专题21 概要写作之说明文（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考概要写作之通用说明文类，覆盖说明对象、核心特征、成因机理及影响等核心考点，按“命题透视-思维建模-考点精讲-真题溯源”架构梳理知识，通过四要素阅读标记、信息筛选、逻辑改写等策略指导，结合上海高考真题及模拟题训练，帮助学生系统构建解题框架，突破概要写作难点。 资料以“抓骨架剥血肉”思维建模为特色，针对事物特征-成因阐释等三类考向设计陷阱分析与对策，如考向1中标记举例为无效信息并合并核心要点，培养学生思维品质。设置典例剖析与分层练习，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，提升学生语言能力与应考效率，实现高效备考。

专题21 概要写作之通用说明文类 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 概要写作之通用说明文类 知识解构 知识点1 题型解读 知识点2 写作技巧 知识点3 写作模板 考向破译 考向 01 事物 / 现象特征成因阐释类 考向02 新旧认知迭代对比类 考向03 带限定约束条件的事理 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 思维建模 “抓骨架（主旨 + 关键逻辑），剥血肉（次要细节）” 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth./On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 说明文类概要写作的核心是 “抓住原文的‘骨架’（主旨 + 关键逻辑），剥离‘血肉’（次要细节）”。备考时需先熟悉不同类型说明文的结构特点，针对性训练信息提取和语言重构能力，同时注重逻辑连贯和客观准确，通过刻意练习形成稳定的解题流程，才能在考试中高效完成任务。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 概要写作之通用说明文类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 题型解读 通用普通类说明文，包含事物介绍、自然 / 社会事理科普文本。文本常见结构：引出说明对象 → 阐释事物核心特征 → 分析成因、运行机理 → 介绍带来的作用、影响。文本会大量使用举例、类比、具体实例辅助解释概念。 命题核心：客观概括说明对象、核心特征、内在成因机理、作用影响；举例、类比、次要细节一般舍弃，不可堆砌案例。 高频失分点： 1. 照搬原文句子，违反概要改写要求； 2. 大段抄写文中举例、类比内容，挤占词数，丢失事理主线； 3. 带入课外固有科普知识，补充文本不存在的信息； 4. 只写现象，遗漏成因或者影响，概括要点残缺； 5. 主观评价事物好坏，加入考生个人态度。 关键提醒：该类说明文重在讲清 “是什么、为什么、会产生什么影响”，例子只是阐释工具，通常不写入概要。 知识点2 写作技巧与步骤 步骤① 圈定四要素阅读标记 ① Subject：说明对象（文章围绕哪个事物 / 现象展开） ② Features：对象的核心特点 ③ Causes / Mechanism：成因、内在机理（文中有则写，无则跳过） ④ Effects / Functions：功能、作用、带来的影响 标记提示：for example / for instance / such as引导的例子直接标记为可删除内容。 步骤② 信息筛选，区分主干与次要信息 ✅保留：说明对象、核心特征、主要成因、关键影响。 ❌舍弃：具体实例、比喻类比、修饰描写、次要分支细节。 步骤③ 同义改写，搭建客观逻辑 多用因果连词 due to, because, therefore, thus串联现象原理结果；合并零散短句，替换词汇，严禁复制原句。全程保持客观陈述语气，不用情感形容词。 步骤④ 成文校验，控制词数（5565 词） 自查：说明对象是否明确？特征、成因、影响要点是否完整？有无案例、主观评价？语法正确，词数合规。 知识点3 写作模板与高分句式 模板 The passage introduces 【说明对象】. Owing to 【内在成因 / 机理】, it possesses the features of 【核心特征】. Accordingly, it exerts 【功能 / 带来的影响】 on relevant aspects. 高分句式库 1. 引出说明对象 The passage gives an account of… The text explains the nature and functions of… 2. 阐述成因机理 This phenomenon arises mainly from… …is triggered by the following factors. Due to its inner mechanism,… 3. 概括事物特征 It is chiefly characterized by… Its main features consist in… 4. 表述作用、影响 Consequently, it has considerable effects on… Thus, it plays an important role in… 考●向●破●译 考向1 事物 / 现象特征成因阐释类（基础主流考向） 考情深度解析：文本围绕某实物、抽象概念或者社会、自然现象展开，行文逻辑为 “摆出现象 / 介绍事物→剖析多重成因→阐释多重特征”。为了把抽象事理讲明白，原文会配置大量事例、类比、小故事作为辅助阐释工具，这也是命题设置的最大干扰。这类文本没有实验环节，重在解释 “事物是什么，为什么会这样”。 命题陷阱深挖：学生容易被文本丰富的例证吸引，把举例、类比写入概要，占用大量词数，导致核心的成因、特征被弱化，出现 “细节满、主干缺”；另外部分考生只摘抄表层现象，完全跳过成因机理，造成概要要点残缺。 解题完整对策：阅读时直接标记举例类比部分为无效信息，坚决不写入概要；抓住 “对象→特征→成因” 这条主线；面对多重特征、多重成因，禁止逐条罗列，做合并概括处理，只保留 23 个最核心要点；若成因由多个因素构成，用a combination of multiple factors这类概括表达压缩信息，防止超词数。 概要避坑准则：不复述故事化例证，只提炼例证所要说明的事理。 考向2 新旧认知迭代对比类（重难点考向） 考情深度解析：文本采用对比叙事结构，先介绍过去传统认知、大众普遍旧看法，之后通过事理分析，引出当代科学、社会层面对该事物的全新理解。新旧认知之间存在偏差甚至对立。文本中间会穿插部分佐证细节。上海二模科普说明文高频出现该模式。 命题陷阱深挖：很多考生分不清文本主次，把大篇幅介绍的旧认知当成全文核心，概要重点落在旧观点上，忽略作者着力阐释的新认知；还有考生简单把新旧观点都完整铺陈，词数严重超标。 解题完整对策：旧认知仅做极简铺垫，用Previously / In the past, people held the view that…一句话带过；概要的叙事重心必须落在新认知、新阐释；不需要展开新旧观点各自的佐证案例；要体现出 “认知发生更新” 的逻辑关系。 概要避坑准则：旧认知是铺垫，不是写作主体，笔墨分配上旧认知少，新认知多。 考向3 带限定约束条件的事理类（模考新趋势） 考情深度解析：文本介绍的事物特征、现象带来的影响，不是普适万能的，会明确标注适用场景、前提条件、适用人群。也就是说该事理只在特定情境下成立，脱离条件结论不成立。命题人刻意把限定条件放在段落次要位置，用来筛选学生的信息精读能力。 命题陷阱深挖：考生概括时直接丢掉前提限定，无限放大事物特征与影响，造成概要概括失真，和原文客观事实背离；很多学生只抓主要事理，忽略分散在句子中间、破折号、插入语内的约束信息。 解题完整对策：阅读过程主动圈画only, under…conditions, when, provided that等限定标记；概要转述核心事理时，必须简要带上关键限定，不必照搬原句，用短语简化改写；次要、过于细碎的小约束可以舍弃，但是改变结论成立的核心前提必须保留。 概要避坑准则：脱离限定条件的概括属于事实偏差，会直接降档扣分。 【典例剖析】 It is a common sight on campus or in the streets: a young person rides by on an electric scooter, traveling quickly and proudly. But Beijing’s traffic authorities have said that starting on Sept.5, people who are caught riding electric scooters on public roads or bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will also be given a warning not to use the vehicles on public roads again. The announcement was made after traffic police in Shanghai started a campaign to get electric scooters off public roads, with police officers stopping riders because the scooters could cause traffic problems. The Beijing Consumer Association said it had tested more than 20 electric scooters of different brands recently and found that most had substandard brakes. It added that 16 of the tested scooters could go faster than the maximum 20 km per hour set for electric bikes. According to the traffic police, people who ride electric scooters at certain speeds can easily bump into the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt people who walk in the bicycle lanes. But seeing the benefits that electric scooters have brought to young people, experts are worried that the ban may take effect slowly. Electric scooters are a great answer to the ‘last mile problem’ of getting from a public transport station to one’s home. They’re light enough to throw over your shoulder. They’re easy to ride just about anywhere and don’t need a lot of physical effort. The scooter can travel 25 km on one charge. It’s convenient and easy to control. They are also good for environment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scooters produce no carbon dioxide, need no fuel and make almost no noise. For many young people, they use them to copy cool celebrities they have seen in videos. 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文主要围绕“电动滑板车的使用现状及其问题”展开，结构为“总—分”式： 第1段：描述现象——年轻人骑电动滑板车。 第2段：北京的处罚措施。 第3段：上海的治理背景。 第4段：电动滑板车的安全隐患。 第5段：电动滑板车的优势（解决最后一公里问题）。 第6段：电动滑板车的环境优势。 第7段：年轻人使用电动滑板车的原因。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.现象：年轻人骑电动滑板车 ①young people，electric scooters，ride 2.北京处罚措施 ②Beijing，fine，warning 3.上海治理背景 ③Shanghai，traffic problems，campaign 4.安全隐患 ④safety issues，substandard brakes，speed 5.优势：最后一公里问题 ⑤last mile problem，convenient 6.环境益处 ⑥environment，no carbon dioxide，noise 7.年轻人使用原因 ⑦young people，celebrities，imitate 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Young people often ride electric scooters proudly. （年轻人自豪地骑电动滑板车。） 第2段：Beijing fines riders and warns them. （北京对骑电动滑板车的人罚款并警告。） 第3段：Shanghai’s campaign aims to solve traffic issues. （上海的行动旨在解决交通问题。） 第4段：Scooters have safety issues due to poor brakes and high speed. （电动滑板车因刹车差和速度高存在安全问题。） 第5段：Scooters solve the last mile problem and are convenient. （电动滑板车解决了最后一公里问题，且方便。） 第6段：Scooters are environmentally friendly. （电动滑板车环保。） 第7段：Young people use them to imitate celebrities. （年轻人用它们模仿名人。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 对比：使用“However”连接安全隐患和优势部分，形成对比。 因果：使用“because”或“due to”连接原因和结果。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 概要写作答案（60词左右） Young people often ride electric scooters proudly. However, Beijing fines riders and warns them due to safety issues like poor brakes and high speed. Shanghai’s campaign also aims to solve traffic problems. Despite these issues, scooters solve the last mile problem, are convenient, and environmentally friendly. Many young people use them to imitate celebrities. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题及模拟题 （2022年1月·上海高考真题） Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram ( 记忆印记)--a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroseientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable , and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work , mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent , Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work , too. In their current work, Ramirez. and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells , and whether negative memories can be "overwritten by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience , they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique , University of' Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 Possible 1: Memory is like a net in the brain. Scientists can even track the movement of the memory in the brain. At present, Sheena Josselyn, a neuroscientist at the university of the Toronto has used mice as experimental objects, using a different technology, which can completely eliminate the fear memory of mice. (49 words Possible 2: Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. Scientists not only tracked the movement of memory in the brain, but also studied the storage location and interaction between positive memory and negative memory.(51 words) 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 How the Immune System is Kept in Check The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. One of its most remarkable abilities lies in accurately identifying pathogens (病原体) and distinguishing them from the body’s own cells. It’s not easy. The microbes that threaten our health do not wear a uniform — they all have different appearances. Many even have developed similarities to human cells. So how does the immune system consistently recognize what to attack and what to protect? Why does it not turn against our own tissues more frequently? For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. However, the immune system turned out to be far more complex than previously understood. It is for this reason that the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded for the discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance (外周免疫耐受). The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. They also ensure the immune system to calm down after it has eliminated an invader, so it does not continue working at top speed. These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. They have also led to the development of novel medical treatments currently under evaluation in clinical trials. These advances hold promise for treating autoimmune diseases, improving cancer treatment, and reducing serious complications after stem cell transplants. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    People once believed central immune tolerance stops the immune system from harming body tissues. The 2025 Nobel Prize winners discovered peripheral immune tolerance, where regulatory T cells prevent mistaken self-attack and calm overactive immune responses. These pioneering findings inspire new research and offer promising treatments for autoimmune diseases, cancer and transplant complications. 【导语】这篇文章主要探讨免疫系统如何不误伤自身组织。学界曾认为中枢免疫耐受是关键，2025 诺奖发现调节性 T 细胞介导外周免疫耐受，相关成果催生多种前沿疗法。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. ②For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. ③The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. ④These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. ⑤These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. 2.缜密构思将第1、2点整合为问题描述，第3、4整合为两种具体策略，第5点作为结果和总结。 3.遣词造句 It was once believed that central immune tolerance could prevent the immune system from causing harm to the body’s tissues. In 2025, Nobel Prize winners discovered the peripheral immune tolerance mechanism, in which regulatory T cells can prevent the body from mistakenly attacking itself and suppress excessive immune responses. These groundbreaking discoveries have stimulated new research and provided hope for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant complications. 【点睛】[高分句型1] People once believed central immune tolerance stops the immune system from harming body tissues.（运用了省略从属连词that引导的宾语从句） [高分句型2] The 2025 Nobel Prize winners discovered peripheral immune tolerance, where regulatory T cells prevent mistaken self-attack and calm overactive immune responses.（运用了关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句） Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 The science of sibling rivalry We don’t choose our siblings. Brothers and sisters are just sort of there. And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents. Part of siblings’ influence has to do with their presence. Eighty-two percent of kids live with a sibling (a greater share than live with a father), and about 75 percent of 70-year-olds have a living sibling. For those of us who have brothers or sisters, our relationships with them will likely be the longest of our life. Whether these relationships make our life better or worse is a more complicated question. On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial (亲社会的) behavior, and academic achievement. This effect can be complicated by a full house, however. Kids with more siblings do worse in school — although the universality of this finding has been challenged by several studies. When a sibling relationship is bad, however, it can be really bad — as in messing-up-your-life bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid more likely to engage in self-harm as a teen and to become psychotic (精神病的) by age 18. Whether a person models herself after her siblings or tries to distinguish herself has particularly important consequences. One study found that siblings who felt positively about each other tended to achieve similar education levels, while those who spent unequal time with their dad and got unequal parental treatment had different educational fortunes. Research suggests that as siblings’ relationships with their parents grow more different over time, their relationship with each other may become warmer. And imitating your sibling can be a mistake, depending on what she’s up to: Girls are more likely to get pregnant in their teens and teenagers are more likely to engage in risky behavior if an older sibling did so first. One way or another, sibling influence is lasting. A study of more than 1 million Swedes found that one’s risk of dying of a heart attack spikes (微增) after a sibling dies of one, due not only to shared DNA but also to the stress of losing such a key figure. Which makes sense: Most of us are different people than we'd have been if our brothers or sisters were never born. Siblings seem like they’re just there only until they aren’t. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】For reference: Sibling influence is strong and lasting, in a positive or negative way. A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health. Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps. 【导语】文章指出兄弟姐妹对个人成长影响深远且持久，积极的手足关系益处良多，恶劣关系危害极大，且手足间的模仿与差异也会深刻影响人生。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①When it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents. ②Part of siblings’ influence has to do with their presence. On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial (亲社会的) behavior, and academic achievement. ③Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid more likely to engage in self-harm as a teen and to become psychotic (精神病的) by age 18. ④Whether a person models herself after her siblings or tries to distinguish herself has particularly important consequences. ⑤One way or another, sibling influence is lasting. ⑥Which makes sense: Most of us are different people than we'd have been if our brothers or sisters were never born. 2.缜密构思 将第①⑤要点整合，概括手足影响的长期性；将②③要点对比整合，归纳手足关系的利弊；提炼第④⑥要点，补充手足模仿与差异带来的影响。 3.遣词造句 Siblings exert long-lasting and profound influences on people’s growth. Positive sibling relationships bring many benefits while bad ones cause physical and mental damage. Siblings often imitate each other, and their different experiences also shape their growth paths. 【高分句型1】A healthy relationship with siblings helps us to be a better person and do better at school, while a bad one might bring great harm to our physical and psychological health.（运用while引导的并列句） 【高分句型3】Moreover, whether siblings set good examples matters a lot, because people might follow their siblings’ steps. （运用whether引导主语从句、because引导原因状语从句） Passage 3 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Gardening therapy, often referred to as horticultural therapy, is a practice that utilizes gardening activities to promote mental and physical well-being. This therapeutic approach has been gaining recognition in recent years, supported by various studies highlighting its benefits. Scientists and health professionals have observed that engaging with plants and nature can significantly reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Research indicates that gardening can lead to improved mood and cognitive function. A study published in the Journal of Health Psychology found that individuals who participated in gardening activities reported lower levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress. Gardening also encourages physical activity, which is linked to enhanced cardiovascular health and overall fitness. Dr. Richard Ryan, a prominent psychologist at Harvard, emphasizes the importance of nature in fostering psychological well-being. He notes that gardening allows individuals to reconnect with the natural world, providing a sense of purpose and accomplishment. The act of nurturing plants can be particularly beneficial for those dealing with mental health issues, as it fosters mindfulness and presence in the moment. Now gardening therapy is increasingly being integrated into recovery programs for various populations, including the elderly and those recovering from drug abuse. The structured nature of gardening tasks can help individuals develop new skills and improve their social interactions, which are crucial for recovery. Gardening therapy is a valuable tool that taps the therapeutic potential of nature. Supported by scientific research, it offers an approach to improving mental and physical health, making it a promising option for individuals seeking to enhance their well-being through natural means. As more studies emerge, the recognition of gardening as a legitimate therapeutic practice continues to grow, paving the way for its broader implementation in healthcare settings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Gardening therapy, a practice that utilizes gardening activities to promote mental and physical well-being, can significantly reduce stress and improve mood as well as cognitive function. It provides a sense of purpose and fosters mindfulness, aids recovery in diverse populations like the elderly and drug abusers, and is gaining growing recognition as a valuable therapeutic option supported by scientific research. 【导语】本文主要介绍了园艺疗法这一通过园艺活动促进身心健康的实践方式，阐述了其科学依据，说明了其对不同人群的积极意义，并指出这一疗法正日益获得认可并有望在医疗保健领域推广。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Gardening therapy, often referred to as horticultural therapy, is a practice that utilizes gardening activities to promote mental and physical well-being. ②Research indicates that gardening can lead to improved mood and cognitive function. ③He notes that gardening allows individuals to reconnect with the natural world, providing a sense of purpose and accomplishment. ④Now gardening therapy is increasingly being integrated into recovery programs for various populations, including the elderly and those recovering from drug abuse. ⑤Supported by scientific research, it offers an approach to improving mental and physical health, making it a promising option for individuals seeking to enhance their well-being through natural means. 2. 缜密构思 以第1要点统领全文；将第2、3要点进行整合，构成核心益处；将第4要点作为补充，说明其适用人群，将第5要点作为总结评价。 3. 遣词造句 Gardening therapy uses gardening activities to promote well-being. It can significantly reduce stress and improve mood and cognitive function. It provides a sense of purpose, fosters mindfulness, and aids recovery. It is used in recovery programs for the elderly and drug abusers, and is gaining growing recognition. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Gardening therapy, a practice that utilizes gardening activities to promote well-being, can significantly reduce stress and improve mood as well as cognitive function.（运用了that引导的定语从句） [高分句型2] It provides a sense of purpose and fosters mindfulness, aids recovery in populations like the elderly and drug abusers, and is gaining growing recognition as a valuable therapeutic option supported by scientific research.（运用了三个并列谓语，及过去分词短语作后置定语对） Passage 4 【来源】上海市宜川中学2025-2026学年第二学期阶段练高三英语 Why Do I Get Anxious Thoughts Late at Night? Sleep problems are surprisingly common, with many adults struggling to fall asleep because of anxious thoughts. Research from the University of Oxford shows that people with sleeplessness tend to focus more on worries at bedtime, while good sleepers think of little in particular. Many people have experienced falling asleep easily in front of the TV, only to lie awake once in bed. This highlights a key reason for nighttime anxiety: the sudden lack of distraction. During the day and evening, the brain is constantly engaged — working, socialising, or watching something. But once the lights are off, external stimulation disappears, leaving the mind free to turn inward. At this point, it often dwells on past events or future concerns, the two main sources of worry. Psychologists suggest that trying to push these thoughts away doesn’t really work. Often, the more you resist them, the more they seem to stick around. A better approach is to notice them and simply let them pass. For worries about the past, one useful method is to write in a journal before bed. Studies have shown that people who record their thoughts and feelings fall asleep more quickly. Putting concerns onto paper seems to reduce their mental impact, making it easier to relax. For others, it is future tasks that cause anxiety, especially at the start of the week when responsibilities feel too much to handle. Research supports the idea that writing a to-do list before bedtime can help. In one study, participants who wrote down upcoming tasks fell asleep faster than those who simply reflected on what they had already done. Writing appears to organise thoughts and reduce mental overload. In general, worrying is normal. The key is to manage it, not remove it. If you deal with worries earlier in the day, you’re less likely to feel stressed at night and can sleep more easily. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】       People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward. Trying to resist worries makes them worse. A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.   【导语】本文主要分析了人们深夜易产生焦虑思绪的原因，并介绍了应对深夜焦虑、改善睡眠的有效方法。    【详解】1.要点摘录 ① Research shows that people with sleeplessness focus more on worries at bedtime.     ② The sudden lack of distraction after lights off leaves the mind free to turn inward, dwelling on past or future concerns.     ③ Trying to push anxious thoughts away doesn’t work; resisting makes them stick more.     ④ Writing in a journal before bed helps reduce the mental impact of past worries.     ⑤ Writing a to-do list before bed helps organize thoughts and reduce mental overload from future tasks.   2. 缜密构思     将第1、2点整合为夜间焦虑产生的原因；将第3点作为错误应对方式；将第4、5点作为两种正确管理策略。 3.遣词造句 People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward. Trying to resist worries makes them worse. A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.   【点睛】【高分句型1】People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward.(运用了because引导的原因状语从句) 【高分句型2】A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) Passage 5 【来源】上海市华师二附中2025-2026学年高三3月测试英语试题 Climate Anxiety Climate change is an issue that can feel worrying. As world leaders meet at COP30 to discuss climate change, there’s lots you can do to help with climate anxiety. There are often lots of stories about the environment and climate change in the news, from forest fires to rising temperatures and this can make you anxious.” It can feel frightening, uncertain and overwhelming, says author and therapist Eloise Skinner. She’s an expert in how people think, feel and behave. If you are feeling this way, you are not alone. A survey by the Save the Children charity found that 70% of young people they spoke to are worried about climate change. There are ways to help ease your worries. One of them is making sure you have all the correct information and accurate details about climate change. “Topics that feel overwhelming when we don’t have all the information can start to feel less scary when we educate ourselves on the issue,” says Skinner. It’s very important to make sure you’re getting your information from the right places, though. “For example, it might be good to read more about it in books or articles, rather than social media,” says Skinner. It’s important to remember that there are lots of people including children, working hard to tackle climate change and there is still hope. Author Ben Martynoga knows all about the environment. He wrote a book about the different and amazing ways nature helps the planet. He says, “We can definitely change what happens next. Climate change pushes us to live differently and that gives us a real chance to build something better: wilder cities, cleaner energy, and a world where nature and people both thrive. Skinner says that for some people, “It might feel better to take small practical actions in everyday life towards supporting the climate, rather than learning all the details.” to help make you feel better. So whether that’s litter picking in your area, using less plastic, planting flowers for bees, raising money for an environmental charity or walking to school instead of getting a lift in the car, there are lots of ways you can make a real difference to the planet. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Climate change significantly triggers anxiety, with a multitude of young people openly expressing their worry. To effectively alleviate concerns, obtain accurate information from highly reliable sources. Remember, hope still persists as many are striving to tackle it. Taking small daily practical actions can also truly make a meaningful difference and ease anxiety. 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了气候焦虑及其应对方法。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Climate change is an issue that can feel worrying, and news about it can cause anxiety, especially among young people. ②Easing worries can be achieved by getting correct information from reliable sources. ③It’s important to remember that many people are working hard to tackle climate change and there is still hope. ④Taking small practical actions in daily life can make a difference to the planet. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点作为引入，第2、3、4要点分别作为应对气候焦虑的三个方面进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Easing worries involves getting correct information, remembering hope exists, and taking small practical actions daily to make a difference. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Climate change significantly triggers anxiety, with a multitude of young people openly expressing their worry. 运用了with的复合结构，对原文第一、二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 【高分句型2】Remember, hope still persists as many are striving to tackle it. 运用了一个复杂的主从复合句，对原文第四段进行了概括。其中as引导的原因状语从句，表达非常高级。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题21 概要写作之通用说明文类 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 概要写作之通用说明文类 知识解构 知识点1 题型解读 知识点2 写作技巧 知识点3 写作模板 考向破译 考向 01 事物 / 现象特征成因阐释类 考向02 新旧认知迭代对比类 考向03 带限定约束条件的事理 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 思维建模 “抓骨架（主旨 + 关键逻辑），剥血肉（次要细节）” 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth./On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… 说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 说明文类概要写作的核心是 “抓住原文的‘骨架’（主旨 + 关键逻辑），剥离‘血肉’（次要细节）”。备考时需先熟悉不同类型说明文的结构特点，针对性训练信息提取和语言重构能力，同时注重逻辑连贯和客观准确，通过刻意练习形成稳定的解题流程，才能在考试中高效完成任务。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 概要写作之通用说明文类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 题型解读 通用普通类说明文，包含事物介绍、自然 / 社会事理科普文本。文本常见结构：引出说明对象 → 阐释事物核心特征 → 分析成因、运行机理 → 介绍带来的作用、影响。文本会大量使用举例、类比、具体实例辅助解释概念。 命题核心：客观概括说明对象、核心特征、内在成因机理、作用影响；举例、类比、次要细节一般舍弃，不可堆砌案例。 高频失分点： 1. 照搬原文句子，违反概要改写要求； 2. 大段抄写文中举例、类比内容，挤占词数，丢失事理主线； 3. 带入课外固有科普知识，补充文本不存在的信息； 4. 只写现象，遗漏成因或者影响，概括要点残缺； 5. 主观评价事物好坏，加入考生个人态度。 关键提醒：该类说明文重在讲清 “是什么、为什么、会产生什么影响”，例子只是阐释工具，通常不写入概要。 知识点2 写作技巧与步骤 步骤① 圈定四要素阅读标记 ① Subject：说明对象（文章围绕哪个事物 / 现象展开） ② Features：对象的核心特点 ③ Causes / Mechanism：成因、内在机理（文中有则写，无则跳过） ④ Effects / Functions：功能、作用、带来的影响 标记提示：for example / for instance / such as引导的例子直接标记为可删除内容。 步骤② 信息筛选，区分主干与次要信息 ✅保留：说明对象、核心特征、主要成因、关键影响。 ❌舍弃：具体实例、比喻类比、修饰描写、次要分支细节。 步骤③ 同义改写，搭建客观逻辑 多用因果连词 due to, because, therefore, thus串联现象原理结果；合并零散短句，替换词汇，严禁复制原句。全程保持客观陈述语气，不用情感形容词。 步骤④ 成文校验，控制词数（5565 词） 自查：说明对象是否明确？特征、成因、影响要点是否完整？有无案例、主观评价？语法正确，词数合规。 知识点3 写作模板与高分句式 模板 The passage introduces 【说明对象】. Owing to 【内在成因 / 机理】, it possesses the features of 【核心特征】. Accordingly, it exerts 【功能 / 带来的影响】 on relevant aspects. 高分句式库 1. 引出说明对象 The passage gives an account of… The text explains the nature and functions of… 2. 阐述成因机理 This phenomenon arises mainly from… …is triggered by the following factors. Due to its inner mechanism,… 3. 概括事物特征 It is chiefly characterized by… Its main features consist in… 4. 表述作用、影响 Consequently, it has considerable effects on… Thus, it plays an important role in… 考●向●破●译 考向1 事物 / 现象特征成因阐释类（基础主流考向） 考情深度解析：文本围绕某实物、抽象概念或者社会、自然现象展开，行文逻辑为 “摆出现象 / 介绍事物→剖析多重成因→阐释多重特征”。为了把抽象事理讲明白，原文会配置大量事例、类比、小故事作为辅助阐释工具，这也是命题设置的最大干扰。这类文本没有实验环节，重在解释 “事物是什么，为什么会这样”。 命题陷阱深挖：学生容易被文本丰富的例证吸引，把举例、类比写入概要，占用大量词数，导致核心的成因、特征被弱化，出现 “细节满、主干缺”；另外部分考生只摘抄表层现象，完全跳过成因机理，造成概要要点残缺。 解题完整对策：阅读时直接标记举例类比部分为无效信息，坚决不写入概要；抓住 “对象→特征→成因” 这条主线；面对多重特征、多重成因，禁止逐条罗列，做合并概括处理，只保留 23 个最核心要点；若成因由多个因素构成，用a combination of multiple factors这类概括表达压缩信息，防止超词数。 概要避坑准则：不复述故事化例证，只提炼例证所要说明的事理。 考向2 新旧认知迭代对比类（重难点考向） 考情深度解析：文本采用对比叙事结构，先介绍过去传统认知、大众普遍旧看法，之后通过事理分析，引出当代科学、社会层面对该事物的全新理解。新旧认知之间存在偏差甚至对立。文本中间会穿插部分佐证细节。上海二模科普说明文高频出现该模式。 命题陷阱深挖：很多考生分不清文本主次，把大篇幅介绍的旧认知当成全文核心，概要重点落在旧观点上，忽略作者着力阐释的新认知；还有考生简单把新旧观点都完整铺陈，词数严重超标。 解题完整对策：旧认知仅做极简铺垫，用Previously / In the past, people held the view that…一句话带过；概要的叙事重心必须落在新认知、新阐释；不需要展开新旧观点各自的佐证案例；要体现出 “认知发生更新” 的逻辑关系。 概要避坑准则：旧认知是铺垫，不是写作主体，笔墨分配上旧认知少，新认知多。 考向3 带限定约束条件的事理类（模考新趋势） 考情深度解析：文本介绍的事物特征、现象带来的影响，不是普适万能的，会明确标注适用场景、前提条件、适用人群。也就是说该事理只在特定情境下成立，脱离条件结论不成立。命题人刻意把限定条件放在段落次要位置，用来筛选学生的信息精读能力。 命题陷阱深挖：考生概括时直接丢掉前提限定，无限放大事物特征与影响，造成概要概括失真，和原文客观事实背离；很多学生只抓主要事理，忽略分散在句子中间、破折号、插入语内的约束信息。 解题完整对策：阅读过程主动圈画only, under…conditions, when, provided that等限定标记；概要转述核心事理时，必须简要带上关键限定，不必照搬原句，用短语简化改写；次要、过于细碎的小约束可以舍弃，但是改变结论成立的核心前提必须保留。 概要避坑准则：脱离限定条件的概括属于事实偏差，会直接降档扣分。 【典例剖析】 It is a common sight on campus or in the streets: a young person rides by on an electric scooter, traveling quickly and proudly. But Beijing’s traffic authorities have said that starting on Sept.5, people who are caught riding electric scooters on public roads or bicycle lanes will be fined 10 yuan. They will also be given a warning not to use the vehicles on public roads again. The announcement was made after traffic police in Shanghai started a campaign to get electric scooters off public roads, with police officers stopping riders because the scooters could cause traffic problems. The Beijing Consumer Association said it had tested more than 20 electric scooters of different brands recently and found that most had substandard brakes. It added that 16 of the tested scooters could go faster than the maximum 20 km per hour set for electric bikes. According to the traffic police, people who ride electric scooters at certain speeds can easily bump into the vehicles in the vehicle lane and hurt people who walk in the bicycle lanes. But seeing the benefits that electric scooters have brought to young people, experts are worried that the ban may take effect slowly. Electric scooters are a great answer to the ‘last mile problem’ of getting from a public transport station to one’s home. They’re light enough to throw over your shoulder. They’re easy to ride just about anywhere and don’t need a lot of physical effort. The scooter can travel 25 km on one charge. It’s convenient and easy to control. They are also good for environment. Unlike cars and buses, electric scooters produce no carbon dioxide, need no fuel and make almost no noise. For many young people, they use them to copy cool celebrities they have seen in videos. 解题步骤 第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构 本文主要围绕“电动滑板车的使用现状及其问题”展开，结构为“总—分”式： 第1段：描述现象——年轻人骑电动滑板车。 第2段：北京的处罚措施。 第3段：上海的治理背景。 第4段：电动滑板车的安全隐患。 第5段：电动滑板车的优势（解决最后一公里问题）。 第6段：电动滑板车的环境优势。 第7段：年轻人使用电动滑板车的原因。 第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息 段落 关键词 1.现象：年轻人骑电动滑板车 ①young people，electric scooters，ride 2.北京处罚措施 ②Beijing，fine，warning 3.上海治理背景 ③Shanghai，traffic problems，campaign 4.安全隐患 ④safety issues，substandard brakes，speed 5.优势：最后一公里问题 ⑤last mile problem，convenient 6.环境益处 ⑥environment，no carbon dioxide，noise 7.年轻人使用原因 ⑦young people，celebrities，imitate 第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达 第1段：Young people often ride electric scooters proudly. （年轻人自豪地骑电动滑板车。） 第2段：Beijing fines riders and warns them. （北京对骑电动滑板车的人罚款并警告。） 第3段：Shanghai’s campaign aims to solve traffic issues. （上海的行动旨在解决交通问题。） 第4段：Scooters have safety issues due to poor brakes and high speed. （电动滑板车因刹车差和速度高存在安全问题。） 第5段：Scooters solve the last mile problem and are convenient. （电动滑板车解决了最后一公里问题，且方便。） 第6段：Scooters are environmentally friendly. （电动滑板车环保。） 第7段：Young people use them to imitate celebrities. （年轻人用它们模仿名人。） 第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接 对比：使用“However”连接安全隐患和优势部分，形成对比。 因果：使用“because”或“due to”连接原因和结果。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题及模拟题 （2022年1月·上海高考真题） Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram ( 记忆印记)--a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroseientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable , and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work , mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent , Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work , too. In their current work, Ramirez. and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells , and whether negative memories can be "overwritten by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience , they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique , University of' Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 How the Immune System is Kept in Check The immune system is a true masterpiece of evolution. Each day, it defends us against thousands of viruses, bacteria, and other microbes that seek to invade our bodies. One of its most remarkable abilities lies in accurately identifying pathogens (病原体) and distinguishing them from the body’s own cells. It’s not easy. The microbes that threaten our health do not wear a uniform — they all have different appearances. Many even have developed similarities to human cells. So how does the immune system consistently recognize what to attack and what to protect? Why does it not turn against our own tissues more frequently? For a long time, researchers believed they had the answer: a mechanism known as central immune tolerance, through which immune cells learn to recognize “self” during their development. However, the immune system turned out to be far more complex than previously understood. It is for this reason that the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded for the discoveries related to peripheral immune tolerance (外周免疫耐受). The laureates (获奖者) identified the immune system’s specialized “security team” — regulatory T cells. These cells prevent other T cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissue, which is important for a process called peripheral immune tolerance. They also ensure the immune system to calm down after it has eliminated an invader, so it does not continue working at top speed. These groundbreaking discoveries have laid the foundation for an entirely new field of research. They have also led to the development of novel medical treatments currently under evaluation in clinical trials. These advances hold promise for treating autoimmune diseases, improving cancer treatment, and reducing serious complications after stem cell transplants. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 The science of sibling rivalry We don’t choose our siblings. Brothers and sisters are just sort of there. And yet, when it comes to our development, they can be more influential than parents. Part of siblings’ influence has to do with their presence. Eighty-two percent of kids live with a sibling (a greater share than live with a father), and about 75 percent of 70-year-olds have a living sibling. For those of us who have brothers or sisters, our relationships with them will likely be the longest of our life. Whether these relationships make our life better or worse is a more complicated question. On the upside, positive interactions with siblings during adolescence foster empathy, prosocial (亲社会的) behavior, and academic achievement. This effect can be complicated by a full house, however. Kids with more siblings do worse in school — although the universality of this finding has been challenged by several studies. When a sibling relationship is bad, however, it can be really bad — as in messing-up-your-life bad. Tense sibling relationships make people more likely to be depressed and anxious in adolescence. Moreover, sibling bullying makes a kid more likely to engage in self-harm as a teen and to become psychotic (精神病的) by age 18. Whether a person models herself after her siblings or tries to distinguish herself has particularly important consequences. One study found that siblings who felt positively about each other tended to achieve similar education levels, while those who spent unequal time with their dad and got unequal parental treatment had different educational fortunes. Research suggests that as siblings’ relationships with their parents grow more different over time, their relationship with each other may become warmer. And imitating your sibling can be a mistake, depending on what she’s up to: Girls are more likely to get pregnant in their teens and teenagers are more likely to engage in risky behavior if an older sibling did so first. One way or another, sibling influence is lasting. A study of more than 1 million Swedes found that one’s risk of dying of a heart attack spikes (微增) after a sibling dies of one, due not only to shared DNA but also to the stress of losing such a key figure. Which makes sense: Most of us are different people than we'd have been if our brothers or sisters were never born. Siblings seem like they’re just there only until they aren’t. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 3 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Gardening therapy, often referred to as horticultural therapy, is a practice that utilizes gardening activities to promote mental and physical well-being. This therapeutic approach has been gaining recognition in recent years, supported by various studies highlighting its benefits. Scientists and health professionals have observed that engaging with plants and nature can significantly reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. Research indicates that gardening can lead to improved mood and cognitive function. A study published in the Journal of Health Psychology found that individuals who participated in gardening activities reported lower levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress. Gardening also encourages physical activity, which is linked to enhanced cardiovascular health and overall fitness. Dr. Richard Ryan, a prominent psychologist at Harvard, emphasizes the importance of nature in fostering psychological well-being. He notes that gardening allows individuals to reconnect with the natural world, providing a sense of purpose and accomplishment. The act of nurturing plants can be particularly beneficial for those dealing with mental health issues, as it fosters mindfulness and presence in the moment. Now gardening therapy is increasingly being integrated into recovery programs for various populations, including the elderly and those recovering from drug abuse. The structured nature of gardening tasks can help individuals develop new skills and improve their social interactions, which are crucial for recovery. Gardening therapy is a valuable tool that taps the therapeutic potential of nature. Supported by scientific research, it offers an approach to improving mental and physical health, making it a promising option for individuals seeking to enhance their well-being through natural means. As more studies emerge, the recognition of gardening as a legitimate therapeutic practice continues to grow, paving the way for its broader implementation in healthcare settings. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 4 【来源】上海市宜川中学2025-2026学年第二学期阶段练高三英语 Why Do I Get Anxious Thoughts Late at Night? Sleep problems are surprisingly common, with many adults struggling to fall asleep because of anxious thoughts. Research from the University of Oxford shows that people with sleeplessness tend to focus more on worries at bedtime, while good sleepers think of little in particular. Many people have experienced falling asleep easily in front of the TV, only to lie awake once in bed. This highlights a key reason for nighttime anxiety: the sudden lack of distraction. During the day and evening, the brain is constantly engaged — working, socialising, or watching something. But once the lights are off, external stimulation disappears, leaving the mind free to turn inward. At this point, it often dwells on past events or future concerns, the two main sources of worry. Psychologists suggest that trying to push these thoughts away doesn’t really work. Often, the more you resist them, the more they seem to stick around. A better approach is to notice them and simply let them pass. For worries about the past, one useful method is to write in a journal before bed. Studies have shown that people who record their thoughts and feelings fall asleep more quickly. Putting concerns onto paper seems to reduce their mental impact, making it easier to relax. For others, it is future tasks that cause anxiety, especially at the start of the week when responsibilities feel too much to handle. Research supports the idea that writing a to-do list before bedtime can help. In one study, participants who wrote down upcoming tasks fell asleep faster than those who simply reflected on what they had already done. Writing appears to organise thoughts and reduce mental overload. In general, worrying is normal. The key is to manage it, not remove it. If you deal with worries earlier in the day, you’re less likely to feel stressed at night and can sleep more easily. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Passage 5 【来源】上海市华师二附中2025-2026学年高三3月测试英语试题 Climate Anxiety Climate change is an issue that can feel worrying. As world leaders meet at COP30 to discuss climate change, there’s lots you can do to help with climate anxiety. There are often lots of stories about the environment and climate change in the news, from forest fires to rising temperatures and this can make you anxious.” It can feel frightening, uncertain and overwhelming, says author and therapist Eloise Skinner. She’s an expert in how people think, feel and behave. If you are feeling this way, you are not alone. A survey by the Save the Children charity found that 70% of young people they spoke to are worried about climate change. There are ways to help ease your worries. One of them is making sure you have all the correct information and accurate details about climate change. “Topics that feel overwhelming when we don’t have all the information can start to feel less scary when we educate ourselves on the issue,” says Skinner. It’s very important to make sure you’re getting your information from the right places, though. “For example, it might be good to read more about it in books or articles, rather than social media,” says Skinner. It’s important to remember that there are lots of people including children, working hard to tackle climate change and there is still hope. Author Ben Martynoga knows all about the environment. He wrote a book about the different and amazing ways nature helps the planet. He says, “We can definitely change what happens next. Climate change pushes us to live differently and that gives us a real chance to build something better: wilder cities, cleaner energy, and a world where nature and people both thrive. Skinner says that for some people, “It might feel better to take small practical actions in everyday life towards supporting the climate, rather than learning all the details.” to help make you feel better. So whether that’s litter picking in your area, using less plastic, planting flowers for bees, raising money for an environmental charity or walking to school instead of getting a lift in the car, there are lots of ways you can make a real difference to the planet. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $