专题13 阅读理解长难句式深度突破（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦阅读理解长难句突破，覆盖多层后置修饰、插入分隔等六大核心句式及在细节理解、推理判断等题型中的应用，按命题规律、思维建模、考点精讲、真题训练的逻辑架构知识点，通过考点分类梳理、拆解方法指导、真题分层训练，帮助学生系统构建长难句分析框架，突破理解难点。 讲义创新采用“思维建模+分层操作”策略，如多层从句嵌套句运用“由外到内分层拆解法”，先锁定主句谓语再逐层剥离从句，培养学生思维品质和语言能力。设置名校试题与高考真题双题组训练，配合考向破译的解题逻辑归纳，确保学生高效掌握长难句分析技巧，为教师提供精准复习路径，助力提升学生应考能力。

专题13 阅读理解长难句式深度突破 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 六大核心长难句式结构分析 知识解构 知识点 1 多层后置修饰复杂简单句 知识点2 插入分隔干扰句 知识点3 多层从句嵌套句 知识点4 省略结构长难句 知识点5 从句 + 多重非谓语混合叠加句 知识点6 倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟特殊句式 考向破译 考向 1 带有多层修饰的复杂简单句 考向 2 插入分隔结构句 考向 3 多层从句嵌套句 考向 4 省略结构长难句 考向 5 从句 + 非谓语混合叠加句 考向 6 特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟） 考点二 长难句式分析在阅读解题中运用 考向破译 考向1 利用长难句破解“细节理解题” 考向2 利用长难句破解“推理判断题” 考向 3 利用长难句破解“词义推测题” 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 分类 高频阅读语篇 典型题干设问 命题陷阱 考情预判 多层后置修饰简单句 科普说明文 What can we learn about the research object?What’s the feature of the phenomenon? 1. 将后置非谓语动词误判为主句谓语2. 截取局部修饰内容作为正确选项干扰 作为基础定位句大量出现，修饰层数小幅增加，隐蔽后置定语增多 插入分隔主干句 社科评论、观点类文本 What is the author’s attitude?What does the under word refer to? 1. 把双逗号 / 破折号插入语当作作者核心观点 2. 被隔断主谓拆分，无法锁定句子主干 态度题、词义猜测题必考载体，分隔长度加长，干扰性提升 多层从句嵌套句 科普 / 思辨议论文 What can we infer from Paragraph 4?What is implied in the sentence? 1. 混淆主句与内层从句信息2. 用从句次要信息设置干扰项 阅读压轴推断题唯一核心定位句，三重嵌套成为主流 省略结构长难句 生态、社科说明文 Which statement is TRUE according to the passage? 1. 自行错误补齐省略主语，颠倒因果 / 让步逻辑2. 忽略 when/if 引导的省略限定条件 正误判断题高频隐形陷阱，省略形式更隐蔽 从句 + 非谓语混合句 全类型阅读通用 What conclusion can be drawn?What’s the effect of the study? 1. 混淆多层动作发生先后顺序2. 分不清修饰对象，错判动作主体 C 篇标准中档长句，文章篇幅拉长，混合修饰密集化 倒装 / 强调特殊句式 深度思辨议论文 It can be concluded that…What can we judge from the sentence? 1. 不还原正常语序，完全颠倒句子语义2. 误把被强调次要信息当作主干 区分 140 + 尖子生压轴题型，否定、让步倒装占比上升 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 分类 拆解思维模型 分层操作步骤 识别线索词 拆解方法 多层后置修饰简单句 唯一主谓主干 + 多层后置定语堆叠 1. 锁定句内唯一完整时态谓语2. 把 to do/doing/done/ 介词短语全部括号框起3. 翻译时后置修饰前置调整语序 to do、doing、done、of、with 后置定语前置转换法 插入分隔主干句 完整主谓主干 + 逗号 / 破折号隔断补充信息 1. 识别成对分隔符号（, ... , / ——）2. 暂时删除插入内容，拼接被隔断主谓3. 读懂主干后再补充插入信息 双逗号、破折号、according to、for example 隔断主干剥离拼接法 多层从句嵌套句 外层主句 → 一级从句 → 内层次级从句 1. 优先找到主句谓语锁定外层主干2. 由外向内逐层剥离定语 / 状语 / 宾语从句3. 区分因果、让步、修饰层级 while、that、when、although 由外到内分层拆解法 省略结构长难句 完整标准句子 = 主干 + 还原省略主谓 1. 识别 if/when/though 引导省略结构2. 还原省略的主语 + be 动词补全从句3. 再使用通用五步法拆分 if、when、though + done/doing 省略成分还原补全法 从句 + 非谓语混合句 核心主谓 + 从句修饰 + 多层非谓语定语 1. 从句、所有非谓语统一划入括号2. 提取纯粹主谓核心3. 梳理多个动作先后逻辑 which、that、doing、done 混合修饰分层剥离法 倒装 / 强调特殊句 颠倒语序 → 还原常规陈述句语序 1. 识别 Not only/As/It was…that 等标志2. 调整主谓顺序恢复正常句式3. 套用通用五步法拆解 Not only、Rarely、adj.+as、It was…that 语序还原重构法 五大标准化操作步骤 1. 找谓语，定主语（核心第一步） 识别完整谓语（时态 / 被动 / 情态动词）；doing/to/done 一律不算谓语；一句话唯一一套主干主谓。 2. 提主干，去枝叶 用 () 全部框起：介词短语、非谓语、插入语、从句、同位语；暂时屏蔽修饰，只留主谓宾 / 主系表。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 标记 and/but/while/because/that 等连接词，区分因果 / 让步 / 修饰 / 并列；but 后永远是语篇重点。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 识别固定搭配（regard...as/make sure /lead to），避开插入语隔断的固定短语，不拆分完整搭配。 5. 关键词，抓线索 定位题干同义替换词，长难句主干往往就是题目的答案同义改写来源。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 六大核心长难句式结构分析 知●识●解●构 知识点 1 多层后置修饰复杂简单句（单一主干 + 多项后置修饰） 1. 考查核心：句子仅一套主谓，但叠加大量过去分词、现在分词、不定式、介词短语后置修饰名词，C 篇科普说明文高频，极易误将修饰动词当作主句谓语。 2. 识别标志：核心名词后连续堆叠 of/with/to do/doing/done 多层修饰。 3. 拆解思路：锁定唯一主干主谓，所有后置修饰统一划入括号，翻译时后置成分全部调整至名词前方。 典例 1（2026 静安二模 C 篇 岩石地质科普） 原完整长句： Armed with his newfound insight into the formation and evolution of underground rock layers, William, a geologist spending decades traveling across the whole British territory, walked thousands of miles with the systematic purpose of recording, sorting and analyzing all unique rock samples that he collected during field trips. 分层括号标注： (Armed with his newfound insight into the formation and evolution of underground rock layers), William, (a geologist spending decades traveling across the whole British territory), walked thousands of miles (with the systematic purpose of recording, sorting and analyzing all unique rock samples (that he collected during field trips)). 主干：William walked thousands of miles. 中文释义：凭借自己对地下岩层形成与演化的全新研究认知，地质学家威廉耗时走遍英国全境，长途跋涉数千英里，系统性记录、分类并整理自己野外考察收集到的各类独特岩石样本。 典例 2（2026 嘉定二模 C 篇 心理学批判文） 原完整长句： She criticizes those well-known scholars following the early genetic theorists, for blindly ignoring multiple social and environmental factors deeply shaping individual achievement just for the sake of supporting biased racial ranking theories without solid experimental evidence. 分层括号标注： She criticizes those well-known scholars (following the early genetic theorists), (for blindly ignoring multiple social and environmental factors (deeply shaping individual achievement) just for the sake of supporting biased racial ranking theories (without solid experimental evidence)). 主干：She criticizes those well-known scholars. 中文释义：她批判那些追随早期遗传理论的知名学者，他们仅凭片面的种族分级理论开展研究，无视诸多深刻影响个人成就的社会与环境因素，且相关理论缺乏扎实实验支撑。 知识点2 插入分隔干扰句 （高考阅读标志性拉分句式） 1. 考查核心：双逗号、破折号、同位语从句隔断主语与主句谓语，人为割裂句子核心逻辑；词义猜测、作者态度题必依托此类句子设陷阱。 2. 识别标志：主语，长插入内容，谓语 / 名词 — 同位解释 — 定语从句 3. 拆解思路：暂时删除两组分隔符号中间全部插入信息，拼接被隔断的主谓，读懂主干后再补充插入辅助信息。 典例 1（2026 徐汇二模 C 篇 AI 减排科普） 原完整长句： AI, which possesses powerful computing capacity to identify complicated industrial operation patterns and optimize energy consumption across all manufacturing sectors, can greatly cut greenhouse gas emissions generated by traditional factory production chains worldwide. 分层括号标注： AI, (which possesses powerful computing capacity to identify complicated industrial operation patterns and optimize energy consumption across all manufacturing sectors), can greatly cut greenhouse gas (emissions generated by traditional factory production chains worldwide). 主干：AI can cut greenhouse gas emissions. 中文释义：人工智能具备强大运算能力，能够识别复杂工业运行模式并优化全制造业能源消耗，可大幅削减全球传统工厂生产链条产生的温室气体排放。 典例 2（2026 黄浦二模 C 篇 司法人文评论） 原完整长句： Judge Caprio, who devoted nearly forty years to local municipal court work and retired in 2023, argued that every defendant and case brought to his courtroom deserved equal kindness and sincere emotional sympathy regardless of crime severity. 分层括号标注： Judge Caprio, (who devoted nearly forty years to local municipal court work and retired in 2023), argued (that every defendant and case brought to his courtroom deserved equal kindness and sincere emotional sympathy (regardless of crime severity)). 主干：Judge Caprio argued that every case deserved kindness. 中文释义：卡普里奥法官从业近四十年，于 2023 年从地方法院退休，他提出，无论罪行轻重，每一位出庭被告与案件都应获得同等善意与真挚共情。 知识点3 多层从句嵌套句 （C篇压轴推断题核心定位句） 1. 考查核心：主句内部嵌套宾语、定语、让步状语多层从句，一环套一环，逻辑链条长；尖子生极易混淆主句与从句信息，掉入选项干扰陷阱。 2. 识别标志：while/that/when 连续多层引导词叠加。 3. 拆解思路：由外向内逐层剥离从句，先锁定最外层主句，再分层拆解内层因果、让步逻辑。 典例 1（2026 宝山二模 C 篇 北极气候科普） 原完整长句：While the polar jet stream formed by cold and warm air collisions usually stays stable enough to lock low-temperature arctic air within northern zones, it will gradually collapse due to continuous sea ice melting which results from global warming that raises arctic temperature twice faster than the world average standard. 分层括号标注：(While the polar jet stream formed by cold and warm air collisions usually stays stable enough to lock low-temperature arctic air within northern zones), it will gradually collapse (due to continuous sea ice melting (which results from global warming (that raises arctic temperature twice faster than the world average standard). 主干：The polar jet stream will collapse. 中文释义：冷暖气流交汇形成的极地急流本足够稳定，能够将北极冷空气锁在北部区域；但全球变暖使北极升温速度达到全球均值两倍，持续海冰消融会逐步瓦解这条风带。 典例 2（2026 杨浦二模 C 篇 心理学注意力理论） 原完整长句：We firmly believe that the so-called attention residue, a creative golden state appearing after task switching, emerges when human brains keep reflecting on matters carrying vital personal significance even though people have already shifted their focus onto totally irrelevant daily activities. 分层括号标注：We firmly believe (that the so-called attention residue, (a creative golden state appearing after task switching), emerges (when human brains keep reflecting on matters (carrying vital personal significance) even though people have already shifted their focus onto totally irrelevant daily activities)). 主干：We believe attention residue emerges under certain conditions. 中文释义：我们认为所谓 “注意力残留”—— 一种切换任务后产生的创意黄金状态，会在大脑持续思考对自身至关重要的事情时出现，即便人们已经将注意力转移至完全无关的日常事务。 知识点4 省略结构长难句（ 细节正误题隐蔽陷阱） 1. 考查核心：状语从句省略主语 + be 动词，逻辑残缺，学生极易自行错误补充主语，颠倒因果、让步关系。 2. 识别标志：While/If/Though/When + doing/done 省略结构 3. 拆解思路：第一步还原省略的主语 + be 动词，补齐完整从句，再使用五步法分层拆解。 典例 1（2026 奉贤二模 C 篇 交通历史评论） 原完整长句：If ignored and left uncorrected, those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks carried out in the 1960s would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day. 还原完整从句：If (those cutbacks are) ignored and left uncorrected, those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks carried out in the 1960s would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day. 分层括号标注：(If (those cutbacks are) ignored and left uncorrected), those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks (carried out in the 1960s) would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency (of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day). 主干：The cutbacks would limit rail system efficiency. 中文释义：倘若放任 20 世纪 60 年代短视的铁路削减政策不予修正，直至今日全国轨道交通的通达性与运行效率仍会持续受限。 典例 2（2026 松江二模 C 篇 科研数据分析） 原完整长句：When compared with experiment data collected by other research teams working under identical laboratory environments, the statistic index gained from this project reveals an upward trend far more rapid than scholars previously predicted. 完整还原：When (the statistic index is) compared with experiment data collected by other research teams working under identical laboratory environments, the statistic index gained from this project reveals an upward trend far more rapid than scholars previously predicted. 分层括号标注：(When (the statistic index is) compared with experiment data (collected by other research teams (working under identical laboratory environments), the statistic index (gained from this project) reveals an upward trend (far more rapid than scholars previously predicted). 主干：The statistic index reveals a fast upward trend. 中文释义：将本项目统计指标与同等实验条件下其他团队的数据对比后可以发现，该数值的上涨趋势远快于学者此前预判。 知识点5 从句 + 多重非谓语混合叠加句 （篇章通用高频复合长句） 1. 考查核心：一句话同时嵌套定语 / 状语从句、多层 doing/done/to do 修饰，修饰混杂，大幅降低阅读速度，是尖子生提速核心突破点。 2. 拆解思路：从句、所有非谓语结构统一划入括号，单独提取主谓主干再分层梳理动作先后。 典例 1（2026 春考 C 篇 法律 AI 合同文本） 原完整长句：Reading through piles of official draft contracts delivered to her office early this morning, the young legal specialist who just finished a two-week business trip overseas accidentally found a hidden clause buried in the footnote that could completely alter the final judgment of the ongoing copyright dispute case. 分层括号标注：(Reading through piles of official draft contracts (delivered to her office early this morning)), the young legal specialist (who just finished a two-week business trip overseas) accidentally found a hidden clause (buried in the footnote (that could completely alter the final judgment of the ongoing copyright dispute case)). 主干：The legal specialist found a hidden clause. 中文释义：这位刚结束两周海外出差的青年法务今早翻阅送达办公室的大批合同草案时，意外在脚注中发现一条隐藏条款，足以彻底改变当前版权纠纷案件的最终判决。 典例 2（2026 虹口二模 C 篇 影视编剧 AI 政策） 原完整长句：The official writers’ union contract does not fully ban the application of artificial intelligence during script creation, but it establishes systematic protective rules to guarantee that all core creative work stays under human writers’ control instead of being exploited by enterprise employers to cut labor costs massively. 分层括号标注：The official writers’ union contract does not fully ban the application of artificial intelligence (during script creation), but it establishes systematic protective rules (to guarantee (that all core creative work stays under human writers’ control) instead of being exploited by enterprise employers (to cut labor costs massively)). 主干：The contract doesn’t ban AI but protects writers’ control. 中文释义：官方编剧工会合同并未完全禁止剧本创作中使用人工智能，但设立了系统性保护条例，确保核心创作工作由编剧掌控，而非企业雇主利用 AI 大幅削减人力成本。 知识点6 倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟特殊句式（压轴推理专用长句） 1. 考查核心：语序颠倒，主谓错位，不还原语序极易读反语义，是压轴题型标配句式。 三大必考细分：否定词前置倒装、It 强调句、as 让步倒装 2. 拆解思路：第一步还原正常陈述句语序，再套用五步法分层解析。 典例 1（2026 金山二模 C 篇 食品社科文・否定倒装） 原完整长句：Not only are ultra-processed daily food products cheaper than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands, but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps for ordinary household consumers. 还原正常语序：Ultra-processed daily food products are not only cheaper than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands, but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps for ordinary household consumers. 分层括号标注：Ultra-processed daily food products are not only cheaper (than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands), but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps (for ordinary household consumers). 主干：Ultra-processed food has two major advantages. 中文释义：深加工日常食品不仅比农田新鲜天然原料价格更低，对普通家庭消费者而言，储存空间需求更小、烹饪流程也更简便。 典例 2（2026 浦东二模 C 篇 数理历史・It 强调句） 原完整长句：It was precisely during the Second World War when massive military equipment production expanded rapidly that professional statisticians invented a reliable mathematical method to calculate the total quantity of military tanks through analyzing vehicle serial numbers collected from battlefields. 分层括号标注：It was precisely (during the Second World War when massive military equipment production expanded rapidly) that professional statisticians invented a reliable mathematical method (to calculate the total quantity of military tanks through analyzing vehicle serial numbers collected from battlefields). 主干：Professional statisticians invented a tank calculation method during WWII. . 中文释义：正是在二战军工产能大规模扩张时期，专业统计学家研发出一套可靠数学算法，通过分析战场缴获装备序列号测算坦克总产量。 考●向●破●译 考向 1 带有多层修饰的复杂简单句 说明：只有一套主谓，无从句；叠加多层定语、状语（形容词短语、介词短语、不定式、分词）堆砌修饰成分。 【典例】 完整长句：Numerous previouslyignored subtle social factors behind individual mentalhealth risks deserve thorough and multidimensional research from interdisciplinary experts across psychology, sociology and behavioral genetics. 分层括号标注：(Numerous previouslyignored subtle) social factors (behind individual mentalhealth risks) deserve (thorough and multidimensional) research (from interdisciplinary experts) (across psychology, sociology and behavioral genetics). 考向 2 插入分隔结构句 说明：插入语（同位语、评注性状语、破折号 / 逗号隔开补充信息）割裂主谓、动宾，打断句子主干逻辑，干扰找主谓宾。 【典例】 完整长句：The new sociogenomics theory, according to some leading behavioral scientists, reveals that genes and environment, contrary to the longheld popular assumption, never stand in simple opposition to one another. 分层括号标注：The new sociogenomics theory, (according to some leading behavioral scientists), reveals (that genes and environment, (contrary to the longheld popular assumption), never stand in simple opposition to one another). 考向 3 多层从句嵌套句 说明：主句内嵌宾语从句，从句内部再嵌套定语 / 状语从句，一环套一环，多重层级。 【典例】 完整长句：Many observers hold that the social changes which digital technologies bring about will reshape the value system that most ordinary citizens have taken for granted over the past several decades. 分层括号标注：Many observers hold (that the social changes (which digital technologies bring about) will reshape the value system (that most ordinary citizens have taken for granted over the past several decades)). 考向 4 省略结构长难句 说明：状语从句的主语 + be 动词省略；对比、让步、条件从句中省略重复成分，需要补出被省略信息才能读懂句意。 【典例】 完整长句：While seldom fully realized in realworld practice, the ideal that every individual deserves equal compensation after public disasters remains widely acknowledged among legal researchers. 分层括号标注：(While (it is) seldom fully realized in realworld practice), the ideal (that every individual deserves equal compensation after public disasters) remains widely acknowledged (among legal researchers). 考向 5 从句 + 非谓语混合叠加句 说明：既有名词性 / 定语从句，又叠加现在分词、过去分词、不定式非谓语，从句与非谓语交错堆叠。 【典例】 完整长句：Having analyzed masses of survey data which reflect teenagers’ onlinebehavior patterns, the research team published a report warning that excessive shortvideo scrolling may weaken the ability that young people possess to sustain deep concentration. 分层括号标注：(Having analyzed masses of survey data (which reflect teenagers’ onlinebehavior patterns)), the research team published a report (warning (that excessive shortvideo scrolling may weaken the ability (that young people possess) (to sustain deep concentration))). 考向 6 特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟） 说明：选取否定词置于句首的部分倒装，高考高频；打破正常主谓语序，学生容易找错主语谓语。 【典例】 完整长句：Rarely do public debates focus on the hidden social costs that technological innovation may produce while people celebrate its convenient and revolutionary benefits. 分层括号标注：Rarely do public debates focus on the hidden social costs (that technological innovation may produce) (while people celebrate its convenient and revolutionary benefits). 考点二 长难句式分析在阅读解题中运用 考●向●破●译 考向1 利用长难句破解“细节理解题” 【典例1】 (2026 虹口一模 Q43) 43. What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. · 定位长难句：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 解题逻辑： · 拆分：前半句 does not outlaw (不禁止=可以使用)；后半句 stays in the control of workers (由工人控制)。 · 比对：选项 B "They can be used but must stay under writers’ control" 完美对应主干逻辑。 · 排除：A项 completely banned 与 does not outlaw 矛盾；C项 replace human writers 是 rather than 之后的内容，即合同要避免的情况。 典例 2 (2026 金山区二模 Q43) 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 定位长难句：The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. 解题逻辑： · Ø 拆分：主句点明 the new study is unique；后两句解释独特之处 —— 研究者可以分析参与者去世后捐赠的真实脑组织。 · Ø 比对：D 选项 “examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death” 和长难句主干信息完全匹配。 · Ø 排除：A 原文没有对比受试者数量；B、C 属于无中生有，文中并未证明高强度运动优于轻量活动，也没有提出家务是老年人最佳锻炼方式。 典例 3 (2026 黄浦区二模 Q43) 43. Why did SNCF launch the Optimum Plus tariff? A. To offer larger seats to children under 12. B. To appeal to frequent business travellers. C. To encourage public discussion about children. D. To promote the sale of rail tickets on weekends. 定位长难句：Earlier this month, SNCF, the stateowned railway company, launched its new Optimum Plus tariff on weekday rail services between Paris and Lyon, offering larger seats, better food and no under12s. Designed to attract business travellers, the move aroused criticism and a wider debate about the place of children in society, particularly at a time of declining birthrates. 解题逻辑： · Ø 拆分：过去分词短语Designed to attract business travellers作目的状语，点明推出该票价政策的初衷；后面才是政策引发的后续社会争论。 · Ø 比对：B 选项 “To appeal to frequent business travellers” 对应目的状语Designed to attract business travellers。 Ø 排除：A 与原文 “no under12s” 矛盾；C 是政策带来的客观结果，并非设立政策的初衷；D 原文限定 weekday 工作日，不是 weekends 周末。 考向2 利用长难句破解“推理判断题” 【典例 1】 (2026 崇明一模 Q44) 44. The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibitcd stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness · 定位长难句：These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. · 解题逻辑： · 逻辑链：研究结果质疑理论 -> 理论认为社交选择与死亡意识有关 -> 黑猩猩无死亡意识但出现了同样的社交转变 -> 因此理论受到挑战。 · 关键句分析：While 引导让步状语，强调对比：人有死亡意识，黑猩猩没有。 · 推断：既然黑猩猩没有死亡意识却表现出类似人类的社交选择性，说明该理论中“死亡意识是必要条件”的观点站不住脚。故选 D (social shift occurs... despite lack of mortality awareness)。 典例 2 (2026 松江区二模 Q44) 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross‑regional communication in the brain ‑定位长难句：Since the critical systems are scale‑invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. · ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑链：Since 引导原因状语（临界系统具备尺度不变性）→结果：信号可以在大脑近距离、远距离传递 →非限制性定语从句 which enables… 引出推论：实现脑区内以及跨脑区之间的信息交流。 · Ø 关键句分析：which指代前面整件事实，揭示 “接近临界状态” 与 “大脑跨区域通讯” 之间的因果关系。 · Ø 推断：大脑越接近临界点，就能够实现不同脑区内部和跨脑区的信号交流，对应 D 选项。 · Ø 排除：A 文中没有对 adaptability 和 creativity 二者关联度做对比；B 游戏规则不断改变是实验条件，不是提升表现的原因；C 偷换逻辑，信号快速传递是临界性带来的结果，不等同于直接代表适应性。 典例 3 (2026 浦东新区二模 Q45) 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that ______. A. English‑based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non‑English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research ‑定位长难句：If these studies are done only in English‑speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language‑based thinking. · ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑链：条件状语 If（仅在英语使用者身上做研究）→会漏掉语言处理的关键差异 →这一局限违背语言模型建立的初衷（模型本应真实反映人类语言思维）。 · Ø 关键句分析：this limitation指代 “只依托英语开展研究”，说明现有基于英语构建的模型有局限，不能普适于全部人类语言。 · Ø 推断：Zining Qiu 认为现有的语言模型未必具备普适性，对应 B 选项。 · Ø 排除：A 并非她的核心观点；C “only” 表述绝对，原文没有说只需要研究非英语；D 荷兰语实验结果并未和旧研究互相矛盾。 考向3 利用长难句破解“词义猜测题” 【典例 1】 (2026 杨浦一模 Q45) 45. The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine · 定位长难句：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 解题逻辑： · 定义线索：破折号后是同位语解释，It's when... 引导表语从句进行具体定义。 · 核心语义：continue to think over... even after moved on (切换任务后仍持续思考)。 · 比对：A项 persistent mental engagement (持续的精神投入) 与定义完全吻合。 典例 2 (2026 黄浦区二模 Q43) 43. What is “the reproachful frowns” in paragraph 2 closest in meaning to? A. New forms of credit. B. Disapproving reactions. C. Signs of moral decline. D. Surprised expressions. ‑定位长难句：New forms of credit are often met with doubts. A century ago, furniture and car sellers realized they could reach more customers if they accepted payments in instalments. To critics this was a sign of moral decline. When in 1958 Bank of America started posting credit cards to customers, it did not take long for opponents to worry about the consequences. Today the reproachful frowns are aimed at “buy now, pay later” (BNPL). ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑线索：时间线索做类比，过去分期付款、信用卡都遭遇doubts、批评者、opponents的担忧反对；Today 把同类情绪转移到 BNPL。 · Ø 核心语义：短语并非字面 “皱眉”，承接上文的 doubts、critic、opponents，指代社会上不赞同、指责的反应。 · Ø 比对：B 选项Disapproving reactions（不赞同的反应）匹配上下文的感情色彩与逻辑。 典例 3 (2026 宝山区二模 Q43) 43. The word “deprive” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ________. A. bring up B. take away C. break away D. put off ‑定位长难句：Even in peacetime, some cultural practices can harm children. For example, forcing children to work or to marry young can expose them to danger and deprive them of an education. ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑线索：and 连接并列谓语，expose them to danger（使他们身处危险）和deprive them of an education同为强迫童工、早婚带来的负面后果。 · Ø 核心语义：固定搭配deprive sb. of sth.，结合语境，不良习俗剥夺儿童接受教育的机会；对应 take away（夺走、剥夺）。 · Ø 比对：B 选项take away符合句子负面语境与动词搭配。 · Ø 排除：A 抚养；C 脱离（不及物短语，语法不匹配）；D 推迟，均语义不通。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 名校试题精选 Passage 1 伊维菌素抗疟疾（2026 南洋模范期中） 核心压轴长难句： Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 分层标注： Critics argue (that a 26% reduction, (while promising), is modest and may not justify widespread deployment), (especially given current limitations): (ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children), and (prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits). 主干：_______________________________________________________________________. 长句翻译：___________________________________________________________________. Passage 2 iGeneration 新生代（上海中学 2026 高三上） 核心压轴长难句： Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 分层标注： R says (the tech-dominated life experience (of those born since the early 1990s) is so different from the Millennials (he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation), (that they warrant the distinction of a new generation), (which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”)). 主干：_______________________________________________________________________. 长句翻译：___________________________________________________________________. Passage 3 建设性白日梦（徐汇中学 2026） 核心压轴长难句： While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. 分层标注： (While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline), PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or (what’s known as our brain’s gray matter), (the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging). 主干：_______________________________________________________________________. 长句翻译：___________________________________________________________________. Passage 4 北极冰木（华二附中 2026 期中） 核心压轴长难句： Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 分层标注： (Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic), Li suggests (that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, (where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish), (to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer)). 主干：_______________________________________________________________________. 长句翻译：___________________________________________________________________. Passage 5 章鱼型企业（闵行上师附中 2026） 核心压轴长难句： They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems, which ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. 分层标注： They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, (entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems), (which ensures (the people closest to the customer are the ones (who experiment, learn, and build (what’s coming next)))). 主干：_______________________________________________________________________. 长句翻译：___________________________________________________________________. 题组二 高考真题及仿真模拟试题 Passage1 【来源】2026年上海市未来教研之星标准学术能力测试） For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 1．According to the 1st paragraph, it can be inferred that albendazole ________. A．has no effect on treatment of malaria B．shows poorer effect than ivermectin C．is a traditional drug against malaria D．poses less side effects than ivermectin 2．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 3．The main reason why critics oppose ivermectin is that ivermectin ______. A．isn’t much more effective than others B．shows potential safety issues in trials C．can only be used in limited situations D．has no capacity to independently cure malaria 4．What can be learned from WHO’s attitude towards ivermectin? A．WHO encourages more trials on severe patients as tests. B．WHO doesn’t regard ivermectin a potential useful drug. C．WHO will conduct more experiments to gain evidence. D．WHO is waiting for evidential supports on ivermectin. 最复杂长难句 Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： Passage 2 （2022年7月上海高考试题C篇长难句式分析） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 重点长难句式分析： 1. Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： 2. Innovation often begins with idea generation, whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： 3.The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization, which can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels, from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both, or from improvements to productivity or performance. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： 4. An invention is an entirely new creation, the process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way, or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： 5. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation, this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. 句子结构分析: 中文翻译： 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题13 阅读理解长难句式深度突破 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 六大核心长难句式结构分析 知识解构 知识点 1 多层后置修饰复杂简单句 知识点2 插入分隔干扰句 知识点3 多层从句嵌套句 知识点4 省略结构长难句 知识点5 从句 + 多重非谓语混合叠加句 知识点6 倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟特殊句式 考向破译 考向 1 带有多层修饰的复杂简单句 考向 2 插入分隔结构句 考向 3 多层从句嵌套句 考向 4 省略结构长难句 考向 5 从句 + 非谓语混合叠加句 考向 6 特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟） 考点二 长难句式分析在阅读解题中运用 考向破译 考向1 利用长难句破解“细节理解题” 考向2 利用长难句破解“推理判断题” 考向 3 利用长难句破解“词义推测题” 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 分类 高频阅读语篇 典型题干设问 命题陷阱 考情预判 多层后置修饰简单句 科普说明文 What can we learn about the research object?What’s the feature of the phenomenon? 1. 将后置非谓语动词误判为主句谓语2. 截取局部修饰内容作为正确选项干扰 作为基础定位句大量出现，修饰层数小幅增加，隐蔽后置定语增多 插入分隔主干句 社科评论、观点类文本 What is the author’s attitude?What does the under word refer to? 1. 把双逗号 / 破折号插入语当作作者核心观点 2. 被隔断主谓拆分，无法锁定句子主干 态度题、词义猜测题必考载体，分隔长度加长，干扰性提升 多层从句嵌套句 科普 / 思辨议论文 What can we infer from Paragraph 4?What is implied in the sentence? 1. 混淆主句与内层从句信息2. 用从句次要信息设置干扰项 阅读压轴推断题唯一核心定位句，三重嵌套成为主流 省略结构长难句 生态、社科说明文 Which statement is TRUE according to the passage? 1. 自行错误补齐省略主语，颠倒因果 / 让步逻辑2. 忽略 when/if 引导的省略限定条件 正误判断题高频隐形陷阱，省略形式更隐蔽 从句 + 非谓语混合句 全类型阅读通用 What conclusion can be drawn?What’s the effect of the study? 1. 混淆多层动作发生先后顺序2. 分不清修饰对象，错判动作主体 C 篇标准中档长句，文章篇幅拉长，混合修饰密集化 倒装 / 强调特殊句式 深度思辨议论文 It can be concluded that…What can we judge from the sentence? 1. 不还原正常语序，完全颠倒句子语义2. 误把被强调次要信息当作主干 区分 140 + 尖子生压轴题型，否定、让步倒装占比上升 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 分类 拆解思维模型 分层操作步骤 识别线索词 拆解方法 多层后置修饰简单句 唯一主谓主干 + 多层后置定语堆叠 1. 锁定句内唯一完整时态谓语2. 把 to do/doing/done/ 介词短语全部括号框起3. 翻译时后置修饰前置调整语序 to do、doing、done、of、with 后置定语前置转换法 插入分隔主干句 完整主谓主干 + 逗号 / 破折号隔断补充信息 1. 识别成对分隔符号（, ... , / ——）2. 暂时删除插入内容，拼接被隔断主谓3. 读懂主干后再补充插入信息 双逗号、破折号、according to、for example 隔断主干剥离拼接法 多层从句嵌套句 外层主句 → 一级从句 → 内层次级从句 1. 优先找到主句谓语锁定外层主干2. 由外向内逐层剥离定语 / 状语 / 宾语从句3. 区分因果、让步、修饰层级 while、that、when、although 由外到内分层拆解法 省略结构长难句 完整标准句子 = 主干 + 还原省略主谓 1. 识别 if/when/though 引导省略结构2. 还原省略的主语 + be 动词补全从句3. 再使用通用五步法拆分 if、when、though + done/doing 省略成分还原补全法 从句 + 非谓语混合句 核心主谓 + 从句修饰 + 多层非谓语定语 1. 从句、所有非谓语统一划入括号2. 提取纯粹主谓核心3. 梳理多个动作先后逻辑 which、that、doing、done 混合修饰分层剥离法 倒装 / 强调特殊句 颠倒语序 → 还原常规陈述句语序 1. 识别 Not only/As/It was…that 等标志2. 调整主谓顺序恢复正常句式3. 套用通用五步法拆解 Not only、Rarely、adj.+as、It was…that 语序还原重构法 五大标准化操作步骤 1. 找谓语，定主语（核心第一步） 识别完整谓语（时态 / 被动 / 情态动词）；doing/to/done 一律不算谓语；一句话唯一一套主干主谓。 2. 提主干，去枝叶 用 () 全部框起：介词短语、非谓语、插入语、从句、同位语；暂时屏蔽修饰，只留主谓宾 / 主系表。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 标记 and/but/while/because/that 等连接词，区分因果 / 让步 / 修饰 / 并列；but 后永远是语篇重点。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 识别固定搭配（regard...as/make sure /lead to），避开插入语隔断的固定短语，不拆分完整搭配。 5. 关键词，抓线索 定位题干同义替换词，长难句主干往往就是题目的答案同义改写来源。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点一 六大核心长难句式结构分析 知●识●解●构 知识点 1 多层后置修饰复杂简单句（单一主干 + 多项后置修饰） 1. 考查核心：句子仅一套主谓，但叠加大量过去分词、现在分词、不定式、介词短语后置修饰名词，C 篇科普说明文高频，极易误将修饰动词当作主句谓语。 2. 识别标志：核心名词后连续堆叠 of/with/to do/doing/done 多层修饰。 3. 拆解思路：锁定唯一主干主谓，所有后置修饰统一划入括号，翻译时后置成分全部调整至名词前方。 典例 1（2026 静安二模 C 篇 岩石地质科普） 原完整长句： Armed with his newfound insight into the formation and evolution of underground rock layers, William, a geologist spending decades traveling across the whole British territory, walked thousands of miles with the systematic purpose of recording, sorting and analyzing all unique rock samples that he collected during field trips. 分层括号标注： (Armed with his newfound insight into the formation and evolution of underground rock layers), William, (a geologist spending decades traveling across the whole British territory), walked thousands of miles (with the systematic purpose of recording, sorting and analyzing all unique rock samples (that he collected during field trips)). 主干：William walked thousands of miles. 中文释义：凭借自己对地下岩层形成与演化的全新研究认知，地质学家威廉耗时走遍英国全境，长途跋涉数千英里，系统性记录、分类并整理自己野外考察收集到的各类独特岩石样本。 典例 2（2026 嘉定二模 C 篇 心理学批判文） 原完整长句： She criticizes those well-known scholars following the early genetic theorists, for blindly ignoring multiple social and environmental factors deeply shaping individual achievement just for the sake of supporting biased racial ranking theories without solid experimental evidence. 分层括号标注： She criticizes those well-known scholars (following the early genetic theorists), (for blindly ignoring multiple social and environmental factors (deeply shaping individual achievement) just for the sake of supporting biased racial ranking theories (without solid experimental evidence)). 主干：She criticizes those well-known scholars. 中文释义：她批判那些追随早期遗传理论的知名学者，他们仅凭片面的种族分级理论开展研究，无视诸多深刻影响个人成就的社会与环境因素，且相关理论缺乏扎实实验支撑。 知识点2 插入分隔干扰句 （高考阅读标志性拉分句式） 1. 考查核心：双逗号、破折号、同位语从句隔断主语与主句谓语，人为割裂句子核心逻辑；词义猜测、作者态度题必依托此类句子设陷阱。 2. 识别标志：主语，长插入内容，谓语 / 名词 — 同位解释 — 定语从句 3. 拆解思路：暂时删除两组分隔符号中间全部插入信息，拼接被隔断的主谓，读懂主干后再补充插入辅助信息。 典例 1（2026 徐汇二模 C 篇 AI 减排科普） 原完整长句： AI, which possesses powerful computing capacity to identify complicated industrial operation patterns and optimize energy consumption across all manufacturing sectors, can greatly cut greenhouse gas emissions generated by traditional factory production chains worldwide. 分层括号标注： AI, (which possesses powerful computing capacity to identify complicated industrial operation patterns and optimize energy consumption across all manufacturing sectors), can greatly cut greenhouse gas (emissions generated by traditional factory production chains worldwide). 主干：AI can cut greenhouse gas emissions. 中文释义：人工智能具备强大运算能力，能够识别复杂工业运行模式并优化全制造业能源消耗，可大幅削减全球传统工厂生产链条产生的温室气体排放。 典例 2（2026 黄浦二模 C 篇 司法人文评论） 原完整长句： Judge Caprio, who devoted nearly forty years to local municipal court work and retired in 2023, argued that every defendant and case brought to his courtroom deserved equal kindness and sincere emotional sympathy regardless of crime severity. 分层括号标注： Judge Caprio, (who devoted nearly forty years to local municipal court work and retired in 2023), argued (that every defendant and case brought to his courtroom deserved equal kindness and sincere emotional sympathy (regardless of crime severity)). 主干：Judge Caprio argued that every case deserved kindness. 中文释义：卡普里奥法官从业近四十年，于 2023 年从地方法院退休，他提出，无论罪行轻重，每一位出庭被告与案件都应获得同等善意与真挚共情。 知识点3 多层从句嵌套句 （C篇压轴推断题核心定位句） 1. 考查核心：主句内部嵌套宾语、定语、让步状语多层从句，一环套一环，逻辑链条长；尖子生极易混淆主句与从句信息，掉入选项干扰陷阱。 2. 识别标志：while/that/when 连续多层引导词叠加。 3. 拆解思路：由外向内逐层剥离从句，先锁定最外层主句，再分层拆解内层因果、让步逻辑。 典例 1（2026 宝山二模 C 篇 北极气候科普） 原完整长句：While the polar jet stream formed by cold and warm air collisions usually stays stable enough to lock low-temperature arctic air within northern zones, it will gradually collapse due to continuous sea ice melting which results from global warming that raises arctic temperature twice faster than the world average standard. 分层括号标注：(While the polar jet stream formed by cold and warm air collisions usually stays stable enough to lock low-temperature arctic air within northern zones), it will gradually collapse (due to continuous sea ice melting (which results from global warming (that raises arctic temperature twice faster than the world average standard). 主干：The polar jet stream will collapse. 中文释义：冷暖气流交汇形成的极地急流本足够稳定，能够将北极冷空气锁在北部区域；但全球变暖使北极升温速度达到全球均值两倍，持续海冰消融会逐步瓦解这条风带。 典例 2（2026 杨浦二模 C 篇 心理学注意力理论） 原完整长句：We firmly believe that the so-called attention residue, a creative golden state appearing after task switching, emerges when human brains keep reflecting on matters carrying vital personal significance even though people have already shifted their focus onto totally irrelevant daily activities. 分层括号标注：We firmly believe (that the so-called attention residue, (a creative golden state appearing after task switching), emerges (when human brains keep reflecting on matters (carrying vital personal significance) even though people have already shifted their focus onto totally irrelevant daily activities)). 主干：We believe attention residue emerges under certain conditions. 中文释义：我们认为所谓 “注意力残留”—— 一种切换任务后产生的创意黄金状态，会在大脑持续思考对自身至关重要的事情时出现，即便人们已经将注意力转移至完全无关的日常事务。 知识点4 省略结构长难句（ 细节正误题隐蔽陷阱） 1. 考查核心：状语从句省略主语 + be 动词，逻辑残缺，学生极易自行错误补充主语，颠倒因果、让步关系。 2. 识别标志：While/If/Though/When + doing/done 省略结构 3. 拆解思路：第一步还原省略的主语 + be 动词，补齐完整从句，再使用五步法分层拆解。 典例 1（2026 奉贤二模 C 篇 交通历史评论） 原完整长句：If ignored and left uncorrected, those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks carried out in the 1960s would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day. 还原完整从句：If (those cutbacks are) ignored and left uncorrected, those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks carried out in the 1960s would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day. 分层括号标注：(If (those cutbacks are) ignored and left uncorrected), those short-sighted railway construction cutbacks (carried out in the 1960s) would continue to limit the accessibility and work efficiency (of the whole national rail transportation system up to the present day). 主干：The cutbacks would limit rail system efficiency. 中文释义：倘若放任 20 世纪 60 年代短视的铁路削减政策不予修正，直至今日全国轨道交通的通达性与运行效率仍会持续受限。 典例 2（2026 松江二模 C 篇 科研数据分析） 原完整长句：When compared with experiment data collected by other research teams working under identical laboratory environments, the statistic index gained from this project reveals an upward trend far more rapid than scholars previously predicted. 完整还原：When (the statistic index is) compared with experiment data collected by other research teams working under identical laboratory environments, the statistic index gained from this project reveals an upward trend far more rapid than scholars previously predicted. 分层括号标注：(When (the statistic index is) compared with experiment data (collected by other research teams (working under identical laboratory environments), the statistic index (gained from this project) reveals an upward trend (far more rapid than scholars previously predicted). 主干：The statistic index reveals a fast upward trend. 中文释义：将本项目统计指标与同等实验条件下其他团队的数据对比后可以发现，该数值的上涨趋势远快于学者此前预判。 知识点5 从句 + 多重非谓语混合叠加句 （篇章通用高频复合长句） 1. 考查核心：一句话同时嵌套定语 / 状语从句、多层 doing/done/to do 修饰，修饰混杂，大幅降低阅读速度，是尖子生提速核心突破点。 2. 拆解思路：从句、所有非谓语结构统一划入括号，单独提取主谓主干再分层梳理动作先后。 典例 1（2026 春考 C 篇 法律 AI 合同文本） 原完整长句：Reading through piles of official draft contracts delivered to her office early this morning, the young legal specialist who just finished a two-week business trip overseas accidentally found a hidden clause buried in the footnote that could completely alter the final judgment of the ongoing copyright dispute case. 分层括号标注：(Reading through piles of official draft contracts (delivered to her office early this morning)), the young legal specialist (who just finished a two-week business trip overseas) accidentally found a hidden clause (buried in the footnote (that could completely alter the final judgment of the ongoing copyright dispute case)). 主干：The legal specialist found a hidden clause. 中文释义：这位刚结束两周海外出差的青年法务今早翻阅送达办公室的大批合同草案时，意外在脚注中发现一条隐藏条款，足以彻底改变当前版权纠纷案件的最终判决。 典例 2（2026 虹口二模 C 篇 影视编剧 AI 政策） 原完整长句：The official writers’ union contract does not fully ban the application of artificial intelligence during script creation, but it establishes systematic protective rules to guarantee that all core creative work stays under human writers’ control instead of being exploited by enterprise employers to cut labor costs massively. 分层括号标注：The official writers’ union contract does not fully ban the application of artificial intelligence (during script creation), but it establishes systematic protective rules (to guarantee (that all core creative work stays under human writers’ control) instead of being exploited by enterprise employers (to cut labor costs massively)). 主干：The contract doesn’t ban AI but protects writers’ control. 中文释义：官方编剧工会合同并未完全禁止剧本创作中使用人工智能，但设立了系统性保护条例，确保核心创作工作由编剧掌控，而非企业雇主利用 AI 大幅削减人力成本。 知识点6 倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟特殊句式（压轴推理专用长句） 1. 考查核心：语序颠倒，主谓错位，不还原语序极易读反语义，是压轴题型标配句式。 三大必考细分：否定词前置倒装、It 强调句、as 让步倒装 2. 拆解思路：第一步还原正常陈述句语序，再套用五步法分层解析。 典例 1（2026 金山二模 C 篇 食品社科文・否定倒装） 原完整长句：Not only are ultra-processed daily food products cheaper than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands, but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps for ordinary household consumers. 还原正常语序：Ultra-processed daily food products are not only cheaper than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands, but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps for ordinary household consumers. 分层括号标注：Ultra-processed daily food products are not only cheaper (than fresh natural raw materials from farmlands), but they also require far less storage space and complicated cooking steps (for ordinary household consumers). 主干：Ultra-processed food has two major advantages. 中文释义：深加工日常食品不仅比农田新鲜天然原料价格更低，对普通家庭消费者而言，储存空间需求更小、烹饪流程也更简便。 典例 2（2026 浦东二模 C 篇 数理历史・It 强调句） 原完整长句：It was precisely during the Second World War when massive military equipment production expanded rapidly that professional statisticians invented a reliable mathematical method to calculate the total quantity of military tanks through analyzing vehicle serial numbers collected from battlefields. 分层括号标注：It was precisely (during the Second World War when massive military equipment production expanded rapidly) that professional statisticians invented a reliable mathematical method (to calculate the total quantity of military tanks through analyzing vehicle serial numbers collected from battlefields). 主干：Professional statisticians invented a tank calculation method during WWII. . 中文释义：正是在二战军工产能大规模扩张时期，专业统计学家研发出一套可靠数学算法，通过分析战场缴获装备序列号测算坦克总产量。 考●向●破●译 考向 1 带有多层修饰的复杂简单句 说明：只有一套主谓，无从句；叠加多层定语、状语（形容词短语、介词短语、不定式、分词）堆砌修饰成分。 【典例】 完整长句：Numerous previouslyignored subtle social factors behind individual mentalhealth risks deserve thorough and multidimensional research from interdisciplinary experts across psychology, sociology and behavioral genetics. 分层括号标注：(Numerous previouslyignored subtle) social factors (behind individual mentalhealth risks) deserve (thorough and multidimensional) research (from interdisciplinary experts) (across psychology, sociology and behavioral genetics). 主干：Social factors deserve research. 中文释义：诸多此前被忽视的、潜藏在个体心理健康风险背后的细微社会因素，值得来自心理学、社会学与行为遗传学跨学科专家开展全面多维的研究。 考向 2 插入分隔结构句 说明：插入语（同位语、评注性状语、破折号 / 逗号隔开补充信息）割裂主谓、动宾，打断句子主干逻辑，干扰找主谓宾。 【典例】 完整长句：The new sociogenomics theory, according to some leading behavioral scientists, reveals that genes and environment, contrary to the longheld popular assumption, never stand in simple opposition to one another. 分层括号标注：The new sociogenomics theory, (according to some leading behavioral scientists), reveals (that genes and environment, (contrary to the longheld popular assumption), never stand in simple opposition to one another). 主干：The theory reveals that genes and environment never oppose each other. 中文释义：据部分顶尖行为科学家所言，这一新兴社会基因组学理论揭示，与长期流行的固有看法相反，基因与环境从来不是简单的对立关系。 考向 3 多层从句嵌套句 说明：主句内嵌宾语从句，从句内部再嵌套定语 / 状语从句，一环套一环，多重层级。 【典例】 完整长句：Many observers hold that the social changes which digital technologies bring about will reshape the value system that most ordinary citizens have taken for granted over the past several decades. 分层括号标注：Many observers hold (that the social changes (which digital technologies bring about) will reshape the value system (that most ordinary citizens have taken for granted over the past several decades)). 主干：Observers hold that social changes will reshape the value system. 中文释义：许多观察人士认为，数字技术带来的社会变革，将会重塑过去几十年大多数普通民众视作理所当然的那套价值体系。 考向 4 省略结构长难句 说明：状语从句的主语 + be 动词省略；对比、让步、条件从句中省略重复成分，需要补出被省略信息才能读懂句意。 【典例】 完整长句：While seldom fully realized in realworld practice, the ideal that every individual deserves equal compensation after public disasters remains widely acknowledged among legal researchers. 分层括号标注：(While (it is) seldom fully realized in realworld practice), the ideal (that every individual deserves equal compensation after public disasters) remains widely acknowledged (among legal researchers). 主干：The ideal remains widely acknowledged. 中文释义：尽管在现实实践中很少得以完全实现，但 “公共灾难过后每个人都应获得同等赔偿” 这一理念在法律研究者之间依旧获得广泛认可。 考向 5 从句 + 非谓语混合叠加句 说明：既有名词性 / 定语从句，又叠加现在分词、过去分词、不定式非谓语，从句与非谓语交错堆叠。 【典例】 完整长句：Having analyzed masses of survey data which reflect teenagers’ onlinebehavior patterns, the research team published a report warning that excessive shortvideo scrolling may weaken the ability that young people possess to sustain deep concentration. 分层括号标注：(Having analyzed masses of survey data (which reflect teenagers’ onlinebehavior patterns)), the research team published a report (warning (that excessive shortvideo scrolling may weaken the ability (that young people possess) (to sustain deep concentration))). 主干：The research team published a report. 中文释义：在分析了大量反映青少年网络行为模式的调查数据之后，该研究团队发布一份报告，警示无节制刷短视频可能会削弱年轻人维持深度专注的能力。 考向 6 特殊句式（倒装 / 强调 / 虚拟） 说明：选取否定词置于句首的部分倒装，高考高频；打破正常主谓语序，学生容易找错主语谓语。 【典例】 完整长句：Rarely do public debates focus on the hidden social costs that technological innovation may produce while people celebrate its convenient and revolutionary benefits. 分层括号标注：Rarely do public debates focus on the hidden social costs (that technological innovation may produce) (while people celebrate its convenient and revolutionary benefits). 主干：Public debates rarely focus on the hidden social costs. 中文释义：在人们赞颂科技创新带来便捷、变革性利好的同时，公开辩论却很少关注它可能产生的隐性社会代价。 考点二 长难句式分析在阅读解题中运用 考●向●破●译 考向1 利用长难句破解“细节理解题” 【典例1】 (2026 虹口一模 Q43) 43. What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. · 定位长难句：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 解题逻辑： · 拆分：前半句 does not outlaw (不禁止=可以使用)；后半句 stays in the control of workers (由工人控制)。 · 比对：选项 B "They can be used but must stay under writers’ control" 完美对应主干逻辑。 · 排除：A项 completely banned 与 does not outlaw 矛盾；C项 replace human writers 是 rather than 之后的内容，即合同要避免的情况。 【答案】43. B 【43题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them.（编剧合同并没有禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，以确保这项技术掌握在工人手中，而不是被老板用来取代他们。）”可知，人工智能工具可以被使用，但必须处于编剧的控制之下。故选B项。 典例 2 (2026 金山区二模 Q43) 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 定位长难句：The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. 解题逻辑： · Ø 拆分：主句点明 the new study is unique；后两句解释独特之处 —— 研究者可以分析参与者去世后捐赠的真实脑组织。 · Ø 比对：D 选项 “examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death” 和长难句主干信息完全匹配。 · Ø 排除：A 原文没有对比受试者数量；B、C 属于无中生有，文中并未证明高强度运动优于轻量活动，也没有提出家务是老年人最佳锻炼方式。 【答案】43. D 【43 题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段 “The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says.” 可知，这项新研究的独特之处在于研究人员能够分析参与者离世后捐献的真实脑组织。故选 D 项。 典例 3 (2026 黄浦区二模 Q43) 43. Why did SNCF launch the Optimum Plus tariff? A. To offer larger seats to children under 12. B. To appeal to frequent business travellers. C. To encourage public discussion about children. D. To promote the sale of rail tickets on weekends. 定位长难句：Earlier this month, SNCF, the stateowned railway company, launched its new Optimum Plus tariff on weekday rail services between Paris and Lyon, offering larger seats, better food and no under12s. Designed to attract business travellers, the move aroused criticism and a wider debate about the place of children in society, particularly at a time of declining birthrates. 解题逻辑： · Ø 拆分：过去分词短语Designed to attract business travellers作目的状语，点明推出该票价政策的初衷；后面才是政策引发的后续社会争论。 · Ø 比对：B 选项 “To appeal to frequent business travellers” 对应目的状语Designed to attract business travellers。 Ø 排除：A 与原文 “no under12s” 矛盾；C 是政策带来的客观结果，并非设立政策的初衷；D 原文限定 weekday 工作日，不是 weekends 周末。 【答案】43. B 【43 题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段 “Earlier this month, SNCF, the stateowned railway company, launched its new Optimum Plus tariff on weekday rail services between Paris and Lyon, offering larger seats, better food and no under12s. Designed to attract business travellers, the move aroused criticism and a wider debate about the place of children in society, particularly at a time of declining birthrates.” 可知，法国国营铁路公司推出该票价套餐，目的是吸引商务旅客。故选 B 项。 考向2 利用长难句破解“推理判断题” 【典例 1】 (2026 崇明一模 Q44) 44. The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibitcd stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness · 定位长难句：These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. · 解题逻辑： · 逻辑链：研究结果质疑理论 -> 理论认为社交选择与死亡意识有关 -> 黑猩猩无死亡意识但出现了同样的社交转变 -> 因此理论受到挑战。 · 关键句分析：While 引导让步状语，强调对比：人有死亡意识，黑猩猩没有。 · 推断：既然黑猩猩没有死亡意识却表现出类似人类的社交选择性，说明该理论中“死亡意识是必要条件”的观点站不住脚。故选 D (social shift occurs... despite lack of mortality awareness)。 【答案】 44. D 【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第5段中“These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not.(这些结果对社会情绪选择理论的某些方面提出了质疑。人类有生命有限的意识，但人们普遍认为黑猩猩没有这种意识)”可知，黑猩猩没有生命有限的认知却仍出现社交关系的转变，这一点挑战了该理论。故选D。 典例 2 (2026 松江区二模 Q44) 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross‑regional communication in the brain ‑定位长难句：Since the critical systems are scale‑invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. · ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑链：Since 引导原因状语（临界系统具备尺度不变性）→结果：信号可以在大脑近距离、远距离传递 →非限制性定语从句 which enables… 引出推论：实现脑区内以及跨脑区之间的信息交流。 · Ø 关键句分析：which指代前面整件事实，揭示 “接近临界状态” 与 “大脑跨区域通讯” 之间的因果关系。 · Ø 推断：大脑越接近临界点，就能够实现不同脑区内部和跨脑区的信号交流，对应 D 选项。 · Ø 排除：A 文中没有对 adaptability 和 creativity 二者关联度做对比；B 游戏规则不断改变是实验条件，不是提升表现的原因；C 偷换逻辑，信号快速传递是临界性带来的结果，不等同于直接代表适应性。 【答案】44. D 【44 题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段 “Since the critical systems are scale‑invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions.” 可推知，大脑接近临界状态时，可以实现大脑不同区域之间的跨区域通信。故选 D 项。 典例 3 (2026 浦东新区二模 Q45) 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that ______. A. English‑based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non‑English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research ‑定位长难句：If these studies are done only in English‑speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language‑based thinking. · ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑链：条件状语 If（仅在英语使用者身上做研究）→会漏掉语言处理的关键差异 →这一局限违背语言模型建立的初衷（模型本应真实反映人类语言思维）。 · Ø 关键句分析：this limitation指代 “只依托英语开展研究”，说明现有基于英语构建的模型有局限，不能普适于全部人类语言。 · Ø 推断：Zining Qiu 认为现有的语言模型未必具备普适性，对应 B 选项。 · Ø 排除：A 并非她的核心观点；C “only” 表述绝对，原文没有说只需要研究非英语；D 荷兰语实验结果并未和旧研究互相矛盾。 【答案】45. B 【45 题详解】推理判断题。根据第六段 “If these studies are done only in English‑speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language‑based thinking.” 可推知，邱子宁认为仅仅依靠英语建立起来的现有语言模型不一定能够普遍适用各类语言。故选 B 项。 考向3 利用长难句破解“词义猜测题” 【典例 1】 (2026 杨浦一模 Q45) 45. The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine · 定位长难句：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 解题逻辑： · 定义线索：破折号后是同位语解释，It's when... 引导表语从句进行具体定义。 · 核心语义：continue to think over... even after moved on (切换任务后仍持续思考)。 · 比对：A项 persistent mental engagement (持续的精神投入) 与定义完全吻合。 【答案】45. A 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. Think of all the times you’ve had a breakthrough moment in the shower or while pushing a cart around the grocery store. Those insights all resulted from your brain’s behind-the-scenes perseveration.(即使我们已经转移到另一项活动，我们的大脑仍会继续思考对我们重要的事情。想想你在洗澡或推着购物车逛杂货店时，所有有过突破的时刻。这些见解都源于你大脑幕后的持续思考)”可知，后文解释了“attention residue”的具体表现，即大脑在切换任务后仍持续思考原问题，由此可推知，划线短语“attention residue”意为“持续的精神投入”。故选A项。 典例 2 (2026 黄浦区二模 Q43) 43. What is “the reproachful frowns” in paragraph 2 closest in meaning to? A. New forms of credit. B. Disapproving reactions. C. Signs of moral decline. D. Surprised expressions. ‑定位长难句：New forms of credit are often met with doubts. A century ago, furniture and car sellers realized they could reach more customers if they accepted payments in instalments. To critics this was a sign of moral decline. When in 1958 Bank of America started posting credit cards to customers, it did not take long for opponents to worry about the consequences. Today the reproachful frowns are aimed at “buy now, pay later” (BNPL). ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑线索：时间线索做类比，过去分期付款、信用卡都遭遇doubts、批评者、opponents的担忧反对；Today 把同类情绪转移到 BNPL。 · Ø 核心语义：短语并非字面 “皱眉”，承接上文的 doubts、critic、opponents，指代社会上不赞同、指责的反应。 · Ø 比对：B 选项Disapproving reactions（不赞同的反应）匹配上下文的感情色彩与逻辑。 【答案】43. B 【43 题详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段 “New forms of credit are often met with doubts. A century ago, furniture and car sellers realized they could reach more customers if they accepted payments in instalments. To critics this was a sign of moral decline. When in 1958 Bank of America started posting credit cards to customers, it did not take long for opponents to worry about the consequences. Today the reproachful frowns are aimed at “buy now, pay later” (BNPL).” 可知，历史上新信贷形式都会遭到质疑与反对，如今这种指责的态度落到 “先买后付” 模式上，因此该短语喻指不赞成的反应。故选 B 项。 典例 3 (2026 宝山区二模 Q43) 43. The word “deprive” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ________. A. bring up B. take away C. break away D. put off ‑定位长难句：Even in peacetime, some cultural practices can harm children. For example, forcing children to work or to marry young can expose them to danger and deprive them of an education. ‑解题逻辑： · Ø 逻辑线索：and 连接并列谓语，expose them to danger（使他们身处危险）和deprive them of an education同为强迫童工、早婚带来的负面后果。 · Ø 核心语义：固定搭配deprive sb. of sth.，结合语境，不良习俗剥夺儿童接受教育的机会；对应 take away（夺走、剥夺）。 · Ø 比对：B 选项take away符合句子负面语境与动词搭配。 · Ø 排除：A 抚养；C 脱离（不及物短语，语法不匹配）；D 推迟，均语义不通。 【答案】43. B 【43 题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段 “Even in peacetime, some cultural practices can harm children. For example, forcing children to work or to marry young can expose them to danger and deprive them of an education.”，举例说明强迫儿童打工、早婚带来两大伤害：使儿童陷入危险，同时剥夺受教育的权利。deprive sb. of sth.表示剥夺某人某物，和 take away 含义接近。故选 B 项。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 名校试题精选 Passage 1 伊维菌素抗疟疾（2026 南洋模范期中） 核心压轴长难句： Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 分层标注： Critics argue (that a 26% reduction, (while promising), is modest and may not justify widespread deployment), (especially given current limitations): (ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children), and (prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits). 主干：Critics say the 26% effect is not enough for wide use. 翻译：批评人士称，26% 的病例降幅虽有前景，但效果有限，不足以大范围推广；存在使用限制：孕妇、幼儿禁用，布基纳法索等国大型研究未显现稳定疗效。 Passage 2 iGeneration 新生代（上海中学 2026 高三上） 核心压轴长难句： Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 分层标注： R says (the tech-dominated life experience (of those born since the early 1990s) is so different from the Millennials (he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation), (that they warrant the distinction of a new generation), (which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”)). 主干： Rosen says (the life experience is so different from the Millennials that they warrant the distinction of a new generation). 精简主干释义：罗森表示，这代人的生活经历与千禧一代差异如此之大，足以构成一个全新的代际划分。 完整长句中文翻译： 罗森表示，20 世纪 90 年代初之后出生的那批人，其被科技主导的生活经历，与他在 2007 年著作《我、我的空间与我：抚育网络一代》中所写的千禧一代有着巨大差异；因此，他们完全有资格被划分为一个新的世代，他将这一代人命名为 “i 世代”。 Passage 3 建设性白日梦（徐汇中学 2026） 核心压轴长难句： While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. 分层标注： (While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline), PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or (what’s known as our brain’s gray matter), (the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging). 主干： PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex. 主干精简释义：PCD 能增厚大脑灰质，延缓衰老带来心智衰退。 完整中文翻译： 虽然默认模式网络（DMN）在心智衰退期间会出现功能紊乱，但 PCD 实际上能够增厚大脑皮层 —— 也就是我们所说的大脑灰质；而灰质的变薄，与衰老带来的心智衰退存在关联。 Passage 4 北极冰木（华二附中 2026 期中） 核心压轴长难句： Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 分层标注： (Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic), Li suggests (that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, (where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish), (to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer)). 主干： Li suggests (that larger pieces of ice‑wood could be used around coastal regions). 主干精简释义：李（研究员）提出，大块冰木可以在沿海地区投入使用。 完整中文翻译： 尽管覆盖整个北极并不现实，但李提出，可以在原住民依靠冰层捕鱼的沿海区域使用大块冰木，以此加快冬季冰层的形成，并减缓夏季冰层消融。 Passage 5 章鱼型企业（闵行上师附中 2026） 核心压轴长难句： They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems, which ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. 分层标注： They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, (entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems), (which ensures (the people closest to the customer are the ones (who experiment, learn, and build (what’s coming next)))). 主干： They create mechanisms for invention everywhere. 主干精简释义：他们在各个环节建立创新机制。 完整中文翻译： 他们在各个业务环节搭建创新机制，将客户问题的全权处置权限交由小型分权团队负责；这就保证了最贴近客户的那群人，能够开展试验、总结经验，并打造出下一代新产品。主干：企业下放客户问题处置权，一线团队主导创新。 题组二 高考真题及仿真模拟试题 Passage1 【来源】2026年上海市未来教研之星标准学术能力测试） For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 1．According to the 1st paragraph, it can be inferred that albendazole ________. A．has no effect on treatment of malaria B．shows poorer effect than ivermectin C．is a traditional drug against malaria D．poses less side effects than ivermectin 2．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 3．The main reason why critics oppose ivermectin is that ivermectin ______. A．isn’t much more effective than others B．shows potential safety issues in trials C．can only be used in limited situations D．has no capacity to independently cure malaria 4．What can be learned from WHO’s attitude towards ivermectin? A．WHO encourages more trials on severe patients as tests. B．WHO doesn’t regard ivermectin a potential useful drug. C．WHO will conduct more experiments to gain evidence. D．WHO is waiting for evidential supports on ivermectin. 最复杂长难句 Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 句子结构分析 1. 主句核心：Critics（主语）+ argue（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 2. 宾语从句核心：a 26% reduction（主语）+ is（系动词 1）+ modest（表语 1）+ and（并列连词）+ may not justify（谓语 2）+ widespread deployment（宾语 2）。 3. 插入语：while promising（= while it is promising，省略结构，表让步，修饰宾语从句主语）。 4. 状语：especially given current limitations（= especially when current limitations are given，省略结构，补充说明 “不支持广泛应用” 的原因）。 5. 解释说明：冒号后接两个并列分句，具体阐述 limitations 的内容： 6. 分句 1：ivermectin（主语）+ cannot be given（谓语）+ to pregnant women or young children（状语）。 分句 2：prior large studies（主语）+ in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau（定语）+ failed to show（谓语）+ consistent benefits（宾语）。 中文翻译 批评人士认为，26% 的疟疾病例减少虽有前景，但幅度有限，未必值得广泛推广 —— 尤其是考虑到当前存在的限制：伊维菌素不能用于孕妇或幼儿，且此前在布基纳法索和几内亚比绍开展的大型研究也未能显示出持续的效果。 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伊维菌素通过毒杀蚊虫降低疟疾传播，肯尼亚的试验显示其效果，但批评者认为效果有限且适用人群受限，世卫组织暂未推荐该治疗方法，呼吁更多证据支持。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group (参与者在连续三个月中每月服用一次伊维菌素，共三次剂量，在六个月内将儿童疟疾病例减少了约26%，而对照组的这一比例为22%)”可知，接受伊维菌素的实验组对照的是接受画线药物的小组，以测试这种新治疗方式的疗效，结合医学实验为保证患者安全，通常会让对照组按照常规标准接受药物治疗可推知，画线的药物是传统的抗疟疾药物。需注意该药效果比伊维菌素差是基于文本的理解，无需逻辑推断。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。通读方框内容，尤其是段落A中“Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. (Chaccour反驳说，肯尼亚的试验是概念的证明，强调了高社区覆盖率和在蚊子繁殖高峰季节及时分发的重要性。)”、段落B中“Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations (批评人士认为，26%的下降虽然有希望，但幅度不大，可能不足以证明广泛部署是合理的，尤其是考虑到目前的限制)”和段落C中“The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. (这个概念源于Chaccour的早期发现，即伊维菌素可以杀死以处理过的血液为食的昆虫。)”可知，段落C介绍伊维菌素作用的起源及早期研究，属于背景信息，应排第一，承接首段的研究发现，段落B提出批评观点，从客观角度对研究发现作出评价，应排第二，段落A是Chaccour的反驳，讨论试验的积极意义及未来改进方向，其反驳是针对段落B的批评，应排第三。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据方框所给段落B中“Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. (一些专家认为，较小的效应规模和实际障碍意味着该方法可能不是一个可行的独立解决方案。)”可知，批评者反对伊维菌素的主要原因是伊维菌素没有独立治疗疟疾的能力。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. (世界卫生组织(WHO)目前不建议将伊维菌素用于疟疾控制，理由是需要从多项试验中获得更有力的证据。)”可知，世界卫生组织未完全否定伊维菌素的潜力，但需更多证据，表明它正在等待关于伊维菌素的证据支持。故选D项。 Passage 2 （2022年7月上海高考试题C篇长难句式分析） Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation , whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea.existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance. The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels: from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach-or, better still, exceed -strategic objectives. Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention ts an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way.or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference,consider this: The telephone is an invention,but the smartphone is an innovation. Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc. which often destroys or supplants an existing business model This is also known as radical innovation. Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation: this term applies to business innovation that lends to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or. similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. Business innovation, like most business initiatives, hits both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative tide that the bushiness innovation process can be a costly undertaking than does not always produce a rectum on investment (ROI); that ideas considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation. 63. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean? A. Persuasibility B. Scarcity C. Generality D. Practicability 64. What is the purpose of business innovation? A. Create value benefits for the enterprise. B. Reform the management structure of enterprises. C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. D. Upgrade the product performance. 65 Which of the following is true about innovation and invention? A. They are essentially the same concept. B. They can replace each other in the context. C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. 66. What is the main content of this passage? A. The precautions for brainstorming meetings. B. The considerations for business innovation. C. The difference between innovation and invention. D. The revolutionary change in business innovation. 重点长难句式分析： 1. **长难句**：Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. - **结构分析**：这是一个简单句，主语是 "Business innovation"，谓语是 "is"，表语是 "an organization's process"。介词短语 "for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products" 作后置定语修饰 "process"。 - **中文翻译**：商业创新是一个组织引入新思想、工作流程、方法论、服务或产品的过程。 2. **长难句**：Innovation often begins with idea generation, whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea. - **结构分析**：这个复合句由两个部分组成，第一部分是简单句 "Innovation often begins with idea generation"，第二部分是让步状语从句 "whereas ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions"，接着是时间状语从句 "after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea"。 - **中文翻译**：创新通常始于创意生成，而在头脑风暴会议中，想法会被细化，之后领导者会考虑每个想法的商业可行性、可能性和可取性。 3. **长难句**：The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization, which can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels, from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both, or from improvements to productivity or performance. - **结构分析**：这是一个复合句，主语是 "The purpose of the business innovation process"，谓语是 "is to create value for the organization"。后面跟了一个非限制性定语从句 "which can come from..." 来详细说明这种价值的来源。 - **中文翻译**：商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，这种价值可以来自创造新的收入机会或通过现有渠道增加收入，也可以来自节省时间、金钱或两者兼有的效率提升，或来自生产力或性能的改进。 4. **长难句**：An invention is an entirely new creation, the process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way, or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. - **结构分析**：这个复合句包含多个子句。首先是简单句 "An invention is an entirely new creation"，然后是并列句 "the process of business innovation can produce an invention"，接着是让步状语从句 "but the term is broader in scope"，最后是并列的动名词短语 "includes the application... or applying new technology..."。 - **中文翻译**：发明是一个全新的创造，商业创新的过程可以产生发明，但这个术语的范围更广，包括以新的方式应用现有的概念或实践，或者将新技术应用到现有产品或流程中以改进它。 5. **长难句**：Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation, this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services. - **结构分析**：这是一个复合句，主语是 "Disruptive innovation"，谓语是 "is"，表语是 "a category"。定语从句 "that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation" 修饰 "a category"。接着是一个同位语从句 "this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services" 来进一步解释 "Disruptive innovation"。 - **中文翻译**：颠覆性创新是一个强调革命性创新破坏性方面的类别，这个术语适用于导致创造一个取代现有市场或类似地，在产品或服务类别中引起重大动荡的商业创新。 【答案】63-66 DADB 【导读】本文主要介绍了商业创新的概念和过程。商业创新是指组织引入新的想法、工作流程、方法、服务或产品的过程，其目的是创造价值，包括创造新的收入机会、提高效率、提高生产力或者性能等，从而实现核心业务目标和倡议。商业创新应该使整个组织都能够实现目标，并且可以带来竞争优势。商业创新与发明密切相关，但这两个术语并不完全等同。商业创新分为革命性和进化性，前者对产品、服务、流程等进行彻底改变，后者则是通过小步迭代来实现改进。商业创新既有好处又有风险，组织必须衡量风险并权衡收益。 【详解】 63.D【解析】结合语境以及该词之后的并列词语 feasibility and desirability可推知此处表述的是关于“领导者对于头脑风暴所提创意可行性的考虑”，其中 viability有“生存能力，耐用性 可行性”之意，结合选项分析，Practicability一词也有“实用性，可行性“之意，而 Persuasive 意为“有说服力的，劝诱的”，Scarcity意为“树缺的”，Generality意为“概括性的”，故选D。 64.A【解析】根据文章第二段第一句提及的 The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization可知，商业创新过程的目的是为组织创造价值，再结合下文对这种价值的具体讲述，可知A项的“为企业创造价值效益”表述正确，故选A。 65 D【解析】根据第三段内容可知，该段主要在讲述创新和发明两者概念的不同之处，再结合该段最后一句所举的“电话与智能手机”的相关例子,可推知A项表述错误:根据文章第三段第一句提及的 Innovation and invention are closely linked but the two terms are not interchangeable 可知，创新和发明紧密相连，但这两个术语不能互换，B项表述有误:C项文章未明确提及;结合文章第三段第三句提及的 The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope 可知，创新和发明的概念范围不同，D项表述正确，故选D。 66 B【解析】根据整篇文章内容分析，可知本文主要围绕 Business innovation词进行讲述，其中不仅提及了 Business innovation 一词的概念，还提出其改进的方向、实现目的以及相关的创新分类。除此以外，文章还对商业创新的积极影响和消极影响进行了简要概述。因此，结合选项分析，这篇文章讲述的主要内容是“业务创新需要考虑的因素”，即B项表述正确，故选B。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $