专题07 六选四之宏观角度考查句子功能（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦六选四题型中句子功能的宏观考查，将段首题、段中题、段尾题及小标题四大核心考点按“命题规律-考查角度-解题策略”逻辑架构串联，通过考点梳理、方法指导、真题训练的教学流程，帮助学生系统构建语篇分析框架，精准突破不同位置句子的功能匹配难点。 资料以“思维建模+靶向突破”为特色，创新设计“核心口诀”策略（如段首题“看后文抓主题，看上段找衔接”），结合真题实例培养学生语言能力与思维品质，通过分层解题训练（如段中题代词指代分析）提升复习效率，助力学生快速掌握解题范式，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

专题07 六选四之宏观角度考查句子功能 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 从篇章结构宏观角度考查句子功能 知识解构 知识点1 段首题 知识点2 段中题 知识点3 段尾题 知识点4 小标题 考向破译 考向 01 考查段首句的选择 考向02 考查段中句的选择 考向 03 考查段尾句的选择 考向04 考查小标题的选择 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 题型 六选四考点分布 年份 段首题及题号 段中题及题号 段尾题及题号 2023上海春考 3（68）（69）（70） 1（67） 0 2023上海秋考 2（67）（68） 2（69）（70） 0 2022上海秋考 1（67） 2（69）（70） 1（68） 2022上海春考 1（69） 2（67）（68） 1（70） 2021上海秋考 2（69）（70） 1（68） 1（67） 2021上海春考 2（68）（70） 1（67） 1（69） 2020上海秋考 2（69）（70） 0 2（67）（68） 2020上海春考 2（68）（69） 2（67）（70） 0 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 知识点 命题规律 考查角度 解题策略（核心口诀） 段首题 总起全段 / 承上启下 1. 段落主旨句2. 段间过渡句 看后文抓主题；看上段找衔接；词复现 + 逻辑 段中题 句间衔接 / 细节支撑 1. 例证解释2. 逻辑转换3. 补充指代 前后都要看；逻辑要对上；代词有指代 段尾题 总结本段 / 引出下段 1. 结论总结句2. 承上启下句 找总结词；看全段中心；连下段开头 小标题 概括整段 + 格式统一 1. 祈使 / 动名词 / 名词短语2. 结构对仗 + 主旨 先匹配格式；再抓核心词；全覆盖不片面 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一、从宏观角度考查句子功能 知●识●解●构 知识点1 段首题 一、命题规律 段落开头挖空，承担两大篇章功能：一是本段主题总起句，统领整段所有细节、例证、分论点；二是跨段过渡句，承接上段末尾话题，引出本段新论述，是兼顾表层衔接与深层主旨的高频题型。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 段落主旨总起句（考查核心：语篇主旨匹配 + 词汇衔接） 概括整段核心话题，后文全部信息围绕该句展开，选项必然包含本段反复出现的核心名词、同义替换词。 2. 段间过渡衔接句（考查核心：逻辑衔接 + 指代衔接） 衔接上下两段语义，常出现指示代词 this/that/such、转折 / 递进逻辑词，呼应上段结尾内容，铺垫本段论述方向。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：主旨总起类段首句 1. 不局限单句，通读空格后 2-4 句，提取段落高频核心词，锁定话题范畴； 2. 排除仅描述单一例子、细节片面、话题范围过大 / 过小的选项； 3. 利用词汇衔接线索：匹配选项与后文原词复现、同义替换、同语义场词汇。 类型 2：过渡衔接类段首句 1. 重点阅读上一段结尾，寻找可被代词指代、逻辑承接的核心内容； 2. 筛选带有转折（however/yet）、递进（besides/furthermore）、指代（this situation/such method）的选项； 3. 双重验证：既能承接上段，又能自然引出本段后文内容，语义无断层。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 以偏概全：只对应段落某一处事例，无概括性，仅适配段中位置； 2. 话题脱节：引入本段、上段均未提及的全新概念； 3. 逻辑割裂：代词无前文对应指代对象，逻辑连词关系与上下文冲突。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模49题） ____49____ For those who find traditional forms of communication challenging, pebbling can be a strong alternative for expressing affection and maintaining closeness without the pressure of sustained conversation. Traditional expressions of affection may not feel genuine, but pebbling can allow for relational development through digital actions. A. Critics argue that screens have replaced face-to-face conversations and that social media often creates shallow connections. B. In fact, pebbling can serve as a gentle bridge for those who are not used to conventional closeness. C. It is easy to overlook pebbling as an especially valuable form of communication for sociable people. D. It’s not surprising that this practice has earned a name: Pebbling. E. Rather, it can be a new path to building and maintaining close relationships. F. When transferred to human relationships, this practice involves tiny, considerate gestures. · 句意：事实上，对于不习惯传统亲密交流的人来说，“投石互动” 是一座温和的沟通桥梁。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：段落主旨段首句；深层主旨匹配；词汇衔接（pebbling 本段核心词）； ② 后文全部围绕 “传统沟通有困难的人” 展开，选项统领全段，概括本段核心论点。 · 干扰排除：C 只针对外向人群，与后文语义相反；D、E、A 偏离本段 “pebbling 适配人群” 话题。 知识点2 段中题 一、命题规律 段落中间设空，不承担概括段落的作用，仅完成句内局部衔接，依托显性表层语言线索命题，极少单纯考查主旨；前后两句为核心参照，空格句子起到举例、阐释、补充、转折、并列的桥梁作用。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 例证阐释句（考查：逻辑衔接 + 词汇衔接） 对前一句抽象观点举例、下定义、类比说明，常搭配举例类信号词。 2. 逻辑转换句（考查：逻辑衔接 + 结构衔接） 实现同一段落内部转折、因果、对比、并列、递进关系切换。 3. 补充说明句（考查：词汇 / 指代衔接） 借助代词、同义词汇，补充完善前一句的条件、细节、延伸信息。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：例证阐释句 1. 锁定空格前后两句，前句多为抽象观点，后句多为具体事实； 2. 重点查找举例信号词：for example/for instance/such as/take…as an example； 3. 保证选项话题与前后句完全统一，属于同一语义范畴。 类型 2：逻辑转换句 1. 先判断前后两句内在逻辑：转折、因果、递进、对比、并列； 2. 匹配对应逻辑连词： 转折：but/however/instead/while；因果：so/therefore/as a result；递进：also/moreover/besides； 3. 利用结构衔接：前后句式对仗、排比结构匹配快速锁定答案。 类型 3：补充说明句 1. 优先核查选项中指代词 it/they/this/these/such，在前一句寻找明确指代主体； 2. 依靠词汇链解题：原词复现、同义词、同范畴名词呼应。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 逻辑矛盾：连词体现的逻辑关系与上下文语义完全相反； 2. 指代悬空：选项出现指代词，但前文无对应人 / 事 / 物； 3. 话题跳脱：凭空出现本段无铺垫的全新话题，割裂句间联系。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年奉贤区二模48） Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool. ____48____ They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠). According to the researchers, Veronika rolled out her tongue like a carpet, using its flexible tip to grab the stick and roll it into her mouth. She then held the brush steadily, turned her neck, and scratched herself. This observation made scientists reconsider cows’ intelligence. A. More surprisingly, the animal can even adjust how she handles the tool. B. The multi-purpose nature of tool use is beyond everyone’s expectations. C. Her life circumstances may to some extent explain this unique behavior. D. An animal must intentionally grasp and control an object to achieve a goal. E. To test Veronika’s skills, researchers placed a brush on the ground near her. F. He is excited to add cows to the list of tool-using animals, but not surprised. · 句意：为测试维罗妮卡的能力，研究人员在它身旁地面放置一把刷子。 · 解题依据： ① 指代衔接（They 指代 researchers）；动作顺承逻辑；词汇衔接 brush 后文复现； ② 前文首次记录牛使用工具，后文记录抓取、挠痒动作，选项交代实验操作步骤，串联前后实验流程。 · 干扰排除：D 是工具定义，适配 47 空；A 讲调整工具用法，适配 49 空。 知识点3 段尾题 一、命题规律 段尾设空分为两类：多数为本段总结结论句，收拢本段全部论据细节；少数为承上启下过渡句，收束本段同时铺垫下一段核心话题，兼顾总结类逻辑线索与跨段语义衔接。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 总结结论句（考查：语篇主旨匹配 + 总结类逻辑衔接） 归纳升华本段分论点、事例，对整段内容给出评价、观点、结果。 2. 承上启下过渡句（考查：词汇衔接 + 跨段语义衔接） 前半部分概括本段内容，后半句引出下一段论述的核心对象，串联两段。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：总结概括句 1. 通读完整段落，梳理本段论述核心，把握作者整体态度； 2. 重点查找选项中总结类信号词：thus, therefore, hence, so, as a result, in a word, in short, to conclude, to sum up； 3. 核对词汇线索：选项包含本段高频主题词或同义改写，不局限复述单个细节。 类型 2：承上启下（过渡）句 1. 若选项和本段前文关联较弱，立刻精读下一段开头，寻找匹配话题； 2. 双重匹配标准：既能概括本段主要内容，又与下一段首句话题紧密衔接； 3. 若文章首段末尾设空，该空大概率为过渡句，用来引出全文下文核心。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 细节重复：单纯复述段落某一个例子，无归纳升华，达不到总结功能； 2. 双向脱节：既无法收拢本段，也不能衔接下一段，完全独立无关； 3. 观点相悖：选项表达的态度、结论和段落整体论述倾向冲突。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年杨浦区二模50） Some responses to the Government’s promises were positive. The Liberal Democrat party said it supports phasing out Ofwat. Mark Lloyd, from the Rivers Trust campaign group said the recommendations would lead to a dramatic improvement in the water environment. ___50___ A. The Government will also spend £104 billion to repair damaged pipes, build water treatment works and water storage facilities. B. Its plans include cutting pollution in rivers and seas and changing the way water companies are held responsible. C. But three billion liters of water are wasted every day in the UK because of leaky pipes. D. However, some activists said the report recommendations failed to prioritize public benefit over private profit and the public are tired of swimming in sewage and drowning in rising bills. E. Environment Secretary says the Government will adopt five of these straight away. F. It has announced that a new law concerning environmental protection will come into effect next year. · 句意：教师会找到方法鼓励学生思考，让学生明白写作是产生想法的途径。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：本段总结句；指代 They 指代 best educators； ② 前文讲教师要摒弃机械作业，选项总结教师的正确教学方向，后文转折说明学生不愿深度思考。 · 干扰排除：D 讲写作与思考关系，适配 47；B 学生明知 AI 缺陷仍依赖，适配 48。 知识点4 小标题（注：上海卷这种题型较少考查） 一、命题规律 小标题独立统领一整段，属于篇章级高度概括短语，区别于普通段首陈述句；全篇小标题句式结构、格式严格统一，命题同时考查表层结构衔接和深层主旨概括，无复杂逻辑连词、长难句。 二、细分题型与考查角度 仅单一核心功能：段落高度主旨概括短语，细分三种固定句式格式： 1. 祈使动词短语（高频）：动词原形开头，给出建议、做法； 2. 动名词短语：Doing sth.，概括段落行为、主题； 3. 抽象名词短语：无完整主谓结构，极简名词词组点明段落核心。 三、分层解题策略 1. 第一步：结构衔接优先，观察文中已给出小标题的句式、词性，直接排除格式不匹配选项； 2. 第二步：速读小标题下方整段文字，抓取反复出现的核心名词、核心动作； 3. 第三步：语义筛选，排除仅概括局部细节的短语，保留能覆盖全段所有内容的概括项； 4. 辅助线索：利用词汇衔接，正确小标题一定包含本段核心词的原词或同义表达。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 格式不符：其余标题统一为祈使句，选项为完整陈述句 / 复合句； 2. 片面概括：只对应段落 1-2 个细节，无法统领整段内容； 3. 词汇无关：短语不含本段任何核心话题词，语义完全偏离段落中心。 【示例】 题源：（2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟） 3 Avoid caffeine after lunch. And while drinking alcohol before bedtime can help put you to sleep, it increases the chance you’ll wake up in the middle of the night. That’s because it increases the production of a chemical called adenosine, which makes you groggy — but only temporarily. When the adenosine wears off, you wake up. Do you make time for shutting down? Two hours before bedtime, stop using screens — the blue light they emit can confuse your body, causing it to produce less melatonin, a hormone that makes us sleepy. 4 Is your room conducive to sleep? Channel your ancient ancestors by thinking of your bedroom as a cave. It should be cool, dark and quiet. A．Don’t go to bed hungry or stuffed. B．Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. C．Instead, create a relaxing ritual to end your day, like reading or having a shower. D．Sleep cleans the brain of unneeded by-products from its daily functioning. E．What are you consuming? F．Why sleep matters? 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查段首句的选择 设空处在段首通常为主旨概括句，有时也可能为承上启下(过渡)句。如果设空处位于段首，要瞻前顾后找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年宝山区二模47） ___47___ Praise for the award-winning producer, director, animator and filmmaker seems never-ending. His six-decade career has been described as one that is “marked by genius and wonder ...” A. Since then, Studio Ghibli has turned out one film after another, most of which have received critical praise. B. Miyazaki just focused on his works instead of others' evaluation, attitude and feelings. C. These dark themes, however, are balanced out by stories of love, loyalty and the importance of family. D. People around the world love Miyazaki for his magnificent hand-drawn animation. E. As a result, Miyazaki's stories ran across lots of negative responses besides positive ones. F. It wasn't long before others noticed his tremendous drawing skills as well as his extraordinary animation style. · 句意：全世界的人们都因宫崎骏精美的手绘动画而喜爱他。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：主旨过渡段首句；词汇衔接（Miyazaki 全文核心词）； ② 前文说宫崎骏常被忽视，后文讲他收获无数赞誉，选项转折衔接，点明全球受众喜爱他的核心原因。 · 干扰排除：B 侧重宫崎骏不在意评价，与后文 “无尽赞誉” 逻辑冲突；C 讲黑暗主题，本段无相关内容。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年嘉定区二模47） ____47____ Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a molecular (分子) level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen (氢), as if two atoms were no longer enough. Even sports drinks, which once relied on images of sweating athletes, now proudly announce that they are “lab tested.” In a crowded market, science has become the new symbol of quality. A. A cream had vitamin C, and vitamin C helped skin. B. Many of the claims are reasonable, while others are meaningless nonsense. C. When science is being used to sell creams and drinks, science as a public good is under threat. D. Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool. E. In fact, science in the private interest doesn’t necessarily work like that. F. No one is looking up an academic study to make sure the claims on their package are accurate. · 句意：在时尚、美妆、食品行业，科学术语已经成为强有力的营销工具。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：段落总起主旨句；深层主旨匹配；词汇衔接（scientific language 后文反复复现）； ② 后文列举美妆、护肤品、饮用水、运动饮料全部使用专业科学词汇营销，选项总领本段全部例证。 · 干扰排除：A、C 仅单讲面霜，以偏概全；E、F 无总起概括作用，只适合段中。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年青浦区二模50）    50    Scientists continue to debate why certain species maintain survival ability far longer than others — whether it is due to the thickness of their seed coats, the amount of internal nutrient storage, or other unique biological features. Additionally, the experiment’s controlled conditions, including consistent soil composition, temperature, and dampness levels, raise questions about how well the results translate into the diverse and often unpredictable natural habitats found around the world. As the experiment continues (with the next dig planned for 2040), it remains a powerful proof to scientific patience and dedication, offering invaluable insights that only the passage of time can reveal. A. Later, the interval was extended to 10, then 20 years, to lengthen the experiment’s lifespan and gather data over a longer period. B. However, the experiment’s findings have raised more questions than they have answered. C. Many scientists doubt whether the experiment will continue to provide useful data in the future. D. Its goal was to close a major gap in botanical knowledge about how long seeds can stay alive in nature. E. What’s more, this surprising result has greatly changed people’s traditional understanding of seed life. F. Later, they dug up all bottles at once to check the results immediately. 考向2 考查段中句的选择 段中设空的题目即为主题句的展开句。此种题要注意分析前后的逻辑性和内容的连贯性，注意句子之间的衔接手法，如代词、逻辑连接词等。做题时，首先要依据关键信息将选项进行排除，然后将剩下的可能答案逐一代入，达到选项和设空处的前后内容达到语意连贯及逻辑通顺，最终确定最佳选项。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年徐汇区二模49） Place feeders where you can enjoy the view—near a window or from a common room—but ensure safety. Hang feeders within three feet of glass to prevent fatal collisions, or at least 30 feet away. (49) _________________ Adding a water source for drinking and bathing will encourage birds to linger. A. Young himself maintains 35 feeders, spacing them apart to reduce conflicts between species. B. Attracting birds starts with the right setup. C. A camera or a monitor is supposed to be installed near your house to observe the birds. D. Nectar feeders require daily or every-other-day cleaning to avoid mold and fermentation. E. Keeping feeders indoors will surely make your life full of fun and pleasure. F. Provide natural cover like trees, shrubs, or brush piles to shelter birds from predators. · 句意：花蜜喂食器需要每日或隔日清洁，避免霉菌滋生与液体发酵。 · 解题依据： ① 词汇衔接 cleaning、feeders 前后重复；递进补充逻辑； ② 前文讲通用喂食器清洁周期，选项补充特殊花蜜喂食器更高清洁要求，同话题细节拓展。 · 干扰排除：F 讲鸟类掩护，适配 49 空；A 讲摆放喂食器，适配 48 空。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年松江区二模50） Diao sees a win-win situation for both nature and human being. “Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors,” he said. ____50____ And that is the cornerstone of coexistence between people and elephants. A. Furthermore, Diao helps the insurance companies to assess elephant-related damages. B. Now various preparations of the park are progressing steadily in line with good planning. C. Therefore, local people decided to combine-their own efforts to drive the elephants away. D. In response to the application, local laws and policies are made and enacted at a fast pace. E. That is a severe problem facing the local people and different sides are attempting to solve it. F. To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats. · 句意：在他看来，这座公园兼顾了当地人安居乐业与大象适宜的栖息地。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：承上启下段尾句；深层主旨总结；指代 him 指代前文 Diao； ② 前文讲公园双赢价值，后文点明是人象共存基础，选项总结本段双赢观点，衔接下一句总结句。 · 干扰排除：B 讲公园筹备，适配 49；A 讲保险定损，适配 48。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年金山区二模48） Cybercab represents a giant leap in both technology and concept. Its core is an advanced neural network that processes visual data in real time, enabling precise navigation and response to complex road situations. According to official data, its safety level is roughly ten times higher than that of human driving. (48)________________ It can cut down traffic accidents, ease congestion and lower travel costs significantly. A.Traditional taxis will gradually disappear in the near future. B.Some users complain about the limited space inside Cybercab. C.This breakthrough can greatly benefit traffic safety and efficiency. D.Meanwhile, public trust and understanding need to be gradually built. E.It is no longer just a means of transport but an intelligent mobile space. F.However, this pioneering invention also brings unavoidable challenges. · 解题依据： ① 指代衔接（This breakthrough 指代前文无人驾驶高安全技术）；逻辑顺承； ② 前文讲安全优势，后文列举减少事故、缓解拥堵等好处，选项承接前后，实现语义串联。 · 干扰排除：E 讲智能移动空间，对应 47 题；F 转折表挑战，与本段正面优势语义相反。 考向3 考查段尾句的选择 段尾设空的题多为总结本段内容，偶有起承上启下的作用。即要么是结论句，要么就是承上启下句。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年闵行区二模47） Warning growls might sound scary, but it’s just your dog saying “no”. If your dog gives a warning growl when being petted, it doesn’t mean they’ll bite, but means they don’t want to be petted at all. Never punish or ignore a warning growl. We want our dogs to be able to say no, and punishing communication makes them less likely to communicate with us in the future. ___48___ A. However, dogs can also growl out of pain or happiness. B. The key, in this case, is to observe your dog’s body language. C. Delaying medical attention could make its condition even worse. D. Noticing whether your dog is comfortable with contact is important. E. Therefore, reacting negatively to such signals may stop their expression. F. This may cause a dog to bite directly, as it feels its signals won’t be noticed otherwise. · 句意：这会导致狗狗直接咬人，因为它认为自己的警示信号无人理会。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：本段总结结论句；指代 This 指代前文惩罚低吼的行为；表层因果逻辑； ② 全段核心：不要惩罚警告低吼，选项总结惩罚行为带来的严重后果，收束本段观点。 · 干扰排除：A 是多诱因过渡，适配 47；C 医疗相关，属于 Pain-Related 段落内容。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年崇明区二模48） NASA and the European Space Agency’s Webb Space Telescope will observe this near-Earth asteroid in March before the object becomes impossible to see. ____48____ A. But later calculations suggested the probability had risen to 2 or even 3 percent. B. Once that happens, scientists will have to wait until 2028 when it passes our way again. C. This also means there is around a 97 to 99 percent chance it will safely pass our planet in that year. D. But it’s perfectly natural that the impact chances will “bounce around a bit” before dropping to zero. E. However, scientists infer the size of asteroids (小行星) from the amount of light they reflect, which also depends on their composition. F. Since the asteroid’s size and orbit are uncertain, it is unclear where it might hit and what the possible effects would be should it strike Earth. · 句意：此外，刁还协助保险公司评估大象造成的损失。 · 解题依据： ① 表层逻辑衔接（furthermore 递进）；词汇衔接（he 指代前文 Diao，elephant 复现）； ② 前文讲他监测预警，后文讲野生动物保险赔付，递进词补充他另一项工作，话题连贯。 · 干扰排除：C 驱赶大象与后文保险制度矛盾；B、F 讲国家公园，本段无相关话题。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年普陀区二模48） And though I’d expected my classes to be physically demanding and my muscles to ache, I hadn’t anticipated that my teacher’s command to”take up more space” would change my way of being in the world. My teacher reminded me that ballet isn’t about perfection. ____48____ A. Every move made by me then invited my teacher’s critical evaluation. B. If anything, ballet is forcing me to rethink my relationship with my body. C. But I was determined to give it a try. D. Rather, he said, it’s about striving for perfection. E. I nearly injured myself the one time I tried to lift my leg onto the desk in an attempt to stretch. F. At the age of 50, I am finally a ballerina, though not the kind that anybody would pay money to see on stage. 考向4 考查小标题句的选择 概括段落大意，特征突出，短小且语言精炼；阅读段落内容，提炼段落中心词、高频词和中心词的近义词； 其形式应和其他小标题相同。 【例1】 Ask about household rules. What time does the child go to bed? Can the child watch television? For how long? Which shows? What snacks can the child have? Remember that you are taking the place of the parents and need to follow their rules. 11 Make sure you keep everything clean and tidy. 12 You should know how to contact the parents. In case of emergency, it is good to get the phone number of another adult that you could call in case you fail to contact the parents. Also have emergency numbers written down. Have fun with the child. Say positive things, smile, and laugh. The more fun you have with the child, the happier the child will be with you. Most children will be anxious when their parents leave. 13 A．Get a written contact list. B．Contact the parents indirectly. C．You are responsible for the house too. D．You also ought to take care of the garden. E．This will mean a visit with the parents or adults you will be working for. F．In other words, it is your job to keep that person safe, healthy, and happy. G．So it is important to make babysitting a positive experience for both of you. 【例2】 ● 16 People from different cultures may speak at different volumes, be more or less direct in showing emotion, have different expectations about “small talk”, and so on. When involved in cross-cultural communication, be prepared to encounter such differences, including those that you were not aware of. ●Be respectful and open-minded. Each culture has its own set of core values, beliefs, and attitudes. 17 In such communication, it is improper to judge people based on these differences. Instead, respect them for what they are, and take the opportunities to learn something new. A．A little knowledge can go a long way. B．Appreciate varied communication styles. C．Abandon your own communication habits. D．The more details you know, the better you will communicate. E．Thus, signs of these may appear in cross-cultural communication. F．Good cross-cultural communication requires proper communication skills. G．This will help build respect for each other and bridge possible cultural gaps. 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题精选 Passage 1 （2025年上海高考真题） How to Save Outdoor Recess (课间休息) As the first and last weeks of school keep getting hotter in some places in the US, recess might be moved indoors day after day. Recess can improve grades and is where children learn how to problem-solve and cooperate. ____47____ Shade can make a person feel much cooler. In the next few years, schools’ ability to install structures that provide artificial shade could determine whether recess survives June, August, and September. ____48____ In Cheston, on average, the city’s primary-school playgrounds are almost entirely exposed to direct sunlight. Some schools have no shade at all. In California, 91 percent of the average schoolyard has zero tree cover. Shade structures can take just days to put up, but installing shade can cost thousands, even tens of thousands, of dollars. Public schools and nonprofits can apply to the American Academy of Dermatology (皮肤病学) for up to $8,000 in funding for shade structures, which won’t cover the full cost of many projects. ____49____ This is largely due to the fact that most government programs intended to help schools adapt to climate change right now focus on energy efficiency, or cover the cost of planning, but do not fund the actual changes to buildings. Unless more resources emerge to support shade construction, in many parts of the country, school districts will spend the first two weeks — even up to a month — with indoor recess. If children do spend recess indoors, they’ll probably stay in the classroom, doing things like watching movies. Some teachers will use the additional classroom time to pack in more instruction, while others may put on dance videos that help children burn off energy. ____50____ They run freely and chase each other on the playground, playing games and making friends. Those moments may endure in their memory. A. After measuring shade in schoolyards, researchers have found that most have next to none. B. But those things can’t replace the type of unstructured play that children need as they grow. C. Financing these projects improves the quality of outdoor recess. D. Still, these funds are one of the few outside sources of financing these projects. E. The development of such an ability requires support from all levels. F. The quickest way to keep playgrounds open through extreme heat is to get them out of direct sunlight. Passage 2 （2021年1月·上海高考真题） Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. A. So why do these movies fail? B.The film , in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride. C.Game adaptations’ issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources.D， But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs.E.The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect. F. However, a common criticism was that it was “ full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters”. Too Big，Too Expensive and Too Silly - Why Video Game Movies Fail Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough , but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful. These movies are plentiful. ( 67 )_________Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera , most video game movies are commercial and critical failures. (68)____________ The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in , the game's legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will? criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay , whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and ores (兽), the central conflict in the game's world.(69)______________ Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot device:without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, the these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’". In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say , shoot hell-monsters on Mars. The game series became increasingly complex , as the player-controlled protagonist (主角)parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence. (70)___________ The plot--an original story which retains the key elements of the games---was criticized as " scattered and fractured",“ hastily explained" and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that "it's not clear why any of this is happening" and Roger Ebert. com summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas. 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 Quiet Quitting Are you feeling burnt out and overwhelmed at work? You’re not alone. In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs. 1 This emerging trend has potentially widespread implications for the future of work, how people interact with their jobs, and what we see as an acceptable balance between work and home life. So how do you know if someone is quietly quitting? There are a few tell-tale signs to look out for in the workplace. You might notice that an employee who used to be highly engaged and motivated in their job suddenly becomes less interested in what they are doing. They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more. 2 Another key sign of quiet quitting is a decline in the quality of work. Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job. 3 They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal. 4 You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings. A．A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate. B．Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make. C．Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier. D．If people are quietly quitting all around you, maintaining your usual level of output will make you a stand-out member of your team. E．This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work. F．They may also start to arrive late or leave early, though this is usually paired with open complaints about their workload or manager. Passage 2 【来源】上海市实验学校2024-2025学年度第二学期高三2月月考英语试题 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. 5 Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. 6 Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower. As long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. 7 Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. 8 While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” A．The capacity to hold and manipulate information in the short-term declines. B．Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. C．In reality, education does an aging brain good. D．By sustained learning, late-in-life learners can experience improvements in memory recall and attention span. E．A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. F．Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume. Passage 3 【来源】上海外国语大学附属外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评英语试题 How Mud Boosts Your Immune System Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing. 9 . “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family refrain, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles (蝌蚪), it was inevitable that children's whites would turn brown before the day was over. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. 10 For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in children's wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is packed with friendly microorganisms that can train the immune system and build resilience (恢复力) to a range of illnesses, including allergies and even depression. 11 Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractable. Besides the restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of molding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact. When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. 12 The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself. A．But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing. B．With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. C．Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. D．However, these behaviors allow children to gradually understand their bodily signals. E．A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity. F．Those who grow up on farms are less likely to develop auto-immune disorders thanks, apparently, to their childhood exposure to a more diverse range of organisms. 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 六选四之宏观角度考查句子功能 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点聚焦 从篇章结构宏观角度考查句子功能 知识解构 知识点1 段首题 知识点2 段中题 知识点3 段尾题 知识点4 小标题 考向破译 考向 01 考查段首句的选择 考向02 考查段中句的选择 考向 03 考查段尾句的选择 考向04 考查小标题的选择 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 题型 六选四考点分布 年份 段首题及题号 段中题及题号 段尾题及题号 2023上海春考 3（68）（69）（70） 1（67） 0 2023上海秋考 2（67）（68） 2（69）（70） 0 2022上海秋考 1（67） 2（69）（70） 1（68） 2022上海春考 1（69） 2（67）（68） 1（70） 2021上海秋考 2（69）（70） 1（68） 1（67） 2021上海春考 2（68）（70） 1（67） 1（69） 2020上海秋考 2（69）（70） 0 2（67）（68） 2020上海春考 2（68）（69） 2（67）（70） 0 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 知识点 命题规律 考查角度 解题策略（核心口诀） 段首题 总起全段 / 承上启下 1. 段落主旨句2. 段间过渡句 看后文抓主题；看上段找衔接；词复现 + 逻辑 段中题 句间衔接 / 细节支撑 1. 例证解释2. 逻辑转换3. 补充指代 前后都要看；逻辑要对上；代词有指代 段尾题 总结本段 / 引出下段 1. 结论总结句2. 承上启下句 找总结词；看全段中心；连下段开头 小标题 概括整段 + 格式统一 1. 祈使 / 动名词 / 名词短语2. 结构对仗 + 主旨 先匹配格式；再抓核心词；全覆盖不片面 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一、从宏观角度考查句子功能 知●识●解●构 知识点1 段首题 一、命题规律 段落开头挖空，承担两大篇章功能：一是本段主题总起句，统领整段所有细节、例证、分论点；二是跨段过渡句，承接上段末尾话题，引出本段新论述，是兼顾表层衔接与深层主旨的高频题型。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 段落主旨总起句（考查核心：语篇主旨匹配 + 词汇衔接） 概括整段核心话题，后文全部信息围绕该句展开，选项必然包含本段反复出现的核心名词、同义替换词。 2. 段间过渡衔接句（考查核心：逻辑衔接 + 指代衔接） 衔接上下两段语义，常出现指示代词 this/that/such、转折 / 递进逻辑词，呼应上段结尾内容，铺垫本段论述方向。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：主旨总起类段首句 1. 不局限单句，通读空格后 2-4 句，提取段落高频核心词，锁定话题范畴； 2. 排除仅描述单一例子、细节片面、话题范围过大 / 过小的选项； 3. 利用词汇衔接线索：匹配选项与后文原词复现、同义替换、同语义场词汇。 类型 2：过渡衔接类段首句 1. 重点阅读上一段结尾，寻找可被代词指代、逻辑承接的核心内容； 2. 筛选带有转折（however/yet）、递进（besides/furthermore）、指代（this situation/such method）的选项； 3. 双重验证：既能承接上段，又能自然引出本段后文内容，语义无断层。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 以偏概全：只对应段落某一处事例，无概括性，仅适配段中位置； 2. 话题脱节：引入本段、上段均未提及的全新概念； 3. 逻辑割裂：代词无前文对应指代对象，逻辑连词关系与上下文冲突。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模49题） ____49____ For those who find traditional forms of communication challenging, pebbling can be a strong alternative for expressing affection and maintaining closeness without the pressure of sustained conversation. Traditional expressions of affection may not feel genuine, but pebbling can allow for relational development through digital actions. A. Critics argue that screens have replaced face-to-face conversations and that social media often creates shallow connections. B. In fact, pebbling can serve as a gentle bridge for those who are not used to conventional closeness. C. It is easy to overlook pebbling as an especially valuable form of communication for sociable people. D. It’s not surprising that this practice has earned a name: Pebbling. E. Rather, it can be a new path to building and maintaining close relationships. F. When transferred to human relationships, this practice involves tiny, considerate gestures. 【答案】 49. B · 句意：事实上，对于不习惯传统亲密交流的人来说，“投石互动” 是一座温和的沟通桥梁。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：段落主旨段首句；深层主旨匹配；词汇衔接（pebbling 本段核心词）； ② 后文全部围绕 “传统沟通有困难的人” 展开，选项统领全段，概括本段核心论点。 · 干扰排除：C 只针对外向人群，与后文语义相反；D、E、A 偏离本段 “pebbling 适配人群” 话题。 【49题详解】 根据后文“For those who find traditional forms of communication challenging, pebbling can be a strong alternative for expressing affection and maintaining closeness without the pressure of sustained conversation. Traditional expressions of affection may not feel genuine, but pebbling can allow for relational development through digital actions.(对于那些觉得传统交流方式难以适应的人来说，弹珠游戏可以成为一种强有力的替代方式，用于表达爱意和保持亲密关系，同时又无需承受长时间交谈的压力。传统的表达爱意的方式可能让人感觉不真诚，但弹珠游戏能够通过数字化的行动促进人际关系的发展)”可知，后文指出对于觉得传统沟通有难度的人来说，pebbling是很好的替代方式，B 选项“事实上，对于不习惯传统亲密方式的人，投石互动是一座温柔的桥梁”与后文内容高度契合，是段落主旨句。故选B。 知识点2 段中题 一、命题规律 段落中间设空，不承担概括段落的作用，仅完成句内局部衔接，依托显性表层语言线索命题，极少单纯考查主旨；前后两句为核心参照，空格句子起到举例、阐释、补充、转折、并列的桥梁作用。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 例证阐释句（考查：逻辑衔接 + 词汇衔接） 对前一句抽象观点举例、下定义、类比说明，常搭配举例类信号词。 2. 逻辑转换句（考查：逻辑衔接 + 结构衔接） 实现同一段落内部转折、因果、对比、并列、递进关系切换。 3. 补充说明句（考查：词汇 / 指代衔接） 借助代词、同义词汇，补充完善前一句的条件、细节、延伸信息。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：例证阐释句 1. 锁定空格前后两句，前句多为抽象观点，后句多为具体事实； 2. 重点查找举例信号词：for example/for instance/such as/take…as an example； 3. 保证选项话题与前后句完全统一，属于同一语义范畴。 类型 2：逻辑转换句 1. 先判断前后两句内在逻辑：转折、因果、递进、对比、并列； 2. 匹配对应逻辑连词： 转折：but/however/instead/while；因果：so/therefore/as a result；递进：also/moreover/besides； 3. 利用结构衔接：前后句式对仗、排比结构匹配快速锁定答案。 类型 3：补充说明句 1. 优先核查选项中指代词 it/they/this/these/such，在前一句寻找明确指代主体； 2. 依靠词汇链解题：原词复现、同义词、同范畴名词呼应。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 逻辑矛盾：连词体现的逻辑关系与上下文语义完全相反； 2. 指代悬空：选项出现指代词，但前文无对应人 / 事 / 物； 3. 话题跳脱：凭空出现本段无铺垫的全新话题，割裂句间联系。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年奉贤区二模48） Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool. ____48____ They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠). According to the researchers, Veronika rolled out her tongue like a carpet, using its flexible tip to grab the stick and roll it into her mouth. She then held the brush steadily, turned her neck, and scratched herself. This observation made scientists reconsider cows’ intelligence. A. More surprisingly, the animal can even adjust how she handles the tool. B. The multi-purpose nature of tool use is beyond everyone’s expectations. C. Her life circumstances may to some extent explain this unique behavior. D. An animal must intentionally grasp and control an object to achieve a goal. E. To test Veronika’s skills, researchers placed a brush on the ground near her. F. He is excited to add cows to the list of tool-using animals, but not surprised. 【答案】 48. E · 句意：为测试维罗妮卡的能力，研究人员在它身旁地面放置一把刷子。 · 解题依据： ① 指代衔接（They 指代 researchers）；动作顺承逻辑；词汇衔接 brush 后文复现； ② 前文首次记录牛使用工具，后文记录抓取、挠痒动作，选项交代实验操作步骤，串联前后实验流程。 · 干扰排除：D 是工具定义，适配 47 空；A 讲调整工具用法，适配 49 空。 【48题详解】 上文“Despite roughly 10,000 years of human-cattle coexistence, this is the first time scientists have documented a cow using a tool.(尽管人类和牛共同生活了大约1万年，但这是科学家第一次记录到牛使用工具)”说明这是科学家第一次记录到牛使用工具。下文“They then recorded which end she grabbed and which part of her body she scratched (挠).(然后，他们记录下她抓的是哪一端，以及她挠的是身体的哪个部位)”说明科学家先做了某个测试行为。空处应承接上文，同时和后文为顺承关系，说明研究人员先放置工具再进行观察。所以E项“为了测试Veronika的技能，研究人员在她附近的地面上放了一把刷子”符合语境，下文中的They指代该项中的researchers。故选E。 知识点3 段尾题 一、命题规律 段尾设空分为两类：多数为本段总结结论句，收拢本段全部论据细节；少数为承上启下过渡句，收束本段同时铺垫下一段核心话题，兼顾总结类逻辑线索与跨段语义衔接。 二、细分题型与考查角度 1. 总结结论句（考查：语篇主旨匹配 + 总结类逻辑衔接） 归纳升华本段分论点、事例，对整段内容给出评价、观点、结果。 2. 承上启下过渡句（考查：词汇衔接 + 跨段语义衔接） 前半部分概括本段内容，后半句引出下一段论述的核心对象，串联两段。 三、分层解题策略 类型 1：总结概括句 1. 通读完整段落，梳理本段论述核心，把握作者整体态度； 2. 重点查找选项中总结类信号词：thus, therefore, hence, so, as a result, in a word, in short, to conclude, to sum up； 3. 核对词汇线索：选项包含本段高频主题词或同义改写，不局限复述单个细节。 类型 2：承上启下（过渡）句 1. 若选项和本段前文关联较弱，立刻精读下一段开头，寻找匹配话题； 2. 双重匹配标准：既能概括本段主要内容，又与下一段首句话题紧密衔接； 3. 若文章首段末尾设空，该空大概率为过渡句，用来引出全文下文核心。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 细节重复：单纯复述段落某一个例子，无归纳升华，达不到总结功能； 2. 双向脱节：既无法收拢本段，也不能衔接下一段，完全独立无关； 3. 观点相悖：选项表达的态度、结论和段落整体论述倾向冲突。 【示例】 题源：（2025~2026学年杨浦区二模50） Some responses to the Government’s promises were positive. The Liberal Democrat party said it supports phasing out Ofwat. Mark Lloyd, from the Rivers Trust campaign group said the recommendations would lead to a dramatic improvement in the water environment. ___50___ A. The Government will also spend £104 billion to repair damaged pipes, build water treatment works and water storage facilities. B. Its plans include cutting pollution in rivers and seas and changing the way water companies are held responsible. C. But three billion liters of water are wasted every day in the UK because of leaky pipes. D. However, some activists said the report recommendations failed to prioritize public benefit over private profit and the public are tired of swimming in sewage and drowning in rising bills. E. Environment Secretary says the Government will adopt five of these straight away. F. It has announced that a new law concerning environmental protection will come into effect next year. 【答案】 50. D · 句意：教师会找到方法鼓励学生思考，让学生明白写作是产生想法的途径。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：本段总结句；指代 They 指代 best educators； ② 前文讲教师要摒弃机械作业，选项总结教师的正确教学方向，后文转折说明学生不愿深度思考。 · 干扰排除：D 讲写作与思考关系，适配 47；B 学生明知 AI 缺陷仍依赖，适配 48。 【50题详解】 根据上文“Some responses to the Government’s promises were positive. The Liberal Democrat party said it supports phasing out Ofwat. Mark Lloyd, from the Rivers Trust campaign group said the recommendations would lead to a dramatic improvement in the water environment.(一些人对政府的承诺做出了积极回应。自由民主党表示支持逐步取消Ofwat。来自河流信托活动组织的马克·劳埃德表示，这些建议将使水环境得到显著改善。)”可知，上文说一些人对政府承诺做出积极回应，D选项（然而，一些活动人士表示，报告中的建议未能将公共利益置于私人利益之上，公众已经厌倦了在污水中游泳、被不断上涨的账单压得喘不过气来。）与前文积极态度形成对比，呈现不同的社会反应，符合语境。故选D项。 知识点4 小标题（注：上海卷这种题型较少考查） 一、命题规律 小标题独立统领一整段，属于篇章级高度概括短语，区别于普通段首陈述句；全篇小标题句式结构、格式严格统一，命题同时考查表层结构衔接和深层主旨概括，无复杂逻辑连词、长难句。 二、细分题型与考查角度 仅单一核心功能：段落高度主旨概括短语，细分三种固定句式格式： 1. 祈使动词短语（高频）：动词原形开头，给出建议、做法； 2. 动名词短语：Doing sth.，概括段落行为、主题； 3. 抽象名词短语：无完整主谓结构，极简名词词组点明段落核心。 三、分层解题策略 1. 第一步：结构衔接优先，观察文中已给出小标题的句式、词性，直接排除格式不匹配选项； 2. 第二步：速读小标题下方整段文字，抓取反复出现的核心名词、核心动作； 3. 第三步：语义筛选，排除仅概括局部细节的短语，保留能覆盖全段所有内容的概括项； 4. 辅助线索：利用词汇衔接，正确小标题一定包含本段核心词的原词或同义表达。 四、典型干扰项特征 1. 格式不符：其余标题统一为祈使句，选项为完整陈述句 / 复合句； 2. 片面概括：只对应段落 1-2 个细节，无法统领整段内容； 3. 词汇无关：短语不含本段任何核心话题词，语义完全偏离段落中心。 【示例】 题源：（2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟） 3 Avoid caffeine after lunch. And while drinking alcohol before bedtime can help put you to sleep, it increases the chance you’ll wake up in the middle of the night. That’s because it increases the production of a chemical called adenosine, which makes you groggy — but only temporarily. When the adenosine wears off, you wake up. Do you make time for shutting down? Two hours before bedtime, stop using screens — the blue light they emit can confuse your body, causing it to produce less melatonin, a hormone that makes us sleepy. 4 Is your room conducive to sleep? Channel your ancient ancestors by thinking of your bedroom as a cave. It should be cool, dark and quiet. A．Don’t go to bed hungry or stuffed. B．Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. C．Instead, create a relaxing ritual to end your day, like reading or having a shower. D．Sleep cleans the brain of unneeded by-products from its daily functioning. E．What are you consuming? F．Why sleep matters? 【答案】 3．E 【导语】文章通过分析多项科学研究介绍了优化睡眠的重要性及具体方法。 3．下文“Avoid caffeine after lunch. And while drinking alcohol before bedtime can help put you to sleep, it increases the chance you’ll wake up in the middle of the night. (午后避免咖啡因。虽然睡前饮酒可以帮助入睡，但会增加半夜醒来的几率。)”讨论的是咖啡因和酒精等摄入物对睡眠的影响。空格处位于段首，需要一个概括性的小标题。E项“What are you consuming? (你在摄入什么？)”作为小标题，引出下文关于咖啡因、酒精等摄入物的讨论，与下文内容完全对应。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查段首句的选择 设空处在段首通常为主旨概括句，有时也可能为承上启下(过渡)句。如果设空处位于段首，要瞻前顾后找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年宝山区二模47） ___47___ Praise for the award-winning producer, director, animator and filmmaker seems never-ending. His six-decade career has been described as one that is “marked by genius and wonder ...” A. Since then, Studio Ghibli has turned out one film after another, most of which have received critical praise. B. Miyazaki just focused on his works instead of others' evaluation, attitude and feelings. C. These dark themes, however, are balanced out by stories of love, loyalty and the importance of family. D. People around the world love Miyazaki for his magnificent hand-drawn animation. E. As a result, Miyazaki's stories ran across lots of negative responses besides positive ones. F. It wasn't long before others noticed his tremendous drawing skills as well as his extraordinary animation style. 【答案】47. D · 句意：全世界的人们都因宫崎骏精美的手绘动画而喜爱他。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：主旨过渡段首句；词汇衔接（Miyazaki 全文核心词）； ② 前文说宫崎骏常被忽视，后文讲他收获无数赞誉，选项转折衔接，点明全球受众喜爱他的核心原因。 · 干扰排除：B 侧重宫崎骏不在意评价，与后文 “无尽赞誉” 逻辑冲突；C 讲黑暗主题，本段无相关内容。 【47题详解】 上文提到“When people discuss famous directors or filmmakers, names like Steven Spielberg, James Cameron and Peter Jackson often come to mind. Miyazaki Hayao is one name that's sometimes overlooked even though he's frequently compared to some of these men. (当人们谈论著名导演或电影制作人时，史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格、詹姆斯·卡梅隆和彼得·杰克逊等名字常常浮现在脑海中。宫崎骏这个名字有时会被忽视，尽管他经常被拿来与这些人相提并论。)”说明宫崎骏虽常被与著名导演比较，但有时仍被忽视。下文“Praise for the award-winning producer, director, animator and filmmaker seems never-ending. His six-decade career has been described as one that is “marked by genius and wonder...” (对这位获奖制片人、导演、动画师和电影制作人的赞扬似乎永无止境。他六十年的职业生涯被描述为“充满天才和奇迹……”)”说明宫崎骏受到广泛赞扬。D项“People around the world love Miyazaki for his magnificent hand-drawn animation. (世界各地的人们都喜欢宫崎骏的精美手绘动画。)”承接上文，说明宫崎骏虽有时被忽视，但世界各地的人们都喜爱他的手绘动画，与下文他受到赞扬相呼应。故选D。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年嘉定区二模47） ____47____ Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a molecular (分子) level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen (氢), as if two atoms were no longer enough. Even sports drinks, which once relied on images of sweating athletes, now proudly announce that they are “lab tested.” In a crowded market, science has become the new symbol of quality. A. A cream had vitamin C, and vitamin C helped skin. B. Many of the claims are reasonable, while others are meaningless nonsense. C. When science is being used to sell creams and drinks, science as a public good is under threat. D. Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool. E. In fact, science in the private interest doesn’t necessarily work like that. F. No one is looking up an academic study to make sure the claims on their package are accurate. 【答案】47. D · 句意：在时尚、美妆、食品行业，科学术语已经成为强有力的营销工具。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：段落总起主旨句；深层主旨匹配；词汇衔接（scientific language 后文反复复现）； ② 后文列举美妆、护肤品、饮用水、运动饮料全部使用专业科学词汇营销，选项总领本段全部例证。 · 干扰排除：A、C 仅单讲面霜，以偏概全；E、F 无总起概括作用，只适合段中。 【47题详解】 根据前文“I have no idea what any of this means. But this is science. The mask costs $75.(我完全不懂这些词是什么意思。但这就是科学。这款面膜售价 75 美元。)”可知空前以一款面膜为例，说明商品用科学词汇包装；空后“Brands describe themselves as “biology-first” or “powered by biotech.” Creams promise to work “at a molecular level.” Lipsticks contain acids with “different molecular weights.” Water is sold with extra hydrogen, as if two atoms were no longer enough.(各类品牌都标榜自己“以生物科学为本”或“依托生物技术”。面霜宣称能“在分子层面起效”，口红添加“不同分子量”的酸类成分，就连饮用水也打着“添加额外氢”的旗号售卖，仿佛两个氢原子还不够用似的。)”列举了多个行业使用科学术语进行营销的现象。故推知：空处应总起全段，说明科学语言已成为一种销售工具；选项D“Across fashion, beauty, and food, scientific language has become a powerful sales tool.(在时尚、美妆和食品行业，科学语言已经成为一种强有力的销售工具。)”符合原文内容。故选D。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年青浦区二模50）    50    Scientists continue to debate why certain species maintain survival ability far longer than others — whether it is due to the thickness of their seed coats, the amount of internal nutrient storage, or other unique biological features. Additionally, the experiment’s controlled conditions, including consistent soil composition, temperature, and dampness levels, raise questions about how well the results translate into the diverse and often unpredictable natural habitats found around the world. As the experiment continues (with the next dig planned for 2040), it remains a powerful proof to scientific patience and dedication, offering invaluable insights that only the passage of time can reveal. A. Later, the interval was extended to 10, then 20 years, to lengthen the experiment’s lifespan and gather data over a longer period. B. However, the experiment’s findings have raised more questions than they have answered. C. Many scientists doubt whether the experiment will continue to provide useful data in the future. D. Its goal was to close a major gap in botanical knowledge about how long seeds can stay alive in nature. E. What’s more, this surprising result has greatly changed people’s traditional understanding of seed life. F. Later, they dug up all bottles at once to check the results immediately. 答案：B 【50题详解】 根据后文 “Scientists continue to debate why certain species maintain survival ability far longer than others... raise questions about how well the results translate into the diverse and often unpredictable natural habitats found around the world.” 可知，实验结果引发了更多的问题，B 项 “However, the experiment’s findings have raised more questions than they have answered.” 符合段落主旨。 考向2 考查段中句的选择 段中设空的题目即为主题句的展开句。此种题要注意分析前后的逻辑性和内容的连贯性，注意句子之间的衔接手法，如代词、逻辑连接词等。做题时，首先要依据关键信息将选项进行排除，然后将剩下的可能答案逐一代入，达到选项和设空处的前后内容达到语意连贯及逻辑通顺，最终确定最佳选项。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年徐汇区二模49） Place feeders where you can enjoy the view—near a window or from a common room—but ensure safety. Hang feeders within three feet of glass to prevent fatal collisions, or at least 30 feet away. (49) _________________ Adding a water source for drinking and bathing will encourage birds to linger. A. Young himself maintains 35 feeders, spacing them apart to reduce conflicts between species. B. Attracting birds starts with the right setup. C. A camera or a monitor is supposed to be installed near your house to observe the birds. D. Nectar feeders require daily or every-other-day cleaning to avoid mold and fermentation. E. Keeping feeders indoors will surely make your life full of fun and pleasure. F. Provide natural cover like trees, shrubs, or brush piles to shelter birds from predators. 答案：49. F · 句意：花蜜喂食器需要每日或隔日清洁，避免霉菌滋生与液体发酵。 · 解题依据： ① 词汇衔接 cleaning、feeders 前后重复；递进补充逻辑； ② 前文讲通用喂食器清洁周期，选项补充特殊花蜜喂食器更高清洁要求，同话题细节拓展。 · 干扰排除：F 讲鸟类掩护，适配 49 空；A 讲摆放喂食器，适配 48 空。 【49 题详解】 上下文衔接题。前文提到喂食器摆放位置，后文提到添加水源吸引鸟类停留，因此空格处应补充喂食器摆放的细节。A 项 “Young himself maintains 35 feeders, spacing them apart to reduce conflicts between species”（Young 本人养了 35 个喂食器，分开摆放以减少物种间冲突）符合语境，补充摆放技巧。故选 A。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年松江区二模50） Diao sees a win-win situation for both nature and human being. “Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors,” he said. ____50____ And that is the cornerstone of coexistence between people and elephants. A. Furthermore, Diao helps the insurance companies to assess elephant-related damages. B. Now various preparations of the park are progressing steadily in line with good planning. C. Therefore, local people decided to combine-their own efforts to drive the elephants away. D. In response to the application, local laws and policies are made and enacted at a fast pace. E. That is a severe problem facing the local people and different sides are attempting to solve it. F. To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats. 【答案】50. F · 句意：在他看来，这座公园兼顾了当地人安居乐业与大象适宜的栖息地。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：承上启下段尾句；深层主旨总结；指代 him 指代前文 Diao； ② 前文讲公园双赢价值，后文点明是人象共存基础，选项总结本段双赢观点，衔接下一句总结句。 · 干扰排除：B 讲公园筹备，适配 49；A 讲保险定损，适配 48。 【50题详解】 根据前文“Building an Asian Elephant National Park gives elephants a home. At the same time, we could develop tourism, with local people helping to attract visitors(建设亚洲象国家公园为大象提供家园。同时，我们可以发展旅游业，让当地人帮忙吸引游客)”可知，前文讲述对国家公园双赢价值的看法，F选项“To him, the park is a combination of locals’ peace and contentment and elephants’ suitable habitats.(在他看来，这个公园兼顾了当地人的安居乐业和大象的适宜栖息地)”承接前文观点，进一步阐释国家公园的双赢意义，符合语境。故选F项。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年金山区二模48） Cybercab represents a giant leap in both technology and concept. Its core is an advanced neural network that processes visual data in real time, enabling precise navigation and response to complex road situations. According to official data, its safety level is roughly ten times higher than that of human driving. (48)________________ It can cut down traffic accidents, ease congestion and lower travel costs significantly. A.Traditional taxis will gradually disappear in the near future. B.Some users complain about the limited space inside Cybercab. C.This breakthrough can greatly benefit traffic safety and efficiency. D.Meanwhile, public trust and understanding need to be gradually built. E.It is no longer just a means of transport but an intelligent mobile space. F.However, this pioneering invention also brings unavoidable challenges. 【答案】 | 48. C · 解题依据： ① 指代衔接（This breakthrough 指代前文无人驾驶高安全技术）；逻辑顺承； ② 前文讲安全优势，后文列举减少事故、缓解拥堵等好处，选项承接前后，实现语义串联。 · 干扰排除：E 讲智能移动空间，对应 47 题；F 转折表挑战，与本段正面优势语义相反。 【解析】考查上下文衔接。 前句：Its safety level is roughly ten times higher than that of human driving. 后句：It can cut down traffic accidents, ease congestion and lower travel costs significantly. 前文提及其安全度是人类驾驶的十倍，后文说可减少事故、缓解拥堵，此处说明这一突破对交通安全与效率的益处，故选 C。 考向3 考查段尾句的选择 段尾设空的题多为总结本段内容，偶有起承上启下的作用。即要么是结论句，要么就是承上启下句。 【例1】 题源：（2025~2026学年闵行区二模47） Warning growls might sound scary, but it’s just your dog saying “no”. If your dog gives a warning growl when being petted, it doesn’t mean they’ll bite, but means they don’t want to be petted at all. Never punish or ignore a warning growl. We want our dogs to be able to say no, and punishing communication makes them less likely to communicate with us in the future. ___48___ A. However, dogs can also growl out of pain or happiness. B. The key, in this case, is to observe your dog’s body language. C. Delaying medical attention could make its condition even worse. D. Noticing whether your dog is comfortable with contact is important. E. Therefore, reacting negatively to such signals may stop their expression. F. This may cause a dog to bite directly, as it feels its signals won’t be noticed otherwise. 【答案】48. F · 句意：这会导致狗狗直接咬人，因为它认为自己的警示信号无人理会。 · 解题依据： ① 功能：本段总结结论句；指代 This 指代前文惩罚低吼的行为；表层因果逻辑； ② 全段核心：不要惩罚警告低吼，选项总结惩罚行为带来的严重后果，收束本段观点。 · 干扰排除：A 是多诱因过渡，适配 47；C 医疗相关，属于 Pain-Related 段落内容。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Never punish or ignore a warning growl. We want our dogs to be able to say no, and punishing communication makes them less likely to communicate with us in the future.(绝对不要惩罚或忽视警告性低吼。我们希望狗狗能表达拒绝，而惩罚这种交流行为会让它们以后更不愿意和我们沟通。)”可知，前文说明惩罚警告低吼的坏处，空处需要进一步说明后果。F选项（这可能会导致狗狗直接咬人，因为它觉得自己的信号不会被注意到。）承接上文，具体解释忽视或惩罚低吼带来的严重后果，符合语境。故选F项。 【例2】 题源：（2025~2026学年崇明区二模48） NASA and the European Space Agency’s Webb Space Telescope will observe this near-Earth asteroid in March before the object becomes impossible to see. ____48____ A. But later calculations suggested the probability had risen to 2 or even 3 percent. B. Once that happens, scientists will have to wait until 2028 when it passes our way again. C. This also means there is around a 97 to 99 percent chance it will safely pass our planet in that year. D. But it’s perfectly natural that the impact chances will “bounce around a bit” before dropping to zero. E. However, scientists infer the size of asteroids (小行星) from the amount of light they reflect, which also depends on their composition. F. Since the asteroid’s size and orbit are uncertain, it is unclear where it might hit and what the possible effects would be should it strike Earth. 【答案】48. B · 句意：此外，刁还协助保险公司评估大象造成的损失。 · 解题依据： ① 表层逻辑衔接（furthermore 递进）；词汇衔接（he 指代前文 Diao，elephant 复现）； ② 前文讲他监测预警，后文讲野生动物保险赔付，递进词补充他另一项工作，话题连贯。 · 干扰排除：C 驱赶大象与后文保险制度矛盾；B、F 讲国家公园，本段无相关话题。 【48题详解】 空前“NASA and the European Space Agency’s Webb Space Telescope will observe this near-Earth asteroid in March before the object becomes impossible to see.(美国国家航空航天局（NASA）和欧洲航天局的韦伯太空望远镜将于3月对该近地小行星进行观测，之后该天体将变得无法观测。)”说明美国国家航空航天局和欧洲航天局的“韦伯”空间望远镜将对这颗行星进行观测，之后就会看不到了，B选项“Once that happens, scientists will have to wait until 2028 when it passes our way again.(一旦这种情况发生，科学家们就得等到 2028 年它再次经过我们所在的区域时才能进行观测。)”说明如果错过观测的时间意味着什么，承接上文，符合语境。故选B。 【例3】 题源：（2025~2026学年普陀区二模48） And though I’d expected my classes to be physically demanding and my muscles to ache, I hadn’t anticipated that my teacher’s command to”take up more space” would change my way of being in the world. My teacher reminded me that ballet isn’t about perfection. ____48____ A. Every move made by me then invited my teacher’s critical evaluation. B. If anything, ballet is forcing me to rethink my relationship with my body. C. But I was determined to give it a try. D. Rather, he said, it’s about striving for perfection. E. I nearly injured myself the one time I tried to lift my leg onto the desk in an attempt to stretch. F. At the age of 50, I am finally a ballerina, though not the kind that anybody would pay money to see on stage. 【答案】 48. D 【48题详解】 上文“My teacher reminded me that ballet isn’t about perfection.(我的老师提醒我，芭蕾舞并非追求完美。)”是老师的观点“芭蕾不在于完美”，需要一个承接的句子来补充老师的完整看法。D选项Rather, he said, it’s about striving for perfection.( 相反，他说，这是关于追求完美。)可知，not...rather...（不是……而是……）是经典的转折衔接结构，精准对应前句的否定，完整还原了老师的教学理念。故选D项。 考向4 考查小标题句的选择 概括段落大意，特征突出，短小且语言精炼；阅读段落内容，提炼段落中心词、高频词和中心词的近义词； 其形式应和其他小标题相同。 【例1】 Ask about household rules. What time does the child go to bed? Can the child watch television? For how long? Which shows? What snacks can the child have? Remember that you are taking the place of the parents and need to follow their rules. 11 Make sure you keep everything clean and tidy. 12 You should know how to contact the parents. In case of emergency, it is good to get the phone number of another adult that you could call in case you fail to contact the parents. Also have emergency numbers written down. Have fun with the child. Say positive things, smile, and laugh. The more fun you have with the child, the happier the child will be with you. Most children will be anxious when their parents leave. 13 A．Get a written contact list. B．Contact the parents indirectly. C．You are responsible for the house too. D．You also ought to take care of the garden. E．This will mean a visit with the parents or adults you will be working for. F．In other words, it is your job to keep that person safe, healthy, and happy. G．So it is important to make babysitting a positive experience for both of you. 【答案】 12．A 12．空处是本段主旨句。根据下文“You should know how to contact the parents. In case of emergency, it is good to get the phone number of another adult that you could call in case you fail to contact the parents. Also have emergency numbers written down.(你要知道如何联系父母。万一遇到紧急情况、联系不上孩子父母，你最好有其他成年人的联系电话。另外也要把所有紧急联系电话记录下来)”可知，本段核心是准备好联系方式，A选项“Get a written contact list.(准备一份书面的联系清单)”精准对应本段主旨。 【例2】 ● 16 People from different cultures may speak at different volumes, be more or less direct in showing emotion, have different expectations about “small talk”, and so on. When involved in cross-cultural communication, be prepared to encounter such differences, including those that you were not aware of. ●Be respectful and open-minded. Each culture has its own set of core values, beliefs, and attitudes. 17 In such communication, it is improper to judge people based on these differences. Instead, respect them for what they are, and take the opportunities to learn something new. A．A little knowledge can go a long way. B．Appreciate varied communication styles. C．Abandon your own communication habits. D．The more details you know, the better you will communicate. E．Thus, signs of these may appear in cross-cultural communication. F．Good cross-cultural communication requires proper communication skills. G．This will help build respect for each other and bridge possible cultural gaps. 【答案】 16．B 16．根据后文“People from different cultures may speak at different volumes, be more or less direct in showing emotion, have different expectations about “small talk”, and so on.(来自不同文化的人说话音量可能各不相同，表达情绪时直白程度有差异，对 “闲聊” 的期待也不一样，诸如此类。)”可知本段围绕各国不同的沟通方式展开；空格为小标题，需要概括本段核心；选项B“Appreciate varied communication styles.(接纳多样的沟通方式。)”精准概括段落内容。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题精选 Passage 1 （2025年上海高考真题） How to Save Outdoor Recess (课间休息) As the first and last weeks of school keep getting hotter in some places in the US, recess might be moved indoors day after day. Recess can improve grades and is where children learn how to problem-solve and cooperate. ____47____ Shade can make a person feel much cooler. In the next few years, schools’ ability to install structures that provide artificial shade could determine whether recess survives June, August, and September. ____48____ In Cheston, on average, the city’s primary-school playgrounds are almost entirely exposed to direct sunlight. Some schools have no shade at all. In California, 91 percent of the average schoolyard has zero tree cover. Shade structures can take just days to put up, but installing shade can cost thousands, even tens of thousands, of dollars. Public schools and nonprofits can apply to the American Academy of Dermatology (皮肤病学) for up to $8,000 in funding for shade structures, which won’t cover the full cost of many projects. ____49____ This is largely due to the fact that most government programs intended to help schools adapt to climate change right now focus on energy efficiency, or cover the cost of planning, but do not fund the actual changes to buildings. Unless more resources emerge to support shade construction, in many parts of the country, school districts will spend the first two weeks — even up to a month — with indoor recess. If children do spend recess indoors, they’ll probably stay in the classroom, doing things like watching movies. Some teachers will use the additional classroom time to pack in more instruction, while others may put on dance videos that help children burn off energy. ____50____ They run freely and chase each other on the playground, playing games and making friends. Those moments may endure in their memory. A. After measuring shade in schoolyards, researchers have found that most have next to none. B. But those things can’t replace the type of unstructured play that children need as they grow. C. Financing these projects improves the quality of outdoor recess. D. Still, these funds are one of the few outside sources of financing these projects. E. The development of such an ability requires support from all levels. F. The quickest way to keep playgrounds open through extreme heat is to get them out of direct sunlight. 【答案】47. F 48. A 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在美国部分地区天气炎热的背景下，通过增设遮阳设施来挽救户外课间休息的方法及相关现实困境。 【47题详解】 根据空前的“As the first and last weeks of school keep getting hotter in some places in the US, recess might be moved indoors day after day. Recess can improve grades and is where children learn how to problem-solve and cooperate. (在美国的一些地方，学期的第一周和最后一周变得越来越热，课间休息可能会日复一日地转移到室内。课间休息可以提高成绩，也是孩子们学习如何解决问题和合作的地方)”以及空后的“Shade can make a person feel much cooler. (阴凉处可以让人感觉凉快得多)”可知，此空需要引出解决户外课间休息因炎热被迫转移的办法，且要衔接下文的“阴凉处”这一关键信息。F选项“The quickest way to keep playgrounds open through extreme heat is to get them out of direct sunlight (在酷热天气下让操场正常开放的最快方法是让它们避开阳光直射)”既回应了前文的问题，又自然引出下文的遮阳解决方案，符合语境。故选F项。 【48题详解】 根据空前的“In the next few years, schools’ ability to install structures that provide artificial shade could determine whether recess survives June, August, and September. (在未来几年里，学校安装人工遮阳设施的能力可能会决定课间休息能否在六月、八月和九月保留下来)”以及空后的“In Cheston, on average, the city’s primary-school playgrounds are almost entirely exposed to direct sunlight. Some schools have no shade at all. In California, 91 percent of the average schoolyard has zero tree cover. (在切斯顿，该市的小学操场平均几乎完全暴露在阳光直射下。有些学校根本没有阴凉处。在加利福尼亚州，普通校园91%的区域没有树木遮荫)”可知，此空需要起到承上启下的作用，引出后文关于校园缺乏遮阳处的具体数据。A选项“After measuring shade in schoolyards, researchers have found that most have next to none (研究人员在测量了校园的遮阳情况后发现，大多数校园几乎没有遮阳处)”能够衔接前文的遮阳设施话题，同时引出后文的具体案例和数据，符合语境。故选A项。 【49题详解】 根据空前的“Shade structures can take just days to put up, but installing shade can cost thousands, even tens of thousands, of dollars. Public schools and nonprofits can apply to the American Academy of Dermatology for up to $8,000 in funding for shade structures, which won’t cover the full cost of many projects. (遮阳设施只需几天就能搭建好，但安装遮阳设施可能要花费数千甚至数万美元。公立学校和非营利组织可以向美国皮肤病学会申请高达8000美元的遮阳设施资金，但这笔钱不足以支付许多项目的全部成本)”可知，此空需要围绕这笔资金的作用或地位展开，说明其虽不足但仍有价值。D选项“Still, these funds are one of the few outside sources of financing these projects (尽管如此，这些资金仍是为这些项目提供资金的为数不多的外部来源之一)”中的these funds指代前文的8000美元资助金，且承接前文“资金不足”的内容，强调其稀缺性，符合语境。故选D项。 【50题详解】 根据空前的“If children do spend recess indoors, they’ll probably stay in the classroom, doing things like watching movies. Some teachers will use the additional classroom time to pack in more instruction, while others may put on dance videos that help children burn off energy. (如果孩子们真的在室内度过课间休息，他们很可能会待在教室里，做一些比如看电影之类的事情。一些老师会利用额外的课堂时间安排更多的教学内容，而另一些老师可能会播放舞蹈视频来帮助孩子们消耗精力)”以及空后的“They run freely and chase each other on the playground, playing games and making friends. Those moments may endure in their memory. (他们在操场上自由奔跑、互相追逐，一起玩游戏、交朋友。那些瞬间可能会在他们的记忆中留存)”可知，此空需要将室内课间活动和户外课间活动进行对比，突出户外课间活动不可替代的特点。B选项“But those things can’t replace the type of unstructured play that children need as they grow (但这些活动无法替代孩子们成长过程中所需要的那种无拘无束的玩耍)”中的those things指代前文的看电影、额外教学、看舞蹈视频等室内活动，且通过转折引出户外自由玩耍的独特价值，符合语境。故选B项。 Passage 2 （2021年1月·上海高考真题） Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. A. So why do these movies fail? B.The film , in contrast, failed to bring its audience along for the ride. C.Game adaptations’ issues seem not to be due to a lack of resources.D， But the return on investment is not encouraging, with a number failing to recoup costs.E.The potential to appeal to a devoted fan base makes these movies an attractive prospect. F. However, a common criticism was that it was “ full of boring exposition and mostly uninteresting characters”. Too Big，Too Expensive and Too Silly - Why Video Game Movies Fail Film adaptations of video games have fallen on the unsuspecting viewing public like a Drop Bear. At first they look harmless enough , but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful. These movies are plentiful. ( 67 )_________Yet despite big budgets and quality talent both in front of and behind the camera , most video game movies are commercial and critical failures. (68)____________ The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities. Video game movies often assume that the audience wants, or is interested in , the game's legend and background. In fairness, this is out of fear that fans will? criticise legend changes, alienating a key demographic. But games reveal legend progressively over tens of hours of gameplay , whereas movies have a small portion of that time. This tension risks creating boring exposition and complex story lines. For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and ores (兽), the central conflict in the game's world.(69)______________ Additionally, excessive adherence to the source material extends to using silly plot device:without spending enough time establishing proper reasons for their existence. In games, the these can work due to the “unspoken but commonly understood logic of ‘this is a video game’". In a game, people accept inconsistent narrative devices because they facilitate interesting interaction and are the quickest route towards allowing gamers to, say , shoot hell-monsters on Mars. The game series became increasingly complex , as the player-controlled protagonist (主角)parkoured his way through time periods like Renaissance Italy and Revolutionary America. The incredibility of the narrative world paled beside the fun of vaulting from rooftop to rooftop in15th-century Florence. (70)___________ The plot--an original story which retains the key elements of the games---was criticized as " scattered and fractured",“ hastily explained" and “disorienting”. Vanity Fair pointed out that "it's not clear why any of this is happening" and Roger Ebert. com summed it up as: Characters [talking] in quiet whispers about the complex methods they use to realize their poorly-hidden agendas. 【答案】67-70 EAFB 【解析】67.E[解析]句意:吸引忠实影迷的潜力使这些电影具有诱人的前景。结合上提及的 At first they look harmless enough, but they often leave viewers bruised and regretful 可知此处提到了电影的观众，而选项中与观众有关的是 B 和E 项，但是B项特指某一部电影，又根据下文 most video game movies are commercial and critical failures 可知此处是对大多数这种类型的电影的相关评价，故选 E。68.A[解析]句意:那么为什么这些电影会失败呢? 结合下文中的 The answer comes down to a complex mix of conflicting audience demands and commercial realities 可推知此处需要填入一个问句，故此处填入 A 项最为合适。69.F[解析]句意:然而，一个常见的批评是，它“充满了枯燥的论述，大多是味的人物”。结合该段内容可知,此处主要讲述的是视频游戏电影失败的原因日根据 For example, Warcraft details the origins of conflict between humans and orcs兽),the central conflict in the game's world 可知，此处以《魔兽争霸》举例，应该是说这部电影的不足之处，故下项比较合适。 70.B[解析]句意:相比之下，这部电影没能吸引观众。结合下文中提到的 The plot-an original story which retains the key elements of the games--was criticized as“scattered and fractured”,“hastily explained”and“disorienting”可知，此处收获的都是不好的评价，即这部电影失败了，故此处应该填入 B 项。 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期月考英语试题 Quiet Quitting Are you feeling burnt out and overwhelmed at work? You’re not alone. In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs. 1 This emerging trend has potentially widespread implications for the future of work, how people interact with their jobs, and what we see as an acceptable balance between work and home life. So how do you know if someone is quietly quitting? There are a few tell-tale signs to look out for in the workplace. You might notice that an employee who used to be highly engaged and motivated in their job suddenly becomes less interested in what they are doing. They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more. 2 Another key sign of quiet quitting is a decline in the quality of work. Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job. 3 They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal. 4 You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings. A．A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate. B．Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make. C．Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier. D．If people are quietly quitting all around you, maintaining your usual level of output will make you a stand-out member of your team. E．This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work. F．They may also start to arrive late or leave early, though this is usually paired with open complaints about their workload or manager. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了职场“静默离职”这一新兴现象，讲解其具体定义、各类职场表现及行为特征，帮助读者识别这一职场状态。 【详解】1．上文“In fact, research shows that burnout is becoming increasingly common among young professionals, with many people silently struggling to keep up with the demands of their jobs.(事实上，研究表明，职业倦怠在年轻职场人中愈发普遍，许多人默默挣扎着应对工作需求)”点明职场倦怠的普遍现状，E选项“This has led to a new phenomenon known as “quiet quitting,” which refers to the subtle ways in which people disengage from their work.(这催生了一种名为“静默离职”的新现象，指人们以隐晦的方式脱离工作状态)”承接上文现状，引出文章核心话题“静默离职”，逻辑通顺。 2．上文“They might seem less enthusiastic about their work or less willing to take on new challenges or projects. They complete their core tasks but nothing more.(他们对待工作似乎热情减退，也不愿接手新挑战或新项目。他们只完成本职核心工作，其余一概不做)”列举了静默离职的典型表现——只完成本职工作，B选项“Even here, though, you might notice they start to miss deadlines or make mistakes they wouldn’t normally make.(即便如此，你可能会发现他们开始延误工期、犯下以往不会出现的错误)”指出即使他们在完成本职工作，但也会出现延误工期、犯异常错误的情况，上下文语意连贯。 3．上文“Someone who is quietly quitting might start to produce below-standard work in comparison to what they have historically produced, or they might be less willing to put in the extra effort needed to meet the high standards of their job.(陷入静默离职状态的人，工作成果会相较以往不达标，也不愿再付出额外努力达到工作高标准)”介绍了静默离职者工作质量下降的特点，C选项“Each of these behaviors indicates a lack of investment, especially when compared to how engaged they were earlier.(这些行为都体现出工作投入度的降低，尤其相较于他们此前积极投入的工作状态)”总结前文所有行为可能导致的结果，且引出下文“They’re turning up to work, but the effort that they are expending is minimal.(他们人虽然到岗，但付出的努力少之又少)”不积极的工作态度。 4．设空处为本段总起句，下文“You might notice them withdrawing from social situations. Where they once attended social gatherings and seasonal parties, they now avoid these. You may see them less in the break room and find that they are increasingly quiet in meetings.(你可能会发现他们回避各类社交场合。从前他们会参加社交聚会和季节性派对，如今却刻意避开这些活动。你在休息室很少能见到他们，还会发现他们在会议上愈发沉默)”阐述员工回避职场社交、缺席聚会、避开休息室、会议沉默等社交疏离行为。A选项“A quiet quitter might also become more disengaged from their colleagues and less willing to collaborate.(陷入静默离职的人也会与同事愈发疏离，不愿合作)”总领本段内容，点明静默离职的另一核心特征 —— 职场社交脱节。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市实验学校2024-2025学年度第二学期高三2月月考英语试题 Some people have said aging is more a slide into forgetfulness than a journey towards wisdom. However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible. 5 Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves. In the late 1960s, British brain scientist Geoffrey Raisman spied growth in damaged brain regions of rats through an electron microscope; their brains were forging new connections. This meant brains may change every time a person learns something new. Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time. 6 Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s. But that reduction doesn’t necessarily make people think slower. As long as we are alive and functioning, we can alter our brains with new information and experiences. In fact, scientists now suspect accumulating novel experiences, facts, and skills can keep people’s minds more flexible. New pathways can strengthen our ever-changing mental structure, even as the brain shrinks. Conventional fixes like word puzzles and brain-training apps can contribute to mental durability. Even something as simple as taking a different route to the grocery store or going somewhere new on vacation can keep the brain healthy. 7 Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease. Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests. 8 While genes can encourage an interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn, refresh the brain. That’s why brain scientist Richard Kennedy says “It’s not that old dogs can’t learn new tricks. It’s that maybe old dogs don’t realize why they should.” A．The capacity to hold and manipulate information in the short-term declines. B．Some folks are born with this take-in-the-world attitude, those who aren’t as genetically gifted aren’t necessarily out of luck. C．In reality, education does an aging brain good. D．By sustained learning, late-in-life learners can experience improvements in memory recall and attention span. E．A desire for new life challenges can further boost brainpower. F．Just as height usually declines over the years, so does brain volume. 【答案】5．C 6．F 7．E 8．B 【导语】文章主要讲述了研究表明大脑终身具有可塑性，晚年持续学习与接受新挑战有助于保持大脑活力与认知功能。 【详解】5．由上文“However, a growing body of research suggests that late-in-life learning is possible.(然而，越来越多的研究表明晚年学习是可能的。)”及下文“Throughout life, people’s brains constantly renovate themselves.(人的一生中，大脑会不断地自我更新。)”可知，上文提出晚年学习是可能的这一观点，下文具体解释大脑如何实现这一点，本空应进一步强调晚年学习的积极效果。C选项“事实上，教育对衰老的大脑有益。”能承上启下，引出下文对大脑自我更新能力的阐述，符合语境。 6．由上文“Of course, that doesn’t mean the brain isn’t affected by the effects of time.(当然，这并不意味着大脑不受时间的影响。)”及下文“Humans lose about 4 percent every decade starting in their 40s.(人类从40多岁开始，每十年失去约4%。)”可知，上文提到大脑也会受到时间影响，下文具体说明大脑体积的减少，本空应引出大脑随时间发生的具体变化。F选项“就像身高通常会随着年龄增长而下降一样，大脑体积也是如此。”中的“brain volume”与下文“lose about 4 percent”相呼应，能承上启下，符合语境。 7．由下文“Research about aging adults who take on new enterprises shows improved function and memory as well as a reduced risk of mental disease.(关于接受新挑战的老年人的研究表明，他们的功能和记忆力得到改善，患精神疾病的风险也降低了。)”可知，下文说明接受新挑战的益处，本空应总起说明新体验对脑力的促进作用。E选项“对新生活挑战的渴望可以进一步增强脑力。”能引出下文，符合语境。 8．由上文“Openness — a characteristic defined by curiosity and a desire for knowledge — may also help folks pass brain tests.(开放性——一种以好奇心和求知欲为特征的特质——也可能帮助人们通过大脑测试。)”及下文“While genes can encourage an  interest in doing new things, a 2012 study in the journal Psychology  and Aging found completing reasoning tasks like puzzles and number games  can enhance that desire for novel experiences, which can, in turn,  refresh the brain.(虽然基因会让人对尝试新事物产生兴趣，但《Psychology and Aging》期刊 2012 年的一项研究发现，完成解谜、数字游戏等推理类任务，能够增强人们对新奇体验的渴望，进而活化大脑。)”可知，上文提到开放性特质的作用，下文说明即使基因不占优势也可以通过训练提升这种渴望，本空应说明基因并非决定性因素。B选项“有些人天生就有这种接纳世界的态度，而那些基因天赋没那么好的人也未必运气不佳。”能承上启下，符合语境。 Passage 3 【来源】上海外国语大学附属外国语学校2025-2026学年高三上学期9月测评英语试题 How Mud Boosts Your Immune System Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing. 9 . “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family refrain, as parents despairingly watched their children spoil their best clothes. Whether they were running through farmers’ fields, climbing trees or catching tadpoles (蝌蚪), it was inevitable that children's whites would turn brown before the day was over. Today, many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt. 10 For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy. What is gained in laundry bills may be lost in children's wellbeing. According to recent research, the dirt outside is packed with friendly microorganisms that can train the immune system and build resilience (恢复力) to a range of illnesses, including allergies and even depression. 11 Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation, which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily distractable. Besides the restorative effects, outdoor play can offer valuable learning experiences. For example, the act of molding and kneading materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact. When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise. 12 The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself. A．But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing. B．With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past. C．Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established. D．However, these behaviors allow children to gradually understand their bodily signals. E．A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity. F．Those who grow up on farms are less likely to develop auto-immune disorders thanks, apparently, to their childhood exposure to a more diverse range of organisms. 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．C 12．E 【导语】文章指出接触泥土有益于儿童免疫系统，城市化减少了孩子亲近泥土的机会，并介绍户外活动对心理、感知、身体健康的多重益处。 【详解】9．由上文“Children love getting dirty. They are drawn to puddles like muddy magnets, with no regard for footwear or the color of their clothing.(孩子们喜欢弄得满身泥土，像磁铁一样被泥坑吸引，完全不在乎鞋子和衣服的颜色。)”可知，前文描述孩子爱玩泥巴的行为，后文转折介绍弄脏自己对健康有益。A项“But getting dirty could have a powerful effect on their wellbeing.(但满身泥土会对他们的身心健康大有好处。)”符合语境，其中getting dirty与上文对应，有承上作用。 10．由下文“For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.(对很多孩子来说，他们根本没有机会接触泥土。)”可知，空格处解释缺少接触泥土机会的原因。B项“With the rise of urbanism, contact with nature is much rarer than in the past.(随着城市化发展，人们接触大自然的机会远少于从前。)”符合语境，有启下作用。 11．由下文“Our brains evolved in natural landscapes, and our perceptual systems are particularly well suited to wild outdoor spaces.(人类大脑在自然环境中进化，感知系统格外适应野外环境。)”可知，本段介绍户外活动对心理的好处。C项“Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established.(户外活动带来的诸多心理益处已有充分依据支撑。)”符合语境，总领下文内容。 12．由上文“When it comes to the child's physical health, the most obvious advantage of outdoor play may be the exercise.(说到孩子的身体健康，户外活动最直观的好处就是锻炼身体。)”以及下文“The latest findings suggest there could be a host of other advantages to playing in natural environments and the secret may be alive and twisting around in the mud itself.(最新研究结果表明，在自然环境中活动还有诸多其他益处，而其中的奥秘或许就藏在泥土里那些鲜活、四处蠕动的微生物之中。)”可知，空格处应具体说明运动带来的身体好处。E项“A child may find it easier to build up strength and energy in a large open space, resulting in a reduced risk of obesity.(孩子在开阔场地更容易增强体能，降低肥胖风险。)”符合语境，有承上启下作用。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $