Unit 4 Inventions（知识清单）英语新教材沪教版八年级上册

该初中英语Unit 4 Inventions知识清单全面覆盖发明主题相关词汇、短语、句型、语法及写作内容，包含主题场景分类词汇（如发明与创造、结构与功能）、实用交际套句型、不规则比较级和最高级语法及新发明介绍写作框架，为学生搭建从基础积累到综合应用的递进式学习支架。 清单采用“中考高频星级标注”和“错因辨析+助记口诀”设计，如将improve标注为★★★★★考点并附“invent动词发明，invention名词发明物”口诀，通过对比invent/discover培养思维品质。写作部分提供“开头-中间-结尾”框架及范文，易错点配对点训练，助力学生提升语言应用能力和自主学习效率，教师可直接用于课堂精讲或分层练习设计。

Unit 4 Inventions 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、发明与创造： 1. ____________ (发明) ____________________________________毕昇发明了活字印刷术。） 2. ____________(创造，创作) ____________________________________（互联网创造了许多新工作。） 3. ____________(发明物).____________________________________（轮子是历史上最伟大的发明之一。） 4.____________ (改善，提高) ____________________________________（我们需要改进设计使其更安全。） 5. ____________ (传播，展开) ____________________________________（造纸术从中国传播到全世界。） 二、结构与功能： 1. ____________(轮子，车轮) ____________________________________（轮子改变了人们的出行方式。） 2.____________ (中心的，中央的) ____________________________________（机器的中央部分控制一切。） 3. ____________ (附上，系，贴) ____________________________________（请在申请表上附上一张照片。） 4. ____________ (拉，拖) ____________________________________你需要拉门才能打开。） 5.____________ (小路，路径) ____________________________________（小路通向山顶。） 三、评价与态度： 1. ____________ (虽然，尽管) ____________________________________（虽然它很小，但这项发明非常有用。） 2. ____________ (怀疑) ____________________________________毫无疑问，科技改变了我们的生活。） 3. ____________ (就个人而言) ____________________________________（就个人而言，我认为这项发明很棒。） 4. ____________ (好处，使受益) ____________________________________（新技术惠及数百万人。） 5. ____________ (预言，预测) ____________________________________（他对未来科技的预言实现了。） 四、地理与影响： 1. ____________(国际的) ____________________________________（这是一个国际新发明展览。） 2.____________(距离) ____________________________________（电话使得远距离沟通变得容易。） 3. ____________ (技术，技巧) ____________________________________（新技术使生产更快。） 4. ____________ (依靠，取决于)____________________________________（许多发明依赖于早期发现。） 5. ____________(混合物) ____________________________________（混凝土是水泥、沙子和水的混合物。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. ____________ (依靠，取决于) ____________________________________（成功取决于努力。） 2. ____________ (把……附在……上) ____________________________________（请在表格上附上近照。） 3. ____________ (导致，通向) ____________________________________（努力通向成功。） 4. ____________(渡过难关) ____________________________________（公司渡过了困难时期。） 5. ____________ (把……传播到……) ____________________________________（消息迅速传遍城市的每个角落。） 二、介词短语 1. ____________ (除……之外还有) ___________________________________（除了轮子，指南针也是一项伟大发明。） 2. ____________ (同时) ____________________________________（你可以同时听音乐和学习。） 3. ____________ (代替，而不是) ____________________________________（我们使用太阳能代替汽油。） 4. ____________ (因为) ____________________________________（航班因恶劣天气延误。） 5. ____________ (在历史上) ____________________________________（指南针是历史上最重要的发明之一。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、介绍发明： 1. ...was/were invented by...in...（……由……于……年发明） Paper was invented by Cai Lun in ancient China. 2. ...is considered one of the greatest inventions...（……被认为是最伟大的发明之一） The compass is considered one of the greatest inventions in Chinese history. 二、比较发明： 1. ...is as important as...（……和……一样重要） The compass is as important as the printing press. 2. ...is more useful than...（……比……更有用） Smartphones are more useful than traditional phones. 三、表达态度： 1. There is no doubt that...（毫无疑问……） There is no doubt that inventions have changed our world. 2. Personally, I think...（就个人而言，我认为……） Personally, I think this invention will benefit everyone. 语法 不规则比较级和最高级 + as...as / not as...as结构 写作 写介绍新发明的文章（an article about a new invention） 一、知识点精讲 1. invent v. 发明（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① invent sth. 发明某物 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. 托马斯·爱迪生发明了灯泡。 ② invent 强调从无到有的创造，discover强调发现已存在的事物 【变形】invention n. 发明物；inventor n. 发明家；inventive adj. 有创造力的 2. improve v. 改善，提高（中考高频★★★★★） 【句型】 ① improve one's English/skills 提高英语/技能 Reading more books can improve your writing skills. 多读书能提高写作能力。 ② improve the living condition 改善生活条件 Technology has improved our living conditions. 科技改善了我们的生活条件。 【变形】improvement n. 改善；improved adj. 改进的 3. depend v. 依靠，取决于（中考必考★★★★★） 【句型】 ① depend on 依靠，取决于 Good health depends on good habits. 良好的健康取决于良好的习惯。 ② it depends 视情况而定 —Will you come? —It depends. —你来吗？—视情况而定。 【变形】dependent adj. 依赖的；independent adj. 独立的 4. doubt v./n. 怀疑（中考中频★★★） 【句型】 ① There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问…… There is no doubt that the Internet has changed the world. 毫无疑问，互联网改变了世界。 ② doubt whether/if... 怀疑是否…… I doubt whether he can finish the work on time. 我怀疑他能否按时完成工作。 【考点精讲】肯定句用whether/if引导从句，否定句用that引导从句。 5. benefit n. 好处 v. 使受益（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① benefit from 从……中受益 Students can benefit from reading every day. 学生能从每天阅读中受益。 ② the benefits of ……的好处 The benefits of exercise are well known. 运动的好处众所周知。 【变形】beneficial adj. 有益的 6. distance n. 距离（中考中频★★★） 【句型】 ① over long distances 远距离 The telephone allows us to communicate over long distances. 电话让我们能远距离沟通。 ② in the distance 在远处 I could see a mountain in the distance. 我能看到远处的一座山。 【变形】distant adj. 遥远的 7. spread v. 传播（spread-spread）（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① spread from...to... 从……传播到…… Paper-making technology spread from China to Europe. 造纸术从中国传播到欧洲。 ② spread quickly/rapidly 迅速传播 The news spread quickly across the country. 消息迅速传遍全国。 【考点精讲】spread过去式和过去分词都是spread，不变。 8. although conj. 虽然，尽管（中考必考★★★★★） 【句型】 ① although + 从句 虽然…… Although the task was difficult, she never gave up. 虽然任务艰难，她从未放弃。 ② although 不能与but同用 Although he is young, but he is smart.（✗）→ Although he is young, he is smart.（✓） 9. avoid v. 避免，避开（中考高频★★★☄） 【句型】 ① avoid doing sth. 避免做某事 We should avoid making the same mistake. 我们应该避免犯同样的错误。 ② avoid + 名词 避免某事 Take an umbrella to avoid the rain. 带把伞以避雨。 【变形】avoidable adj. 可避免的；unavoidable adj. 不可避免的 二、核心语法精讲 不规则比较级和最高级 + as...as结构（2024-2026中考考查4次） 1. 不规则变化： good/well→better→best；bad/badly→worse→worst； many/much→more→most；little→less→least； far→farther/further→farthest/furthest 2. 特殊注意： - farther/further都可表距离更远；further还可表程度“进一步” - elder/eldest仅用于家庭辈分，不与than连用：my elder brother 3. as...as结构： - as+原级+as：as important as（和……一样重要） - 中间必须用原级，不能用比较级：as bigger as（✗） - 否定：not as...as = 比较级+than not as big as = smaller than 4. many与much的区别： - many修饰可数名词复数：many inventions - much修饰不可数名词：much time/work 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元写作核心为发明介绍类作文，要求描述一项发明的功能、特点和优势，语言生动，逻辑清晰。 2. 写作框架 开头：引出发明，简要介绍 中间1：描述外观和功能 中间2：说明优势和应用场景 结尾：总结发明的价值与影响 3. 写作素材 ① ...was invented by...in... ……由……于……发明。 ② It is one of the most important inventions in history. 它是历史上最重要的发明之一。 ③ The invention makes it possible for people to... 这项发明使人们能够…… ④ Instead of..., it uses... 它使用……代替…… ⑤ There is no doubt that this invention will benefit... 毫无疑问，这项发明将惠及…… 4. 范文背诵 A Great Invention — The Compass The compass is one of the greatest inventions in Chinese history. It was invented by ancient Chinese people during the Han Dynasty. The compass looks simple — it has a magnetic needle that always points north. However, this small invention changed the world. Before the compass, sailors could easily get lost at sea. With the compass, they could find their way over long distances. The compass spread from China to the Arab world and then to Europe. It made great sea voyages possible, including Columbus's journey to America. The compass is as important as the printing press. There is no doubt that it has greatly benefited human civilisation. 易错点01 although与but不能同时使用（高频易错） 【助记口诀】虽然但是不同房，although一人在场 【错因辨析】 中文“虽然……但是……”是并列连用，但英语中although和but不能出现在同一个句子中。 【对点训练】 1. ______ it rained heavily, he still went to school on time.（不用but） 易错点02 invent/invention/inventor词形混淆 【助记口诀】invent动词发明，invention名词发明物，inventor名词发明家 【错因辨析】 三个词形相近但词性不同，学生常在词形转换题中混淆。 【对点训练】 1. Bell was the ______ (invent) of the telephone. 2. The ______ (invent) of the Internet changed the world. 易错点03 avoid后接动词形式错误 【助记口诀】avoid后接doing，不是to do 【错因辨析】 avoid后必须接动名词doing，不能接不定式to do，这是中考高频考点。 【对点训练】 1. We should avoid ______ (make) the same mistake again. 一、根据所给提示填空 1. Bi Sheng ______ （发明） movable type printing in the Song Dynasty. 2. We should ______ （改善） our learning methods to make greater progress. 3. There is no ______ （怀疑） that ancient Chinese inventions influenced the whole world. 4. Paper-making ______ （传播） gradually from China to the Middle East and Europe. 5. She is an ______ /ɪnˈventə(r)/ who created many useful machines for daily life. 二、单项选择 1. The compass is considered one of ______ inventions in ancient human history. A. important B. more important C. the most important D. most important 2. With new technology, mobile phones are ______ useful than those produced ten years ago. A. much B. more much C. much more D. most 3. ______ he is only sixteen years old, he has already invented several useful small tools. A. Although B. But C. Because D. So 4. To save time, we should avoid ______ plenty of time on meaningless online information. A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent 5. Long-term good health depends ______ balanced diets and regular exercise. A. in B. on C. at D. for 6. Lots of students can greatly benefit ______ reading widely in their free time. A. from B. in C. on D. at 7. As soon as the news of the new invention came out, it spread quickly ______ the whole city. A. cross B. across C. through D. on 8. My ______ brother has strong interest in the history of ancient inventions. He is two years older than me. A. older B. elder C. eldest D. old 9. This new wooden printing box is not as ______ as the metal one. A. heavy B. heavier C. heaviest D. more heavy 10. There is no doubt ______ ancient Chinese inventions pushed the development of world culture. A. what B. if C. that D. whether 三、句型转换 1. The compass is as important as the printing press in world history.（同义替换） The compass is ______ ______ important ______ the printing press. 2. Smartphones are more useful than traditional mobile phones.（同义替换） Traditional mobile phones are ______ ______ useful ______ smartphones. 3. Cai Lun invented paper-making in the Eastern Han Dynasty.（改为被动语态） Paper-making ______ ______ by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 4. Although he feels tired every day, he keeps studying ancient invention history.（同义替换） He keeps studying ancient invention history ______ he feels tired every day. 5. We should avoid making the same mistake again and again.（同义替换） We should ______ ______ ______ making the same mistake again and again. 4、 阅读理解 Passage A The Four Great Inventions of ancient China — the compass, gunpowder, paper-making, and printing — are among the most valuable inventions in human history. These great creations not only changed people’s lives inside China, but also greatly influenced the development of the whole world. Paper-making was improved by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Before paper appeared, ancient Chinese wrote words on heavy bamboo strips or expensive silk. Such materials were difficult to carry and too costly for common people. Cai Lun found a new way to make paper with tree bark, waste cloth and fishing nets. This method cut costs greatly. The technology spread to Arab regions in the 8th century and finally reached Europe in the 12th century. Printing was another amazing breakthrough. Bi Sheng created movable type printing in the Song Dynasty. Unlike block printing, which carved a whole page onto one wooden board, movable type used separate character blocks that people could rearrange freely. This way made printing faster and more flexible. Centuries later, Gutenberg from Europe improved printing technology and invented the modern printing press, which accelerated the spread of knowledge across Europe. These technologies travelled to other continents through ancient trade and cultural communication. They helped knowledge spread widely, improved global communication and connected different ancient civilisations. Without these inventions, the progress of human society would be much slower. 1. What belong to the Four Great Inventions of ancient China? A. Compass, telescope, paper, pen B. Compass, gunpowder, paper-making, printing C. Compass, electricity, paper, wheel D. Compass, telephone, paper-making, printing 2. What disadvantages did bamboo strips and silk have before paper was invented? A. They were light and cheap. B. They were heavy or expensive. C. They were easy to produce. D. They could be used everywhere. 3. What advantage did Bi Sheng’s movable type printing have compared with block printing? A. It needed bigger wooden boards. B. It used separate characters which could be rearranged. C. It could print more colourful pictures. D. It was invented by a European. 4. What does the underlined word “flexible” mean in the passage? A. expensive B. changeable and convenient（灵活的） C. difficult D. beautiful 5. What can we infer from the whole passage? A. Chinese ancient inventions only influenced Asia. B. The Four Great Inventions pushed global development. C. Paper-making first spread to Europe in the 8th century. D. Gutenberg invented movable type printing. Passage B Have you ever thought about how important wheels are? Imagine modern life without wheels: no cars, no trains, no bikes. The wheel is widely considered one of the greatest inventions created by humans, with a history of more than 5,000 years. The earliest wheels were solid wooden circles. Surprisingly, they were first used for making pottery instead of transport. About one thousand years later, people began to fix wheels onto carts. The very first transport wheels appeared in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. They were heavy and low in efficiency, but they completely changed ancient transport. As time went by, people improved wheel design continuously. Ancient Egyptians invented wheels with spokes. Compared with solid wheels, spoke wheels were much lighter, making long-distance travelling easier. Later, Romans built standard roads, allowing wheeled vehicles to run more smoothly. Nowadays, wheels can be seen everywhere. They are used in transportation tools, watches, medical machines and computers. People produce wheels with all kinds of materials such as steel, rubber and plastic. The newest invention is the smart wheel built with sensors. It can check road conditions and adjust its state automatically. Although wheels have existed for thousands of years, scientists and inventors are still trying to make them better. Nobody can predict what creative new wheels human beings will create in the future. 1. What was the earliest wheel used for? A. Daily transport B. Making pottery C. Building houses D. Playing sports 2. When did wheels start to be used on transport vehicles? A. Around 5000 BC B. Around 3500 BC C. Around 1000 BC D. Around 500 AD 3. What improvement did ancient Egyptians make to wheels? A. They created solid wooden wheels. B. They started to use rubber for wheels. C. They invented wheels with spokes. D. They designed smart wheels with sensors. 4. What function does a smart wheel have? A. It can fly in the sky. B. It uses sensors to check road conditions. C. It is made completely of wood. D. It never wears out. 5. What conclusion can we draw from the passage? A. Wheels will disappear soon in the future. B. People keep improving wheel technology all the time. C. No changes have been made to wheels since ancient times. D. Smart wheels have already been widely used everywhere. 五、语法填空（每条解析：语法考点、词形变化逻辑、拓展搭配、陷阱提醒） The compass 1. ______ (be) one of the most influential inventions in ancient China. It 2. ______ (invent) during the Han Dynasty. Before the invention of the compass, ancient sailors had no useful way 3. ______ (find) directions when sailing on the sea. Without good tools, they easily got 4. ______ (lose) and dared not travel far away from the coast. The compass works with a magnetic needle that always points to the north. This 5. ______ (simple) but powerful invention made long ocean journeys 6. ______ (possible) for ancient explorers. With its help, sailors could travel much 7. ______ (far) than before. Gradually, this technology spread from China to Arab countries and later reached Europe. It benefited 8. ______ (thousand) of traders and explorers across the world. Historians believe that without the compass, the Age of Exploration might never 9. ______ (happen). Even in modern times, although GPS technology is popular, the simple compass is still 10. ______ (wide) used by hikers and sailors. 六、书面表达 请以“A New Invention”为题，写一篇英语短文。 要求：1. 介绍这项发明外形、基础功能； 2. 分析优势，适用人群； 3. 表达你的观点与展望；词数100–120。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Inventions 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、发明与创造： 1. invent (发明) Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.（毕昇发明了活字印刷术。） 2. create (创造，创作) The Internet has created many new jobs.（互联网创造了许多新工作。） 3. invention (发明物) The wheel is one of the greatest inventions in history.（轮子是历史上最伟大的发明之一。） 4. improve (改善，提高) We need to improve the design to make it safer.（我们需要改进设计使其更安全。） 5. spread (传播，展开) Paper-making technology spread from China to the world.（造纸术从中国传播到全世界。） 二、结构与功能： 1. wheel (轮子，车轮) The wheel changed the way people travel.（轮子改变了人们的出行方式。） 2. central (中心的，中央的) The central part of the machine controls everything.（机器的中央部分控制一切。） 3. attach (附上，系，贴) Please attach a photo to your application.（请在申请表上附上一张照片。） 4. pull (拉，拖) You need to pull the door to open it.（你需要拉门才能打开。） 5. path (小路，路径) The path leads to the top of the mountain.（小路通向山顶。） 三、评价与态度： 1. although (虽然，尽管) Although it is small, the invention is very useful.（虽然它很小，但这项发明非常有用。） 2. doubt (怀疑) There is no doubt that technology changes our lives.（毫无疑问，科技改变了我们的生活。） 3. personally (就个人而言) Personally, I think this invention is amazing.（就个人而言，我认为这项发明很棒。） 4. benefit (好处，使受益) The new technology benefits millions of people.（新技术惠及数百万人。） 5. prediction (预言，预测) His prediction about future technology came true.（他对未来科技的预言实现了。） 四、地理与影响： 1. international (国际的) This is an international exhibition of new inventions.（这是一个国际新发明展览。） 2. distance (距离) The telephone made it easy to communicate over long distances.（电话使得远距离沟通变得容易。） 3. technique (技术，技巧) The new technique makes production faster.（新技术使生产更快。） 4. depend (依靠，取决于) Many inventions depend on earlier discoveries.（许多发明依赖于早期发现。） 5. mixture (混合物) Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, and water.（混凝土是水泥、沙子和水的混合物。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. depend on (依靠，取决于) Success depends on hard work.（成功取决于努力。） 2. attach...to... (把……附在……上) Please attach a recent photo to the form.（请在表格上附上近照。） 3. lead to (导致，通向) Hard work leads to success.（努力通向成功。） 4. pull through (渡过难关) The company pulled through the difficult times.（公司渡过了困难时期。） 5. spread...to... (把……传播到……) The news spread quickly to every corner of the city.（消息迅速传遍城市的每个角落。） 二、介词短语 1. in addition to (除……之外还有) In addition to the wheel, the compass is also a great invention.（除了轮子，指南针也是一项伟大发明。） 2. at the same time (同时) You can listen to music and study at the same time.（你可以同时听音乐和学习。） 3. instead of (代替，而不是) We use solar power instead of petrol.（我们使用太阳能代替汽油。） 4. because of (因为) The flight was delayed because of the bad weather.（航班因恶劣天气延误。） 5. in history (在历史上) The compass is one of the most important inventions in history.（指南针是历史上最重要的发明之一。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、介绍发明： 1. ...was/were invented by...in...（……由……于……年发明） Paper was invented by Cai Lun in ancient China. 2. ...is considered one of the greatest inventions...（……被认为是最伟大的发明之一） The compass is considered one of the greatest inventions in Chinese history. 二、比较发明： 1. ...is as important as...（……和……一样重要） The compass is as important as the printing press. 2. ...is more useful than...（……比……更有用） Smartphones are more useful than traditional phones. 三、表达态度： 1. There is no doubt that...（毫无疑问……） There is no doubt that inventions have changed our world. 2. Personally, I think...（就个人而言，我认为……） Personally, I think this invention will benefit everyone. 语法 不规则比较级和最高级 + as...as / not as...as结构 写作 写介绍新发明的文章（an article about a new invention） 一、知识点精讲 1. invent v. 发明（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① invent sth. 发明某物 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. 托马斯·爱迪生发明了灯泡。 ② invent 强调从无到有的创造，discover强调发现已存在的事物 【变形】invention n. 发明物；inventor n. 发明家；inventive adj. 有创造力的 2. improve v. 改善，提高（中考高频★★★★★） 【句型】 ① improve one's English/skills 提高英语/技能 Reading more books can improve your writing skills. 多读书能提高写作能力。 ② improve the living condition 改善生活条件 Technology has improved our living conditions. 科技改善了我们的生活条件。 【变形】improvement n. 改善；improved adj. 改进的 3. depend v. 依靠，取决于（中考必考★★★★★） 【句型】 ① depend on 依靠，取决于 Good health depends on good habits. 良好的健康取决于良好的习惯。 ② it depends 视情况而定 —Will you come? —It depends. —你来吗？—视情况而定。 【变形】dependent adj. 依赖的；independent adj. 独立的 4. doubt v./n. 怀疑（中考中频★★★） 【句型】 ① There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问…… There is no doubt that the Internet has changed the world. 毫无疑问，互联网改变了世界。 ② doubt whether/if... 怀疑是否…… I doubt whether he can finish the work on time. 我怀疑他能否按时完成工作。 【考点精讲】肯定句用whether/if引导从句，否定句用that引导从句。 5. benefit n. 好处 v. 使受益（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① benefit from 从……中受益 Students can benefit from reading every day. 学生能从每天阅读中受益。 ② the benefits of ……的好处 The benefits of exercise are well known. 运动的好处众所周知。 【变形】beneficial adj. 有益的 6. distance n. 距离（中考中频★★★） 【句型】 ① over long distances 远距离 The telephone allows us to communicate over long distances. 电话让我们能远距离沟通。 ② in the distance 在远处 I could see a mountain in the distance. 我能看到远处的一座山。 【变形】distant adj. 遥远的 7. spread v. 传播（spread-spread）（中考高频★★★★） 【句型】 ① spread from...to... 从……传播到…… Paper-making technology spread from China to Europe. 造纸术从中国传播到欧洲。 ② spread quickly/rapidly 迅速传播 The news spread quickly across the country. 消息迅速传遍全国。 【考点精讲】spread过去式和过去分词都是spread，不变。 8. although conj. 虽然，尽管（中考必考★★★★★） 【句型】 ① although + 从句 虽然…… Although the task was difficult, she never gave up. 虽然任务艰难，她从未放弃。 ② although 不能与but同用 Although he is young, but he is smart.（✗）→ Although he is young, he is smart.（✓） 9. avoid v. 避免，避开（中考高频★★★☄） 【句型】 ① avoid doing sth. 避免做某事 We should avoid making the same mistake. 我们应该避免犯同样的错误。 ② avoid + 名词 避免某事 Take an umbrella to avoid the rain. 带把伞以避雨。 【变形】avoidable adj. 可避免的；unavoidable adj. 不可避免的 二、核心语法精讲 不规则比较级和最高级 + as...as结构（2024-2026中考考查4次） 1. 不规则变化： good/well→better→best；bad/badly→worse→worst； many/much→more→most；little→less→least； far→farther/further→farthest/furthest 2. 特殊注意： - farther/further都可表距离更远；further还可表程度“进一步” - elder/eldest仅用于家庭辈分，不与than连用：my elder brother 3. as...as结构： - as+原级+as：as important as（和……一样重要） - 中间必须用原级，不能用比较级：as bigger as（✗） - 否定：not as...as = 比较级+than not as big as = smaller than 4. many与much的区别： - many修饰可数名词复数：many inventions - much修饰不可数名词：much time/work 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元写作核心为发明介绍类作文，要求描述一项发明的功能、特点和优势，语言生动，逻辑清晰。 2. 写作框架 开头：引出发明，简要介绍 中间1：描述外观和功能 中间2：说明优势和应用场景 结尾：总结发明的价值与影响 3. 写作素材 ① ...was invented by...in... ……由……于……发明。 ② It is one of the most important inventions in history. 它是历史上最重要的发明之一。 ③ The invention makes it possible for people to... 这项发明使人们能够…… ④ Instead of..., it uses... 它使用……代替…… ⑤ There is no doubt that this invention will benefit... 毫无疑问，这项发明将惠及…… 4. 范文背诵 A Great Invention — The Compass The compass is one of the greatest inventions in Chinese history. It was invented by ancient Chinese people during the Han Dynasty. The compass looks simple — it has a magnetic needle that always points north. However, this small invention changed the world. Before the compass, sailors could easily get lost at sea. With the compass, they could find their way over long distances. The compass spread from China to the Arab world and then to Europe. It made great sea voyages possible, including Columbus's journey to America. The compass is as important as the printing press. There is no doubt that it has greatly benefited human civilisation. 易错点01 although与but不能同时使用（高频易错） 【助记口诀】虽然但是不同房，although一人在场 【错因辨析】 中文“虽然……但是……”是并列连用，但英语中although和but不能出现在同一个句子中。 【对点训练】 1. ______ it rained heavily, he still went to school on time.（不用but） 【答案】Although 【解析】although引导让步状语从句，主句前不再用but。 易错点02 invent/invention/inventor词形混淆 【助记口诀】invent动词发明，invention名词发明物，inventor名词发明家 【错因辨析】 三个词形相近但词性不同，学生常在词形转换题中混淆。 【对点训练】 1. Bell was the ______ (invent) of the telephone. 2. The ______ (invent) of the Internet changed the world. 【答案】1. inventor 2. invention 【解析】1需要填“发明家”用inventor；2需要填“发明物”用invention。 易错点03 avoid后接动词形式错误 【助记口诀】avoid后接doing，不是to do 【错因辨析】 avoid后必须接动名词doing，不能接不定式to do，这是中考高频考点。 【对点训练】 1. We should avoid ______ (make) the same mistake again. 【答案】making 【解析】avoid doing sth.为固定搭配，后接动名词。 一、根据所给提示填空 1. Bi Sheng ______ （发明） movable type printing in the Song Dynasty. 【答案】invented 【解析】 ① 时间标志：in the Song Dynasty（宋代），属于明确过去时间状语，句子使用一般过去时； ② 动词辨析重点：invent v. 发明（创造从前不存在的事物）；discover v. 发现（事物本身早已存在）；本题活字印刷属于创造发明，只能用invent； ③ 变形：invent（原形）— invented（过去式/过去分词）； ④ 词形拓展：inventor n.发明家；invention n.发明物； ❌易错警示：不要填原形invent；不存在 inventted 错误拼写。 2. We should ______ （改善） our learning methods to make greater progress. 【答案】improve 【解析】 ① 语法规则：情态动词 should / can / must / may 后，只能接动词原形； ② improve v. 改善，改进； ③ 常用搭配拓展：improve learning methods 改进学习方法；improve oneself 自我提升；improve skills 提升技能；improve in sth. 在某方面进步； ④ 同义替换：make…better。 3. There is no ______ （怀疑） that ancient Chinese inventions influenced the whole world. 【答案】doubt 【解析】 ① 核心必考句型区分： ✅ There is no doubt that + 陈述句 毫无疑问……（否定句式，从句用that） ✅ There is some doubt whether + 句子 ……尚存疑问（肯定句式，从句用whether） ② doubt 此处为不可数名词； ③ 拓展短语：beyond doubt 毫无疑问；in doubt 心存疑惑。 4. Paper-making ______ （传播） gradually from China to the Middle East and Europe. 【答案】spread 【解析】 ① 语境：造纸术向外传播是历史事件，时态为一般过去时； ② spread 属于不规则动词：spread（原形）→ spread（过去式）→ spread（过去分词）； ❌高频错误：学生容易写成 spreaded（英语无此形式）； ③ 搭配拓展：spread across/from…to… 从……传播到……；spread widely 广泛传播。 5. She is an ______ /ɪnˈventə(r)/ who created many useful machines for daily life. 【答案】inventor 【解析】 ① 根据音标 /ɪnˈventə(r)/ 锁定单词； ② 词义辨析（重中之重）： inventor n. 发明家（指人） invention n. 发明（指物品） ③ 冠词提示：an 后面单词以元音音素开头，符合inventor发音； ④ 句子结构：who引导定语从句修饰inventor。 二、单项选择（加长题干，增加干扰项逻辑辨析） 1. The compass is considered one of ______ inventions in ancient human history. A. important B. more important C. the most important D. most important 【答案】C 【解析】 ✅固定黄金结构：one of the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数，翻译：最……之一； important为多音节形容词，最高级形式 the most important； ⚠两条硬性规则： 1）最高级前面必须加定冠词the； 2）后面名词必须使用复数inventions； ❌排除D：缺少the；A原级、B比较级均无法用于此句型。 2. With new technology, mobile phones are ______ useful than those produced ten years ago. A. much B. more much C. much more D. most 【答案】C 【解析】 ① than 是比较级标志词； ② useful 多音节形容词，比较级：more useful； ③ much 的语法功能：much可以放在比较级前面加强程度，表示“……得多”；语序固定：much + 比较级； 正确组合：much more useful； ❌B语序颠倒；A much不能单独修饰形容词；D most用于最高级。 3. ______ he is only sixteen years old, he has already invented several useful small tools. A. Although B. But C. Because D. So 【答案】A 【解析】 ① although（虽然）引导让步状语从句； ② 考试高频禁令：although / though 和 but 绝对不能同时出现在同一个句子中；二选一； ③ 逻辑辨析：because表原因；so表结果，均不符合“年纪很小，但已经发明工具”的转折逻辑。 4. To save time, we should avoid ______ plenty of time on meaningless online information. A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent 【答案】C 【解析】 ① 核心固定搭配：avoid doing sth. 避免做某事； ② 语法原理：avoid 后只能够接动名词（doing）作宾语，不接不定式to do；英语不存在 avoid to do 结构； 拓展同类动词：enjoy doing；practice doing；mind doing；finish doing。 5. Long-term good health depends ______ balanced diets and regular exercise. A. in B. on C. at D. for 【答案】B 【解析】 固定短语：depend on = rely on 依靠；取决于； ❌不存在depend in / depend at / depend of搭配，属于干扰项； 拓展句型：Our success depends on whether we work hard. 6. Lots of students can greatly benefit ______ reading widely in their free time. A. from B. in C. on D. at 【答案】A 【解析】 ✅benefit from sth. 从……当中获益； 拓展两种用法： 1）sb. benefit from sth. 某人从某物获益 2）sth. benefit sb. 某物有益于某人 例：Reading benefits us = We benefit from reading. 7. As soon as the news of the new invention came out, it spread quickly ______ the whole city. A. cross B. across C. through D. on 【答案】B 【解析】 词性+词义多重辨析： cross 动词，穿过；不能放在动词后面； across 介词：横跨、遍及（平面上铺开）spread across the city 传遍整座城市； through 介词：从物体内部穿过（森林、隧道）； on 在表面，语义不通； 口诀：平面跨越用across，内部穿行用through。 8. My ______ brother has strong interest in the history of ancient inventions. He is two years older than me. A. older B. elder C. eldest D. old 【答案】B 【解析】 【中考超级易混辨析】 elder：专门描述家庭成员长幼，只作定语，elder brother 哥哥，通常不与than连用； older：通用比较级，人/事物均可，必须搭配than用于比较； eldest：三者及以上当中年龄最大的（最高级）； 题干为亲属称呼，固定搭配 elder brother。 9. This new wooden printing box is not as ______ as the metal one. A. heavy B. heavier C. heaviest D. more heavy 【答案】A 【解析】 句型铁律：as + 形容词/副词原级 + as；否定形式 not as/so + 原级 + as； 中间位置禁止使用比较级、最高级； 补充：heavy比较级是heavier，没有more heavy这种错误形式。 10. There is no doubt ______ ancient Chinese inventions pushed the development of world culture. A. what B. if C. that D. whether 【答案】C 【解析】 doubt宾语从句完整规则： 1. 否定句 There is no doubt that …（陈述句，用that） 2. 肯定句 There is some doubt whether …（不确定，用whether） 从句句意完整、不缺主语宾语，不需要what；if不能用于该句型。 三、句型转换（解析包含转换原理、多种同义拓展、时态提醒） 1. The compass is as important as the printing press in world history.（同义替换） The compass is ______ ______ important ______ the printing press. 【答案】just; as; as 【解析】 as … as = just as … as；副词just加强语气，意为“恰好和……一样”； 转换原理：just修饰同级比较结构； 拓展同义句：The compass has the same importance as the printing press. 2. Smartphones are more useful than traditional mobile phones.（同义替换） Traditional mobile phones are ______ ______ useful ______ smartphones. 3. Cai Lun invented paper-making in the Eastern Han Dynasty.（改为被动语态） Paper-making ______ ______ by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 【答案】was; invented 【解析】 ① 时态判断：东汉是过去时间 → 一般过去时被动语态 结构：was/were + 动词过去分词 ② 主语paper-making（造纸术）抽象单数，be动词选用was； ③ invent过去分词 invented； ④ 主动变被动思路：宾语提前作主语，主语前加by； 主动：人 invented 事物 → 被动：事物 was invented by 人。 4. Although he feels tired every day, he keeps studying ancient invention history.（同义替换） He keeps studying ancient invention history ______ he feels tired every day. 【答案】though 【解析】 although 和 though 功能、含义基本一致，引导让步状语从句，可互换； ⚠硬性规则：两个连词都不能与but连用； 细微区别：although更加正式；though可放在句末。 5. We should avoid making the same mistake again and again.（同义替换） We should ______ ______ ______ making the same mistake again and again. 【答案】keep; away; from 【解析】 同义短语转换：avoid doing sth. = keep away from doing sth. 避免做某事； 拓展同类短语区分： prevent sb. from doing 阻止某人做某事（宾语是人）； stay away from sth. 远离某物。 4、 阅读理解 Passage A The Four Great Inventions of ancient China — the compass, gunpowder, paper-making, and printing — are among the most valuable inventions in human history. These great creations not only changed people’s lives inside China, but also greatly influenced the development of the whole world. Paper-making was improved by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Before paper appeared, ancient Chinese wrote words on heavy bamboo strips or expensive silk. Such materials were difficult to carry and too costly for common people. Cai Lun found a new way to make paper with tree bark, waste cloth and fishing nets. This method cut costs greatly. The technology spread to Arab regions in the 8th century and finally reached Europe in the 12th century. Printing was another amazing breakthrough. Bi Sheng created movable type printing in the Song Dynasty. Unlike block printing, which carved a whole page onto one wooden board, movable type used separate character blocks that people could rearrange freely. This way made printing faster and more flexible. Centuries later, Gutenberg from Europe improved printing technology and invented the modern printing press, which accelerated the spread of knowledge across Europe. These technologies travelled to other continents through ancient trade and cultural communication. They helped knowledge spread widely, improved global communication and connected different ancient civilisations. Without these inventions, the progress of human society would be much slower. 1. What belong to the Four Great Inventions of ancient China? A. Compass, telescope, paper, pen B. Compass, gunpowder, paper-making, printing C. Compass, electricity, paper, wheel D. Compass, telephone, paper-making, printing 【答案】B 【解析】 ✅解题方法：细节定位题，直接定位第一段第一句； ❌干扰项分析：A望远镜、C电、轮子、D电话均不属于中国古代四大发明，直接排除。 2. What disadvantages did bamboo strips and silk have before paper was invented? A. They were light and cheap. B. They were heavy or expensive. C. They were easy to produce. D. They could be used everywhere. 【答案】B 【解析】 原文定位：which were either too heavy or too expensive； 翻译：要么太重，要么太贵； 技巧：抓住关键词disadvantages（弊端），其余选项全部是优点，逻辑相反。 3. What advantage did Bi Sheng’s movable type printing have compared with block printing? A. It needed bigger wooden boards. B. It used separate characters which could be rearranged. C. It could print more colourful pictures. D. It was invented by a European. 【答案】B 【解析】 定位第三段：he made individual characters that could be rearranged； A属于雕版印刷特点；C文中未提及彩色印刷；D事实错误。 4. What does the underlined word “flexible” mean in the passage? A. expensive B. changeable and convenient（灵活的） C. difficult D. beautiful 【答案】B 【解析】词义猜测解题逻辑：活字模块可以自由重新排列，因此排版方式更加灵活；flexible 灵活的。 5. What can we infer from the whole passage? A. Chinese ancient inventions only influenced Asia. B. The Four Great Inventions pushed global development. C. Paper-making first spread to Europe in the 8th century. D. Gutenberg invented movable type printing. 【答案】B 【解析】推理题解题准则：带有only/all/never等绝对词选项大概率错误； A only绝对词，错误；C时间错误，8世纪传到阿拉伯，12世纪抵达欧洲；D事实错误，毕昇最先发明活字印刷。 Passage B Have you ever thought about how important wheels are? Imagine modern life without wheels: no cars, no trains, no bikes. The wheel is widely considered one of the greatest inventions created by humans, with a history of more than 5,000 years. The earliest wheels were solid wooden circles. Surprisingly, they were first used for making pottery instead of transport. About one thousand years later, people began to fix wheels onto carts. The very first transport wheels appeared in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. They were heavy and low in efficiency, but they completely changed ancient transport. As time went by, people improved wheel design continuously. Ancient Egyptians invented wheels with spokes. Compared with solid wheels, spoke wheels were much lighter, making long-distance travelling easier. Later, Romans built standard roads, allowing wheeled vehicles to run more smoothly. Nowadays, wheels can be seen everywhere. They are used in transportation tools, watches, medical machines and computers. People produce wheels with all kinds of materials such as steel, rubber and plastic. The newest invention is the smart wheel built with sensors. It can check road conditions and adjust its state automatically. Although wheels have existed for thousands of years, scientists and inventors are still trying to make them better. Nobody can predict what creative new wheels human beings will create in the future. 1. What was the earliest wheel used for? A. Daily transport B. Making pottery C. Building houses D. Playing sports 【答案】B 【解析】定位原文第二段 The earliest wheels were used for making pottery。 2. When did wheels start to be used on transport vehicles? A. Around 5000 BC B. Around 3500 BC C. Around 1000 BC D. Around 500 AD 【答案】B 【解析】原文线索 The first wheels for transport appeared in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC。 3. What improvement did ancient Egyptians make to wheels? A. They created solid wooden wheels. B. They started to use rubber for wheels. C. They invented wheels with spokes. D. They designed smart wheels with sensors. 【答案】C 【解析】定位第三段 The ancient Egyptians used wheels with spokes；橡胶、智能轮子都是现代产物。 4. What function does a smart wheel have? A. It can fly in the sky. B. It uses sensors to check road conditions. C. It is made completely of wood. D. It never wears out. 【答案】B 【解析】原文第四段：has sensors that can detect road conditions and adjust automatically。 5. What conclusion can we draw from the passage? A. Wheels will disappear soon in the future. B. People keep improving wheel technology all the time. C. No changes have been made to wheels since ancient times. D. Smart wheels have already been widely used everywhere. 【答案】B 【解析】定位最后一段 inventors continue to improve them； A、C与原文意思相反；D文中只介绍智能轮子是什么，没有说已经广泛普及。 五、语法填空（每条解析：语法考点、词形变化逻辑、拓展搭配、陷阱提醒） The compass 1. ______ (be) one of the most influential inventions in ancient China. It 2. ______ (invent) during the Han Dynasty. Before the invention of the compass, ancient sailors had no useful way 3. ______ (find) directions when sailing on the sea. Without good tools, they easily got 4. ______ (lose) and dared not travel far away from the coast. The compass works with a magnetic needle that always points to the north. This 5. ______ (simple) but powerful invention made long ocean journeys 6. ______ (possible) for ancient explorers. With its help, sailors could travel much 7. ______ (far) than before. Gradually, this technology spread from China to Arab countries and later reached Europe. It benefited 8. ______ (thousand) of traders and explorers across the world. Historians believe that without the compass, the Age of Exploration might never 9. ______ (happen). Even in modern times, although GPS technology is popular, the simple compass is still 10. ______ (wide) used by hikers and sailors. 1.【答案】is 【解析】描述客观常识、事实真理，使用一般现在时；主语the compass单数名词，谓语动词用is。 2.【答案】was invented 【解析】 ① 语态：指南针“被人们发明”，使用被动语态； ② 时态：汉代属于过去时间，一般过去时被动：was/were + done； ③ 主语单数 → was invented。 3.【答案】to find 【解析】固定结构：the way to do sth. 做某事的方法；不定式to do作后置定语修饰way； 区分：the way of doing sth.（同义结构）。 4.【答案】lost 【解析】固定搭配 get lost 迷路；lost此处为形容词，不能填写lose。 5.【答案】simple 【解析】空格修饰名词invention，需要形容词作前置定语；simple but powerful 简单却强大。 6.【答案】possible 【解析】必考结构：make + 宾语 + 形容词（宾语补足语）；make sth. possible 使某事成为可能。 7.【答案】farther / further 【解析】than比较级标志；much修饰比较级； far两组比较级： farther：侧重物理距离更远； further：侧重抽象程度更进一步；本题描述航行距离，两者均可。 8.【答案】thousands 【解析】规则：无具体数字 + thousands of 数以千计； 若前面有数字，只能用 thousand（不加s），例：two thousand people。 9.【答案】have happened 【解析】虚拟语气考点：might + have done，表示对过去事情的假设。 句意：倘若没有指南针，大航海时代或许永远不会出现。 10.【答案】widely 【解析】修饰动词used，必须使用副词； wide（adj.宽阔的）→ widely（adv.广泛地）； 区分：wide作副词多指空间上“宽地”；widely表示抽象“广泛地”。 六、书面表达 写作任务 请以“A New Invention”为题，写一篇英语短文。 要求： 1. 介绍这项发明外形、基础功能； 2. 分析优势，适用人群； 3. 表达你的观点与展望；词数100–120。 范文 A New Invention — The Smart Backpack I’d like to introduce a fantastic invention: the smart backpack. It looks like an ordinary school backpack, but it is equipped with many high-tech parts. There is a solar panel on its top, which can produce power to charge your mobile phones as you walk. It has a built-in GPS to stop you from getting lost. What’s more, it can weigh all the things inside and remind you not to carry too heavy things, protecting your back. In my opinion, this invention is really practical. It brings great convenience to students and travellers. There is no doubt that it will become more popular in the near future. 写作解析 1. 篇章结构拆解（三段式议论文，考场标准模板） 第一段：开门见山，引出发明，外观简单描述； 第二段：分层列举多项核心功能，使用定语从句、递进连接词； 第三段：评价实用性，点明受益人群，表达展望，回扣单元重点句型。 2. 单元核心考点句型盘点 ① There is no doubt that…（本单元核心句型） ② stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 ③ be equipped with 配备有…… 3. 句式提分亮点 定语从句：There is a solar panel on its top, which can produce power… 递进连接词 What’s more，避免简单句堆砌； 4. 时态规划 全文以一般现在时描述物品常态；will用于未来预测，时态统一规范。 5. 得分要点提醒 三个写作要求必须全部覆盖，缺少任意一点会直接丢失要点分； 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $