专题16 阅读理解说明文类（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考阅读理解说明文类核心考点，涵盖细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨大意四大题型，按命题规律、思维建模、考点精讲、真题训练的逻辑架构系统整合知识点。通过考点梳理明确考查要求，方法指导归纳解题范式，真题训练强化实战应用，帮助学生突破信息定位、逻辑推理等难点，体现复习教学的系统性与针对性。 讲义突出新课标核心素养导向，通过拆解科普长难句培养语言能力，借助实验结论与局限分析发展思维品质。创新设计词义猜测“上下文线索法”和推理判断“选项排除法”等策略，如利用破折号、举例等推断抽象概念，结合真题错题归因强化学习能力。分层设置高考真题与名校模拟题训练，助力教师精准把控复习节奏，有效提升学生应考能力。

专题16 阅读理解说明文类 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 阅读理解说明文类 知识解构 知识点1 细节理解题 知识点2 推理判断题 知识点3 词义推断题 知识点2 主旨大意题 考向破译 考向 01 考查细节理解题 考向02 考查推理判断题 考向 03 考查词义推断题 考向04 考查主旨大意题 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 维度 命题考情解析 体裁界定 说明文包含事物说明文、事理科普文、研究报告、科学假说、现象解释等；上海高考、模考多设置为阅读 C 篇。文本以客观介绍、阐释科学原理、展示实验研究、解析社会心理现象为主；部分文本会搭配图表、示意图。 文本选材特征 1. 选材来源多为外刊科普板块，主题覆盖生命科学、物理原理、心理学、地质生态、前沿技术、社会现象；2. 语篇结构：多为 “现象 / 实验引入→原理阐释→分论点展开→研究局限 / 展望”；常以事例、实验作为引子；3. 句式特点：长难复合句多，含有定义、同位语、插入语；存在部分学科专业术语；4. 价值观导向：侧重科学思辨、实证精神，考查信息加工与逻辑分析能力。 高频考点分布 1. 细节理解题：基础高频，考查实验条件、数据、事物特征、概念界定；答案多为同义改写；要区分现象、原理、实验前提与结论；2. 词义猜测题：考查学科术语、熟词僻义、代词指代、抽象概念；依托下定义、举例、转折、因果、破折号 / 同位语等线索，拒绝直接套用单词本义；3. 推理判断题：中档难题，侧重推断实验启示、研究局限、学者态度、文本潜在含义；原文直接陈述事实不能作为推断答案；警惕随意放大研究结论适用范围；4. 主旨大意题：考查概括科学原理、研究核心发现；标题题兼顾说明对象 + 核心观点；区分引子、论据、分论点与全文主旨，切忌把局部实验、事例当成全篇中心。 命题干扰项套路 1. 细节理解题：篡改限定条件；混淆实验组与对照组；偷换因果；把次要信息当作核心结论；利用课外科学常识设置迷惑选项；2. 词义猜测题：给出词汇最常见本义；脱离段落逻辑只看字面；代词指代张冠李戴；3. 推理判断题：照搬文中直白事实充当推断结果；过度引申、绝对化表述；扩大研究结论适用条件；用生活常识代替文本证据；4. 主旨大意题：将开篇引子、单段分论点、单个实验当作全文主旨；标题范围过大或过于狭窄。 命题素养导向 1. 语言能力：拆解科普长难句，识别同义转述，读懂定义、同位语、举例等解释性句式；2. 思维品质：实证思维，分清事实与观点；辨别论据和论点；把握科学研究的条件与边界；3. 文化意识：了解海外前沿科学研究、多元研究视角，尊重科学思辨；4. 学习能力：一切答案源于文本，不能凭借课本、课外科普知识直接做题，训练定位、筛选、整合信息能力。 上海模考 & 高考命题新趋势 1. 实验复合型文本增多：一篇文本包含多组研究对比，需要跨段落整合多处信息；2. 设问侧重对 “研究局限性”“学者保留态度” 的考查，不再只考明确结论；3. 词义猜测偏向心理、科普抽象概念，很少考查简单普通生词；4. 推理判断题弱化简单推断，更多考查对研究者观点、隐含评价的理解；5. 经常搭配示意图、图表，图文联动命题，要求文字图表信息互读。 学生典型失分点 1. 细节题：依赖固有科学常识做题，忽略原文限定条件，混淆不同实验的结果；2. 词义猜测：只依靠词汇储备，忽略上下文解释线索，误选单词常用本义；3. 推断题：选择原文已经直接写明的句子作为推断答案，随意放大研究结论；4. 主旨题：误把开篇引入的事例、某一个分实验当作全文主旨，分不清论据和中心论点。 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 思维建模 把握文章结构；理解语篇模式 · 命题类型 · 细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。 · 推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。 · 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。 · 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。 · 解题思路 · 快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。 · 关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。 · 理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。 · 同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。 · 推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 考查阅读理解说明文类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 细节理解题 说明文的细节理解题，是依托科学事实、实验数据、概念界定设置的基础题型，重在考查学生定位、筛选、比对文本信息的能力。说明文信息层级繁杂，常常把实验条件、研究结论、事物特征拆分散落在不同段落，很少直接照搬原句命题，多采用同义转述改写选项。解题时要锚定题干关键词，回文锁定定位区间，分清现象与原理、原因与结果、实验前提与最终结论。命题陷阱极具迷惑性：常篡改限定条件，放大实验适用范围，混淆不同实验组的结果。该题型不要求深度思辨，但切忌凭固有科学常识做题，一切判断必须回归原文文本，杜绝用课外储备代替阅读文本给出的信息。。 考点能力：定位文本事实、实验数据、概念界定；说明文信息碎片化，答案多为同义改写；陷阱常篡改限定条件、混淆实验组与对照组、把次要信息当作核心信息，做题必须回归原文，不能依赖课外常识。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年金山区二模） The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. The study looked at 454 older adults who were 70 or older when the research began. Of those adults, 191 had behavioral signs of dementia (痴呆) and 263 did not. 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 【示例2】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence. 44. The linguistic model in Dutch is highly predictive because _______. A. Dutch verbs arrive late, forcing the brain to predict early B. Dutch-language audiobooks help visualize the meaning C. Dutch speakers use various models to analyze sentences D. Dutch listeners “wait and see” how each phrase will end 知识点2 词义猜测题 说明文词义猜测题，多围绕科学术语、熟词僻义、指代代词、抽象概念展开，是拨开专业文本迷雾的关键题型。科普文本中部分词汇超出考纲，命题人不考查词汇识记，而是考查依托上下文逻辑推导语义的能力。解题可借助前后的下定义、举例、转折、因果、对比等逻辑线索，也可利用同位语、破折号等解释性标点。命题高频陷阱是直接给出单词最常见本义作为干扰项，尤其针对科普语境下的熟词新义。要特别关注 it/that/this 等代词，厘清它究竟指代前面的某个名词，还是前文整件事。词义猜测切忌孤立单词本身，必须嵌入整段科学语境，做到词不离句、句不离篇。 考点能力：依托上下文的定义、举例、转折、因果、同位语、标点符号来推词义；科普文高频设置熟词僻义、抽象名词、代词；常见陷阱直接给出单词最常用本义作为强干扰。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes the brain able to help us perform complex tasks in an amazing way? Precision isn’t the answer; instead, it all comes down to the brain’s messiness. Hengen, a biologist at Washington University, together with other scientists, refers to this idea as the critical brain hypothesis (假说). According to them, grey matter in our brain lies near a tipping point between order and disorder that they call the critical zone. They reach the conclusion that criticality — the state of being in the critical zone — offers a powerful set of guidelines for understanding brain function and dysfunction. Therefore, the hypothesis may aid us to figure out the divide in intelligence and the purpose of sleep, among other things. 43. What does the expression this idea in paragraph 2 mean? A. The structure of the brain is a complex system. B. Precision of the tasks affects the brain’s function. C. The brain is able to complete given tasks in an amazing way. D. Messiness of the brain enables it to handle complex problems. 【示例2】（2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. Scholars have shown that thinking through something you have done poorly in this intentionally corrective way can lead to learning and improvement as opposed to frustration and embarrassment. It is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. This has implications for how to improve ordinary life. 45. What does “action rumination” in para. 5 most probably refer to? A. Accepting the discomfort caused by failure. B. Seeking help from others to correct missteps. C. Reflecting on mistakes and finding solutions. D. Adjusting goals when facing repeated failures. 知识点3 推理判断题 说明文的推理判断题，区别于记叙文对人物情感的揣摩，重在推断实验的潜在启示、研究的局限、作者隐含的评价、文本的出处与写作目的。说明文文本以客观陈述为主，推理必须 “有据而不过度”，严禁带入主观生活经验肆意延伸。常用解题策略是选项排除法：首先排除与原文科学事实直接矛盾的选项；再排除文中已经直白陈述、不需要 “推断” 的事实选项；最后筛除夸大效果、绝对化表述的臆断选项。科普类文本极易出现 “扩大研究结论适用范围” 的干扰项，很多结论只在特定实验条件下成立。考生要恪守边界，所有推断都要能在原文找到对应的支撑信息，点到即止，不做超文本的深度拓展。 考点能力：说明文推理不侧重人物情感，侧重推断实验启示、研究局限、潜在影响、作者隐含态度；三不选：原文直白陈述事实不选、和原文科学事实矛盾不选、无文本支撑主观臆断不选；警惕选项随意扩大研究结论适用范围。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking. 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that _______. A. English-based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non-English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research 【示例2】（2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes people smarter? That the healthy brain, while awake, never moves too far from criticality suggests that it must carry some great advantages. One of them is the range of information sending and processing. Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. The fact that a healthy brain can explore the entire space for solutions guarantees its excellent adaptiveness to new situations. And the enhanced flexibility arising from the critical zone could be seen in an experiment done in Finland. The participants had to play a computer game that constantly changed its rules, which required them to update their approach quickly. The closer their brains were to the critical point, the better they performed. It is also suspected that the brain’s closeness to the critical point may be especially important for creativity. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross-regional communication in the brain 知识点4 主旨大意题 说明文主旨大意题，核心在于拨开纷繁的实验、例子、数据、现象，抓住文本说明对象与核心事理。事理说明文重在阐释科学原理；事物说明文重在介绍事物特征。说明文常以事例、实验、现象作为引子开篇，很多学生误把开篇引子当作全文主旨。标题类题目要做到三点：覆盖核心说明对象，概括核心观点，范围大小适中。干扰项往往是局部段落大意、文中举例的分论点、次要实验发现。阅读时要学会区分：哪些是引子、论据、实验数据；哪些是作者真正要阐释的中心观点。对于多研究对比的科普文，切忌只选取其中一项研究作为主旨，要整合全文，把握作者综合得出的核心说明目的。 考点能力：区分引子、实验事例、论据和核心观点；事理说明文抓科学原理、研究发现；事物说明文抓说明对象；标题题要做到对象明确、范围适中；高频陷阱：局部段落主旨、单一实验、次要论据充当全文主旨。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年长宁区二模） If order could increase without any cost, this apparently contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. For many years, this puzzled scientists and led to debates about whether the law was truly universal. They wondered whether there existed other factors like information that could serve as “that Maxwell’s demon” in physical reality. 46. Which statement best reflects the author’s view of the second law of thermodynamics? A. Maxwell’s thought experiment reveals its limitations. B. It remains correct despite the earlier puzzling supposition. C. It applies better to large-scale systems such as the universe. D. Intelligent control causes it to break down in complex systems. 【示例2】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） Understanding a simple-looking sentence such as “I read this article” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation. But the human brain routinely does this work nearly immediately based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist (语言学家) Clara Beckett in the Netherlands. And Beckett’s team has now found that the human brain accommodates fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. Diversifying subjects in studies of how the brain processes language “is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social utility of language, in many different ways,” Beckett says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. European grammar rules B. Understanding the brain C. Comparing Dutch and English D. Language on the mind 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查考查细节理解题 【考向破译】 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题） At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题】 Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. 9．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 10．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts. 10．What does the underlined phrase “a pivotal turning point” in para. 3 most likely refer to? A．The first scientific discovery of the harmful effects of pesticides. B．The introduction of laws protecting endangered wildlife species. C．The ban on DDT following the awareness raised by Silent Spring. D．The publication of Rachel Carson’s book and her later recognition. 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第二次周测英语试题） What do humans have in common with the dinosaurs that stamped through ancient forests? It turns out that both may have a surprising impact on the size of seeds in the fruits growing around them. When researchers mapped the evolution of seed sizes onto that of land animals, they observed that when land animals got bigger, so did fruit seeds— with a few outsize exceptions. A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels. Today that role may be filled by a much tuner species: humans. 5．The underlined word “megafauna” in paragraph one probably means _________. A．a creature that alters the ecosystem B．animals of particularly large size C．a species that relies on forest light levels D．evolutionary exceptions feeding on seeds 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” 3．The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A．measures to increase quantities of output B．contradictory motives for future funding C．rewards for leading universities’ research D．discouragements of high quality papers 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 【来源】上海市上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. ...... 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever. Given that 1,500 languages could disappear by the end of this century, by some estimates, some may find it absurd to even ask this question. English is certainly not on the endangered list. As the one truly global language, it is more often labelled an “exterminator”, a huge yet slow dinosaur that unknowingly crushes unfortunate smaller languages underfoot — or undertongue. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．English is and will not be an endangered language. B．English intentionally exterminates other languages. C．Even historically dominant languages eventually decline. D．Predicting the future of any language is never possible. 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 【上海市闵行区实验高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. .......... But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. 【上海市崇明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study. .......... The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said. 11. What can be the best title for the text? A. How is your heart rate detected properly? B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch? C. What challenge does future wearable technology face? D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables? 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 1．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 2．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 3．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 4．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 Facial Recall Large gatherings such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue — but privacy experts recommend proceeding with caution. The app, called SocialRecall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition, potentially eliminating the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have in terms of initiating the protocol (礼仪) to meet somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, whose start-up, also called SocialRecall, created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1,000 people. After receiving an invitation to download SocialRecall from an event organizer, a prospective user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have agreed to participate. And the app’s creators say it automatically wipes users’ data after an event. Ann Cavoukian, a privacy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence at Ryerson University in Toronto, praises the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be unintended consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to bite you.” The start-up has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. (Sandrew, who has prosopagnosia himself, notes that the app has not yet been tested on others with the condition.) To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then tags it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app. Jason Schultz, a professor of clinical law at New York University, who was not involved with the app’s creation, remains wary: “The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling (监视) with this app is very, very high, and I don’t think it respects the consent (认同) politics involved with capturing people’s images.” 5．The app, SocialRecall, is not targeted at those ________. A．who are afraid of social gatherings B．who are suffering from face blindness C．who want to enlarge their social circles D．who have difficulty in socializing with others 6．Why do lots of privacy experts not advocate the facial-recognition app? A．Because it is only active within a defined area. B．Because the technology behind is still not mature. C．Because the app has not been tested on a large scale. D．Because users’ personal information might be misused. 7．The word “wary” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A．Confident B．cautious C．optimistic D．jealous 8．Where does this passage most probably appear? A．A science journal. B．A travel brochure. C．An advertisement column. D．An entertainment magazine. Passage 3 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Fog consists of molecules (分子) of water vapour, suspended in the air as tiny droplets of water close to the surface of the Earth. It occurs when air saturated (饱和) with water vapour is cooled suddenly, and there are several different ways this can happen. 1 Radiation fog forms over land on calm, clear nights when heat absorbed by the Earth’s surface during the day is radiated into the air. As the heat escapes upwards, air close to the surface is cooled until it reaches saturation. Cold air holds less water vapour than warm air, and the water vapour condenses into fog. Radiation fog will usually ‘burn off’ as the ground begins to warm again, but during winter months it can persist all day. 2 Valley fog usually forms in the lowest parts of a valley as cold, dense air settles and condenses, forming fog. It’s continued from spreading by local hills or mountains, and can persist for several days. 3 Advection fog forms when horizontal winds push warm, moist air over a cool surface, where it condenses into fog. It’s common at sea, where warm, tropical air moves over cooler water. Advection fog can cover wide areas, and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Bay is often hidden in advection fog. 4 Upslope fog forms when wind blows moist air up a slope, hill, or mountain, which cools as it rises. As it cools, the moisture condenses, and fog is formed as it continues to drift up the slope. 5 Evaporation fog forms as cold air passes over moist land, or warm water. When the warmer water evaporates into the low bands of air, it warms the air and causes it to rise. As this warm, moist air rises, it mixes with the colder air until its humidity reaches 100 per cent, and fog is formed. 9．Radiation fog may persist for longer than usual when ________. A．more heat rises from the Earth’s surface B．the air close to the surface cools at night C．less heat is absorbed after the sun rises D．the cold air carries less water vapour 10．Which of the following picture best illustrates advection fog? A． B． C． D． 11．According to the passage, what are the common necessary conditions to form fog? (1) When there isn’t much wind.    (2) When there is horizontal wind. (3) Where there is open space.    (4) Where there is water surface. (5) Where vapour is suspended in the air.    (6) When humidity reaches 100%. (7) When saturated air cools down.    (8) When cool air is warmed up. A．(1), (3), (5) and (7). B．(2), (4), (6) and (8). C．(2), (5) and (8). D．(5), (6) and (7). 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题16 阅读理解说明文类 内容导航 01 命题透视·考情前瞻 对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 02 思维建模·脉络梳理 搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 03 考点精讲·靶向突破 拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 阅读理解说明文类 知识解构 知识点1 细节理解题 知识点2 推理判断题 知识点3 词义推断题 知识点2 主旨大意题 考向破译 考向 01 考查细节理解题 考向02 考查推理判断题 考向 03 考查词义推断题 考向04 考查主旨大意题 04 真题溯源·考向感知 溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 命题透视·考情前瞻 维度 命题考情解析 体裁界定 说明文包含事物说明文、事理科普文、研究报告、科学假说、现象解释等；上海高考、模考多设置为阅读 C 篇。文本以客观介绍、阐释科学原理、展示实验研究、解析社会心理现象为主；部分文本会搭配图表、示意图。 文本选材特征 1. 选材来源多为外刊科普板块，主题覆盖生命科学、物理原理、心理学、地质生态、前沿技术、社会现象；2. 语篇结构：多为 “现象 / 实验引入→原理阐释→分论点展开→研究局限 / 展望”；常以事例、实验作为引子；3. 句式特点：长难复合句多，含有定义、同位语、插入语；存在部分学科专业术语；4. 价值观导向：侧重科学思辨、实证精神，考查信息加工与逻辑分析能力。 高频考点分布 1. 细节理解题：基础高频，考查实验条件、数据、事物特征、概念界定；答案多为同义改写；要区分现象、原理、实验前提与结论；2. 词义猜测题：考查学科术语、熟词僻义、代词指代、抽象概念；依托下定义、举例、转折、因果、破折号 / 同位语等线索，拒绝直接套用单词本义；3. 推理判断题：中档难题，侧重推断实验启示、研究局限、学者态度、文本潜在含义；原文直接陈述事实不能作为推断答案；警惕随意放大研究结论适用范围；4. 主旨大意题：考查概括科学原理、研究核心发现；标题题兼顾说明对象 + 核心观点；区分引子、论据、分论点与全文主旨，切忌把局部实验、事例当成全篇中心。 命题干扰项套路 1. 细节理解题：篡改限定条件；混淆实验组与对照组；偷换因果；把次要信息当作核心结论；利用课外科学常识设置迷惑选项；2. 词义猜测题：给出词汇最常见本义；脱离段落逻辑只看字面；代词指代张冠李戴；3. 推理判断题：照搬文中直白事实充当推断结果；过度引申、绝对化表述；扩大研究结论适用条件；用生活常识代替文本证据；4. 主旨大意题：将开篇引子、单段分论点、单个实验当作全文主旨；标题范围过大或过于狭窄。 命题素养导向 1. 语言能力：拆解科普长难句，识别同义转述，读懂定义、同位语、举例等解释性句式；2. 思维品质：实证思维，分清事实与观点；辨别论据和论点；把握科学研究的条件与边界；3. 文化意识：了解海外前沿科学研究、多元研究视角，尊重科学思辨；4. 学习能力：一切答案源于文本，不能凭借课本、课外科普知识直接做题，训练定位、筛选、整合信息能力。 上海模考 & 高考命题新趋势 1. 实验复合型文本增多：一篇文本包含多组研究对比，需要跨段落整合多处信息；2. 设问侧重对 “研究局限性”“学者保留态度” 的考查，不再只考明确结论；3. 词义猜测偏向心理、科普抽象概念，很少考查简单普通生词；4. 推理判断题弱化简单推断，更多考查对研究者观点、隐含评价的理解；5. 经常搭配示意图、图表，图文联动命题，要求文字图表信息互读。 学生典型失分点 1. 细节题：依赖固有科学常识做题，忽略原文限定条件，混淆不同实验的结果；2. 词义猜测：只依靠词汇储备，忽略上下文解释线索，误选单词常用本义；3. 推断题：选择原文已经直接写明的句子作为推断答案，随意放大研究结论；4. 主旨题：误把开篇引入的事例、某一个分实验当作全文主旨，分不清论据和中心论点。 ——对标素养，研判高考命题趋势 思维建模·脉络梳理 ——搭建知识框架，构建系统思维 思维建模 把握文章结构；理解语篇模式 · 命题类型 · 细节理解题：考查学生对文章中具体信息的理解，如时间、地点、事件等。 · 推理判断题：考查学生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理和判断的能力，包括推测隐含意思、文章出处、作者态度等。 · 主旨大意题：考查学生对文章主题或中心意思的概括和归纳能力，包括段落大意、文章大意和标题概括。 · 词义猜测题：考查学生根据上下文推断生词或短语的含义，包括代词指代、生僻词以及短语短句的含义。 · 解题思路 · 快速把握文章结构：说明文通常开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点直接陈述出来。因此，通过文章第一段可以迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。 · 关注段落首尾句：说明文的每个段落通常有主旨句、支撑细节和总结句。关注每一段的段首句和段尾句，可以帮助考生在有限的时间内把握段落的主旨大意。 · 理解语篇模式：了解说明文的常见语篇模式，有助于考生从宏观层面理解语篇的框架和脉络，通过“寻读”迅速定位问题所在位置，提高阅读理解的速度。 · 同义转换能力：近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有所增加，除了考查原文中直接出现的信息外，还考查学生对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。 · 推理和判断：在解答推理判断题时，考生需要根据文章内容推测隐含意思，推断作者的态度和意图，以及对文章后续内容进行预测。 考点精讲·靶向突破 ——拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式 考点 考查阅读理解说明文类 知●识●解●构 知识点1 细节理解题 说明文的细节理解题，是依托科学事实、实验数据、概念界定设置的基础题型，重在考查学生定位、筛选、比对文本信息的能力。说明文信息层级繁杂，常常把实验条件、研究结论、事物特征拆分散落在不同段落，很少直接照搬原句命题，多采用同义转述改写选项。解题时要锚定题干关键词，回文锁定定位区间，分清现象与原理、原因与结果、实验前提与最终结论。命题陷阱极具迷惑性：常篡改限定条件，放大实验适用范围，混淆不同实验组的结果。该题型不要求深度思辨，但切忌凭固有科学常识做题，一切判断必须回归原文文本，杜绝用课外储备代替阅读文本给出的信息。。 考点能力：定位文本事实、实验数据、概念界定；说明文信息碎片化，答案多为同义改写；陷阱常篡改限定条件、混淆实验组与对照组、把次要信息当作核心信息，做题必须回归原文，不能依赖课外常识。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年金山区二模） The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. The study looked at 454 older adults who were 70 or older when the research began. Of those adults, 191 had behavioral signs of dementia (痴呆) and 263 did not. 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 【答案】43. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段 “analyze the actual brains of study participants...donate their brains for research after death” 可知，该研究独特性在于可解剖分析逝者脑组织，故选 D。 分析：实验特征细节题。定位原文第四段 “The new study…Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants…donate their brains for research after death”。该研究的独特之处在于可以对参与者离世后的真实脑组织进行分析。干扰项 A “参与者数量更大” 原文无对比；B “证明高强度运动优于轻度活动”，原文二者都有益；C “家务是老年人最佳运动” 属于过度夸大原文观点。命题把新旧研究做对比，考查学生精准抓取实验的核心创新点，区分次要信息和核心事实。 【示例2】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence. 44. The linguistic model in Dutch is highly predictive because _______. A. Dutch verbs arrive late, forcing the brain to predict early B. Dutch-language audiobooks help visualize the meaning C. Dutch speakers use various models to analyze sentences D. Dutch listeners “wait and see” how each phrase will end 【答案】 44. A 【详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence.(纽约大学该研究的第一作者林登解释说，在荷兰语的结构中，动词出现在句子末尾附近，而不像英语那样紧跟在主语之后。 例如，“I ate a cookie with chocolate”（我吃了一块巧克力饼干）用荷兰语表达会是 “I the cookie with chocolate ate”。 林登说：“你必须等很久才能等到动词出现。而这种延迟在现实理解中是不切实际的，因此你在处理句子时很可能会进行大量的预判。”)”可知，荷兰语中动词出现较晚，这使得大脑不得不提前预测，所以荷兰语的语言模型具有高度预测性，故选A项。 分析：因果细节题。定位第四段 “In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence…You would have to wait very long for the verb to come…you’re probably much more predictive in processing the sentence”。荷兰语动词置于句末，大脑不得不提前预判句子信息。干扰项 B “有声读物帮助可视化含义” 不是原因；C “使用多种模型分析” 因果颠倒；D 是英语研究中的模型，不属于荷兰语。命题把因果信息分散在举例和解释句中，需要定位完整因果链条，不能只看局部句子。 知识点2 词义猜测题 说明文词义猜测题，多围绕科学术语、熟词僻义、指代代词、抽象概念展开，是拨开专业文本迷雾的关键题型。科普文本中部分词汇超出考纲，命题人不考查词汇识记，而是考查依托上下文逻辑推导语义的能力。解题可借助前后的下定义、举例、转折、因果、对比等逻辑线索，也可利用同位语、破折号等解释性标点。命题高频陷阱是直接给出单词最常见本义作为干扰项，尤其针对科普语境下的熟词新义。要特别关注 it/that/this 等代词，厘清它究竟指代前面的某个名词，还是前文整件事。词义猜测切忌孤立单词本身，必须嵌入整段科学语境，做到词不离句、句不离篇。 考点能力：依托上下文的定义、举例、转折、因果、同位语、标点符号来推词义；科普文高频设置熟词僻义、抽象名词、代词；常见陷阱直接给出单词最常用本义作为强干扰。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes the brain able to help us perform complex tasks in an amazing way? Precision isn’t the answer; instead, it all comes down to the brain’s messiness. Hengen, a biologist at Washington University, together with other scientists, refers to this idea as the critical brain hypothesis (假说). According to them, grey matter in our brain lies near a tipping point between order and disorder that they call the critical zone. They reach the conclusion that criticality — the state of being in the critical zone — offers a powerful set of guidelines for understanding brain function and dysfunction. Therefore, the hypothesis may aid us to figure out the divide in intelligence and the purpose of sleep, among other things. 43. What does the expression this idea in paragraph 2 mean? A. The structure of the brain is a complex system. B. Precision of the tasks affects the brain’s function. C. The brain is able to complete given tasks in an amazing way. D. Messiness of the brain enables it to handle complex problems. 【答案】43. D 【43题详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段“What makes the brain able to help us perform complex tasks in an amazing way? Precision isn’t the answer; instead, it all comes down to the brain’s messiness.(是什么让大脑能够以惊人的方式帮助我们完成复杂的任务？精确度不是答案；相反，这一切都归结于大脑的混乱。)”以及第二段中的“Hengen, a biologist at Washington University, together with other scientists, refers to this idea as the critical brain hypothesis (假说).(华盛顿大学的生物学家Hengen和其他科学家将这一想法称为临界大脑假说。)”可知，这里的“this idea”指的是前文提到的大脑的混乱能让它处理复杂问题。故选D项。 分析：指代概念猜测题。定位第一段 “What makes the brain able to help us perform complex tasks in an amazing way? Precision isn’t the answer; instead, it all comes down to the brain’s messiness.”，第二段 this idea 回指前文 “大脑的混乱特性使其可以处理复杂任务”。干扰项 A “大脑结构是复杂系统” 偷换核心；B “任务的精确度影响大脑功能” 与原文 “precision isn’t the answer” 矛盾；C “大脑能够惊人完成任务” 只是现象，不是 idea 的内核。命题考查篇章指代，需要跨段落回溯前文观点，不能局限在本句。 【示例2】（2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. Scholars have shown that thinking through something you have done poorly in this intentionally corrective way can lead to learning and improvement as opposed to frustration and embarrassment. It is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. This has implications for how to improve ordinary life. 45. What does “action rumination” in para. 5 most probably refer to? A. Accepting the discomfort caused by failure. B. Seeking help from others to correct missteps. C. Reflecting on mistakes and finding solutions. D. Adjusting goals when facing repeated failures. 【答案】 45. C 【45题详解】词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. (另一种将失败带来的不适转化为进步源泉的有效方法是心理学家所说的action rumination。它以任务为中心，涉及重温一个人所犯的具体错误以及未来如何纠正这些错误。)”可知，“action rumination”指的是反思错误并寻找解决方案。故选C项。 分析：专业短语词义猜测题。定位第五段 “It is taskfocused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future”。action rumination 指复盘错误、思考改正方案。干扰项 A “接受失败带来的不适感” 是另一种处理失败的方式；B “向他人求助改正错误” 原文没有提到求助他人；D “反复失败时调整目标”，短语核心是反思错误而非调整目标。命题利用心理学科术语，不考查词汇识记，完全依托后文解释句解题。 知识点3 推理判断题 说明文的推理判断题，区别于记叙文对人物情感的揣摩，重在推断实验的潜在启示、研究的局限、作者隐含的评价、文本的出处与写作目的。说明文文本以客观陈述为主，推理必须 “有据而不过度”，严禁带入主观生活经验肆意延伸。常用解题策略是选项排除法：首先排除与原文科学事实直接矛盾的选项；再排除文中已经直白陈述、不需要 “推断” 的事实选项；最后筛除夸大效果、绝对化表述的臆断选项。科普类文本极易出现 “扩大研究结论适用范围” 的干扰项，很多结论只在特定实验条件下成立。考生要恪守边界，所有推断都要能在原文找到对应的支撑信息，点到即止，不做超文本的深度拓展。 考点能力：说明文推理不侧重人物情感，侧重推断实验启示、研究局限、潜在影响、作者隐含态度；三不选：原文直白陈述事实不选、和原文科学事实矛盾不选、无文本支撑主观臆断不选；警惕选项随意扩大研究结论适用范围。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking. 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that _______. A. English-based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non-English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research 【答案】 45. B 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking.(未参与这项新研究的语言学家邱子宁表示，这些研究结果表明，科学家在构建语言模型时必须纳入更多元的语言类型。 她自己的研究已经证明，由于英语和汉语的语言特性不同，人们在处理这两种语言的句子时，大脑的不同区域会被激活。她说，如果这些研究只在讲英语的成年人中开展，就会忽略语言处理过程中的关键差异。 邱子宁认为，这种局限性会违背语言模型的初衷 —— 模型本应真实反映人类基于语言的思维过程)”可知，邱子宁认为现有的基于英语的语言模型可能无法普遍适用，故选B项。 分析：研究者观点推断题。定位第六段 “If these studies are done only in Englishspeaking adults, crucial differences in processing will be missed…this limitation defeats the purpose of the models”。可推断邱子宁认为现有基于英语的语言模型未必具备普适性。干扰项 A “基于英语的研究有巨大科学价值” 不是她的核心观点；C “只有非英语语言值得进一步研究” 表述绝对；D “荷兰语研究结果与早期研究矛盾”，原文只是存在差异，并非矛盾。命题考查对学者批评话语的解读，要规避绝对化表述的干扰项。 【示例2】（2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes people smarter? That the healthy brain, while awake, never moves too far from criticality suggests that it must carry some great advantages. One of them is the range of information sending and processing. Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. The fact that a healthy brain can explore the entire space for solutions guarantees its excellent adaptiveness to new situations. And the enhanced flexibility arising from the critical zone could be seen in an experiment done in Finland. The participants had to play a computer game that constantly changed its rules, which required them to update their approach quickly. The closer their brains were to the critical point, the better they performed. It is also suspected that the brain’s closeness to the critical point may be especially important for creativity. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross-regional communication in the brain 【答案】 44. D 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions.(由于关键系统具有尺度不变性，信号可以在大脑中远距离和近距离传递，这使得不同大脑区域内部和之间的通信成为可能。)”可知，接近临界状态允许大脑进行跨区域通信。故选D项。 分析：科学原理推理判断题。定位第三段 “Since the critical systems are scaleinvariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions.”。由此推断，大脑接近临界状态可以实现脑区之间跨区域信号交流。干扰项 A “适应性不如创造力和临界性联系紧密” 原文未对比二者关联强弱；B “不断变化的规则提升游戏表现” 因果颠倒，规则变化是实验任务，不是提升表现的原因；C “信号快速传递代表优秀适应性” 偷换逻辑，临界状态带来二者，不等于二者存在直接等价关系。命题要求在理解科学原理基础上做适度推导，不能照搬原句。 知识点4 主旨大意题 说明文主旨大意题，核心在于拨开纷繁的实验、例子、数据、现象，抓住文本说明对象与核心事理。事理说明文重在阐释科学原理；事物说明文重在介绍事物特征。说明文常以事例、实验、现象作为引子开篇，很多学生误把开篇引子当作全文主旨。标题类题目要做到三点：覆盖核心说明对象，概括核心观点，范围大小适中。干扰项往往是局部段落大意、文中举例的分论点、次要实验发现。阅读时要学会区分：哪些是引子、论据、实验数据；哪些是作者真正要阐释的中心观点。对于多研究对比的科普文，切忌只选取其中一项研究作为主旨，要整合全文，把握作者综合得出的核心说明目的。 考点能力：区分引子、实验事例、论据和核心观点；事理说明文抓科学原理、研究发现；事物说明文抓说明对象；标题题要做到对象明确、范围适中；高频陷阱：局部段落主旨、单一实验、次要论据充当全文主旨。 【示例1】（2025~2026学年长宁区二模） If order could increase without any cost, this apparently contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. For many years, this puzzled scientists and led to debates about whether the law was truly universal. They wondered whether there existed other factors like information that could serve as “that Maxwell’s demon” in physical reality. 46. Which statement best reflects the author’s view of the second law of thermodynamics? A. Maxwell’s thought experiment reveals its limitations. B. It remains correct despite the earlier puzzling supposition. C. It applies better to large-scale systems such as the universe. D. Intelligent control causes it to break down in complex systems. 【答案】 46. B 【46题详解】根据第三段“If order could increase without any cost, this apparently contradicts the second law of thermodynamics. For many years, this puzzled scientists and led to debates about whether the law was truly universal. They wondered whether there existed other factors like information that could serve as “that Maxwell’s demon” in physical reality.(如果秩序能够无代价地持续增加，这显然与热力学第二定律相矛盾。多年来，这一现象一直困扰着科学家，并引发了关于该定律是否真正具有普遍性的争论。他们思考是否存在其他类似信息这样的因素，能够在实际物理中充当‘麦克斯韦的恶魔’那样的角色)”以及第四段“Crucially, however, the device did not break the second law.(然而，至关重要的是，该设备并未违反第二定律)”可知，作者认为热力学第二定律尽管之前存在令人困惑的假设，但它仍然成立。故选B。 分析：观点主旨类（对核心科学理论的整体把握）。文中麦克斯韦妖带来长久困惑，但后续模型证明并未打破热力学第二定律。B“尽管早期存在令人困惑的假设，该定律依旧成立” 符合作者整体立场。A 麦克斯韦思想实验揭示它的局限性，原文并未证明定律有局限；C 更适用于宇宙这类大尺度系统，文中无该对比；D 智能控制会使它在复杂系统中失效，与原文结论完全相反。命题需要通读全文，把握作者对核心科学定律的整体评价，不被中间的矛盾猜想迷惑。 【示例2】（2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） Understanding a simple-looking sentence such as “I read this article” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation. But the human brain routinely does this work nearly immediately based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist (语言学家) Clara Beckett in the Netherlands. And Beckett’s team has now found that the human brain accommodates fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. Diversifying subjects in studies of how the brain processes language “is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social utility of language, in many different ways,” Beckett says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. European grammar rules B. Understanding the brain C. Comparing Dutch and English D. Language on the mind 【答案】 46. D 【46题详解】主旨大意题。主要介绍语言学家克拉拉·贝克特团队的研究发现：人类大脑会根据语言的语法规则，对看似简单的句子进行复杂的概念计算，并通过调整处理方式来适应不同语言的基本语法差异。D选项“Language on the mind(脑海中的语言)”能较好概括文章内容。为最佳标题。故选D项。 分析：科学研究标题主旨题。文章介绍大脑处理不同语言时会调整加工模式，主题是大脑与语言处理。A 欧洲语法规则只是例子；B 理解大脑范围过大；C 对比荷兰语英语只是实验素材，不是主旨。命题提醒学生：实验案例只是载体，要穿透案例抓住背后的研究主题。 考●向●破●译 考向1 考查考查细节理解题 【考向破译】 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 【来源】上海市上海交大附中嘉定分校2025-2026学年高三上学期11月期中英语试题） At first, Alice was not very good at sending secret messages. But slowly it worked on a way to encrypt them — putting information into a special code so that others could not understand it even if they got the information-using the numbers given by researchers. The important part here is that Alice had to come up with her own encryption algorithm, but neither Bob nor Eve was given that information. Bob didn’t have any idea how the key should be applied to the encrypted message, and Eve was basically working completely from scratch. And after practice, Bob also came to be able to decrypt Alice’s messages. Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s “speech” most of the time. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE about the test? A．Alice was responsible for sending messages because she was good at encryption. B．Alice and Bob learned to encrypt and decode with the help of researchers. C．Eve often found it hard to make sense of the messages Alice sent to Bob. D．The three neural networks worked together on the numbers given by researchers. 【答案】 2．C 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Without the numbers or keys, Eve failed to understand Alice’s ‘speech’ most of the time.(没有这些数字或密钥，Eve大多数时候都无法理解Alice的“话语”)”可知，Eve常常难以理解Alice发给Bob的信息。故选C项。 【上海市复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题】 Emotional manipulation (情感操控) has been referred to as the dark side of emotional intelligence by psychological scientist Elizabeth Austin at the University of Edinburgh. But what does that mean? Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”. Less obviously negative behaviours can also result in a high score, including agreeing with statements like “I can pay someone compliments to get in their good books”, and “I am good at reassuring people so that they’re more likely to go along with what I say”. The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative. 9．According to the passage, what is the primary focus of the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．Measuring the moral implications of emotionally manipulative behaviors. B．Defining the prosocial aspects of emotional manipulation in a modern way. C．Identifying behaviors associated with manipulating others’ emotions positively. D．Assessing tendencies toward emotional manipulation through certain behaviors. 10．What can be learned about those scoring high on the Emotional Manipulation Scale? A．They are more likely to show their sympathy. B．They may well lack a sense of moral concern. C．They may well focus primarily on prosocial behavior. D．They are likely to avoid using humor in social interactions. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要介绍了爱丁堡大学的心理学科学家伊丽莎白·奥斯汀提出的情感操控的概念，包括情感操控量表、情感操控的多样性及奥斯汀和同事创建的“管理他人情绪量表”等内容。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Austin and her colleagues created the Emotional Manipulation Scale in 2007. According to the scale, people who are high on emotional manipulation say yes to behaving in ways that have no obvious negative consequences such as “I know how to embarrass someone to stop them behaving in a particular way”, and “I know how to play two people off against each other”.(奥斯汀和她的同事在2007年创建了情绪控制量表。根据该量表，情绪控制能力强的人会对没有明显负面后果的行为方式表示肯定，比如“我知道如何让别人难堪，阻止他们以某种特定的方式行事”，以及“我知道如何让两个人相互对立”)”可知，情绪控制量表的主要重点是通过某些行为来评估情绪操纵的倾向。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“The researchers also found that the higher people scored on the Emotional Manipulation Scale the higher they scored on Machiavellianism, a trait that includes being cold, morally indifferent, and manipulative.(研究人员还发现，在情绪控制量表上得分越高的人，他们在马基雅维利主义上的得分也越高，马基雅维利主义的特征包括冷漠、道德冷漠和控制欲强)”可知，那些在情绪控制量表上得分高的人很可能缺乏道德关怀。故选B。 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts. 10．What does the underlined phrase “a pivotal turning point” in para. 3 most likely refer to? A．The first scientific discovery of the harmful effects of pesticides. B．The introduction of laws protecting endangered wildlife species. C．The ban on DDT following the awareness raised by Silent Spring. D．The publication of Rachel Carson’s book and her later recognition. 【答案】 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述美国白头海雕曾因人类活动濒临灭绝，经禁用杀虫剂、人工繁育等保护措施种群回升，印证人类合力可逆转生态破坏。 10．词句猜测题。根据第三段“A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts.(鹰数量减少的一个关键因素是广泛使用的杀虫剂，尤其是滴滴涕。受污染的鱼类破坏了鹰的繁殖能力，因为它们产下的蛋壳过于脆弱，无法存活。这一问题引起了人们的广泛关注，这在蕾切尔·卡森的《寂静的春天》一书的推动下，最终促使滴滴涕被禁用，并标志着保护工作的一个重要转折点)”可知，蕾切尔·卡森的《寂静的春天》让公众关注到杀虫剂的危害，最终促成了滴滴涕（DDT）的禁用，这成了一个关键转折点，故划线词指的是“在《寂静的春天》引发公众关注之后，对滴滴涕的禁用”。故选C。 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期第二次周测英语试题） What do humans have in common with the dinosaurs that stamped through ancient forests? It turns out that both may have a surprising impact on the size of seeds in the fruits growing around them. When researchers mapped the evolution of seed sizes onto that of land animals, they observed that when land animals got bigger, so did fruit seeds— with a few outsize exceptions. A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels. Today that role may be filled by a much tuner species: humans. 5．The underlined word “megafauna” in paragraph one probably means _________. A．a creature that alters the ecosystem B．animals of particularly large size C．a species that relies on forest light levels D．evolutionary exceptions feeding on seeds 【答案】5．B 5．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A recent study in Palaeontology illustrates how, over the course of natural history, megafauna such as dinosaurs curbed the growth of seed sizes by physically altering the ecosystem, influencing forest light levels.(《古生物学》期刊近期一项研究表明，在自然历史进程中，恐龙等megafauna通过物理方式改变生态系统、影响森林光照条件，从而抑制了种子大小的增长。)”可知，恐龙属于体型特别庞大的动物，因此“megafauna”应指“体型特别大的动物”。故选B项。 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” 3．The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A．measures to increase quantities of output B．contradictory motives for future funding C．rewards for leading universities’ research D．discouragements of high quality papers 【答案】 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文反思了全球追求科研“加速突破”的趋势，指出过分追求发表数量和速度导致了撤稿增多、质量下降。作者呼吁科学界应慢下来，重视质量以重建公信力。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.”(这个问题并非美国所独有。在欧洲，用于分配未来资金的正式研究评估机制多年来一直主要依据学术部门的研究成果数量来对其进行评判。最近的一项改革强调质量而非数量的重要性，但这一改革也发现现有的评估体系产生了“counterincentives”)”可知，既然旧体系重数量轻质量，那么它对“高质量论文”来说就是一种阻碍或反向激励。故划线词意思是“高质量论文的发表受阻”。故选D。 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 【来源】上海市上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. ...... 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 【答案】 10．B 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica.(随着气候变暖，北冰洋的冰盖面积正在不断缩小，据预测，该地区将在 2030 年前迎来首个无冰夏日。海冰的消融会引发一个恶性循环：由于裸露的海水比冰颜色更深，它会吸收更多太阳热量，进一步使海水升温，导致冰体愈发难以重新形成。这促使人们提出了各类地球工程计划，旨在让北冰洋和南极洲的海水重新冻结)”可知，“恶性循环”指北极海冰减少→裸露海水吸收更多太阳热量→水温升高→海冰更难形成→海冰进一步减少，即一个负面结果会引发连锁反应，导致情况持续恶化。B项“学生为多学习而少睡觉→睡眠不足导致注意力下降→学习相同内容需更多时间→睡得更少”符合这一逻辑。故选B项。 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever. Given that 1,500 languages could disappear by the end of this century, by some estimates, some may find it absurd to even ask this question. English is certainly not on the endangered list. As the one truly global language, it is more often labelled an “exterminator”, a huge yet slow dinosaur that unknowingly crushes unfortunate smaller languages underfoot — or undertongue. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．English is and will not be an endangered language. B．English intentionally exterminates other languages. C．Even historically dominant languages eventually decline. D．Predicting the future of any language is never possible. 【答案】5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英语当下是全球通用语，但无语言永恒，其未来难精准预测，受移民、科技等影响会演变，大概率仍广泛使用，但长远来看也并非不会走向消亡。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever.(目前它占据着主导地位——但正如罗马人所能告诉你的那样，一切都不会永远持续下去)”以及第三段“Subjects of the Roman or Egyptian empires might once have assumed that their languages would last forever, like their dominance, but they were wrong. “English could of course die, just as Egyptian died,” says linguist Martin Haspelmath.(罗马帝国或埃及帝国的臣民们或许曾认为，他们的语言会像其统治地位一样永远延续下去，但事实并非如此。语言学家马丁·哈斯佩尔马赫表示：“英语当然也可能消亡，就像埃及语曾经消亡一样。”)”可知，任何曾经占据主导地位的语言最终都会衰落。故选C。 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 【上海市闵行区实验高级中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked. .......... But geologists must redouble their engagement with other scientists and politicians to develop and ultimately help apply solutions to the many environmental and resource challenges we face. Students of geology should be made aware of the broader contributions their multidisciplinary skill set can make to global well-being, beyond just energy provision — although ensuring energy supply, we should not forget, underpins many of the Sustainable Development Goals. 4．What is the main point the author is making in the passage? A．Geologists primarily study rocks to understand Earth’s climate. B．Climate models are often inaccurate without the geological record. C．Geology is crucial for addressing global challenges beyond the study of rocks. D．The field of geology focuses on exploiting fossil fuels and studying climate change. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“It is a common misconception that geology is “just” about rocks. True, geologists are trained to read what rocks tell us about Earth’s past, present and possible future structure and evolution. But, as I will explain as part of this year’s Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, geological processes and climate are closely linked.(认为地质学“只”与岩石有关是一种普遍的误解。诚然，地质学家们接受的训练是通过解读岩石来了解地球的过去、现在和可能的未来的结构和演化。但是，正如我将在今年的皇家学会圣诞讲座中解释的那样，地质过程和气候是紧密相连的)”结合文章主要说明了地质学在应对气候变化等方面也能发挥重要作用。可知，作者在文章中想表达的主要观点是地质学对于解决岩石研究以外的全球挑战至关重要。故选C。 【上海市崇明中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷】 Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study. .......... The study emphasizes the importance of ensuring that technology meets the needs of diverse populations, especially when it’s intended to improve health. “It’s urgent to explore alternative options to collect reliable data from all users. There is some evidence to suggest that certain light, particularly green light, is more accurate in people across all skin tones,” Daniel Koerber, the study’s co-lead author, said. 11. What can be the best title for the text? A. How is your heart rate detected properly? B. How accurate is the heart data from your smartwatch? C. What challenge does future wearable technology face? D. How may skin tones affect the accuracy of heart data in wearables? 【答案】 11. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。 【11题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Consumers increasingly use smartwatches and other wearable devices to measure their heart rates and rhythm during exercise and for overall health monitoring. However, those measurements may be less accurate in people with darker skin tones (肤色), according to a study.(消费者越来越多地使用智能手表和其他可穿戴设备来测量他们在锻炼过程中的心率和节奏，并进行整体健康监测。然而，一项研究表明，对于肤色较深的人来说，这些测量结果可能不太准确)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现肤色会影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性，文章解释了研究开展的经过以及可穿戴设备的检测方式，专家建议可穿戴设备需要改进。可知，D选项“肤色如何影响可穿戴设备中心脏数据的准确性？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 真题溯源·考向感知 ——溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向 题组一 高考真题 （2023年1月·上海高考真题） 外刊来源： To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened. The word “ fossil” makes many people think of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are now featured in books, movies, and television programs, and the bones of some large dinosaurs are on display in many museums. These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs were quite small, but by the middle of the Mesozoic Period, some species weighed as much as 80 tons. By around 65 years ago all dinosaurs were extinct. In spite of all of the interest in dinosaurs, they form only a small fraction of the millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils that are studied by most paleontologists. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English geologist and engineer William Smith and the French paleontologists Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart discovered that rocks of the same age may contain the same fossils even when the rocks are separated by long distances. They published the first geologic maps of large areas on which rocks containing similar fossils were shown. By careful observation of the rocks and their fossils , these men and other geologists were able to recognize rocks of the same age on opposite sides of the English Channel. William Smith was able to apply his knowledge of fossils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lots of vegetation and few surface exposures of rock. He needed to know what rocks he could expect to find on the hills through which he had to build a canal. Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils. Knowing what rocks to expect allowed Smith to estimate costs and determine what tools were needed for the job. Smith and others knew that the succession of life forms preserved as fossils is useful for understanding how and when the rocks formed. Only later did scientists develop a theory to explain that succession. 63. What is the purpose of scientists in studying fossils? A. To clarify the category of the layered rock. B. To utilize the structure of the layered rock. C.To determine the time of presence of the layered rocks. D.To modify the environment with a layered rock. 64. Which of the following statements is true about dinosaurs? A. The mystery of the extinction of the dinosaurs is still unresolved. B. Dinosaurs have existed around the world for about 6.5 million years. C.The dinosaurs were extinct in the Mesozoic Period. D.There was no correlation between dinosaurs and fossils. 65. What can we learn about William Smith? A. He is a famous French paleontologist. B. He can predict the types of rock beneath the surface. C.He can identify rocks of the same age around the world. D.He needs to turn to professionals to estimate the exploration costs. 66. What is this article mainly talking about? A.New fossils found by geologists. B. The formation of the dinosaur fossils. C. Tools required to develop the sedimentary rocks. D. Fossils in the rocks facilitating related research advances. 【答案】63-66CABD 【导读】文章主要大意：本文主要介绍了地质学家通过研究化石来确定地层岩石的年代，并解释了化石在确定地球历史发展和时间上的重要作用。文章还指出了恐龙只是地球上生物化石中的一小部分，大部分化石是由动植物微观遗骸和贝壳类动物组成。最后，文章提到了早期地质学家通过化石研究地层岩石和制作地质图的重要贡献。 【解析】 63.C【解析]根据文章第一段第一句To tell the age of most layered rocks,scientists study the fossils these rocks contain.可知，此处句意为:“为了告诉大多数层状岩石的年龄，科学家们研究了这些岩石所包含的化石”，即科学家研究层状岩石的目的是研究其年龄，换言之就是在研究层状岩石的存在时间，故选C。 64.A【解析]根据文章第二段最后一句The reasons for and the rapidity of their extinction are a matter of intense debate among scientists.可知，恐龙灭绝的原因和速度是科学家们激烈争论的问题，换言之，恐龙灭绝之谜至今仍然未有答案，A项表述正确:根据文章第二段第三句These reptiles were dominant animals on Earth for well over 100 million years from the Late Triassic through the Late Cretaceous.可知，恐龙在晚三叠世至晚白垩世的一百多万年间是地球上的主要动物，B项表述有误:根据文章第二段倒数第二句By around 65 million years ago all dinosaurs were extinct.可知，大约到了6500万年前，所有的恐龙都灭绝了，C项表述有误:根据第二段第一句The word“fossil”makes many people think of dinosaurs.以及下文相关内容可推知，恐龙和化石之间存在一定关联，D项表述有误。故选A。 65.B【解析】根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句Often he could tell what kind of rock was likely to be below the surface by examining the fossils that had eroded from the rocks of the hillside or by digging a small hole to find fossils.可知，威廉·史密斯经常可以通过检查被山坡岩石侵蚀的化石或者挖一个小洞寻找化石来判断地表以下可能有什么样的岩石，结合选项分析，B项表述正确，故选B。 66.D【解析]根据文章标题以及整篇文章讲述的相关内容可知，本文讲述的内容与与“化石和岩石”相关，再根据相关选项分析，可以排除A项和C项，而B项是文章所举的一个相对典型的例子，相比之下D项表述符合文章讲述的内容，故选 D。 题组二 名校试题精选 Passage 1 【来源】上海交通大学附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期10月月考英语试题 A few years ago I went shopping with Alex for a new motorcycle. He didn’t have a particular model in mind. His only two criteria? A big engine, since too much horsepower is never enough, and since he’s tall, a relaxed riding position. I suggested a Hayabusa. Giggle-inducing power, comfortable bike. Or an XS-14R. Both were within his budget, especially the Hayabusa since the dealer was offering a $ 2,500 discount on a previous year’s model. He rode them both. Loved them both. Then he became fixated on a ZX-6R KRT. Great bike, sure. But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet. A 2017 study published in Marketing Science found that people tend to significantly overvalue “free”. When faced with a choice of selecting one of several available products or possibly buying nothing, people will choose the option with the highest cost-benefit difference. However, decisions about free (zero price) products differ, in that people do not simply subtract costs from benefits but instead perceive the benefits associated with free products as higher. Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely — even irrationally — inviting. After all, the math didn’t work. We eventually negotiated $ 3,200 off the price of the Hayabusa, a price so good that I was tempted to buy it. The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed? As the researchers write: A free product involves benefits and no costs, while a better product for any positive price involves both benefits and costs — it is possible that options that have only benefits create more positive effects compared with options that involve both benefits and costs. In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free? Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!” Two months later my friend traded in his 6R for a 14R. The previous-year Hayabusa was long gone. But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape. Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math. See “free” as a reason to go one step further in evaluating costs and benefits. 1．Why did Alex buy a ZX-6R KRT? A．Because he didn’t excel at math, calculation in particular. B．Because its price was brought down so he could afford it. C．Because he did some research before making the decision. D．Because he thought the motorbike with a giveaway was a good bargain. 2．How does zero-price effect cause smart people to make bad decisions? A．People choose the option with the greatest difference between benefit and cost. B．“Free” is so tempting that we stop being logical and thus end up with a bad deal. C．“Free” means there is no need to negotiate for a big discount on a product or service. D．If a product or service is priced zero, we don’t have to worry about its value. 3．What is NOT a typical example of giving in to this zero-price effect? A．Alice ended up buying a book she didn’t plan to read just to avail the free shipping offer. B．Johnson bought socks of unknown quality because they had a “buy one get one free” offer. C．Joe’s cost / benefit analysis didn’t cloud his judgement or blind him to price calculation faults. D．Teddy appreciated the shop assistant’s generosity and settled for anything but a best deal. 4．What might be the best title of the passage? A．The Worst Deal Ever Made B．When “Free” is Actually the Best Deal C．Paying Too Much When Paying Nothing D．Forget Doing the Math When Shopping 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】短文借朋友选购摩托车的亲身经历，剖析零价效应如何使人因“免费”做出不理性消费。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But a much smaller motor. And a riding position that made him look like a contorted praying mantis (螳螂). Seemed odd. Until it hit me. The purchase of any bike 750cc and under came with a free helmet.(但这款车发动机小很多，骑行姿势别扭得像蜷缩的螳螂，十分反常。后来我恍然大悟：排量750cc及以下的摩托车购车赠送头盔)”以及第五段中的“Since my friend also wanted a new helmet, getting one for free was extremely-even irrationally-inviting.(我的朋友刚好也需要新头盔，免费头盔的吸引力强到让他失去理性)”可知，Alex认为附赠头盔的这款车很划算，因此选择它。 2．推理判断题。根据第八段“In short, free results in instinctive mental shortcuts. Zero is zero; what math do you need to do? Free doesn’t seem to require a cost / benefit analysis; what are the downsides of free?( 简而言之，“免费”会让人下意识走思维捷径。零成本就是零，哪里还需要精打细算？面对免费事物，人们似乎不会权衡利弊；免费背后又暗藏哪些弊端呢？)以及第九段“Free seemingly makes an otherwise thoughtful decision simple: “Sure, that might be a good deal but this is free!(“免费”会简化思考：那款车或许划算，但这款有赠品免费拿！)”可知，免费的诱惑会让人丧失逻辑判断，做出吃亏的选择。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“But don’t think badly of him. We’ve all been blinded by the power of free. Free shipping on products for a cost that exceeds those savings. Free samples that make us feel the need to reciprocate (回报) the provider’s “generosity” by making a purchase. Free quotes that make us enter a sales funnel we struggle to escape.(但不必苛责他，所有人都会被“免费”蒙蔽：为免运费买下总价远超优惠的商品、试吃赠品后为回馈商家而消费、免费报价诱导我们陷入难以脱身的销售套路)”可知，屈服零价效应指被免费福利干扰理性判断。C选项“乔的成本收益分析没有蒙蔽他的判断，也没有让他忽视价格计算错误”是没有被零价格效应影响的表现，不符合题干要求。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第六段中的“The free helmet was only worth $ 250. So why would such a smart guy be so easily swayed?(免费头盔仅价值250美元，为何聪明人轻易被打动？)”与尾段“Whenever something is free, stop and consider the intent, and see “free” as a reason to do even more math.(遇到免费福利一定要停下来权衡，把免费当作仔细核算利弊的警示)”可知文章主要讲看似不花钱拿赠品，实则付出更高成本。所以C选项“免费之下，代价不菲”为最佳标题。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三第二学期5月英语月考试卷 Facial Recall Large gatherings such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue — but privacy experts recommend proceeding with caution. The app, called SocialRecall, connects names with faces via smartphone cameras and facial recognition, potentially eliminating the need for formal introductions. “It breaks down these social barriers we all have in terms of initiating the protocol (礼仪) to meet somebody,” says Barry Sandrew, whose start-up, also called SocialRecall, created the app and tested it at an event attended by about 1,000 people. After receiving an invitation to download SocialRecall from an event organizer, a prospective user is asked to take two selfies and sign in via social media. At the event the app is active within a previously defined geographical area. When a user points his or her phone camera at an attendee’s face, the app identifies the individual, displays the person’s name, and links to his or her social media profile. To protect privacy, it recognizes only those who have agreed to participate. And the app’s creators say it automatically wipes users’ data after an event. Ann Cavoukian, a privacy expert who runs the Privacy by Design Center of Excellence at Ryerson University in Toronto, praises the app’s creators for these protective measures. She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be unintended consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to bite you.” The start-up has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met. (Sandrew, who has prosopagnosia himself, notes that the app has not yet been tested on others with the condition.) To use this app, a person first acquires an image of someone’s face, from either the smartphone’s camera or a photograph, and then tags it with a name. When the camera spots that same face in real life, the previously entered information is displayed. The collected data are stored only on a user’s phone, according to the team behind the app. Jason Schultz, a professor of clinical law at New York University, who was not involved with the app’s creation, remains wary: “The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling (监视) with this app is very, very high, and I don’t think it respects the consent (认同) politics involved with capturing people’s images.” 5．The app, SocialRecall, is not targeted at those ________. A．who are afraid of social gatherings B．who are suffering from face blindness C．who want to enlarge their social circles D．who have difficulty in socializing with others 6．Why do lots of privacy experts not advocate the facial-recognition app? A．Because it is only active within a defined area. B．Because the technology behind is still not mature. C．Because the app has not been tested on a large scale. D．Because users’ personal information might be misused. 7．The word “wary” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A．Confident B．cautious C．optimistic D．jealous 8．Where does this passage most probably appear? A．A science journal. B．A travel brochure. C．An advertisement column. D．An entertainment magazine. 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了一款人脸识别社交应用SocialRecall的功能、隐私保护措施及专家对其潜在风险的看法。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Large gatherings such as weddings and conferences can be socially overwhelming. Pressure to learn people’s names only adds to the stress. A new facial-recognition app could come to the rescue — but privacy experts recommend proceeding with caution.(婚礼和会议等大型聚会可能会让人不知所措。学习别人名字的压力只会增加压力。一款新的面部识别应用程序可能会起到救援作用，但隐私专家建议谨慎行事)”以及第四段“The start-up has also developed a version of the app for individuals who suffer from prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” a condition that prevents people from recognizing individuals they have met.(这家初创公司还为患有面容失认症或“脸盲”的人开发了一个版本的应用程序，这种疾病会阻止人们认出他们遇到的人)”可知，该APP帮助社交畏难人群和脸盲人群，并未针对想扩大社交圈的人群。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She cautions, however, that when people choose to share their personal information with the app, they should know that “there may be unintended consequences down the road with that information being used in another context that might come back to bite you.”(然而，她警告说，当人们选择与应用程序共享个人信息时，他们应该知道“这些信息在另一个环境中使用可能会产生意想不到的后果，这些后果可能会反过来伤害你。”)”可知，专家们担心用户的个人信息可能在未来被用在其他情境中，造成不良后果。 7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中Jason Schultz的评价“The cost to everyone whom you are surveilling (监视) with this app is very, very high, and I don’t think it respects the consent (认同) politics involved with capturing people’s images.(使用此应用程序监视的每个人的成本都非常非常高，我认为它不尊重捕捉人们图像所涉及的同意政治)”可知，他对该应用持保留态度，认为其监视成本很高且不尊重他人的同意权。因此，wary意为“谨慎的、警惕的”。 8．推理判断题。文章介绍了SocialRecall这款应用的技术功能、隐私保护措施及相关专家观点，内容涉及科技与社会议题，具有科学报道性质，最可能出现在科学期刊中。 Passage 3 【来源】2026届上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学高三5月考前模拟英语试题 Fog consists of molecules (分子) of water vapour, suspended in the air as tiny droplets of water close to the surface of the Earth. It occurs when air saturated (饱和) with water vapour is cooled suddenly, and there are several different ways this can happen. 1 Radiation fog forms over land on calm, clear nights when heat absorbed by the Earth’s surface during the day is radiated into the air. As the heat escapes upwards, air close to the surface is cooled until it reaches saturation. Cold air holds less water vapour than warm air, and the water vapour condenses into fog. Radiation fog will usually ‘burn off’ as the ground begins to warm again, but during winter months it can persist all day. 2 Valley fog usually forms in the lowest parts of a valley as cold, dense air settles and condenses, forming fog. It’s continued from spreading by local hills or mountains, and can persist for several days. 3 Advection fog forms when horizontal winds push warm, moist air over a cool surface, where it condenses into fog. It’s common at sea, where warm, tropical air moves over cooler water. Advection fog can cover wide areas, and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Bay is often hidden in advection fog. 4 Upslope fog forms when wind blows moist air up a slope, hill, or mountain, which cools as it rises. As it cools, the moisture condenses, and fog is formed as it continues to drift up the slope. 5 Evaporation fog forms as cold air passes over moist land, or warm water. When the warmer water evaporates into the low bands of air, it warms the air and causes it to rise. As this warm, moist air rises, it mixes with the colder air until its humidity reaches 100 per cent, and fog is formed. 9．Radiation fog may persist for longer than usual when ________. A．more heat rises from the Earth’s surface B．the air close to the surface cools at night C．less heat is absorbed after the sun rises D．the cold air carries less water vapour 10．Which of the following picture best illustrates advection fog? A． B． C． D． 11．According to the passage, what are the common necessary conditions to form fog? (1) When there isn’t much wind.    (2) When there is horizontal wind. (3) Where there is open space.    (4) Where there is water surface. (5) Where vapour is suspended in the air.    (6) When humidity reaches 100%. (7) When saturated air cools down.    (8) When cool air is warmed up. A．(1), (3), (5) and (7). B．(2), (4), (6) and (8). C．(2), (5) and (8). D．(5), (6) and (7). 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．D 【导语】文章介绍了雾的定义及五种雾的形成方式：辐射雾、山谷雾、平流雾、上坡雾和蒸发雾，并分别说明了各自的形成条件和特点。 【详解】9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Radiation fog will usually 'burn off' as the ground begins to warm again, but during winter months it can persist all day. (辐射雾通常会在地面再次升温后逐渐消散，但在冬季，它可以持续一整天)”可知，辐射雾持续更久的原因是地面回暖慢，即太阳升起后地面吸收的热量较少，导致雾无法及时消散。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段“Advection fog forms when horizontal winds push warm, moist air over a cool surface, where it condenses into fog. It's common at sea, where warm, tropical air moves over cooler water. (平流雾形成于水平风将温暖潮湿的空气推过较冷表面时，水汽在此凝结成雾。它常见于海上，温暖的热带空气移过较冷的水面。)”可知，平流雾的关键特征是：水平方向的风将暖湿空气推过冷表面。B图展示的正是暖空气水平移动到冷水面上的情景，符合平流雾的形成过程。 11．细节理解题。根据第一段“Fog consists of molecules of water vapour, suspended in the air as tiny droplets of water (雾由水蒸气分子组成，以微小水滴的形式悬浮在空气中)”可知(5)“水蒸气悬浮在空气中时”是必要条件；根据第一段“It occurs when air saturated with water vapour is cooled suddenly (当饱和水汽的空气突然冷却时就会发生)”可知(7)“饱和空气冷却时。”是必要条件；根据第五段“until its humidity reaches 100 per cent, and fog is formed (直到湿度达到100%，雾就形成了)”可知(6)“湿度达到100%时。”是必要条件。 1 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $