；rare earth(稀土)；rare occurrence(罕见事件)。 例句：Many rare species live in Zhalong Nature Reserve. 考点四 词义辨析：rare vs scarce 说明：「rare」指种类少、稀少；「scarce」指数量不足、不够用。 例句：a rare stamp (稀有的邮票) vs water is scarce here (这里的水不足) 考点五 重点用法：rarely用法 说明：rarely是副词，意为「很少；难得」，置于句首时句子部分倒装。 例句：Rarely do we see such beautiful birds. red-crowned crane /ˌred kraʊnd kreɪn/ n. 丹顶鹤 课本原句：about 20% of red-crowned cranes live in Zhalong. 课本原句：Red-crowned cranes are rare birds in China. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「red-crowned crane」合成名词，意为「丹顶鹤」。复数red-crowned cranes。 例句：The red-crowned crane is a symbol of luck. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：red-crowned crane 说明：red-crowned crane没有完全等同的同义词；学名Grus japonensis。 例句：The red-crowned crane is also called the Japanese crane. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：red-crowned crane habitat(丹顶鹤栖息地)；protect red-crowned cranes(保护丹顶鹤)；red-crowned crane reserve(丹顶鹤保护区)。 例句：Zhalong is a famous red-crowned crane reserve. 考点四 词义辨析：red-crowned crane vs crane 说明：「crane」是鹤的总称；「red-crowned crane」特指丹顶鹤。 例句：Many crane species live in China. 考点五 重点用法：合成名词写法 说明：合成名词多个形容词+中心词时，全部用单数，用连字符连接。 例句：The red-crowned crane is a beautiful bird. stay /steɪ/ n. 停留，逗留 v. 停留；保持 课本原句：Many birds live in Zhalong all year round, while some go there only for a short stay. 课本原句：I will stay with my grandparents during the holiday. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「stay」作名词意为「停留；逗留」。作动词意为「停留；保持」。过去式stayed。 例句：We enjoyed our stay in Beijing. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：stay 说明：stay (v.) = remain / keep(保持，停留)；stay (n.) = visit / stop(逗留)。 例句：Please stay calm and don't panic. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：stay up(熬夜)；stay with(与…在一起)；stay in(待在家)；stay at(住在)；short stay(短暂停留)。 例句：Don't stay up too late on school nights. 考点四 词义辨析：stay vs remain 说明：「stay」多指短期停留；「remain」多指保持原状或剩下。 例句：He stayed at a hotel. Few people remained after the meeting. 考点五 重点用法：stay作系动词 说明：stay作系动词后接形容词，表示保持某种状态。 例句：Stay calm and think carefully. daytime /ˈdeɪtaɪm/ n. 白天 课本原句：Most birds are active in the daytime, so you can easily watch them there. 课本原句：Bats sleep during the daytime. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「daytime」不可数名词，意为「白天；白昼」。合成词：day + time。 例句：Birds are active in the daytime. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：daytime 说明：daytime (n.) = day / daylight(白天)；daytime与night相对，强调白天的时段。 例句：The park is busier in the daytime. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：in the daytime(在白天)；during the daytime(白天期间)；daytime hours(白天时间)；daytime TV(白天的电视节目)。 例句：Most people work in the daytime and rest at night. 考点四 词义辨析：daytime vs day 说明：「daytime」强调白天的时段(对比晚上)；「day」可指一整天(24小时)或白天。 例句：in the daytime (白天) vs a whole day (一整天) 考点五 重点用法：介词搭配 说明：常用搭配in the daytime, during the daytime；与by day, in the day意思相近。 例句：Owls sleep in the daytime and hunt at night. lead /liːd/ vt. 造成(后果)；领导 课本原句：This will lead to less space for wildlife. 课本原句：She will lead the team in the project. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「lead」多义词：作及物动词意为「领导；导致；引导」。作不及物动词意为「领路；通向」。过去式led。 例句：He led the team to victory. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：lead 说明：lead (vt.) = guide / direct(领导，引导)；lead (vt.) = cause(导致)。 例句：The guide led us through the forest. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：lead to(导致；通向)；lead a ... life(过着…的生活)；take the lead(带头)；lead the way(领路)。 例句：Pollution can lead to many diseases. 考点四 词义辨析：lead to vs result in 说明：「lead to」强调一步步导致；「result in」强调最终结果。 例句：Smoking leads to lung cancer. The accident resulted in three deaths. 考点五 重点用法：lead的时态 说明：lead - led - led(过去-过去分词)。注意lead作名词意为「铅」时发音不同。 例句：He led the discussion well. (vt.) lead to 短语 导致 课本原句：This will lead to less space for wildlife. 课本原句：Careless driving can lead to accidents. 考点一 同义转换：lead to 说明：「lead to」= cause / result in / bring about(导致，造成)；lead to强调因果链。 例句：Hard work leads to success. 考点二 固定搭配 说明：lead to + 名词/V-ing(导致…)；lead to trouble(招致麻烦)；lead to success(带来成功)。 例句：Eating too much sugar leads to health problems. 考点三 词义辨析：lead to vs lead into 说明：「lead to」强调因果关系或通向某地；「lead into」强调引入或通向内部。 例句：Hard work leads to success. The door leads into the garden. 考点四 重点用法：lead to后接 说明：lead to后接名词或动名词(v-ing)，不接不定式。 例句：Stress can lead to heart disease. 考点五 常用句型 说明：lead to + 名词(导致某事)；lead to + doing(导致做某事)。 例句：His carelessness led to his failure. mud /mʌd/ n. 泥，淤泥，泥浆 课本原句：The mud and sand from the [Yangtze River] and the Yangtze River formed the area. 课本原句：My shoes are covered in mud. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「mud」不可数名词，意为「泥；泥浆；淤泥」。形容词muddy(泥泞的)。 例句：After the rain, the path was full of mud. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：mud 说明：mud (n.) = dirt / clay / soil(泥，泥土)；mud侧重湿泥、泥浆。 例句：The car got stuck in the mud. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：mud flat(泥滩)；mud bath(泥浴)；stuck in the mud(陷在泥里)；throw mud at(诽谤)。 例句：The wheels are stuck in the mud. 考点四 词义辨析：mud vs dirt 说明：「mud」指湿的泥；「dirt」泛指泥土、污垢，可干可湿。 例句：mud on shoes vs dirt on hands. 考点五 重点用法：muddy的派生 说明：mud → muddy (adj.) = 泥泞的；多泥的。注意y变i+ed规则：muddy → muddier → muddiest。 例句：The football field was muddy after the rain. create /kriˈeɪt/ vt. 创建，创造 课本原句：Governments can do this by creating laws to stop people from [building] on wetlands. 课本原句：They created a nature reserve for the birds. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「create」及物动词，意为「创造；创建；造成」。过去式created。名词creation(创造；创作物)。形容词creative(创造性的)。 例句：He created a beautiful garden. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：create 说明：create (vt.) = make / produce / invent(创造，创建)；create强调从无到有的创造。 例句：The artist created a wonderful painting. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：create jobs(创造就业机会)；create problems(制造问题)；create a new world(创造新世界)；create an account(创建账户)。 例句：The new factory will create many jobs. 考点四 词义辨析：create vs make 说明：「create」强调创造性的创作；「make」是通用词，可指任何制作。 例句：create music vs make a cake. 考点五 重点用法：creative的派生 说明：create → creative (adj.) = 有创造力的；creatively (adv.) = 创造性地；creator (n.) = 创造者。 例句：She is a very creative designer. coral /ˈkɒrəl/ n. 珊瑚 课本原句：However, corals are living things. 课本原句：Coral reefs are home to many sea animals. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「coral」可数名词，意为「珊瑚」。形容词coral(珊瑚色的)。 例句：The divers saw beautiful coral. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：coral 说明：coral (n.) 没有完全等同的同义词；相关词coral reef(珊瑚礁)。 例句：Coral is found in warm, shallow seas. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：coral reef(珊瑚礁)；coral island(珊瑚岛)；coral pink(珊瑚粉)；Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁)。 例句：The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system. 考点四 词义辨析：coral vs reef 说明：「coral」指珊瑚(动物)；「reef」指礁(地理形态)；珊瑚和礁常一起出现。 例句：Corals form reefs in the ocean. 考点五 重点用法：coral作形容词 说明：coral也作形容词「珊瑚色的」，尤指珊瑚粉红色。 例句：She wore a coral dress to the party. reef /riːf/ n. 礁 课本原句：You might hear about the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. 课本原句：The boat crashed into a reef. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「reef」可数名词，意为「礁；暗礁」。复数reefs。 例句：Many fish live around the reef. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：reef 说明：reef (n.) = rock formation(礁石)；reef特指水面附近的礁。 例句：The reef is dangerous for ships. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：coral reef(珊瑚礁)；barrier reef(堡礁)；Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁)；reef knot(平结)；artificial reef(人工礁)。 例句：Australia's Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef. 考点四 词义辨析：reef vs rock 说明：「reef」指水面附近的礁；「rock」泛指岩石，可大可小。 例句：The boat hit a reef. He threw a rock into the lake. 考点五 重点用法：作动词 说明：「reef」作动词意为「收帆」，航海术语。 例句：The sailors reefed the sails during the storm. penguin /ˈpeŋɡwɪn/ n. 企鹅 课本原句：The ice is home to animals like polar bears and penguins. 课本原句：Penguins cannot fly but they swim well. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「penguin」可数名词，意为「企鹅」。复数penguins。 例句：Emperor penguins are the largest. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：penguin 说明：penguin没有直接同义词；学名Spheniscidae。 例句：Penguins live mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：emperor penguin(帝企鹅)；king penguin(王企鹅)；Adélie penguin(阿德利企鹅)；penguin habitat(企鹅栖息地)。 例句：Emperor penguins live in Antarctica. 考点四 词义辨析：penguin vs polar bear 说明：「penguin」是企鹅(鸟类，不能飞)；「polar bear」是北极熊(哺乳动物)。两者都生活在寒冷地区。 例句：Penguins live in Antarctica; polar bears live in the Arctic. 考点五 重点用法：发音 说明：penguin发音注意：/ˈpeŋɡwɪn/，-guin部分不要漏掉g音。 例句：Children love watching penguins waddle. ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ n. 生态系统 课本原句：An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living things in an area. 课本原句：Forests, oceans and wetlands are all ecosystems. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「ecosystem」可数名词，意为「生态系统」。复数ecosystems。合成词：eco- + system。 例句：Wetlands are a type of ecosystem. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：ecosystem 说明：ecosystem (n.) = ecological system(生态系统)；ecosystem是ecological system的简写。 例句：We should protect the marine ecosystem. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：marine ecosystem(海洋生态系统)；forest ecosystem(森林生态系统)；balanced ecosystem(平衡的生态系统)；ecosystem service(生态系统服务)。 例句：Coral reefs are part of a marine ecosystem. 考点四 词义辨析：ecosystem vs environment 说明：「ecosystem」强调生物与环境相互作用的系统；「environment」泛指周围的环境。 例句：marine ecosystem vs marine environment. 考点五 重点用法：eco-前缀 说明：前缀eco-表示「生态」。相关词：ecology(生态学)、ecological(生态的)、ecologist(生态学家)。 例句：Eco-tourism is becoming popular. climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. 气候 课本原句：It plays an important role in slowing down climate change. 课本原句：Climate change is a global issue. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「climate」可数名词，意为「气候」。复数climates。形容词climatic(气候的)。 例句：The climate here is mild. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：climate 说明：climate (n.) = weather pattern(气候，气象规律)；climate指长期气候，weather指短期天气。 例句：The climate in the north is cold. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：climate change(气候变化)；tropical climate(热带气候)；climate control(气候控制)；global climate(全球气候)。 例句：Climate change affects everyone on earth. 考点四 词义辨析：climate vs weather 说明：「climate」指长期的气候(地区性)；「weather」指短期的天气(每日变化)。 例句：a dry climate vs rainy weather today. 考点五 重点用法：形容词派生 说明：climate → climatic (adj.) = 气候的。climate change是高频短语。 例句：We need to take action against climate change. set up 短语 建立 课本原句：They can set up [signs] to help keep wetlands free from pollution. 课本原句：We set up a nature club last year. 考点一 同义转换：set up 说明：「set up」= establish / found / build(建立，成立)；set up最通用。 例句：They set up a new school in the village. 考点二 固定搭配 说明：set up(建立；设立)；set up a company(成立公司)；set up a meeting(安排会议)；set up an example(树立榜样)。 例句：Let's set up a time for the meeting. 考点三 词义辨析：set up vs build 说明：「set up」侧重机构、组织、制度的建立；「build」侧重建筑物或具体的建设。 例句：set up a company vs build a house. 考点四 重点用法：可分动词短语 说明：「set up」是动副短语，可分开使用：set ... up(建立…)。 例句：Set the new team up properly. 考点五 常用句型 说明：set up + 名词(建立…)；set up to do(准备好做某事)。 例句：He set up a business to sell eco-friendly products. balanced /ˈbælənst/ adj. 保持平衡的 课本原句：plant wetland trees to keep the [environment] balanced. 课本原句：A balanced diet is important for health. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「balanced」形容词，意为「平衡的；均衡的」。动词balance(平衡)。过去式balanced。 例句：He has a balanced lifestyle. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：balanced 说明：balanced (adj.) = even / steady / well-balanced(平衡的)；balanced强调各方均衡。 例句：She has a balanced diet. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：balanced diet(均衡饮食)；balanced life(平衡的生活)；balanced ecosystem(平衡的生态系统)；well-balanced(很好的平衡)。 例句：Eating a balanced diet is good for your health. 考点四 词义辨析：balanced vs steady 说明：「balanced」强调各方均衡；「steady」强调稳定不变。 例句：a balanced meal vs a steady income. 考点五 重点用法：unbalanced 说明：balanced (adj.) ↔ unbalanced (adj.) = 不平衡的；保持生态平衡常用keep ... balanced。 例句：Pollution can make the ecosystem unbalanced. knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ n. 知识 课本原句：Education and knowledge are useful tools to help keep forests safe. 课本原句：Knowledge is power. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「knowledge」不可数名词，意为「知识；学问」。形容词knowledgeable(知识渊博的)。动词know(知道)。 例句：He has a wide knowledge of history. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：knowledge 说明：knowledge (n.) = learning / information / wisdom(知识，学问)；knowledge指系统的知识。 例句：Books give us knowledge. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：general knowledge(常识)；common knowledge(众所周知)；knowledge of(关于…的知识)；gain knowledge(获得知识)；in-depth knowledge(深入的知识)。 例句：He has good knowledge of computers. 考点四 词义辨析：knowledge vs information 说明：「knowledge」指通过学习获得的系统知识；「information」指各种信息、消息。 例句：scientific knowledge vs news information. 考点五 重点用法：发音 说明：knowledge发音时k不发音：/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/。注意w也要轻读或省略。 例句：Knowledge is the key to success. wastewater /ˈweɪstwɔːtə(r)/ n. 废水 课本原句：Also, wastewater from factories and houses travels to the ocean. 课本原句：Wastewater should be treated before being released. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「wastewater」不可数名词，意为「废水；污水」。合成词：waste + water。 例句：Factories should not release wastewater into rivers. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：wastewater 说明：wastewater (n.) = sewage / effluent(污水，废水)；wastewater更通用。 例句：Wastewater treatment is important for the environment. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：wastewater treatment(废水处理)；wastewater pipe(废水管)；industrial wastewater(工业废水)；domestic wastewater(生活废水)。 例句：The wastewater treatment plant cleans dirty water. 考点四 词义辨析：wastewater vs sewage 说明：「wastewater」指各种废水；「sewage」特指生活污水、地下污水。 例句：Industrial wastewater vs domestic sewage. 考点五 重点用法：合成词写法 说明：合成名词无空格、无连字符(美式)；英式有时写作waste water。 例句：Treating wastewater is important for clean rivers. environment-friendly /ɪnˌvaɪrənmənt ˈfrendli/ adj. 环保的 课本原句：We can also use more environment-friendly products. 课本原句：Environment-friendly packaging helps reduce waste. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「environment-friendly」形容词，意为「环保的；不损害环境的」。合成词：environment + friendly。 例句：Bicycles are environment-friendly. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：environment-friendly 说明：environment-friendly (adj.) = eco-friendly / green(环保的)；environment-friendly是最完整的写法。 例句：We should buy environment-friendly products. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：environment-friendly products(环保产品)；environment-friendly packaging(环保包装)；environment-friendly behaviour(环保行为)。 例句：Many supermarkets sell environment-friendly bags. 考点四 词义辨析：environment-friendly vs eco-friendly 说明：「environment-friendly」是完整写法；「eco-friendly」是常用缩写，意思相同。 例句：environment-friendly cars vs eco-friendly products. 考点五 重点用法：连字符 说明：复合形容词一般加连字符，修饰名词时放在名词前。 例句：Use environment-friendly bags when shopping. sir /sɜː(r)/ n. 先生 课本原句：Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing today to ask for your help. 课本原句：Excuse me, sir, could you help me? 考点一 词形转换 说明：「sir」可数名词，意为「先生；阁下」。复数sirs。注意作称呼时不与姓名连用。 例句：Good morning, sir. (n.) 考点二 同义转换：sir 说明：sir (n.) = Mr.(先生)；sir用于正式称呼或不带姓名的尊称，Mr.用于带姓的称呼。 例句：Dear Sir, I am writing to you about your product. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：Dear Sir(亲爱的先生，用于信函开头)；Dear Sir or Madam(亲爱的先生或女士)；Yes, sir(是的，先生)。 例句：Dear Sir or Madam, thank you for your letter. 考点四 词义辨析：sir vs Mr. 说明：「sir」用于正式或单独称呼；「Mr.」后必须接姓氏。 例句：Thank you, sir. (不知姓名) Mr. Smith called. (姓Smith) 考点五 重点用法：首字母大写 说明：在信函开头Dear Sir中Sir首字母大写，作为尊称。 例句：Dear Sir, I am writing to apply for the position. madam /ˈmædəm/ n. 女士 课本原句：Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing today to ask for your help. 课本原句：Excuse me, madam, is this your bag? 考点一 词形转换 说明：「madam」可数名词，意为「女士；夫人」。复数madams。对应阳性词sir。 例句：Can I help you, madam? (n.) 考点二 同义转换：madam 说明：madam (n.) = ma'am / Mrs.(女士)；madam用于正式称呼，ma'am是缩写。 例句：Yes, madam, your table is ready. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：Dear Madam(亲爱的女士，用于信函)；Madam President(总统女士)；Madam Curie(居里夫人)。 例句：Dear Madam, I am writing to complain about the service. 考点四 词义辨析：madam vs Mrs. 说明：「madam」用于正式或单独称呼；「Mrs.」后必须接姓氏。 例句：Thank you, madam. (不知姓名) Mrs. Green is here. (姓Green) 考点五 重点用法：称呼场合 说明：madam多用于服务行业、正式场合或信函中称呼女性。 例句：Would you like to sit down, madam? kill /kɪl/ vt. & vi. 杀死 课本原句：This will harm or even kill sea life. 课本原句：Smoking kills thousands of people every year. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「kill」作及物动词意为「杀死；使终止」。作不及物动词意为「杀；致死」。过去式killed。名词killer(杀手)。 例句：The cold weather killed the plants. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：kill 说明：kill (vt.) = murder(谋杀)；kill (vt.) = destroy(消灭)；kill可指任何形式的致死。 例句：Pollution kills marine life. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：kill time(消磨时间)；kill oneself(自杀)；kill two birds with one stone(一举两得)；kill the mood(破坏气氛)。 例句：We killed time by playing cards. 考点四 词义辨析：kill vs murder 说明：「kill」是通用词，可指任何原因的致死；「murder」特指谋杀。 例句：He was killed in an accident. (意外) He was murdered. (谋杀) 考点五 重点用法：kill的引申义 说明：kill可引申为「使痛苦；消磨；否决」等抽象意义。 例句：My feet are killing me. (我的脚疼死了) solve /sɒlv/ vt. 解决；解答 课本原句：We could help solve the problems. 课本原句：Can you solve this math problem? 考点一 词形转换 说明：「solve」及物动词，意为「解决；解答；解释」。过去式solved。名词solution(解决方案)。形容词solvable(可解决的)。 例句：We must solve this problem quickly. (vt.) 考点二 同义转换：solve 说明：solve (vt.) = work out / figure out(解决，解答)；solve侧重找到问题的答案。 例句：She solved the puzzle quickly. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：solve a problem(解决问题)；solve a mystery(解开谜团)；solve a puzzle(解谜)；solve an equation(解方程)。 例句：It took us an hour to solve the puzzle. 考点四 词义辨析：solve vs resolve 说明：「solve」强调找出答案或方法；「resolve」强调下定决心或达成一致。 例句：solve a problem vs resolve a conflict. 考点五 重点用法：派生词 说明：solve → solution (n.) = 解决方案；solver (n.) = 解答者。注意拼写：solve去e加s。 例句：We need a solution to the water problem. environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/ adj. 环境的 课本原句：It is meaningful to join an environmental group and work as a volunteer. 课本原句：Environmental protection is everyone's duty. 考点一 词形转换 说明：「environmental」形容词，意为「环境的；环保的」。名词environment(环境)。副词environmentally(环保地)。 例句：Environmental issues are important. (adj.) 考点二 同义转换：environmental 说明：environmental (adj.) = ecological(生态的，环境的)；两者意思相近，environmental更常用。 例句：Environmental problems affect us all. 考点三 固定搭配 说明：environmental protection(环境保护)；environmental pollution(环境污染)；environmental issues(环境问题)；environmental group(环保团体)。 例句：He works for an environmental group. 考点四 词义辨析：environmental vs environment 说明：「environmental」是形容词；「environment」是名词(环境)。 例句：environmental problems vs the natural environment. 考点五 重点用法：environmentally的副词用法 说明：environmentally = 在环境方面；常用于environmentally friendly(环保的)。 例句：We should live an environmentally friendly life. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $