Unit 1 Science and Scientists 科学与科学家（单元阅读精练）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

**基本信息** 围绕“科学与科学家”主题，整合词汇积累、长难句分析及多体裁阅读实战，系统培养语言能力与科学思维，助力高考高频考点突破。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |单元阅读精练|1篇阅读+20词+2长难句|科普说明文+词汇/句法解析|主题词汇→句子结构→篇章理解递进| |高考真题链接|1篇真题+2长难句|清洁能源科技类阅读+细节/推理题|真题语境中强化长难句拆分与逻辑分析| |综合实战演练|10篇（含阅读/七选五/完形/语法填空）|科学突破/科学家生平/科学精神等多主题|从单篇理解到跨体裁综合应用，构建科学主题知识网络|

Unit 1 Science and Scientists 科学与科学家 单元阅读精练 When spring arrives, keeping warm becomes less of an issue. However, scientists remind us it is not just a seasonal necessity — heat is also a valuable energy resource that can be stored. Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) have discovered an innovative solution beneath our feet: using soil as an efficient thermal energy(热能) storage system. KTU professor Dr Tadas Ždankus and his team have been investigating how the ground can serve as a medium for heat storage. At the core of their research is a ground-based heat accumulator that would store left energy underground and make it available when demand peaks. Initially, the team explored how to use wind energy to produce heat via a hydraulic system (液压系统). They found that so-called hydraulic losses, typically seen as inefficiencies, were actually generating usable heat. However, part of heat was lost before reaching buildings. The question became how to not only decrease heat loss but also store it. To test this idea, the researchers conducted experiments using an artificial heat source placed in surface soil layers. They measured how heat spreads and persists in the ground. In one test, when the soil was heated to the boiling point, it caused a phase change (相变), in which liquid water becomes vapor. “Phase change can be an efficient way. We noticed a sharp temperature rise wherever the vapour flow reached. This means the energy is moving and can be controlled.” says Prof. Ždankus. Once the possibility of underground heat storage was confirmed, researchers began exploring its practical applications. They developed a pilot model ground energy cell to study how heat spread through soil. The year-long measurements revealed the soil beneath buildings could passively store heat, making use of the natural downward flow of heat from buildings into the ground. To put these ground-based storage systems into widespread use, researchers are now developing scaled-down pilot models and refining(改进) heat distribution control methods. “Our immediate goal is to integrate existing solutions into a system that can benefit both industry and residential sectors.” Ždankus concludes. 【译文欣赏】 春天到来时，保暖就不再是多大的问题。然而，科学家提醒我们，热量不只是季节性所需，它还是一种可以储存的宝贵能源。考纳斯理工大学的研究人员在我们脚下发现了一项创新方案：将土壤用作高效的热能储存系统。 考纳斯理工大学的塔达斯·日丹库斯教授及其团队一直在研究大地如何充当储热介质。他们的研究核心是一套地下蓄热装置，把富余的能量储存在地下，待需求达到峰值时释放使用。 起初，该团队研究如何利用风能，通过液压系统产热。他们发现，通常被看作能量损耗的液压损耗，实际上会产生可用热量。但部分热量在输送到建筑物之前就散失了。问题就变成如何既能减少热量损耗，又能储存热量。 为验证这一设想，研究人员将人工热源放置在表层土壤中开展实验，测量热量在地下的扩散与留存情况。在一项测试中，土壤被加热至沸点，发生相变，液态水转化为水蒸气。日丹库斯教授表示：“相变是一种高效途径。我们观察到，水蒸气所到之处温度会急剧上升。这意味着能量可以发生转移，并且能够被调控。” 地下储热的可行性得到证实后，研究人员开始探究它的实际应用。他们搭建了一个地面蓄能试验模型，研究热量在土壤中的传播方式。为期一年的监测数据表明，建筑物下方的土壤可以被动储存热量，利用热量从建筑向地下自然传导的特性实现储热。 为让这套地下储热系统得到广泛应用，研究人员目前正在研制小型试验模型，并改进热量分配控制方法。日丹库斯总结道：“我们的近期目标是整合现有技术方案，打造一套能够同时惠及工业与民用领域的系统。” 【词汇积累】 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 1 / 29 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. necessity /nəˈsesəti/ n. 必需品；必要性 2. resource /rɪˈsɔːs/ n. 资源 3. innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ adj. 创新的 4. medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ n. 介质，媒介 5. peak /piːk/ v.&n. 达到峰值；顶峰 6. initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ adv. 起初，最初 7. generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ v. 产生，生成 8. artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/ adj. 人工的，人造的 9. persist /pəˈsɪst/ v. 持续，留存 10. vapor /ˈveɪpə(r)/ n. 水蒸气 11. sharp /ʃɑːp/ adj. 急剧的；锋利的 12. confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 证实，确认 13. practical /ˈpræktɪkl/ adj. 实际的，实用的 14. reveal /rɪˈviːl/ v. 揭示，显示 15. widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ adj. 广泛的 16. refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ v. 改进，完善 17. distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ n. 分配，分布 18. integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ v. 整合，使一体化 19. residential /ˌrezɪˈdenʃl/ adj. 住宅的，居民的 20. sector /ˈsektə(r)/ n. 领域，部门 【高考真题链接】 （2026·全国二卷·高考真题）The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 1．Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A．To fuel the city’s economy. B．To enhance passengers’ experience. C．To promote green transportation. D．To raise the quality of electric cars. 2．What is Espinoza’s concern? A．How to cut his travel expenses. B．Where to get a parking space. C．How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D．Where to find a charging point. 3．What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A．Their operating conditions. B．Their conventional standard. C．Their potential risks. D．Their working mechanism. 4．What did Luna say about the system? A．It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B．It improves workers’ efficiency. C．It prioritizes the safety of trains. D．It generates jobs for the locals. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了巴塞罗那推出的地铁能量回收项目，利用列车刹车余能为电车充电桩供电，实现绿色交通与能源高效利用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market.(巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。)”可知，该项目目的是推广绿色交通。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的““I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. (埃斯皮诺萨在巴塞罗那南部一处工人街区搭乘地铁前说道：“我又惊喜又开心，我总在四处找地方给车充电。”)”可知，埃斯皮诺萨一直发愁找不到充电桩。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers.(它们由一个电动机构成，该电动机会收集刹车动作中产生的能量——这些能量在传统刹车系统中会以热量的形式散失掉。这些能量可以立即用于加速车辆，或者在巴塞罗那地铁系统的情况下，通过电缆输送，为车站或电动汽车充电桩供电。)”可知，本段介绍了再生刹车的工作原理。 4．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. (电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗・卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。)”可知，卢纳认为该系统创新性地利用了回收能源。 ( 长难句1 原句：Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. 1）句子拆分 主句：Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies 目的状语1：to help public transportation go greener 伴随状语：while also doing its part 并列目的状语：to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market 2）翻译 巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。 长难句2 原句：Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. 1）句子拆分 主句：Alvaro Luna said that the system is innovative 同位语：a professor of electrical engineering（解释主语Alvaro Luna） 宾语从句：that the system is innovative 原因状语从句：in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses 插入解释语：in this case powering electric cars parked nearby 后置定语：parked nearby（修饰electric cars） 2）翻译 电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗·卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。 ) ( tackle /ˈtækl/v. 处理，应对 shift /ʃɪft/n. 转型，转变 remainder /rɪˈmeɪndə(r)/n. 剩余部分 cable /ˈkeɪbl/n. 电缆 regenerative /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv/adj. 再生的 conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/adj. 传统的 accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/v. 加速 innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/adj. 创新的 recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/v. 回收利用 redirect /ˌriːdəˈrekt/v. 重新调配，改变方向 boost /buːst/v. 提升，促进 efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/n. 效率 ) 【综合实战演练】 篇目 体裁 核心话题 Passage 1 说明文 介绍合成生物学，讲述人工合成基因组细胞的突破、实际应用，分析发展局限与潜在安全风险 Passage 2 说明文 科研人员借助海战棋游戏测试大模型的科学决策能力，验证 AI 方法可迁移应用于科研领域 Passage 3 记叙文 介绍现代火箭推进之父 Goddard 的科研经历，他研发液体燃料火箭，诸多构想至今仍用于火箭研发 Passage 4 记叙文 讲述物理学家 Sophie Blake 的科研历程，她不畏艰险，研制设备，探索宇宙早期奥秘 Passage 5 说明文（七选五） 对比娱乐明星与科学家，分析大众追捧娱乐行业、忽视科研工作者的原因，疫情提升大众对科学的兴趣 Passage 6 议论文（七选五） 阐释科学探索必备的精神品质：好奇心、毅力、创新与跨学科合作，论述科学精神对青少年成长的意义 Passage 7 完形填空 少年 Jo Nagai 的科学实验，证明蝴蝶习得的记忆可跨代遗传，说明科学发现不受年龄限制 Passage 8 完形填空 论述优秀科学家的特质：善于观察、尊重事实、依靠实验，以培根、伽利略为例佐证科学实验精神的价值 Passage 9 语法填空 深海首席技师周皓，以工匠精神攻克深海技术难题，培养青年人才，助力我国深海事业发展 Passage 10 语法填空 介绍物理学家杨振宁的生平、重大物理成就，他倡导好奇心与独立思考，晚年归国，留下宝贵科学遗产 Passage 1 （25-26高二下·广西桂林·期末）When scientist J. Craig Venter and his team announced in 2010 that they had created the first cell controlled by a fully synthetic genome (合成基因组), it marked a turning point in how scientists think about life. For the first time, DNA had been written on a computer and used to control a living cell. The achievement suggested something deep: Life might not only be understood but designed. This achievement laid the foundation for synthetic biology. By combining biology and engineering, synthetic biology seeks to design and build new biological systems or redesign existing ones for useful purposes. Rather than only observing how life works, scientists use tools such as DNA synthesis and genetic (基因的) engineering to “program” cells to perform specific tasks. This field has led to promising and practical outcomes. Researchers have engineered microbes to produce lifesaving drugs such as qinghaosu, develop sustainable biofuels, and detect environmental poisons, as well as break down environmental wastes. Despite this progress, synthetic biology has not fully realized its early goals. One major reason is the complexity of living systems. Early approaches to synthetic biology treated cells as computer systems, where components could be predictably exchanged. In practice, the parts of biological systems depend closely on each other. Gene (基因) interactions are difficult to predict, and results observed in controlled laboratory conditions do not always work to real-world environments. As technology advances, new moral and security concerns have emerged in synthetic biology. The same tools used to design beneficial organisms could potentially be misused to create harmful ones or unintentionally damage ecosystems. As these tools become more accessible, technology changes faster than people can make rules for it. Although synthetic biology has not yet delivered a world of fully programmable organisms, its impact is clear. It has changed how scientists study life and how society imagines its future. This suggests that science is learning, carefully and not perfectly, to create life. 1．What can be learned about Venter’s 2010 research? A．Life has been controlled in labs. B．Humans can interpret life and reshape it. C．Scientists have uncovered most secrets of life. D．DNA can be completely designed by computers. 2．What benefits does synthetic biology bring? A．All digitally-driven cells. B．Special tools in life observation. C．Waste removal machines. D．Products in medicine and energy. 3．Why have synthetic biology’s early goals not been totally realized? A．For the need of more scientists. B．For the poor laboratory conditions. C．For the complex living systems. D．For the outdated computer systems. 4．What potential risk comes along with synthetic biology? A．Application in wrong ways. B．Challenge to classic biology. C．Arguments over relevant laws. D．Destruction of existing organisms. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】文章介绍了2010年Venter团队合成基因组细胞的突破性实验，阐释合成生物学的定义与现实应用价值，接着分析该领域未能完全达成早期目标的核心原因，然后指出技术发展伴随的道德与安全隐患。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The achievement suggested something deep: Life might not only be understood but designed.(这项成就揭示了一个深刻道理：生命或许不仅可以被理解，还能够被设计)”可知，人类能够解读生命并且重塑生命。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers have engineered microbes to produce lifesaving drugs such as qinghaosu, develop sustainable biofuels, and detect environmental poisons, as well as break down environmental wastes.(研究人员改造微生物来生产青蒿素这类救命药物、研发可持续生物燃料、检测环境毒物以及降解环境废弃物)”可知，合成生物学有益于药物、生物能源。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Despite this progress, synthetic biology has not fully realized its early goals. One major reason is the complexity of living systems.(尽管取得这些进步，合成生物学尚未完全实现早期目标。一个主要原因是生命系统的复杂性)”可知，生命系统十分复杂，因此合成生物学的早期目标没有完全实现。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“The same tools used to design beneficial organisms could potentially be misused to create harmful ones or unintentionally damage ecosystems.(用来设计有益有机体的同类工具，存在被滥用制造有害生物、或是无意破坏生态系统的可能性)”可知，合成生物学存在被错误应用的潜在风险。 Passage 2 （25-26高二下·四川绵阳·期末）If artificial intelligence is going to transform the way science is done, as many of the AI laboratories hope, it needs to master board games first. That’s the lesson from a recent study of AI models’ decision-making skills, tested with the board game Battleship. The goal was to find ways for models to seek more information with limited resources. Science requires lots of decisions — researchers must choose which experiment to run among many hypotheses (假设). The choices will determine which path to follow when resources for experiments are limited, and getting data is either expensive or time-consuming,” says Pepe, the project leader. Pepe and his team designed the board game Battleship that could be played by humans or AI. In the game, one team member generated questions about the map of ships’ locations while another answered them, in a combined effort to locate where the ships were hidden and sink them. By counting how many rounds it took to sink all the ships, the researchers could test how large language models (LLMs) performed compared with other LLMs and with the 42 human players. Initially, humans consistently won in fewer moves than Llama-4-Scout, Meta’s efficiency-focused AI model. OpenAI’s reasoning model, GPT-5, performed better than both. The scientists got ideas from Bayesian experimental design, in which researchers guess the likelihood based on what they already know by raising questions. The scientists trained the models to ask smart questions, which helped them hit ships more accurately and learn more information each time. They also learned to think about the next moves. The scientists also found that using short pieces of code, instead of plain language, helped the players be more accurate. Through this process, the group led Llama-4-Scout to win in fewer moves than GPT-5 two thirds of the time at about one hundredth of the cost. On average, it also won in seven fewer moves than the human players. Battleship is much simpler than many problems in science — chemical and biological samples, for instance, can’t be interpreted as clearly as Battleship boards. But Pepe says the methods AI used in the game will probably also apply to scientific decision-making. 1．Why is Battleship chosen for the study? A．It’s simple like daily tasks. B．It provides cheap resources. C．It mirrors scientific decision-making. D．It helps AI learn how to ask questions. 2．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in paragraph 4? A．The battleships. B．The AI models. C．Human players. D．Game questions. 3．Which performed better after the experimental process? A．Llama-4-Scout. B．GPT-5. C．Human players. D．Common AI models. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the study? A．Interested in board game invention. B．Confident about the AI they trained. C．Hopeful for AI’s future use in science. D．Doubtful about the performance of LLM. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】主要介绍研究人员用海战棋测试人工智能的决策能力，对比多款大模型表现，证实该AI方法可迁移应用于科学研究决策。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“That’s the lesson from a recent study of AI models’ decision-making skills, tested with the board game Battleship. The goal was to find ways for models to seek more information with limited resources.(这是一项针对人工智能模型决策能力的近期研究得出的结论，该研究使用桌面游戏海战棋开展测试。研究的目标是找到让模型在有限资源下获取更多信息的方法)”以及第二段中的“Science requires lots of decisions — researchers must choose which experiment to run among many hypotheses (假设). The choices will determine which path to follow when resources for experiments are limited, and getting data is either expensive or time-consuming,” says Pepe, the project leader. (“科学需要许多抉择——研究者必须在众多假设中选择开展哪一项实验。当实验资源有限、获取数据要么昂贵要么耗时时，这些选择将会决定要走哪条研究路线。”项目负责人佩佩说道)”可知，海战棋的资源有限下搜集信息、做出判断的模式，能够模拟、映照科学研究中的决策过程，因此选用它开展实验。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“The scientists trained the models to ask smart questions, which helped them hit ships more accurately and learn more information each time. They also learned to think about the next moves.(科学家训练这些模型提出有价值的问题，这帮助它们更精准地击中舰船，每次都获取更多信息。它们还学会预判下一步操作)”可知，本句承接前文主语the models，代词they指代前文的人工智能模型。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Through this process, the group led Llama-4-Scout to win in fewer moves than GPT-5 two thirds of the time at about one hundredth of the cost. On average, it also won in seven fewer moves than the human players.(经过这套实验流程后，研究团队优化后的Llama-4-Scout在三分之二的对局中，比GPT-5用更少回合获胜，成本仅为后者的百分之一。平均来看，它比人类玩家少走七步就能取胜)”可知，经过实验优化流程后，Llama-4-Scout表现更出色。 4．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“Battleship is much simpler than many problems in science — chemical and biological samples, for instance, can’t be interpreted as clearly as Battleship boards. But Pepe says the methods AI used in the game will probably also apply to scientific decision-making.(海战棋比许多科学领域的问题简单得多——例如化学、生物样本无法像海战棋棋盘一样清晰解读。但佩佩表示，人工智能在这款游戏中运用的方法或许同样适用于科研决策工作)”可知，作者借研究者的观点，表达对人工智能未来应用于科学领域抱有期待与希望。 Passage 3 （25-26高二下·湖南·阶段检测）Today rocket launches and space missions are common. But in the early 1900s, space travel seemed like a dream. One of the most influential people in the field of rocket science was American Robert Goddard (1882-1945). The American space agency NASA describes him as “the father of modern rocket propulsion (推进)”. Goddard once said that “the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow”. His scientific work gave hope to many dreams about space travel. He turned some of those dreams into reality. Over one hundred years ago, Goddard carried out studies and tests of rocket engines. He developed and flew many rockets that got their power from solid fuels: chemicals that formed a hard substance. In 1925, he made and tested the first rocket engine using a soft chemical fuel. The next year, he successfully launched the world’s first liquid-fuel rocket. Many historians consider liquid-fuel rocket flight to be as important as the first airplane flight by the American brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright. Goddard’s work proved that machines could travel outside of Earth’s atmosphere and into space. During his early research, he received money and support from the US Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian published several reports about his efforts. One publication in 1919, called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, wrote about his search for ways to send weather recording instruments higher than balloons could fly. It described how he developed the mathematical theories for rocket flight. In that report, Goddard also suggested the possibility of a rocket someday reaching the moon. At the time, there was a big dispute in the press about this claim. Many people thought he was foolish for suggesting something that seemed so impossible. Many of Goddard’s ideas are still used in rocket development. So, in a way, every rocket that flies today could be considered a Goddard rocket. 1．What makes NASA highly praise Goddard? A．His various dreams and efforts. B．His first airplane experiment. C．His rocket experiments and research. D．His rocket power theory and predictions. 2．What does the underlined word “dispute” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Challenge. B．Breakthrough. C．Disagreement. D．Inspiration. 3．Which can best describe Robert Goddard? A．Intellectual and creative. B．Adventurous but self-centered. C．Cooperative but inefficient. D．Romantic and humorous. 4．What can we know about Goddard from the text? A．Many of his theories are still useful in developing rockets. B．He made the first rocket engine in 1919. C．His first book about his study was published in 1926. D．He launched the world's first liquid-fuel rocket in 1925. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Robert Goddard在火箭科学领域的贡献与影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The American space agency NASA describes him as “the father of modern rocket propulsion(推进)”.(美国国家航空航天局称他为“现代火箭推进之父”)”以及第三段和第四段中关于Goddard的火箭实验和研究的描述可知，NASA高度赞扬Goddard是因为他的火箭实验和研究。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第六段中“At the time, there was a big dispute in the press about this claim. Many people thought he was foolish for suggesting something that seemed so impossible.(当时，媒体对这一说法存在很大的dispute。许多人认为他提出这样一件看似不可能的事情是愚蠢的)”可知，许多人认为Goddard提出的理论是不可能实现的，所以应该存在很多的争议，由此可推测，dispute意为“争议，分歧”，与Disagreement意思相近。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章中对Goddard的描述，他进行了多项火箭实验和研究，提出了许多关于火箭飞行的数学理论，并成功发射了世界上第一枚液体燃料火箭，他的许多想法至今仍在火箭开发中使用。由此可推断，Goddard是一个聪明且有创造力的人。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Many of Goddard’s ideas are still used in rocket development.(Goddard的许多想法至今仍被应用于火箭研发中)”可知，Goddard的许多理论在开发火箭中仍然有用。故选A。 Passage 4 （25-26高二上·福建厦门·期末）“My father was a physicist. My mother’s an astronomer. I’m not going to lie, but no kid wants to be like their parents,” she jokes, semi-seriously. However, it was written in some sense that Sophie Blake, a physics professor, would end up in observational cosmology — the study of the origin and development of the universe using specialized telescopes. Blake always enjoyed building things like a child engineer. It wasn’t unusual for her to experiment with her father’s research equipment. She thanks, in part, her short attention span for her inquisitiveness. “I am always looking for something.” Initially, Blake planned a PhD in particle (粒子) physics but switched direction after a visit to a lab with equipment and tools scattering everywhere at the California Institute of Technology. “I didn’t know about observational cosmology then but thought, ‘Whatever this is, I want to do that.’” She spent a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, after conducting experiments of a balloon-borne microwave telescope launched from McMurdo. “That really inspired my love for remote places,” she said. After spending a year at the South Pole, she joined the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. At that time, the site decision was made for the largest radio telescope group on Earth. Eventually, she wanted to engineer her own instruments. For the last few years, Blake has been searching for signs of the universe’s early existence — from the birth of the first stars to the “cosmic (宇宙的) dark ages” — and she’s building her own equipment to explore beyond the known universe, focusing on its distant past with novel radio technology. Since 2017, Blake and her team have been engineering and planting radio telescopes in two of the Earth’s most remote (and quietest) locations for the best shot at hearing the earliest voice of the universe. “This was a leap of faith,” Blake recalls. “I had never done radio before but I thought, ‘Let me give this a try and see how it goes.’” 1．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Blake followed in her parents’ footsteps. B．Blake developed an interest in time travel. C．Blake lied about her parents’ professions. D．Blake lived up to her parents’ expectations 2．What does the underlined word “inquisitiveness” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Talent. B．Courage. C．Curiosity. D．Intelligence. 3．What stimulated Blake’s passion for distant places? A．Her visit to a lab in a university. B．Her wish to build her own equipment. C．Her faith in hearing the cosmic sound. D．Her experience at a South Pole Station. 4．Which of the following best describes Blake? A．Confident and caring. B．Generous and optimistic. C．Modest and open-minded. D．Adventurous and innovative. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍物理学家索菲·布莱克的成长经历、研究方向转变以及她探索宇宙早期奥秘的科研历程。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“However, it was written in some sense that Sophie Blake, a physics professor, would end up in observational cosmology — the study of the origin and development of the universe using specialized telescopes. (然而，从某种意义上来说，物理学教授索菲·布莱克最终投身于观测宇宙学——也就是利用专业望远镜研究宇宙起源与演化的学科——仿佛是命中注定的。)”可知，布莱克最终走上了和父母相似的科研道路。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“I am always looking for something. (我总是在寻找新的事物。)”可知，她总是充满好奇，不断寻找新的事物，因此“inquisitiveness”意为“好奇心”与“curiosity”意义相近。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“She spent a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, after conducting experiments of a balloon-borne microwave telescope launched from McMurdo. “That really inspired my love for remote places,” she said. (在麦克默多站完成了气球搭载微波望远镜的实验后，她在阿蒙森-斯科特南极站工作了一年。“那段经历真的让我爱上了偏远之地。”她说。)”可知，在南极站的经历激发了她对偏远地区的热情。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“She spent a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, after conducting experiments of a balloon-borne microwave telescope launched from McMurdo. ((在麦克默多站完成了气球搭载微波望远镜的实验后，她在阿蒙森-斯科特南极站工作了一年。)”、倒数第二段中的“For the last few years, Blake has been searching for signs of the universe’s early existence — from the birth of the first stars to the “cosmic (宇宙的) dark ages” — and she’s building her own equipment to explore beyond the known universe, focusing on its distant past with novel radio technology. (过去几年，布莱克一直在探寻宇宙早期存在的痕迹——从第一批恒星的诞生到“宇宙黑暗时代”。她还亲手研制设备，利用新颖的射电技术，探索已知宇宙之外的世界，聚焦宇宙遥远的过去。)”以及最后一段中的““This was a leap of faith,” Blake recalls. (“这是一次信念的飞跃。”布莱克回忆道。)”可知，布莱克敢于前往南极等偏远地区，勇于尝试新的研究领域并自主研发设备，因此，她是富有冒险精神和创新精神的。故选D项。 Passage 5 （25-26高二上·安徽芜湖·期末）The whole world changes around them: actors, singers, models. athletes and TV personalities. If I go through Instagram, Snapchat or any social media news feed (新闻推送). I get too familiar with their lives. 1 What I can’t see is what their big contribution to the world is other than entertainment. By idolizing (崇拜) the entertainment industry so much, we sometimes completely forget about the things that are truly important and that are changing our world. Imagine if the money that every Hollywood actor and director makes went into medical research and pharmaceuticals. It would be so much easier for scientists to diagnose (诊断) diseases and unknown viruses. So if it would benefit the world so much to invest all of our time and attention toward scientists, why don’t we do it? 2 First of all, we like being entertained. Most people might not praise scientists because it’s not something entertainment. People will care more about Brad Pitt’s upcoming new movie, rather than NASA’s most current space exploration that might change the way we live our lives. 3 It’s because we simply like being entertained. It’s easier to care about simple things rather than scientific, complicated ones. Another reason is that most scientists don’t like being in the spotlight. There are studies that have identified the personality features of people most likely to become scientists. 4 Even if we gave them that much attention, they wouldn’t be so excited to be followed by paparazzi (狗仔) all day or get invited to events every weekend. They’re busy people, which explains why they haven’t attracted the media the same way that performers have. Therefore, it’s very unlikely that scientists will ever become the “celebrities (名人)” of modern days. Even in the middle of a pandemic (疫情) science is still not as popular as entertainment. 5 Studies have shown that young people are more interested in a scientific career as a result of COVID-19. Maybe that’s the start of the development of a different point of view against science for future generations. A．That’s not because we’re careless human beings. B．They’re mostly reserved, quiet and like to have privacy. C．Scientists seem to be selfless, hard-working and devoted people D．I have nothing against the entertainment industry and celebrities. E．However, interest in science has definitely risen since the pandemic began. F．It seems as if entertainment has become the most important thing that the world cares about. G．Why don’t we make scientists our new “celebrities,” if they are the ones that deserve it the most? 【答案】1．D 2．G 3．A 4．B 5．E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者指出社交媒体充斥娱乐名人生活，认为科学家更值得被追捧，分析了人们更关注娱乐、科学家不喜聚光灯的原因，虽科学难成主流焦点，但疫情让人们对科学的兴趣有所提升。 1．前文“The whole world changes around them: actors singers, models. athletes and TV personalities. If I go through Instagram, Snapchat or any social media news feed (新闻推送) . I get too familiar with their lives.(整个世界都在他们身边发生着变化：演员、歌手、模特、运动员和电视节目主持人。如果我浏览一下 Instagram、Snapchat 或任何社交媒体的新闻推送，我会对他们的生活变得非常熟悉。)”说社交媒体满是明星名流的生活，后文“What I can’t see is what their big contribution to the world is other than entertainment.(但我看不到的是，除了娱乐之外，他们对世界做出的真正重大贡献是什么。)”转折说 “除了娱乐，看不到他们对世界的重大贡献”。空格需承上启下，先表明对娱乐行业和名人无抵触，再引出对其价值的思考，D项“I have nothing against the entertainment industry and celebrities.(我并不反对娱乐行业和名人。)”完美衔接，消除语气的突兀感。故选D项。 2．前文“So if it would benefit the world so much to invest all of our time and attention toward scientists, why don’t we do it?(所以，如果把我们所有的精力和注意力都投入到科学家身上会如此有益于世界，我们为什么不这样做呢？)”提出把娱乐行业的资源投入科研会让世界受益，并用反问“为何不这么做”引发思考，空格需承接这一反问，进一步深化核心问题 —— 为何不把科学家当作新的“名人”。G项“Why don’t we make scientists our new “celebrities,” if they are the ones that deserve it the most?(如果科学家是最值得的人，我们为何不把他们当作新的名人？)”与前文反问句式呼应，紧扣“重视科学家”的核心，引出后文原因分析。故选G项。 3．前文“People will care more about Brad Pitt’s upcoming new movie, rather than NASA’s most current space exploration that might change the way we live our lives.(人们会更关注布拉德·皮特即将上映的新电影，而非美国国家航空航天局当前正在进行的可能改变我们生活方式的太空探索项目。)”说人们更关注明星而非科学家的科研成就，后文“It’s because we simply like being entertained.(这是因为我们就是喜欢被娱乐。)”直接给出原因“因为我们只是喜欢娱乐”。空格需衔接这一逻辑，先否定“人们粗心”的可能性，再引出真实原因。A项“That’s not because we’re careless human beings.(这并不是因为我们是粗心大意的人。)”用否定句式过渡，与后文的It’s because... 形成经典的“否定错误原因 + 给出真实原因”的逻辑链。故选A项。 4．本段主旨是“Another reason is that most scientists don’t like being in the spotlight.(另一个原因是，大多数科学家都不喜欢成为公众关注的焦点。)”说科学家不喜成为焦点，前文“There are studies that have identified the personality features of people most likely to become scientists.(有研究已经确定了最有可能成为科学家的人的个性特征。)”说研究发现了科学家的性格特征，空格需具体说明该性格特征。B 项“They’re mostly reserved, quiet and like to have privacy.( 他们大多内敛、安静，且注重隐私。)”直接描述科学家的性格，解释了为何他们不愿被聚光灯关注，与后文“不喜被狗仔跟随、参加活动”的内容高度契合。故选B项。 5．前文“Even in the middle of a pandemic (疫情) science is still not as popular as entertainment.(即使在疫情期间，科学也还没有像娱乐那样受欢迎。)”说“即便疫情期间，科学仍不如娱乐受欢迎”，后文“Studies have shown that young people are more interested in a scientific career as a result of COVID-19.(研究表明，由于新冠疫情，年轻人对科学职业更感兴趣了。)”转折说“疫情让年轻人对科研职业更感兴趣，或成观念转变的开端”。空格需承上启下，先指出疫情后人们对科学的兴趣确实有所提升，再衔接后文的具体表现。E项“However, interest in science has definitely risen since the pandemic began.(然而，自疫情开始后，人们对科学的兴趣无疑有所上升。)”用However转折，既呼应前文的 “科学不受欢迎”，又引出后文的积极变化。故选E项。 Passage 6 （25-26高二上·吉林延边·期末）Science is the cornerstone of human progress, and scientific exploration relies on the spirit of curiosity, perseverance and innovation. Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth. 1 . 2 . It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress. Perseverance is a vital quality for scientific success. The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties. 3 .He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world. Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department. 4 , share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs. The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility. 5 . A．This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society B．Madame Curie’s perseverance promoted the development of modern physics and chemistry C．Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration D．Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress E．Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together F．Many outstanding scientists have made extraordinary contributions to human progress through lifelong dedication to scientific exploration G．Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．G 4．E 5．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文指出科学探索需好奇心、毅力与创新合作的精神，列举相关事例，并说明其对青少年成长的重要意义。 1．由上文“Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth.(每一项重大的科学突破都源于不懈的努力和对真理的执着追求。)”和下文分点论述科学探索所需的品质可知，空格处需承上启下，引出本文的核心论述内容。A项“This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society (本文将探讨科学探索所需的关键品质及其对个人和社会的重要意义)”符合语境，该句总领全文，呼应下文的“好奇心、毅力、创新”等品质和对青少年的意义，逻辑连贯。故选A项。 2．由下文“It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress.(好奇心驱使科学家们仔细观察、深入思考、探索未知并提出新观点。牛顿对苹果落地现象的求知欲，促成了万有引力定律的发现 —— 这充分彰显了好奇心在推动科学进步中的独特力量。)”可知，空格处需作为本段主题句，点明本段核心是“好奇心”。C项“Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration (好奇心是科学探索的起点)”符合语境，该句总领全段，“curiosity”对应下文的“desire to know”，牛顿的例子也是对该观点的具体论证，逻辑清晰。故选C项。 3．由上文“The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties.(科学探索的道路从来都不平坦，而是充满了失败、挫折与困难。)”和下文“He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world.(他在田间耗费数十年时间开展实验，历经无数次失败与恶劣的自然条件，却始终坚守着解决粮食问题的梦想，最终培育出高产杂交水稻，造福了全球数百万民众。)”可知，空格处需引出一个体现毅力的科学家例子，衔接上下文。G项“Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research (袁隆平是科研中秉持毅力的典型例子)”符合语境，“Yuan Longping”对应下文的“He”，“perseverance”呼应本段小标题的核心，承上启下。故选G项。 4．由上文“Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department.(此外，科学探索还需要创新精神和跨学科合作。随着科技的不断发展，许多复杂的科学问题已无法由单人或单个部门解决。)”和下文“share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs.(分享研究成果、互补彼此优势、推动知识融合，进而实现更多重大科学突破。)”可知，空格处需说明跨学科合作的具体表现。E项“Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together (来自生物学、化学、工程学等不同领域的科学家携手合作)”符合语境，“different fields”和“work together”对应前文的“interdisciplinary cooperation”，同时引出下文的合作做法，逻辑连贯。故选E项。 5．由上文“The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility.(科学精神对青少年的成长意义重大。它不仅能帮助我们更好地掌握知识，还能培养我们谨慎思考、责任意识等优良品质。)”可知，空格处需总结全文，发出呼吁，鼓励青少年践行科学精神。D项“Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress (让我们追随伟大科学家的脚步，保持好奇心，勇于克服困难，始终追求真理与进步)”符合语境，该句收束全文，呼应前文提到的好奇心、毅力等科学精神品质，逻辑清晰。故选D项。 Passage 7 （25-26高二下·河南信阳·期中）At the age of ten, most children spend their free time playing games or watching cartoons. Jo Nagai, however, 1 to raise swallowtail caterpillars (凤蝶幼虫) in his own home. What started as a childhood curiosity soon turned into a 2 breakthrough that astonished scientists worldwide. Jo designed a simple but clever experiment. He 3 caterpillars to connect a particular scent (气味) with an unpleasant experience. After the caterpillars 4 into butterflies, he tested them again. Scientists had always assumed that memories would disappear during this dramatic change, when a caterpillar literally breaks down and 5 itself inside the chrysalis (蛹). To everyone’s 6 , many butterflies still avoided the scent. Somehow, their memories had 7 the transformation. But Jo was not 8 with this discovery alone. He decided to push his research further. Jo 9 the experiment and examined the second generation. He wanted to know if the butterflies’ offspring (后代) would also 10 the same smell. The results were clear: the learned responses had been 11 to the next generation. This finding suggests something 12 about nature. Although butterflies do not 13 teach their young like human parents do, their life experiences can still shape future generations. Jo Nagai’s story reminds us that scientific discovery has no 14 limit. With patience, creativity, and careful observation, even a young student can challenge established beliefs and 15 our understanding of the natural world. 1．A．hesitated B．pretended C．failed D．chose 2．A．medical B．scientific C．technological D．geological 3．A．trained B．killed C．counted D．followed 4．A．crashed B．divided C．transformed D．looked 5．A．rebuilds B．introduces C．protects D．recycles 6．A．regret B．surprise C．embarrassment D．relief 7．A．promoted B．delayed C．arranged D．survived 8．A．annoyed B．satisfied C．strict D．familiar 9．A．repeated B．published C．standardized D．funded 10．A．produce B．remove C．avoid D．absorb 11．A．held back B．given out C．figured out D．passed down 12．A．peaceful B．meaningful C．touching D．confusing 13．A．intentionally B．secretly C．successfully D．sincerely 14．A．space B．speed C．age D．size 15．A．block B．reflect C．assess D．expand 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．C 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】文章主要讲述了乔永井通过实验发现蝴蝶记忆可遗传的科学故事。 1．考查动词。句意：然而，Jo Nagai选择在自己家里饲养凤蝶幼虫。A. hesitated犹豫；B. pretended假装；C. failed失败；D. chose选择。根据前文“most children spend their free time playing games or watching cartoons”以及“however”可知，大多数孩子玩乐，转折后说明他选择养幼虫。 2．考查形容词。句意：童年时的好奇心很快就变成了一个震惊全世界科学家的科学突破。A. medical医学的；B. scientific科学的；C. technological技术的；D. geological地质的。根据后文“astonished scientists worldwide”可知，Jo Nagai的发现震惊了全世界的科学家，说明这是一个科学突破。 3．考查动词。句意：他训练幼虫将一种特定的气味与不愉快的经历联系起来。A. trained训练；B. killed杀死；C. counted数；D. followed跟随。根据后文“to connect a particular scent with an unpleasant experience”可知，Jo Nagai让幼虫将一种特定的气味与不愉快的经历联系起来，这是对幼虫的训练。 4．考查动词。句意：幼虫变成蝴蝶后，他又对它们进行了测试。A. crashed碰撞；B. divided分开；C. transformed转变；D. looked看。根据后文“into butterflies”可知，幼虫变成了蝴蝶，transform into为固定短语，意为“转变成”。 5．考查动词。句意：科学家们一直认为，在毛毛虫发生巨大变化的过程中，记忆会消失，因为毛毛虫会在蛹中分解并重建自己。A. rebuilds重建；B. introduces介绍；C. protects保护；D. recycles回收。根据前文“when a caterpillar literally breaks down”可知，毛毛虫会在蛹中分解，然后重建自己。 6．考查名词。句意：令所有人惊讶的是，许多蝴蝶仍然避开这种气味。A. regret后悔；B. surprise惊讶；C. embarrassment尴尬；D. relief宽慰。根据后文“many butterflies still avoided the scent”可知，许多蝴蝶仍然避开这种气味，这与科学家们的预期相反，因此令他们惊讶。 7．考查动词。句意：不知何故，它们的记忆在转变中幸存了下来。A. promoted促进；B. delayed延迟；C. arranged安排；D. survived幸存。根据前文“many butterflies still avoided the scent”可知，许多蝴蝶仍然避开这种气味，说明它们的记忆在转变中幸存了下来。 8．考查形容词。句意：但Jo并不满足于这一发现。A. annoyed恼怒的；B. satisfied满足的；C. strict严格的；D. familiar熟悉的。根据后文“He decided to push his research further.”可知，Jo决定进一步推进他的研究，说明他对这一发现并不满足。 9．考查动词。句意：Jo重复了这个实验，并检查了第二代。A. repeated重复；B. published出版；C. standardized使标准化；D. funded资助。根据后文“the experiment and examined the second generation”可知，想要继续研究、观察后代，需要重复实验。 10．考查动词。句意：他想知道蝴蝶的后代是否也会避开同样的气味。A. produce生产；B. remove移除；C. avoid避开；D. absorb吸收。根据前文“many butterflies still avoided the scent”可知，Jo想知道蝴蝶的后代是否也会避开同样的气味。 11．考查动词短语。句意：结果很清楚：学到的反应已经传给了下一代。A. held back阻碍；B. given out分发；C. figured out弄清楚；D. passed down传下来。根据后文“Although butterflies do not  ______  teach their young like human parents do, their life experiences can still shape future generations.”可知，后代拥有相同反应，说明结果发现蝴蝶学到的反应已经传给了下一代。 12．考查形容词。句意：这一发现揭示了自然的一些有意义的东西。A. peaceful和平的；B. meaningful有意义的；C. touching感人的；D. confusing令人困惑的。根据后文“Although butterflies do not  ______  teach their young like human parents do, their life experiences can still shape future generations.”可知，这一发现揭示了自然的一些有意义的东西，即蝴蝶虽然不会像人类父母那样有意地教导后代，但它们的生活经历仍然可以影响后代。 13．考查副词。句意：虽然蝴蝶不会像人类父母那样有意地教导后代，但它们的生活经历仍然可以影响后代。A. intentionally故意地；B. secretly秘密地；C. successfully成功地；D. sincerely真诚地。根据后文“teach their young like human parents do”可知，人类父母会有意地教导后代，而蝴蝶则不会。 14．考查名词。句意：Jo Nagai的故事提醒我们，科学发现没有年龄限制。A. space空间；B. speed速度；C. age年龄；D. size尺寸。根据后文“even a young student can challenge established beliefs”可知，即使是一个年轻的学生也可以挑战既定的信念，说明科学发现没有年龄限制。 15．考查动词。句意：只要有耐心、创造力和仔细的观察，即使是一个年轻的学生也可以挑战既定的信念，扩大我们对自然世界的理解。A. block阻止；B. reflect反映；C. assess评估；D. expand扩大。根据后文“our understanding of the natural world”可知，Jo Nagai的故事提醒我们，科学发现可以扩大我们对自然世界的理解。 Passage 8 （25-26高二上·吉林·期末）Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good 1 . He makes full 2 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority (权威) as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 3 and makes experiments to prove (证明) them. The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 4 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 5 that we should learn science by observing and 6 on the things around us, and he himself 7 many important truths. Galileo (1564—1642), 8 , who lived more than 300 years later, was the most 9 of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, who began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 10 towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 11 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It is Galileo’s 12 of going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment, that has 13 all the discoveries of modern science. What makes those people good scientists? From the 14 of Galileo, we know clearly that successful scientists are those 15 observations have produced better results. 1．A．farmer B．observer C．worker D．student 2．A．use B．sense C．speed D．trust 3．A．casually B．quickly C．carefully D．privately 4．A．date B．keep C．look D．come 5．A．command B．suspect C．suggest D．conclude 6．A．casting B．pouring C．experimenting D．applying 7．A．brought B．announced C．handled D．discovered 8．A．but B．however C．though D．therefore 9．A．outstanding B．naughty C．awful D．ordinary 10．A．slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily 11．A．big B．small C．similar D．unequal 12．A．skill B．spirit C．theory D．wish 13．A．put forward B．turned to C．set up D．led to 14．A．vision B．finding C．shadow D．example 15．A．whose B．how C．what D．which 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．D 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过伽利略等科学家的例子说明，成功的科学家是那些善于观察、基于事实进行实验并敢于挑战权威的人，这种精神推动了现代科学的重大发现。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一名成功的科学家通常是一个出色的观察者。A. farmer农民；B. observer观察者；C. worker工人；D. student学生。根据下文“he observes”可知，成功的科学家通常是出色的观察者，此处是observes的同根词复现。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他会充分利用自己所观察到的事实。A. use使用；B. sense感觉；C. speed速度；D. trust信任。根据上文“makes full”和下文“of the facts”可知，此处用固定短语make full use of表示“充分利用”，说明“充分利用自己所观察到的事实”。故选A。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：他会仔细检查各种观点，并通过实验来加以证明。A. casually随意地；B. quickly快速地；C. carefully仔细地；D. privately私下地。根据下文“makes experiments to prove (证明) them”可知，他会通过实验来加以证明，说明是仔细检查各种观点。故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：现代科学的兴起也许可以追溯到罗杰·培根的时代，他是牛津的杰出哲学家，生活在1214年到1292年之间。A. date确定年代；B. keep保持；C. look看；D. come来。根据上文“The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to”和下文“as far back as the time of Roger Bacon”可知，此处回顾现代科学兴起的历史，固定短语date back“追溯至”符合题意，表示“追溯到罗杰·培根的时代”。故选A。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪首位提出我们应该通过观察和对周围事物进行实验来学习科学的人，而且他自己还发现了许多重要的真理。A. command命令；B. suspect怀疑；C. suggest提议；D. conclude推断。根据下文“that we should learn science by observing and ____6____ on the things around us”可知，培根提出我们应该通过观察来学习科学，后面的that从句用了虚拟语气。故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪首位提出我们应该通过观察和对周围事物进行实验来学习科学的人，而且他自己还发现了许多重要的真理。A. casting铸造；B. pouring倾倒；C. experimenting实验；D. applying应用。根据上文“makes experiments to prove (证明) them”可知，我们应该通过观察和对周围事物进行实验来学习科学，此处是experiments的同词复现。故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他可能是中世纪首位提出我们应该通过观察和对周围事物进行实验来学习科学的人，而且他自己还发现了许多重要的真理。A. brought带来；B. announced宣布；C. handled处理；D. discovered发现。根据下文“many important truths”可知，身为科学家的培根自己也发现了许多重要的真理。故选D。 8．考查连词/副词词义辨析。句意：然而，比他晚300多年的伽利略（1564至1642年）则是意大利、法国、德国和英国几位伟大人物中的杰出代表，他开始展示通过逐步观察可以发现多少重要的真理。A. but但是；B. however然而；C. though尽管；D. therefore因此。上一段介绍现代科学兴起于培根，本段转而介绍300多年后的伽利略，且空处前后均有逗号，因此用副词however“然而”衔接。故选B。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，比他晚300多年的伽利略（1564至1642年）则是意大利、法国、德国和英国几位伟大人物中的杰出代表，他开始展示通过逐步观察可以发现多少重要的真理。A. outstanding杰出的；B. naughty顽皮的；C. awful糟糕的；D. ordinary普通的。根据下文“who began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees”可知，伽利略开始展示通过逐步观察可以发现多少重要的真理，是几位伟大人物中的杰出代表。故选A。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：在伽利略之前，有学识的人们一直认为较大的物体比较小的物体向地球下落的速度更快，这是因为亚里士多德这么说的。A. slowly缓慢地；B. rapidly迅速地；C. lightly轻轻地；D. heavily沉重地。根据上文“large bodies fell”和下文“towards the earth than small ones”可知，在科学证实以前，有学识的人们认为较大的物体比较小的物体向地球下落的速度更快。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端，将两块重量不同的石块同时扔下，从而证明了亚里士多德的观点是错误的。A. big大的；B. small小的；C. similar相似的；D. unequal不相等的。根据上文“large bodies fell more ____10____ towards the earth than small ones”可知，人们之前认为物体下落的速度与其质量相关，因此伽利略做实验时是将两块重量不同的石块同时扔下。故选D。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：正是伽利略那种直接投身于自然、通过实验来验证我们的观点和理论的精神，才促成了现代科学的所有重大发现。A. skill技能；B. spirit精神；C. theory理论；D. wish愿望。根据下文“going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment”可知，直接投身于自然、通过实验来验证观点和理论是伽利略身上的宝贵精神。故选B。 13．考查动词短语辨析。句意：正是伽利略那种直接投身于自然、通过实验来验证我们的观点和理论的精神，才促成了现代科学的所有重大发现。A. put forward提出；B. turned to转向；C. set up建立；D. led to促使。根据下文“all the discoveries of modern science”可知，伽利略身上的科学品质促成了现代科学的所有重大发现。故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：从伽利略的例子中，我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些通过观察获得了更佳结果的人。A. vision视野；B. finding发现；C. shadow影子；D. example例子。根据下文“of Galileo”可知，此处指前一段介绍的伽利略的例子。故选D。 15．考查关系词辨析。句意：从伽利略的例子中，我们清楚地知道，成功的科学家是那些通过观察获得了更佳结果的人。A. whose谁的；B. how如何；C. what什么；D. which哪个。根据下文“observations have produced better results”可知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词those，先行词指人，在从句中作定语，和observations之间是所属关系，应用关系代词whose作引导词。故选A。 Passage 9 （25-26高二下·河南驻马店·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The pressure at 10,000 meters underwater 1 (reach) nearly 1,100 kilograms per square centimeter. At such a depth, even 2 tiniest mistake can put both the equipment and people in life-threatening danger. Aware of the risk, Zhou Hao, the 46-year-old chief technician of the Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, does his work with extreme strictness, 3 (make) equipment parts with precision down to 0.003 millimeters — about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. Beyond that strictness, however, lies an equally remarkable 4 (commit) to his work: during a shipboard mission, he threw up 5 (violent) but when the equipment failed, he pulled himself together and fixed the problem. Over the past decade, in addition to solving 366 technical challenges, Zhou 6 (lead) 316 upgrades for sea trials, helping China’s domestically built submarines achieve multiple national and international 7 (first). Zhou is currently training the next generation. Among his four apprentices (学徒), one is a senior technician, two are mid-level technicians, 8 the last one is an advanced-level trainee. Zhou makes it his duty to equip them 9 the knowledge of the nation’s deep-sea technology. As China pushes 10 (it) deep-sea ambitions, Zhou believes craftsmanship will determine how far the country can go. He said, “There is no road in the deep sea. We don’t need to follow — we are the path.” 【答案】 1．reaches 2．the 3．making 4．commitment 5．violently 6．has led 7．firsts 8．and 9．with 10．its 【导语】本文主要讲述深海科研首席技师周皓秉持严谨工匠精神，攻克多项深海技术难题、培养后备人才，助力中国深海事业发展的故事。 1．考查一般现在时、主谓一致。句意：水下一万米处的压力达到每平方厘米近1100千克。本句客观陈述深海万米处的压力数值，用一般现在时；主语The pressure为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。 2．考查冠词。句意：在这样的深度，即便是最微小的失误也会让设备和人员陷入致命危险。空后tiniest为形容词最高级，形容词最高级前需加定冠词the。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：深知这份风险，46岁的深海科学与工程研究所首席技师周皓以极致的严谨开展工作，将设备零件的精度做到0.003毫米——约为人类发丝直径的三十分之一。句中已有谓语动词does，此处为非谓语动词；此处表示主语严谨工作带来的自然而然的结果，用现在分词形式。 4．考查名词。句意：然而，在这份严谨之外，是他对工作同样非凡的投入：在一次海上任务中，他剧烈呕吐，但当设备出现故障时，他振作起来解决了问题。空前形容词remarkable修饰名词，此处需填入名词作主语，commit的名词形式为commitment，意为“投入、奉献”。 5．考查副词。句意：然而，在这份严谨之外，是他对工作同样非凡的投入：在一次海上任务中，他剧烈呕吐，但当设备出现故障时，他振作起来解决了问题。此处修饰动词短语threw up，修饰动词需用副词形式，violent的副词为violently，意为“剧烈地”。 6．考查时态。句意：在过去的十年里，周皓除攻克366项技术难题外，还主导完成316次海试升级，助力中国国产潜艇实现多项国内外首创。根据时间状语Over the past decade（在过去十年里）可知，句子需用现在完成时；主语Zhou为第三人称单数，谓语has led。 7．考查名词复数。句意：在过去的十年里，周皓除攻克366项技术难题外，还主导完成316次海试升级，助力中国国产潜艇实现多项国内外首创。first此处作名词，意为“首创的成就、先例”，为可数名词；空前multiple（多项的）修饰可数名词复数。 8．考查连词。句意：他的四名学徒中，一人为高级技师，两人为中级技师，最后一人为高级实习生。前后四个分句为并列列举关系，需用并列连词and连接。 9．考查固定搭配。句意：周皓把向他们传授本国深海技术相关知识当作自己的责任。固定搭配equip sb. with sth.，意为“使某人具备某物；向某人传授某物”。 10．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：随着中国推进其深海发展愿景，周皓认为工匠精神将决定国家能走多远。空后为名词deep-sea ambitions，需用形容词性物主代词修饰，it的形容词性物主代词为its，意为“它的”。 Passage 10 （25-26高二下·甘肃定西·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chen Ning Yang, one of the most 1 (intelligence) theoretical physicists of the 20th century, showed great commitment to modern physics. He was best known for co-developing the complicated Yang-Mills theory, which later became the foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics. Born in Hefei, China, in 1922, Yang 2 (raise) in an academic family where his father 3 (frequent) inspired his early love for science. After 4 (receive) his bachelor’s degree and his master's in China, he proceeded 5 (earn) his Ph.D．from the University of Chicago in 1948. In 1956, Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee proposed the theory of parity non-conservation in weak interactions, 6 achievement that overturned traditional ideas in physics. The theory, later confirmed by Chien-Shiung Wu’s experiment, 7 (win) them the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. It is believed 8 scientific curiosity and independent thinking are the soul of 9 (innovate). Yang motivated dozens of young scientists to think independently and hoped they could combine scientific research 10 cultural understanding. Having also made achievements in statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics (凝聚态物理学), such as the Yang-Baxter equation (杨—巴克斯特方程) and the Wu-Yang monopole (吴—杨单极子), Yang made up his mind to return to China after retiring in 1999. He passed away in Beijing in 2025 at the age of 103, leaving a dramatically lasting scientific legacy and gaining worldwide recognition. 【答案】 1．intelligent 2．was raised 3．frequently 4．receiving 5．to earn 6．an 7．won 8．that 9．innovation 10．with/and 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了物理学家杨振宁的生平经历、学术成就、科研理念以及他晚年归国的事迹，肯定了他在物理学领域的卓越贡献与深远影响力。 1．考查形容词。句意：20世纪最聪慧的理论物理学家之一的杨振宁，对现代物理学倾注了极大的心血。“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词”为固定结构，此处需要用形容词修饰名词physicists，名词intelligence对应的形容词形式为intelligent，意为“聪慧的、有才智的”。 2．考查时态语态。句意：杨振宁1922年出生于中国合肥，在学术世家长大，他的父亲常常激发他早期对科学的热爱。主语Yang与动词raise是被动关系，表示“被抚养长大”，结合出生年份in 1922可知，时态为一般过去时，因此用一般过去时的被动语态was raised。 3．考查副词。句意同上。此处需要副词修饰动词inspired，形容词frequent对应的副词形式为frequently，意为“频繁地、常常”。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：在中国取得学士和硕士学位后，他于1948年前往芝加哥大学攻读博士学位。介词after后接动词时，需要使用动名词receiving作宾语。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意同上。proceed to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“继续做、着手做某事”，用动词不定式to earn作宾语。 6．考查冠词。句意：1956年，杨振宁和李政道提出弱相互作用下宇称不守恒理论，这是一项颠覆物理学传统观念的成就。此处表示泛指“一项成就”，achievement是以元音音素开头的可数名词单数，因此用不定冠词an。 7．考查时态。句意：这一理论随后经吴健雄的实验证实，为他们赢得了1957年的诺贝尔物理学奖。句子描述1957年发生的过去事件，时态为一般过去时，win的过去式为won。 8．考查主语从句。句意：人们认为，科学好奇心与独立思考是创新的灵魂。It is believed that...为固定句型，意为“人们认为……”，it作形式主语，that引导真正的主语从句。 9．考查名词。句意同上。介词of后需要接名词作宾语，动词innovate对应的名词形式为innovation，意为“创新”。 10．考查固定搭配。句意：杨振宁激励众多青年科学家独立思考，并希望他们能够将科学研究与文化认知相结合。combine...with/and...为固定搭配，意为“将……与……相结合”。 $Unit 1 Science and Scientists 科学与科学家 单元阅读精练 When spring arrives, keeping warm becomes less of an issue. However, scientists remind us it is not just a seasonal necessity — heat is also a valuable energy resource that can be stored. Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) have discovered an innovative solution beneath our feet: using soil as an efficient thermal energy(热能) storage system. KTU professor Dr Tadas Ždankus and his team have been investigating how the ground can serve as a medium for heat storage. At the core of their research is a ground-based heat accumulator that would store left energy underground and make it available when demand peaks. Initially, the team explored how to use wind energy to produce heat via a hydraulic system (液压系统). They found that so-called hydraulic losses, typically seen as inefficiencies, were actually generating usable heat. However, part of heat was lost before reaching buildings. The question became how to not only decrease heat loss but also store it. To test this idea, the researchers conducted experiments using an artificial heat source placed in surface soil layers. They measured how heat spreads and persists in the ground. In one test, when the soil was heated to the boiling point, it caused a phase change (相变), in which liquid water becomes vapor. “Phase change can be an efficient way. We noticed a sharp temperature rise wherever the vapour flow reached. This means the energy is moving and can be controlled.” says Prof. Ždankus. Once the possibility of underground heat storage was confirmed, researchers began exploring its practical applications. They developed a pilot model ground energy cell to study how heat spread through soil. The year-long measurements revealed the soil beneath buildings could passively store heat, making use of the natural downward flow of heat from buildings into the ground. To put these ground-based storage systems into widespread use, researchers are now developing scaled-down pilot models and refining(改进) heat distribution control methods. “Our immediate goal is to integrate existing solutions into a system that can benefit both industry and residential sectors.” Ždankus concludes. 【译文欣赏】 春天到来时，保暖就不再是多大的问题。然而，科学家提醒我们，热量不只是季节性所需，它还是一种可以储存的宝贵能源。考纳斯理工大学的研究人员在我们脚下发现了一项创新方案：将土壤用作高效的热能储存系统。 考纳斯理工大学的塔达斯·日丹库斯教授及其团队一直在研究大地如何充当储热介质。他们的研究核心是一套地下蓄热装置，把富余的能量储存在地下，待需求达到峰值时释放使用。 起初，该团队研究如何利用风能，通过液压系统产热。他们发现，通常被看作能量损耗的液压损耗，实际上会产生可用热量。但部分热量在输送到建筑物之前就散失了。问题就变成如何既能减少热量损耗，又能储存热量。 为验证这一设想，研究人员将人工热源放置在表层土壤中开展实验，测量热量在地下的扩散与留存情况。在一项测试中，土壤被加热至沸点，发生相变，液态水转化为水蒸气。日丹库斯教授表示：“相变是一种高效途径。我们观察到，水蒸气所到之处温度会急剧上升。这意味着能量可以发生转移，并且能够被调控。” 地下储热的可行性得到证实后，研究人员开始探究它的实际应用。他们搭建了一个地面蓄能试验模型，研究热量在土壤中的传播方式。为期一年的监测数据表明，建筑物下方的土壤可以被动储存热量，利用热量从建筑向地下自然传导的特性实现储热。 为让这套地下储热系统得到广泛应用，研究人员目前正在研制小型试验模型，并改进热量分配控制方法。日丹库斯总结道：“我们的近期目标是整合现有技术方案，打造一套能够同时惠及工业与民用领域的系统。” 【词汇积累】 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ ( 1 / 29 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. necessity /nəˈsesəti/ n. 必需品；必要性 2. resource /rɪˈsɔːs/ n. 资源 3. innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ adj. 创新的 4. medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ n. 介质，媒介 5. peak /piːk/ v.&n. 达到峰值；顶峰 6. initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ adv. 起初，最初 7. generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/ v. 产生，生成 8. artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/ adj. 人工的，人造的 9. persist /pəˈsɪst/ v. 持续，留存 10. vapor /ˈveɪpə(r)/ n. 水蒸气 11. sharp /ʃɑːp/ adj. 急剧的；锋利的 12. confirm /kənˈfɜːm/ v. 证实，确认 13. practical /ˈpræktɪkl/ adj. 实际的，实用的 14. reveal /rɪˈviːl/ v. 揭示，显示 15. widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ adj. 广泛的 16. refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ v. 改进，完善 17. distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ n. 分配，分布 18. integrate /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ v. 整合，使一体化 19. residential /ˌrezɪˈdenʃl/ adj. 住宅的，居民的 20. sector /ˈsektə(r)/ n. 领域，部门 【高考真题链接】 （2026·全国二卷·高考真题）The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 1．Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A．To fuel the city’s economy. B．To enhance passengers’ experience. C．To promote green transportation. D．To raise the quality of electric cars. 2．What is Espinoza’s concern? A．How to cut his travel expenses. B．Where to get a parking space. C．How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D．Where to find a charging point. 3．What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A．Their operating conditions. B．Their conventional standard. C．Their potential risks. D．Their working mechanism. 4．What did Luna say about the system? A．It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B．It improves workers’ efficiency. C．It prioritizes the safety of trains. D．It generates jobs for the locals. ( 长难句1 原句：Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. 1）句子拆分 主句：Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies 目的状语1：to help public transportation go greener 伴随状语：while also doing its part 并列目的状语：to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market 2）翻译 巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。 长难句2 原句：Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. 1）句子拆分 主句：Alvaro Luna said that the system is innovative 同位语：a professor of electrical engineering（解释主语Alvaro Luna） 宾语从句：that the system is innovative 原因状语从句：in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses 插入解释语：in this case powering electric cars parked nearby 后置定语：parked nearby（修饰electric cars） 2）翻译 电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗·卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。 ) ( tackle /ˈtækl/v. 处理，应对 shift /ʃɪft/n. 转型，转变 remainder /rɪˈmeɪndə(r)/n. 剩余部分 cable /ˈkeɪbl/n. 电缆 regenerative /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv/adj. 再生的 conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/adj. 传统的 accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/v. 加速 innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/adj. 创新的 recycle /ˌriːˈsaɪkl/v. 回收利用 redirect /ˌriːdəˈrekt/v. 重新调配，改变方向 boost /buːst/v. 提升，促进 efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsi/n. 效率 ) 【综合实战演练】 篇目 体裁 核心话题 Passage 1 说明文 介绍合成生物学，讲述人工合成基因组细胞的突破、实际应用，分析发展局限与潜在安全风险 Passage 2 说明文 科研人员借助海战棋游戏测试大模型的科学决策能力，验证 AI 方法可迁移应用于科研领域 Passage 3 记叙文 介绍现代火箭推进之父 Goddard 的科研经历，他研发液体燃料火箭，诸多构想至今仍用于火箭研发 Passage 4 记叙文 讲述物理学家 Sophie Blake 的科研历程，她不畏艰险，研制设备，探索宇宙早期奥秘 Passage 5 说明文（七选五） 对比娱乐明星与科学家，分析大众追捧娱乐行业、忽视科研工作者的原因，疫情提升大众对科学的兴趣 Passage 6 议论文（七选五） 阐释科学探索必备的精神品质：好奇心、毅力、创新与跨学科合作，论述科学精神对青少年成长的意义 Passage 7 完形填空 少年 Jo Nagai 的科学实验，证明蝴蝶习得的记忆可跨代遗传，说明科学发现不受年龄限制 Passage 8 完形填空 论述优秀科学家的特质：善于观察、尊重事实、依靠实验，以培根、伽利略为例佐证科学实验精神的价值 Passage 9 语法填空 深海首席技师周皓，以工匠精神攻克深海技术难题，培养青年人才，助力我国深海事业发展 Passage 10 语法填空 介绍物理学家杨振宁的生平、重大物理成就，他倡导好奇心与独立思考，晚年归国，留下宝贵科学遗产 Passage 1 （25-26高二下·广西桂林·期末）When scientist J. Craig Venter and his team announced in 2010 that they had created the first cell controlled by a fully synthetic genome (合成基因组), it marked a turning point in how scientists think about life. For the first time, DNA had been written on a computer and used to control a living cell. The achievement suggested something deep: Life might not only be understood but designed. This achievement laid the foundation for synthetic biology. By combining biology and engineering, synthetic biology seeks to design and build new biological systems or redesign existing ones for useful purposes. Rather than only observing how life works, scientists use tools such as DNA synthesis and genetic (基因的) engineering to “program” cells to perform specific tasks. This field has led to promising and practical outcomes. Researchers have engineered microbes to produce lifesaving drugs such as qinghaosu, develop sustainable biofuels, and detect environmental poisons, as well as break down environmental wastes. Despite this progress, synthetic biology has not fully realized its early goals. One major reason is the complexity of living systems. Early approaches to synthetic biology treated cells as computer systems, where components could be predictably exchanged. In practice, the parts of biological systems depend closely on each other. Gene (基因) interactions are difficult to predict, and results observed in controlled laboratory conditions do not always work to real-world environments. As technology advances, new moral and security concerns have emerged in synthetic biology. The same tools used to design beneficial organisms could potentially be misused to create harmful ones or unintentionally damage ecosystems. As these tools become more accessible, technology changes faster than people can make rules for it. Although synthetic biology has not yet delivered a world of fully programmable organisms, its impact is clear. It has changed how scientists study life and how society imagines its future. This suggests that science is learning, carefully and not perfectly, to create life. 1．What can be learned about Venter’s 2010 research? A．Life has been controlled in labs. B．Humans can interpret life and reshape it. C．Scientists have uncovered most secrets of life. D．DNA can be completely designed by computers. 2．What benefits does synthetic biology bring? A．All digitally-driven cells. B．Special tools in life observation. C．Waste removal machines. D．Products in medicine and energy. 3．Why have synthetic biology’s early goals not been totally realized? A．For the need of more scientists. B．For the poor laboratory conditions. C．For the complex living systems. D．For the outdated computer systems. 4．What potential risk comes along with synthetic biology? A．Application in wrong ways. B．Challenge to classic biology. C．Arguments over relevant laws. D．Destruction of existing organisms. Passage 2 （25-26高二下·四川绵阳·期末）If artificial intelligence is going to transform the way science is done, as many of the AI laboratories hope, it needs to master board games first. That’s the lesson from a recent study of AI models’ decision-making skills, tested with the board game Battleship. The goal was to find ways for models to seek more information with limited resources. Science requires lots of decisions — researchers must choose which experiment to run among many hypotheses (假设). The choices will determine which path to follow when resources for experiments are limited, and getting data is either expensive or time-consuming,” says Pepe, the project leader. Pepe and his team designed the board game Battleship that could be played by humans or AI. In the game, one team member generated questions about the map of ships’ locations while another answered them, in a combined effort to locate where the ships were hidden and sink them. By counting how many rounds it took to sink all the ships, the researchers could test how large language models (LLMs) performed compared with other LLMs and with the 42 human players. Initially, humans consistently won in fewer moves than Llama-4-Scout, Meta’s efficiency-focused AI model. OpenAI’s reasoning model, GPT-5, performed better than both. The scientists got ideas from Bayesian experimental design, in which researchers guess the likelihood based on what they already know by raising questions. The scientists trained the models to ask smart questions, which helped them hit ships more accurately and learn more information each time. They also learned to think about the next moves. The scientists also found that using short pieces of code, instead of plain language, helped the players be more accurate. Through this process, the group led Llama-4-Scout to win in fewer moves than GPT-5 two thirds of the time at about one hundredth of the cost. On average, it also won in seven fewer moves than the human players. Battleship is much simpler than many problems in science — chemical and biological samples, for instance, can’t be interpreted as clearly as Battleship boards. But Pepe says the methods AI used in the game will probably also apply to scientific decision-making. 1．Why is Battleship chosen for the study? A．It’s simple like daily tasks. B．It provides cheap resources. C．It mirrors scientific decision-making. D．It helps AI learn how to ask questions. 2．What does the underlined word “they” refer to in paragraph 4? A．The battleships. B．The AI models. C．Human players. D．Game questions. 3．Which performed better after the experimental process? A．Llama-4-Scout. B．GPT-5. C．Human players. D．Common AI models. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards the study? A．Interested in board game invention. B．Confident about the AI they trained. C．Hopeful for AI’s future use in science. D．Doubtful about the performance of LLM. Passage 3 （25-26高二下·湖南·阶段检测）Today rocket launches and space missions are common. But in the early 1900s, space travel seemed like a dream. One of the most influential people in the field of rocket science was American Robert Goddard (1882-1945). The American space agency NASA describes him as “the father of modern rocket propulsion (推进)”. Goddard once said that “the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow”. His scientific work gave hope to many dreams about space travel. He turned some of those dreams into reality. Over one hundred years ago, Goddard carried out studies and tests of rocket engines. He developed and flew many rockets that got their power from solid fuels: chemicals that formed a hard substance. In 1925, he made and tested the first rocket engine using a soft chemical fuel. The next year, he successfully launched the world’s first liquid-fuel rocket. Many historians consider liquid-fuel rocket flight to be as important as the first airplane flight by the American brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright. Goddard’s work proved that machines could travel outside of Earth’s atmosphere and into space. During his early research, he received money and support from the US Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian published several reports about his efforts. One publication in 1919, called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, wrote about his search for ways to send weather recording instruments higher than balloons could fly. It described how he developed the mathematical theories for rocket flight. In that report, Goddard also suggested the possibility of a rocket someday reaching the moon. At the time, there was a big dispute in the press about this claim. Many people thought he was foolish for suggesting something that seemed so impossible. Many of Goddard’s ideas are still used in rocket development. So, in a way, every rocket that flies today could be considered a Goddard rocket. 1．What makes NASA highly praise Goddard? A．His various dreams and efforts. B．His first airplane experiment. C．His rocket experiments and research. D．His rocket power theory and predictions. 2．What does the underlined word “dispute” in Paragraph 6 mean? A．Challenge. B．Breakthrough. C．Disagreement. D．Inspiration. 3．Which can best describe Robert Goddard? A．Intellectual and creative. B．Adventurous but self-centered. C．Cooperative but inefficient. D．Romantic and humorous. 4．What can we know about Goddard from the text? A．Many of his theories are still useful in developing rockets. B．He made the first rocket engine in 1919. C．His first book about his study was published in 1926. D．He launched the world's first liquid-fuel rocket in 1925. Passage 4 （25-26高二上·福建厦门·期末）“My father was a physicist. My mother’s an astronomer. I’m not going to lie, but no kid wants to be like their parents,” she jokes, semi-seriously. However, it was written in some sense that Sophie Blake, a physics professor, would end up in observational cosmology — the study of the origin and development of the universe using specialized telescopes. Blake always enjoyed building things like a child engineer. It wasn’t unusual for her to experiment with her father’s research equipment. She thanks, in part, her short attention span for her inquisitiveness. “I am always looking for something.” Initially, Blake planned a PhD in particle (粒子) physics but switched direction after a visit to a lab with equipment and tools scattering everywhere at the California Institute of Technology. “I didn’t know about observational cosmology then but thought, ‘Whatever this is, I want to do that.’” She spent a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, after conducting experiments of a balloon-borne microwave telescope launched from McMurdo. “That really inspired my love for remote places,” she said. After spending a year at the South Pole, she joined the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. At that time, the site decision was made for the largest radio telescope group on Earth. Eventually, she wanted to engineer her own instruments. For the last few years, Blake has been searching for signs of the universe’s early existence — from the birth of the first stars to the “cosmic (宇宙的) dark ages” — and she’s building her own equipment to explore beyond the known universe, focusing on its distant past with novel radio technology. Since 2017, Blake and her team have been engineering and planting radio telescopes in two of the Earth’s most remote (and quietest) locations for the best shot at hearing the earliest voice of the universe. “This was a leap of faith,” Blake recalls. “I had never done radio before but I thought, ‘Let me give this a try and see how it goes.’” 1．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Blake followed in her parents’ footsteps. B．Blake developed an interest in time travel. C．Blake lied about her parents’ professions. D．Blake lived up to her parents’ expectations 2．What does the underlined word “inquisitiveness” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Talent. B．Courage. C．Curiosity. D．Intelligence. 3．What stimulated Blake’s passion for distant places? A．Her visit to a lab in a university. B．Her wish to build her own equipment. C．Her faith in hearing the cosmic sound. D．Her experience at a South Pole Station. 4．Which of the following best describes Blake? A．Confident and caring. B．Generous and optimistic. C．Modest and open-minded. D．Adventurous and innovative. Passage 5 （25-26高二上·安徽芜湖·期末）The whole world changes around them: actors, singers, models. athletes and TV personalities. If I go through Instagram, Snapchat or any social media news feed (新闻推送). I get too familiar with their lives. 1 What I can’t see is what their big contribution to the world is other than entertainment. By idolizing (崇拜) the entertainment industry so much, we sometimes completely forget about the things that are truly important and that are changing our world. Imagine if the money that every Hollywood actor and director makes went into medical research and pharmaceuticals. It would be so much easier for scientists to diagnose (诊断) diseases and unknown viruses. So if it would benefit the world so much to invest all of our time and attention toward scientists, why don’t we do it? 2 First of all, we like being entertained. Most people might not praise scientists because it’s not something entertainment. People will care more about Brad Pitt’s upcoming new movie, rather than NASA’s most current space exploration that might change the way we live our lives. 3 It’s because we simply like being entertained. It’s easier to care about simple things rather than scientific, complicated ones. Another reason is that most scientists don’t like being in the spotlight. There are studies that have identified the personality features of people most likely to become scientists. 4 Even if we gave them that much attention, they wouldn’t be so excited to be followed by paparazzi (狗仔) all day or get invited to events every weekend. They’re busy people, which explains why they haven’t attracted the media the same way that performers have. Therefore, it’s very unlikely that scientists will ever become the “celebrities (名人)” of modern days. Even in the middle of a pandemic (疫情) science is still not as popular as entertainment. 5 Studies have shown that young people are more interested in a scientific career as a result of COVID-19. Maybe that’s the start of the development of a different point of view against science for future generations. A．That’s not because we’re careless human beings. B．They’re mostly reserved, quiet and like to have privacy. C．Scientists seem to be selfless, hard-working and devoted people D．I have nothing against the entertainment industry and celebrities. E．However, interest in science has definitely risen since the pandemic began. F．It seems as if entertainment has become the most important thing that the world cares about. G．Why don’t we make scientists our new “celebrities,” if they are the ones that deserve it the most? Passage 6 （25-26高二上·吉林延边·期末）Science is the cornerstone of human progress, and scientific exploration relies on the spirit of curiosity, perseverance and innovation. Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth. 1 . 2 . It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress. Perseverance is a vital quality for scientific success. The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties. 3 .He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world. Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department. 4 , share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs. The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility. 5 . A．This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society B．Madame Curie’s perseverance promoted the development of modern physics and chemistry C．Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration D．Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress E．Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together F．Many outstanding scientists have made extraordinary contributions to human progress through lifelong dedication to scientific exploration G．Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research Passage 7 （25-26高二下·河南信阳·期中）At the age of ten, most children spend their free time playing games or watching cartoons. Jo Nagai, however, 1 to raise swallowtail caterpillars (凤蝶幼虫) in his own home. What started as a childhood curiosity soon turned into a 2 breakthrough that astonished scientists worldwide. Jo designed a simple but clever experiment. He 3 caterpillars to connect a particular scent (气味) with an unpleasant experience. After the caterpillars 4 into butterflies, he tested them again. Scientists had always assumed that memories would disappear during this dramatic change, when a caterpillar literally breaks down and 5 itself inside the chrysalis (蛹). To everyone’s 6 , many butterflies still avoided the scent. Somehow, their memories had 7 the transformation. But Jo was not 8 with this discovery alone. He decided to push his research further. Jo 9 the experiment and examined the second generation. He wanted to know if the butterflies’ offspring (后代) would also 10 the same smell. The results were clear: the learned responses had been 11 to the next generation. This finding suggests something 12 about nature. Although butterflies do not 13 teach their young like human parents do, their life experiences can still shape future generations. Jo Nagai’s story reminds us that scientific discovery has no 14 limit. With patience, creativity, and careful observation, even a young student can challenge established beliefs and 15 our understanding of the natural world. 1．A．hesitated B．pretended C．failed D．chose 2．A．medical B．scientific C．technological D．geological 3．A．trained B．killed C．counted D．followed 4．A．crashed B．divided C．transformed D．looked 5．A．rebuilds B．introduces C．protects D．recycles 6．A．regret B．surprise C．embarrassment D．relief 7．A．promoted B．delayed C．arranged D．survived 8．A．annoyed B．satisfied C．strict D．familiar 9．A．repeated B．published C．standardized D．funded 10．A．produce B．remove C．avoid D．absorb 11．A．held back B．given out C．figured out D．passed down 12．A．peaceful B．meaningful C．touching D．confusing 13．A．intentionally B．secretly C．successfully D．sincerely 14．A．space B．speed C．age D．size 15．A．block B．reflect C．assess D．expand Passage 8 （25-26高二上·吉林·期末）Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? A successful scientist is generally a good 1 . He makes full 2 of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore refuses to accept authority (权威) as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 3 and makes experiments to prove (证明) them. The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to 4 as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 5 that we should learn science by observing and 6 on the things around us, and he himself 7 many important truths. Galileo (1564—1642), 8 , who lived more than 300 years later, was the most 9 of several great men in Italy, France, Germany, and England, who began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more 10 towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two 11 stones and proved Aristotle was wrong. It is Galileo’s 12 of going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment, that has 13 all the discoveries of modern science. What makes those people good scientists? From the 14 of Galileo, we know clearly that successful scientists are those 15 observations have produced better results. 1．A．farmer B．observer C．worker D．student 2．A．use B．sense C．speed D．trust 3．A．casually B．quickly C．carefully D．privately 4．A．date B．keep C．look D．come 5．A．command B．suspect C．suggest D．conclude 6．A．casting B．pouring C．experimenting D．applying 7．A．brought B．announced C．handled D．discovered 8．A．but B．however C．though D．therefore 9．A．outstanding B．naughty C．awful D．ordinary 10．A．slowly B．rapidly C．lightly D．heavily 11．A．big B．small C．similar D．unequal 12．A．skill B．spirit C．theory D．wish 13．A．put forward B．turned to C．set up D．led to 14．A．vision B．finding C．shadow D．example 15．A．whose B．how C．what D．which Passage 9 （25-26高二下·河南驻马店·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The pressure at 10,000 meters underwater 1 (reach) nearly 1,100 kilograms per square centimeter. At such a depth, even 2 tiniest mistake can put both the equipment and people in life-threatening danger. Aware of the risk, Zhou Hao, the 46-year-old chief technician of the Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, does his work with extreme strictness, 3 (make) equipment parts with precision down to 0.003 millimeters — about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. Beyond that strictness, however, lies an equally remarkable 4 (commit) to his work: during a shipboard mission, he threw up 5 (violent) but when the equipment failed, he pulled himself together and fixed the problem. Over the past decade, in addition to solving 366 technical challenges, Zhou 6 (lead) 316 upgrades for sea trials, helping China’s domestically built submarines achieve multiple national and international 7 (first). Zhou is currently training the next generation. Among his four apprentices (学徒), one is a senior technician, two are mid-level technicians, 8 the last one is an advanced-level trainee. Zhou makes it his duty to equip them 9 the knowledge of the nation’s deep-sea technology. As China pushes 10 (it) deep-sea ambitions, Zhou believes craftsmanship will determine how far the country can go. He said, “There is no road in the deep sea. We don’t need to follow — we are the path.” Passage 10 （25-26高二下·甘肃定西·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chen Ning Yang, one of the most 1 (intelligence) theoretical physicists of the 20th century, showed great commitment to modern physics. He was best known for co-developing the complicated Yang-Mills theory, which later became the foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics. Born in Hefei, China, in 1922, Yang 2 (raise) in an academic family where his father 3 (frequent) inspired his early love for science. After 4 (receive) his bachelor’s degree and his master's in China, he proceeded 5 (earn) his Ph.D．from the University of Chicago in 1948. In 1956, Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee proposed the theory of parity non-conservation in weak interactions, 6 achievement that overturned traditional ideas in physics. The theory, later confirmed by Chien-Shiung Wu’s experiment, 7 (win) them the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. It is believed 8 scientific curiosity and independent thinking are the soul of 9 (innovate). Yang motivated dozens of young scientists to think independently and hoped they could combine scientific research 10 cultural understanding. Having also made achievements in statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics (凝聚态物理学), such as the Yang-Baxter equation (杨—巴克斯特方程) and the Wu-Yang monopole (吴—杨单极子), Yang made up his mind to return to China after retiring in 1999. He passed away in Beijing in 2025 at the age of 103, leaving a dramatically lasting scientific legacy and gaining worldwide recognition. $