内容正文:
人教版九上 Unit 4 Our Memory.语法精讲精练
—— 宾语从句 ——
使用说明
宾语从句是初中英语语法的核心项目,也是中考必考考点。本讲义围绕宾语从句的「定义—关联词—时态—语序—疑问词+不定式」五大板块展开系统精讲,配套对比表格、典型例题与分层演练,帮助学习者从理解到运用逐层突破。练习题涵盖单项选择、引导词填空、句型转换、完成句子四大题型,答案与解析统一附于文末,便于自学与检测。
第一讲 知识精讲
一、定义
在复合句中,用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句通常放在及物动词(如 think, know, believe, hope, say, tell, ask, find out 等)或介词之后,由关联词引导。
I think (that) he is right. 我认为他是对的。
She asked me where I had been. 她问我去了哪里。
We are talking about whether we will go there. 我们正在讨论是否要去那里。
二、关联词(引导词)
宾语从句的关联词根据从句的来源分为三类:
从句来源
引导词
句法功能
例句
陈述句
that
只起连接作用,在从句中不充当句子成分,也无词汇意义。在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
I think (that) he is right.
我认为他是对的。
一般疑问句
whether / if
在从句中不充当成分,意为「是否」。在口语中常用 if。
I don't know if/whether he will come.
我不知道他是否会来。
特殊疑问句
who / what / which / when / where / how / why 等
在从句中充当相应的句子成分(主语、宾语、状语等),保留疑问词义。
Could you tell me where the library is?
你能告诉我图书馆在哪里吗?
if 与 whether 的用法区别
用法场景
if
whether
说明
引导宾语从句
可用
可用
二者通常可互换,口语中多用 if
介词之后
不可用
可用
I worry about whether he is safe.
与 or not 直接连用
不可用
可用
I don't know whether or not he will come.
引导主语/表语/同位语从句
不可用
可用
Whether he will come is unknown.
引导条件状语从句
可用(如果)
不可用
If it rains, we will stay at home.
【易错警示】if 既可以引导宾语从句(意为「是否」),也可以引导条件状语从句(意为「如果」)。判断方法:if 从句在动词后是宾语从句,在句首且主句用将来时是条件状语从句。
三、时态规则
宾语从句的时态与主句时态密切相关,遵循以下三条规则:
规则一:主句为现在时或将来时
如果主句为现在时或将来时,从句可根据句意的需要使用任何时态。
I know (that) he lives here. 我知道他住在这里。(一般现在)
I know (that) he lived here three years ago. 我知道他三年前住在这里。(一般过去)
I know (that) he will come tomorrow. 我知道他明天会来。(一般将来)
规则二:主句为过去时态
如果主句为过去时态,从句须使用相应的过去时态(一般过去、过去进行、过去将来、过去完成)。
原从句时态
主句为过去时后
例句
一般现在时
一般过去时
He said, "I am happy." → He said that he was happy.
一般将来时
过去将来时
He said, "I will go." → He said that he would go.
现在进行时
过去进行时
He said, "I am reading." → He said that he was reading.
现在完成时
过去完成时
He said, "I have finished." → He said that he had finished.
一般过去时
过去完成时
He said, "I saw it." → He said that he had seen it.
规则三:客观真理与自然现象
如果从句叙述的是真理、实际情况或经常发生的事情,即使主句为过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
He said that light travels faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快。
【易错警示】客观真理、自然现象、科学定理、名言警句,即使主句用过去时,从句仍用一般现在时,这是中考最高频陷阱。
四、语序规则
不管整个句子是表示肯定还是表示疑问,宾语从句都采用陈述语序,即「引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他」。不能使用疑问语序(助动词/be动词/情态动词提前)。
Could you tell me where he is? (正确) 你能告诉我他在哪里吗?
*Could you tell me where is he? (错误) ——疑问语序,不可用
He asked me what I was doing. (正确) 他问我在做什么。
*He asked me what was I doing. (错误) ——疑问语序,不可用
【注】特例:当疑问词在从句中作主语时,语序本身就是「疑问词+谓语+其他」,无需调整。如:Could you tell me what is wrong with him? / Do you know who will give us a talk?
五、疑问词 + 不定式结构
当从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是 know, learn, remember, forget, decide, tell, show, find out 等时,宾语从句可以简化为「疑问词 + to do」结构。
I don't know what I should do. → I don't know what to do. 我不知道该做什么。
She can't decide which one she should choose. → She can't decide which one to choose. 她无法决定该选哪一个。
Please tell me how I can get there. → Please tell me how to get there. 请告诉我怎么去那里。
He forgot when he would meet her. → He forgot when to meet her. 他忘了什么时候见她。
【易错警示】「疑问词+不定式」结构中,疑问词 why 一般不用于此结构(不说 why to do);if 也不能用于此结构,只能用 whether to do。
六、典型例题精讲
【例1】I don't know ____ he will come tomorrow. ____ he comes, I will tell you.
A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; If D. whether; What
【答案】C
【解析】第一空引导宾语从句,意为「是否」,if/whether 均可;第二空引导条件状语从句,意为「如果」,只能用 if,whether 不能引导状语从句。故选 C。
【例2】Our teacher told us that the moon ____ around the earth.
A. travel B. travels C. traveled D. will travel
【答案】B
【解析】月球绕地球转属于客观真理,尽管主句是过去时 told,从句仍用一般现在时;the moon 为第三人称单数,故选 B。
【例3】—Could you please tell me ____? —Yes. He is next to the bank.
A. where is the postman B. where the postman is C. where was the postman D. where the postman was
【答案】B
【解析】宾语从句使用陈述语序,排除 A、C;由答语可知问的是现在的位置,用一般现在时,故选 B。
【例4】He said that he ____ to Shanghai the next week.
A. will go B. would go C. goes D. went
【答案】B
【解析】主句 said 为一般过去时,从句时间 the next week 表将来,须改用过去将来时 would go,故选 B。
【例5】I can't decide ____.
A. to choose which one B. which one to choose C. which one choose D. choose which one
【答案】B
【解析】decide 后可接「疑问词+不定式」结构,语序为「疑问词+to do」,即 which one to choose,故选 B。
七、易错点警示
【易错警示】宾语从句一律用陈述语序,引导词后紧跟主语,再接谓语。这是中考最常见的陷阱,尤其在疑问句中容易误选疑问语序。
【易错警示】主句为过去时时,从句时态须相应改为过去时态;但客观真理、自然现象例外,仍用一般现在时。
【易错警示】if 与 whether 的区别:介词后、or not 前、主语/表语从句中只能用 whether;条件状语从句中只能用 if。
【易错警示】that 引导陈述句宾语从句时可省略,但如果有两个或多个 that 从句并列,最后一个 that 不可省略。
【易错警示】「疑问词+不定式」结构中,if 不能替换 whether,即不说 if to do,只能说 whether to do。
第二讲 综合演练
一、单项选择(每小题1分,共15分)
1. I wonder ____ you can help me with my English.
A. that B. if C. what D. which
2. The scientist said light ____ faster than sound.
A. travels B. traveled C. will travel D. is traveling
3. Could you tell me ____ get to the station?
A. how can I B. how I can C. how I could D. how could I
4. I don't know ____ he will come or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
5. He told me that he ____ the film already.
A. has seen B. had seen C. saw D. would see
6. —Do you know ____ he came here? —By bus.
A. how B. why C. when D. where
7. Our mother told us ____ we should be honest.
A. that B. what C. if D. whether
8. She didn't know ____ she could find her pen.
A. where B. that C. what D. which
9. I think ____ he is a good student.
A. whether B. / C. what D. which
10. He asked me ____ Tom liked music.
A. that B. if C. what D. which
11. Could you tell me ____?
A. what is wrong with him B. what wrong is with him
C. what wrong was with him D. what was wrong with him
12. My father said he ____ buy a new bike for me.
A. will B. would C. can D. may
13. I want to know ____ you will go to the park with.
A. who B. whose C. which D. whom
14. She says that she ____ to the Great Wall twice.
A. has been B. had been C. went D. goes
15. Nobody knows ____ he didn't come to school yesterday.
A. why B. that C. if D. whether
二、用适当引导词填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1. I believe ____ he can finish the work well.
2. I don't know ____ he is at home or not.
3. Please tell me ____ you were late for school.
4. He asked ____ I had finished my homework.
5. Do you know ____ the girl under the tree is?
6. I think ____ it is important to learn English.
7. She wants to know ____ she can pass the exam.
8. Could you tell me ____ the nearest hospital is?
9. He didn't tell me ____ he would arrive.
10. We all know ____ the sun rises in the east.
三、句型转换(每小题2分,共10分)
1. "Does he like playing basketball?" I asked.
I asked ____ he ____ playing basketball.
2. "Where do you live?" She asked me.
She asked me ____ I ____.
3. "The earth is round." The teacher said.
The teacher said ____ the earth ____ round.
4. "I will visit my grandma." Tom said.
Tom said that ____ ____ visit his grandma.
5. "What time does the train leave?" Could you tell me?
Could you tell me ____ ____ the train ____?
四、根据汉语意思完成句子(每小题2分,共10分)
1. 我想知道他住在哪里。
I want to know ____ ____ ____.
2. 老师告诉我们月亮绕着地球转。
The teacher told us ____ the moon ____ around the earth.
3. 我不知道他是否会参加聚会。
I don't know ____ ____ ____ take part in the party.
4. 你能告诉我你什么时候回来吗?
Could you tell me ____ ____ ____ come back?
5. 他说他已经看完这本书了。
He said that ____ ____ ____ the book.
第三讲 答案与解析
一、单项选择
1. 【答案】B 【解析】if 引导宾语从句,意为「是否」。that 无疑问含义,what/which 在从句中需充当成分,均不符合句意。
2. 【答案】A 【解析】光速比声速快是客观真理,即使主句为过去时 said,从句仍用一般现在时;light 为不可数名词,谓语用第三人称单数。
3. 【答案】B 【解析】宾语从句用陈述语序,排除 A、D;主句 could 表示委婉语气而非过去时,从句用一般现在时,故选 B。
4. 【答案】B 【解析】whether...or not 是固定搭配,if 不能与 or not 直接连用,故选 B。
5. 【答案】B 【解析】主句 told 为一般过去时,从句 already 表完成,须用过去完成时 had seen,故选 B。
6. 【答案】A 【解析】答语 By bus 表示交通方式,提问用 how,故选 A。
7. 【答案】A 【解析】从句 we should be honest 是完整的陈述句,用 that 引导,that 可省略,故选 A。
8. 【答案】A 【解析】句意:她不知道在哪里能找到钢笔。where 在从句中作地点状语,故选 A。
9. 【答案】B 【解析】that 引导陈述句宾语从句,此处 that 可以省略,用 / 表示,故选 B。
10. 【答案】B 【解析】一般疑问句变为宾语从句时用 if/whether 引导,意为「是否」,故选 B。
11. 【答案】A 【解析】what's wrong with sb. 是固定句式,what 在从句中作主语,本身就是陈述语序,无需调换;主句为一般现在时,从句也用一般现在时,故选 A。
12. 【答案】B 【解析】主句 said 为一般过去时,从句表将来须用过去将来时 would,故选 B。
13. 【答案】A 【解析】who 在从句中作介词 with 的宾语,指人,口语中常用 who 代替 whom,故选 A。
14. 【答案】A 【解析】主句 says 为一般现在时,从句根据 twice 可知用现在完成时 has been to,故选 A。
15. 【答案】A 【解析】句意:没人知道他昨天为什么没来上学。why 表原因,在从句中作原因状语,故选 A。
二、用适当引导词填空
1. 【答案】that 【解析】从句 he can finish the work well 是完整陈述句,用 that 引导,可省略。
2. 【答案】whether 【解析】与 or not 直接连用,只能用 whether,不能用 if。
3. 【答案】why 【解析】句意:请告诉我你为什么上学迟到。why 表原因。
4. 【答案】if/whether 【解析】一般疑问句变为宾语从句,意为「是否」,用 if 或 whether。
5. 【答案】who 【解析】句意:你知道树下的女孩是谁吗?who 在从句中作表语,指人。
6. 【答案】that 【解析】从句 it is important to learn English 是完整陈述句,用 that 引导。
7. 【答案】if/whether 【解析】句意:她想知道她是否能通过考试。表「是否」用 if/whether。
8. 【答案】where 【解析】句意:你能告诉我最近的医院在哪里吗?where 表地点。
9. 【答案】when 【解析】句意:他没有告诉我他什么时候到。when 表时间。
10. 【答案】that 【解析】太阳从东方升起是客观事实,从句完整,用 that 引导。
三、句型转换
1. 【答案】if/whether; liked 【解析】一般疑问句变宾语从句用 if/whether 引导;主句 asked 为过去时,从句一般现在时 like 改为一般过去时 liked。
2. 【答案】where; lived 【解析】特殊疑问句变宾语从句用原疑问词 where 引导,语序改为陈述语序;主句 asked 为过去时,从句一般现在时 live 改为一般过去时 lived。
3. 【答案】that; is 【解析】陈述句变宾语从句用 that 引导;地球是圆的是客观真理,从句仍用一般现在时 is。
4. 【答案】he would 【解析】直接引语变间接引语,第一人称 I 随主句主语 Tom 改为 he;主句 said 为过去时,一般将来时 will 改为过去将来时 would。
5. 【答案】what time; leaves 【解析】特殊疑问句变宾语从句用原疑问词 what time 引导,语序改为陈述语序;列车时刻表用一般现在时表将来,主语 the train 为第三人称单数,用 leaves。
四、根据汉语意思完成句子
1. 【答案】where he lives 【解析】where 引导宾语从句,陈述语序;主句一般现在时,从句也用一般现在时,he 为第三人称单数用 lives。
2. 【答案】that; goes 【解析】that 引导宾语从句;月亮绕地球转是客观真理,用一般现在时,the moon 为第三人称单数用 goes。
3. 【答案】if/whether he will 【解析】if/whether 引导宾语从句表「是否」;「会参加」表将来用 will。
4. 【答案】when you will 【解析】when 引导宾语从句,陈述语序;「会回来」表将来用 will。
5. 【答案】he had finished 【解析】主句 said 为过去时,从句「已经看完」表过去的过去,用过去完成时 had finished。
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