Unit 2 Literature（知识清单）英语新教材北师大版九年级上册

该初中英语单元知识清单系统整合了“Literature”主题下的核心内容，涵盖分类词汇（人物身份、情节动作等五类）、功能短语（动词、名词、形容词类）、实用交际句型、定语从句语法及文学写作模块，构建了从词汇积累到语法应用再到语篇输出的递进式学习支架。 清单通过“分类词汇配情境例句”“语法精讲+即时小练”“写作框架+范文”的设计呈现知识体系，如将“被动语态”结合文学例句讲解并配选择练习，用“定语从句关系词分类表”明晰逻辑，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。特设“易错点辨析”（如compare with/to用法对比）及“写作素材库”，助力不同学生高效掌握，教师可直接用于课堂教学与分层辅导。

Unit 2 Literature 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、人物与身份： 1._________ 渔民 ____________________________________________________（这个渔民在小说里讲述了一个神奇的故事。） 2. _________师父；(男) 主人 ____________________________________________________（在传说中，年轻人向他的师父学习法术。） 3. _________ 怪物 ____________________________________________________（主人公在古老故事中和可怕的怪物战斗。） 二、情节动作： 1. _________讨论，谈论____________________________________________________（书中这一章，人物们讨论他们的计划。） 2. _________处罚____________________________________________________（童话里国王决定处罚这个坏人。） 3. _________凿____________________________________________________（故事里他们凿出深坑来埋藏宝藏。） 4. _________拉，拽____________________________________________________（冒险故事中他拽动绳索逃离危险。） 5. _________怀疑____________________________________________________（她开始怀疑老人话语的真假。） 6. _________道歉；谢罪____________________________________________________（故事里主人公必须为自己的过错道歉。） 7. _________怀念；思念；迟到____________________________________________________（在这本悲伤的小说里女孩思念自己的家人。） 8. _________仔细考虑，细想____________________________________________________（他仔细考虑是否踏上这场危险的旅程。） 9. _________推荐；举荐；劝告____________________________________________________（作者向所有年轻读者举荐这本书。） 10. _________虐待____________________________________________________（故事里这个可怜男孩遭到虐待。） 11. _________升起；增加，提高____________________________________________________（太阳升起，主人公开启新的人生。） 三、事物与环境： 1. _________啤酒 ____________________________________________________（故事中英雄们围着火喝啤酒。） 2. _________营地；度假营 ____________________________________________________（他们搭建营地，再继续漫长行程。） 3. _________洞，孔；裂口 ____________________________________________________（传说中有一个黑洞通向秘密世界。） 4. _________影子；背光处 ____________________________________________________（一道诡异的影子出现在主角身后。） 5. _________东西；原料 ____________________________________________________（他把所有珍贵的东西放进小盒子。） 6. _________岩石 ____________________________________________________（宝藏藏在一块巨大岩石后面。） 7. _________岸；银行 ____________________________________________________（他们停留在河岸边上休息。） 8. _________头带，束发带 ____________________________________________________（小说里勇敢的女孩戴着一条红色头带。） 9. _________旗；旗帜 ____________________________________________________（历史故事里士兵高举他们的旗帜。） 10. _________监狱；看守所 ____________________________________________________（主人公无故被关进监狱。） 四、情感、品质与评价 1. _________愚蠢的；荒唐的 ____________________________________________________（这个荒唐的主意给人物带来很多麻烦。） 2. _________不幸的 ____________________________________________________（这个不幸的女孩一路上遭遇重重磨难。） 3. _________珍奇的；珍贵的 ____________________________________________________（她在冒险故事中找到一块珍奇宝石。） 4. _________牢固的；紧身的 ____________________________________________________（跳下之前，他把绳子系得很牢固。） 5. _________正常的 ____________________________________________________（最后，他回归了正常生活。） 6. _________感人的 ____________________________________________________（这是一个关于亲情友情的感人故事。） 7. _________信仰；信心 ____________________________________________________（纵使遭遇困境，他仍坚守自己的信心。） 8. _________优秀杰出的；重要的____________________________________（他是这本名著里一位杰出的英雄。） 9. _________不怕的，无畏的，大胆的 _______________________________________（这个无畏的男孩直面各种各样的危险。） 五、抽象概念 1. _________旅行，行程 _______________________________________（这场漫长行程彻底改变了这个年轻人。） 2. _________真相，实情 _______________________________________（最终人们弄清了事件的真相。） 3. _________死；死亡 _________________________________（这个故事探讨生和死亡。） 4. _________位置_______________________________________（没人知道秘密洞穴的位置。） 5. _________解放_______________________________________（这本小说描写人们为解放而斗争。） 6. _________未败过的_______________________________________（这位未尝败绩的勇士终于迎来巨大挑战。） 7. _________表演 _______________________________________（这本书讲述了他的演艺梦想。） 8. _________总体上，大体上；全面的 _______________________________________（总体上，这本小说值得一读。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. ______________把…… 与…… 比较 _______________________________________（老师让我们把这本书和那本做比较。） 2. ______________对…… 有影响 _______________________________________（伟大的书籍会对人们的思想产生影响。） 3. ______________发挥作用 _______________________________________（友谊在这个故事中发挥重要作用。） 4. ______________参加 _______________________________________（很多学生参加这次阅读比赛。） 5. ______________了解 _______________________________________（我们可以从古老小说中了解历史。） 6. ______________ 做报告 / 演讲 _______________________________________（这位作家下周五会做一场关于文学的演讲。） 7. ______________ 从事；致力于_______________________________________（他已经致力于这本新小说创作两年了。） 8.______________ 冒险做某事 _______________________________________（故事中的主人公冒险去营救他的朋友们。） 9.______________ 使离去，赶走 _______________________________________（坏人试图赶走这位主角。） 10. ______________ 屈服；认输 _______________________________________（主人公绝不会向困难屈服。） 二、名词短语 1. ______________ 童话故事 _______________________________________（奶奶经常在睡前给我讲一个童话故事。） 2. _________________ 经典小说 _______________________________________（这是一本深受众多读者喜爱的经典小说。） 3._________________ 诗集 _______________________________________（他买了一本这位伟大诗人写的诗集。） 4. _________________ 舞台剧 _______________________________________（这周末我们要去看一场舞台剧。） 5. _________________ 主要角色 _______________________________________（这个故事里的主要角色是一位勇敢的少女。） 6. _________________ 情节发展 _______________________________________（我对这本小说的情节发展感到意外。） 三、形容词类动词短语 1. _________________ 以…… 为基础 _______________________________________（这部电影是以一个真实的童话故事为基础。） 2. _________________ 值得做 _______________________________________（这本经典小说值得再读一遍。） 3. _________________ 对…… 感兴趣 _______________________________________（大多数孩子都对童话故事感兴趣。） 4. _________________ 因…… 而著名 _______________________________________（这位作家因他的舞台剧而闻名。） 5. _________________ 作为…… 而闻名_______________________________________（他在中国历史上作为一名伟大诗人而闻名。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、介绍书籍、作者、作品背景： 1. This novel was written by a famous writer.（这部小说是一位著名作家写的。） 2. The story is based on a real event.（这个故事基于一个真实事件。） 3. We are going to learn about Shakespeare.（我们将学习莎士比亚。） 4. She is known as a great poet.（她作为一位伟大的诗人而闻名。） 二、说明阅读的作用、影响与价值： 1. It is important to read different kinds of books.（读不同类型的书很重要。） 2. The book has a great influence on me.（这本书对我影响很大。） 3. Reading helps us compare different ideas.（阅读帮助我们比较不同的观点。） 4. The poem makes sense only when you read it twice.（这首诗只有读两遍才有意义。） 三、表达观点与评价 1. In my opinion, this is the best drama this year.（在我看来，这是今年最好的戏剧。） 语法 定语从句 写作 谈论阅读文学作品的意义、给同学提出阅读文学名著的建议、分享自己喜爱的文学作品。 一、知识点精讲 知识点1：被动语态（一般现在时）—— am/is/are +过去分词 【用法讲解】 被动语态中 be 动词的形式要随主语的人称和数变化；过去分词不能省略。主动变被动时，宾语变主语，动词变 be+done。 【例句】 1. In the fairy tale, the princess is saved by a brave young man. 在童话故事中，公主被一位勇敢的青年所救。 2. These poems were written by a poet from Jinan. 这些诗作由一位来自济南的诗人所写。 3. The classic novel was published in 1998 and is still popular today. 这部经典小说出版于1998年，至今仍广受欢迎。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. — Is this novel ____ by Mo Yan? — Yes, it is. A. write B. wrote C. written D. writing （ ）2. The stories in this book ____ from real life. A. is taken B. are taken C. takes D. are take （ ）3. Which language ____ in your English class? A. is use B. is used C. are used D. use 知识点2：be worth doing（主动形式表被动意义） 【用法讲解】 be worth doing 中 doing 用主动形式表示被动含义，不能用 to do，也不能用 being done。类似用法的还有 need doing。 【例句】 1. The collection of poems is well worth reading carefully. 该诗集非常值得仔细阅读。 2. This fairy tale is worth telling to children again and again. 这个童话故事值得反复向孩子们讲述。 The novel he wrote is worth discussing in our next class. 他所创作的小说值得我们在下一节课上讨论。 知识点3：be based on / have influence on / make sense 短语辨析 【用法讲解】 be based on 后接名词/动名词，表示'以……为基础'；have influence on 表示'对……有影响'；make sense 表示'有意义/讲得通'，主语通常是物。 【即时小练】 1. The story is ____ (base) on something that really happened in Jinan. 2. His novels ____ (have) a great influence on Chinese literature. 3. What the poet wrote about nature ____ (make) a lot of sense to me. 二、核心语法精讲 定语从句 什么是定语从句：I like a girl who is beautiful. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 一．关系词分类 分类 引导词 例句 关系 代词 who, whom, which, that, whose The man who is working there is my brother. This is the book(that/which) I bought yesterday. The room whose window is open is mine. 关系 副词 when, where, why I still remember the day when you left for Beijing. This is the school where my mother works. 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系词 作用 先行词 例句 that,who,whom (whom只作 宾语) 主语、宾 语、表语 人 Do you know the girl who/that has got an “A” in the exam?你知道考试中得“A”的那个女孩吗? that,which 主语、宾 语、表语 物 She has a computer which/that her parents bought for her.她有一台父母给买的电脑。 whose 定语 人、物 He’s a man whose opinion I respect.他是我尊重意见的人。 The classroom whose window is open is mine.开着窗户的那个教室是我的教室。 1.关系代词的用法 一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能放在介词后作介词的宾语;which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词及介词的宾语;who在从句中作主语或宾语;whom在从句中作宾语;whose在从句中作定语。如: A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.  　　　　　　　先行词　主语　　谓语　　　　宾语  who是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。 句意:医生就是照顾人们身体健康的人。 (1)下列情况下,先行词指物时,只能用that引导,不能用which引导: ①当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等代词时。如: Is there anything that you don’t understand?你有不懂的地方吗? Tom told his mother all that had happened.汤姆把事情的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。 ②当先行词前面有the only,the very,the last等修饰时。如: This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一一本书。 ③当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级,或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如: This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。 ④当主句是以疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时。如: Which is the hotel that you like best?哪一个是你最喜欢的旅馆? (2)关系代词which,whom在从句中作介词的宾语时,介词可以放在which,whom之前,构成“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。如: I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.我永远不会忘记我加入俱乐部的那一天。 (3)that,which,who在从句中作主语时,不能省略。如: Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?正在和我们老师谈话的那个男孩是谁? All who have seen the film were moved.看过这部电影的人都被感动了。 三．关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 相当于 先行词 在从句中的句法功能 when at/in/on/during which 表示时间的词（组） 时间状语 where in/at which 表示地点的词（组） 地点状语 why for which reason 原因状语 when、where和why引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。 (1)when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如: I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。 (2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是表示原因的reason一词。如: We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我们不知道他为什么上学迟到。 (3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如: That is the school where I studied three years ago.那是我三年前就读的学校。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元话题为 Literature（文学），北京中考常考题型：观点议论类、读书建议类、推荐分享类短文。 · 写作情境：谈论阅读文学作品的意义、给同学提出阅读文学名著的建议、分享自己喜爱的文学作品、讨论经典文学的价值。 · 高频考查能力：表达观点、给出建议、说明利弊、简单介绍文学作品，善用连接词，灵活运用被动语态。 2. 写作框架 (1) 开头（引入话题，点明文学阅读的现状） Nowadays, more and more people enjoy reading literature works. But some students show little interest in classic literature. (2) 主体第一段（阐述阅读文学的意义 / 现象） Reading good literature works brings us a lot. It notonly opens our eyes but also touches our hearts. However, some students think classic works are hard to understand. (3) 主体第二段（提出建议，重点得分段，First/Second/What’s more 中考高频逻辑词） We should develop a good habit of reading literature. First, … Second, … What’s more, … (4) 结尾（总结升华，简短有力） In short, literature enriches our life. Let’s take time to read great works. 3. 写作素材 · 核心短语 read literature works 阅读文学作品 classic novels 经典小说 a collection of poems 诗集 stage dramas 舞台剧 the main character 主要角色 learn about different cultures 了解不同文化 be based on real life 以现实生活为基础 have a great influence on us 对我们产生很大影响 be worth reading 值得阅读 develop our thinking 培养我们的思维 be famous for 因…… 而著名 in one’s opinion 在某人看来 · 经典句型 Many great literature works are loved by thousands of readers. 成千上万的读者喜爱许多优秀的文学作品。 Some classic novels are based on real events. 一些经典小说以真实事件为基础。 These great books should be read by more teenagers. 这些好书应该被更多青少年阅读。 Reading literature helps us learn more about the world. 阅读文学帮助我们更多地了解世界。 More reading activities will be held to encourage us to enjoy literature. 将会举办更多阅读活动鼓励我们感受文学之美。 4. 范文背诵 Enjoy Literature Reading Nowadays, more and more people enjoy reading literature works. But some students show little interest in classic literature. Reading good literature works brings us a lot. It not only opens our eyes but also touches our hearts. However, some students think classic works are too difficult to understand. We should develop a good habit of reading literature. First, we can start with simple stories. Second, we are supposed to learn about the background before reading. What’s more, we can share our ideas with classmates after reading. In short, literature enriches our life. Let’s take time to read great works. a Book Recommendation Dear editor, I’d like to recommend a classic novel — The Old Man and the Sea. It was written by Hemingway, a famous American writer. The book tells a story about a brave fisherman. He fights against difficulties at sea and never gives up. The main character teaches me a lot. I strongly recommend it to our students. First, it is worth reading and it has a great influence on me. Second, its simple language is easy for teenagers to understand. What’s more, we can learn to stay fearless when we meet trouble. In my opinion, it is one of the greatest works. Hope more classmates will enjoy it. Yours, Li Hua 易错点1：compare...with... 与 compare...to... 辨析 【用法讲解】 compare A with B 侧重'比较两者找异同'；compare A to B 侧重'把A比作B'（比喻）。两者不可混用。 【例句】 1. We often compare this poem with that one in class. 我们经常将这首诗与课堂上学过的那首进行比较。 2. The writer compares the sea to a big blue book. 作者将大海比作一本巨大的蓝色书籍。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. In her essay, she ____ life ____ a long journey. A. compare; with B. compared; with C. compared; to D. comparing; to （ ）2. Students are asked to ____ their own stories ____ those of famous writers. A. compare; to B. compare; with C. compares; with D. comparing; to （ ）3. Can you ____ the plot of this drama ____ the original novel? A. compare; to B. compared; to C. compare; with D. comparing; with 易错点2：易混词辨析（novel / poem / drama / fairy tale / classic） 【用法讲解】 novel 是长篇小说，poem 是诗歌，drama 是戏剧/剧本，fairy tale 是童话故事，classic 是经典作品。注意它们作主语时谓语动词的单复数。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. A ____ is a long story about imaginary characters and events. A. poem B. drama C. novel D. fairy tale （ ）2. ‘Cinderella’ is a famous ____ ____. A. fairy tale B. novel C. drama D. poem （ ）3. Shakespeare wrote many great ____. A. poems B. novels C. dramas D. tales 易错点3：情景交际（谈论文学、表达喜好与推荐） 【用法讲解】 回答 What do you think of...? / How do you like...? 用 I think... / In my opinion... / I enjoy...；推荐用 I suggest / You should / Why not...；注意礼貌回应。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. — I've finished reading the book you lent me. — Really? ____ do you think of the ending? A. What B. How C. Why D. Which （ ）2. — I don't understand this line of the poem. — ____ asking our teacher for help? A. Why don't you B. How about C. You'd better D. Why not （ ）3. — Can you recommend a good book? — ____. A. I'm reading now B. I don't like reading C. I suggest 'The Old Man and the Sea' D. It is a novel 一、单项选择 1．一Tom,  I can't find my dictionary! 一Don't worry. You can use _______________. A．I B．me C．my D．mine 2．一Where is Mr. Brown? 一I think he's _____________ the music hall. A．on B．in C．over D．from 3．Many people think Erquan rngyue is too sad,  _____________ it's my favorite. A．and B．so C．or D．but 4．一______________ do you have a medical examination? 一Once a year. A．How soon B．How long C．How often D．How far 5．The notebook _______________ be Linda's because it has her name on it. A．must B．may C．can D．might 6．We don't think teenagers should be allowed to drive because they are not __________ enough. A．serious B．more serious C．most serious D．the most serious 7．When I was young,  my mother ___________ by my side all the time. A．stays B．is staying C．stayed D．will stay 8．Look! All my classmates ___________ on the playground. A．are running B．ran C．were running D．run 9．I like musicians ______ can write their own music. A．which B．who C．where D．when 10．My father is a teacher and he ___________ in this school for about twenty years. A．works B．is working C．was working D．has worked 11．The first 5G mobile phone ___________ by a Chinese company last year. A．is produced B．produces C．was produced D．produced 12．一Do you know ________________________? 一Next Wednesday. A．when will the winter vacation start B．when the winter vacation will start C．when did the winter vacation start D．when the winter vacation started 二、完形填空 Ella, a 14-year-old girl, loved finding new things around her. Although she faced challenges because of a physical disability (残疾), Ella’s love for life stayed strong. One sunny afternoon, Ella went into the garden behind her house. In the garden, she met an old owl (猫头鹰). The owl introduced himself as Oliver and shared stories of his travels across the land. Ella 13 carefully, her eyes wide with wonder. Gradually, Ella and Oliver became good friends. They would 14 life, dreams and the beauty of the world around them. Oliver taught Ella to see past her disability and bravely face whatever 15 she met. One day, Oliver told Ella a 16 —a hidden treasure was buried (掩埋) deep within the garden. With excitement in her heart, Ella set out to 17 it. As Ella went deeper into the garden, she came across many challenges. With Oliver by her side, she overcame each one with the 18 of love that comes from the bottom of her heart. After overcoming many troubles, Ella 19 found the hidden treasure—a beautiful crystal (水晶). It means hope, love and the power of believing in oneself. With the treasure in her hands, Ella realized her disability was not a limitation (限制) but a(n) 20 part of who she was. She learned to accept her differences and started to understand that everyone is special in their own way. 13．A．asked B．listened C．explained D．expected 14．A．wait for B．refer to C．talk about D．work out 15．A．challenges B．changes C．friends D．mistakes 16．A．method B．secret C．rule D．notice 17．A．sell B．move C．bury D．find 18．A．answer B．action C．power D．joy 19．A．finally B．nearly C．firstly D．suddenly 20．A．difficult B．simple C．interesting D．special 3、 阅读理解 A Pierre Dupin had delivered (送货) milk to the families on Prince Edward Street for thirty years. All that knew him loved him. Every morning at five, Pierre arrived at the milk company’s stables, saying to Joseph, “Good morning! My old friend!” Then, the two started their day proudly. Without any order from Pierre, the wagon would roll down the street. The horse stopped at the first house. There, Joseph would wait perhaps thirty seconds for Pierre to get down off his seat and put a bottle of milk at the front door… One day, the president of the company came to check the early morning milk deliveries. Jacques, the foreman (领班) of the stables, pointed to Pierre and said, “See how the horse listens and how he turns his head toward Pierre?” “Yeah! But Pierre’s getting old.” said the president, “Tell him it is time he rested…” But Pierre said, “My life will be nothing if I can’t drive Joseph every day. We are two old men! Let us wear out together. When Joseph is ready to leave, then I too will do so.” Then one cold morning, after about two years, Jacques said, “Pierre, your horse, Joseph, didn’t wake up. Go over and see him.” Pierre took one step forward, then turned. “No…no… You…you don’t understand, Jacques.” Now, Jacques looked into Pierre’s eyes. He saw a dead, lifeless look in them. So he said, “Take the day off, Pierre!” Pierre stepped into the street. Then there came a warning shout and a screech (尖锐的刹车声)… Five minutes later, a doctor announced, “Pierre’s dead…” “I couldn’t help it.” the driver said, “Why, he walked as though he were blind?” The doctor bent down. “Blind? Of course! This man has been blind for five years.” he turned to Jacques, “Didn’t you know that?” “None of us knew.” Jacques said softly, “Only one…only one knew—a friend of his, named Joseph…” 21．Pierre refused to leave his job because ________. A．he thought he was not old enough B．Joseph couldn’t work without his help C．he was unwilling to be separated from Joseph D．people on the street couldn’t live without him 22．The underlined sentences tell us that ________. A．Jacques was surprised to find that Pierre couldn’t see anything B．Pierre was too scared to take a last glance at his friend C．Pierre was so sad because it was time for him to leave his job then D．the death of Joseph drove Pierre to lose confidence for life 23．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．no one had ever known Pierre was blind B．Joseph just served as Pierre’s guide after Pierre went blind C．blindness didn’t make any difference to Pierre’s life at all D．the president wasn’t quite satisfied with Pierre’s work B Most of us fear failure. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. In fact, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after”. And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.     Every failure-even the worst ones-helps us learn to do things differently in the future. “Learning from the past mistakes and making changes helped me to reach the top of Everest successfully,” says mountaineer Pete Athans, who has now reached the world’s highest peak (山峰) seven times.      Failure  also  reminds  us  that  things  can  go  wrong-sometimes  with  terrible  results. Austrian  Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner is the first woman to reach the top of all 14 of the world’s 8, 000-meter peaks without extra oxygen (氧气). In 2007, while climbing in Nepal, she was in an avalanche (雪崩). She survived, but two nearby Spanish climbers died. The experience taught Kaltenbrunner that no matter how prepared a person is, bad things can still happen. But Kaltenbrunner decided she had to learn from her experience and move on.      Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to tell people that we are failures because our good name depends on success. However, things are slowly changing. In the past ten years, some scientific magazines-mostly in medicine-have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative’ results and that this can finally lead to positive outcomes.      The business world already understands the value of negative results. Eli Lilly and Company has failure parties to study data about medicine that doesn't work.      In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures became one of its biggest successes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created the Apple Newton. It was one of Apple’s biggest failures. However, Apple’s CEO,      Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential (潜力) and he began to improve it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.      The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. There is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other. 24．The writer writes Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly to ________. A．show how bad things can become important lessons B．tell us that it's possible for anyone to be successful C．prove how bad things can happen in any situation D．teach us what not to do when climbing mountains 25．The underlined word “reluctant” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．unable B．unsure C．unwilling D．uninterested 26．What is the passage mainly about? ________ A．An attitude towards failure. B．The experience of success. C．A difficult way to success. D．The rewards of failure. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 2 Literature 主 题 场 景 分 类 词 汇 一、人物与身份： 1. fisherman 渔民 The fisherman told a magical story in the novel.（这个渔民在小说里讲述了一个神奇的故事。） 2. master 师父；(男) 主人 The young man learned magic from his master in the legend.（在传说中，年轻人向他的师父学习法术。） 3. monster 怪物 The hero fought against a terrible monster in the old story.（主人公在古老故事中和可怕的怪物战斗。） 二、情节动作： 1. discuss 讨论，谈论The characters discuss their plans in this chapter of the book.（书中这一章，人物们讨论他们的计划。） 2. punish 处罚The king decided to punish the bad man in the fairy tale.（童话里国王决定处罚这个坏人。） 3. dig 凿They dig a deep hole to hide the treasure in the story.（故事里他们凿出深坑来埋藏宝藏。） 4. pull 拉，拽He pulls the rope to escape from danger in the adventure.（冒险故事中他拽动绳索逃离危险。） 5. doubt 怀疑She begins to doubt the truth of the old man’s words.（她开始怀疑老人话语的真假。） 6. apologise 道歉；谢罪The hero has to apologise for his mistake in the story.（故事里主人公必须为自己的过错道歉。） 7. miss 怀念；思念；迟到The girl misses her family in this sad novel.（在这本悲伤的小说里女孩思念自己的家人。） 8. consider 仔细考虑，细想He considers whether to take the dangerous journey.（他仔细考虑是否踏上这场危险的旅程。） 9. recommend 推荐；举荐；劝告The writer recommends this book to all young readers.（作者向所有年轻读者举荐这本书。） 10. ill‑treat 虐待The poor boy was ill‑treated in the story.（故事里这个可怜男孩遭到虐待。） 11. rise 升起；增加，提高The sun rises as the hero starts his new life.（太阳升起，主人公开启新的人生。） 三、事物与环境： 1. beer 啤酒 The heroes drank beer around the fire in the story.（故事中英雄们围着火喝啤酒。） 2. camp 营地；度假营 They set up a camp before continuing their long journey.（他们搭建营地，再继续漫长行程。） 3. hole 洞，孔；裂口 There is a dark hole leading to a secret world in the tale.（传说中有一个黑洞通向秘密世界。） 4. shadow 影子；背光处 A strange shadow appears behind the main character.（一道诡异的影子出现在主角身后。） 5. stuff 东西；原料 He put all his precious stuff into the small box.（他把所有珍贵的东西放进小盒子。） 6. rock 岩石 The treasure was hidden behind a huge rock.（宝藏藏在一块巨大岩石后面。） 7. bank 岸；银行 They stopped and rested on the river bank.（他们停留在河岸边上休息。） 8. headband 头带，束发带 The brave girl wears a red headband in the novel.（小说里勇敢的女孩戴着一条红色头带。） 9. flag 旗；旗帜 The soldiers hold up their flag in this historical story.（历史故事里士兵高举他们的旗帜。） 10. prison 监狱；看守所 The hero was put into prison for no reason.（主人公无故被关进监狱。） 四、情感、品质与评价 1. silly 愚蠢的；荒唐的 The silly idea brought the character much trouble.（这个荒唐的主意给人物带来很多麻烦。） 2. unlucky 不幸的 The unlucky girl met many difficulties on her way.（这个不幸的女孩一路上遭遇重重磨难。） 3. precious 珍奇的；珍贵的 She finds a precious stone in the adventure story.（她在冒险故事中找到一块珍奇宝石。） 4. tight 牢固的；紧身的 He tied the rope tight before jumping down.（跳下之前，他把绳子系得很牢固。） 5. normal 正常的 At last, he returned to his normal life.（最后，他回归了正常生活。） 6. moving 感人的 This is a moving story about family and friendship.（这是一个关于亲情友情的感人故事。） 7. faith 信仰；信心 He keeps his faith even when he meets hard times.（纵使遭遇困境，他仍坚守自己的信心。） 8. outstanding 优秀杰出的；重要的 He is an outstanding hero in this famous book.（他是这本名著里一位杰出的英雄。） 9. fearless 不怕的，无畏的，大胆的 The fearless boy faces all kinds of danger.（这个无畏的男孩直面各种各样的危险。） 五、抽象概念 1. journey 旅行，行程 The long journey changes the young man greatly.（这场漫长行程彻底改变了这个年轻人。） 2. truth 真相，实情 At last, people find out the truth of the event.（最终人们弄清了事件的真相。） 3. death 死；死亡 The story talks about life and death.（这个故事探讨生和死亡。） 4. position 位置 No one knows the position of the secret cave.（没人知道秘密洞穴的位置。） 5. liberation 解放 The novel describes people’s fight for liberation.（这本小说描写人们为解放而斗争。） 6. unbeaten 未败过的 The unbeaten warrior finally meets his great challenge.（这位未尝败绩的勇士终于迎来巨大挑战。） 7. acting 表演 The book tells us his dream of acting.（这本书讲述了他的演艺梦想。） 8. overall 总体上，大体上；全面的 Overall, this novel is worth reading.（总体上，这本小说值得一读。） 短 语 一、动词短语 1. compare...with... 把…… 与…… 比较 The teacher asks us to compare this book with that one.（老师让我们把这本书和那本做比较。） 2. have influence on 对…… 有影响 Great books have influence on people’s thoughts.（伟大的书籍会对人们的思想产生影响。） 3. play a role 发挥作用 Friendship plays an important role in this story.（友谊在这个故事中发挥重要作用。） 4. take part in 参加 Many students take part in the reading competition.（很多学生参加这次阅读比赛。） 5. learn about 了解 We can learn about history from ancient novels.（我们可以从古老小说中了解历史。） 6. give a talk 做报告 / 演讲 The writer will give a talk about literature next Friday.（这位作家下周五会做一场关于文学的演讲。） 7. work on 从事；致力于 He has worked on this new novel for two years.（他已经致力于这本新小说创作两年了。） 8. risk doing sth 冒险做某事 The hero risked saving his friends in the story.（故事中的主人公冒险去营救他的朋友们。） 9. drive sb away 使离去，赶走 The bad man tried to drive the main character away.（坏人试图赶走这位主角。） 10. give in 屈服；认输 The hero will never give in to difficulties.（主人公绝不会向困难屈服。） 二、名词短语 1. a fairy tale 童话故事 My grandma often tells me a fairy tale before bedtime.（奶奶经常在睡前给我讲一个童话故事。） 2. a classic novel 经典小说 This is a classic novel loved by lots of readers.（这是一本深受众多读者喜爱的经典小说。） 3. a collection of poems 诗集 He bought a collection of poems written by the great poet.（他买了一本这位伟大诗人写的诗集。） 4. a stage drama 舞台剧 We are going to watch a stage drama this weekend.（这周末我们要去看一场舞台剧。） 5. main character 主要角色 The main character in this story is a brave young girl.（这个故事里的主要角色是一位勇敢的少女。） 6. plot development 情节发展 I am surprised by the plot development of the novel.（我对这本小说的情节发展感到意外。） 三、形容词类动词短语 1. be based on 以…… 为基础 The movie is based on a reallife fairy tale.（这部电影是以一个真实的童话故事为基础。） 2. be worth doing 值得做 This classic novel is worth reading again.（这本经典小说值得再读一遍。） 3. be interested in 对…… 感兴趣 Most children are interested in fairy tales.（大多数孩子都对童话故事感兴趣。） 4. be famous for 因…… 而著名 The writer is famous for his stage dramas.（这位作家因他的舞台剧而闻名。） 5. be known as 作为…… 而闻名 He is known as a great poet in Chinese history.（他在中国历史上作为一名伟大诗人而闻名。） 实 用 交 际 套 句 型 一、介绍书籍、作者、作品背景： 1. This novel was written by a famous writer.（这部小说是一位著名作家写的。） 2. The story is based on a real event.（这个故事基于一个真实事件。） 3. We are going to learn about Shakespeare.（我们将学习莎士比亚。） 4. She is known as a great poet.（她作为一位伟大的诗人而闻名。） 二、说明阅读的作用、影响与价值： 1. It is important to read different kinds of books.（读不同类型的书很重要。） 2. The book has a great influence on me.（这本书对我影响很大。） 3. Reading helps us compare different ideas.（阅读帮助我们比较不同的观点。） 4. The poem makes sense only when you read it twice.（这首诗只有读两遍才有意义。） 三、表达观点与评价 1. In my opinion, this is the best drama this year.（在我看来，这是今年最好的戏剧。） 语法 定语从句 写作 谈论阅读文学作品的意义、给同学提出阅读文学名著的建议、分享自己喜爱的文学作品。 一、知识点精讲 知识点1：被动语态（一般现在时）—— am/is/are +过去分词 【用法讲解】 被动语态中 be 动词的形式要随主语的人称和数变化；过去分词不能省略。主动变被动时，宾语变主语，动词变 be+done。 【例句】 1. In the fairy tale, the princess is saved by a brave young man. 在童话故事中，公主被一位勇敢的青年所救。 2. These poems were written by a poet from Jinan. 这些诗作由一位来自济南的诗人所写。 3. The classic novel was published in 1998 and is still popular today. 这部经典小说出版于1998年，至今仍广受欢迎。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. — Is this novel ____ by Mo Yan? — Yes, it is. A. write B. wrote C. written D. writing （ ）2. The stories in this book ____ from real life. A. is taken B. are taken C. takes D. are take （ ）3. Which language ____ in your English class? A. is use B. is used C. are used D. use 1. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（written）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 2. 【答案】B 【解析】选项 B（are taken）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 3. 【答案】B 【解析】选项 B（is used）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 知识点2：be worth doing（主动形式表被动意义） 【用法讲解】 be worth doing 中 doing 用主动形式表示被动含义，不能用 to do，也不能用 being done。类似用法的还有 need doing。 【例句】 1. The collection of poems is well worth reading carefully. 该诗集非常值得仔细阅读。 2. This fairy tale is worth telling to children again and again. 这个童话故事值得反复向孩子们讲述。 The novel he wrote is worth discussing in our next class. 他所创作的小说值得我们在下一节课上讨论。 知识点3：be based on / have influence on / make sense 短语辨析 【用法讲解】 be based on 后接名词/动名词，表示'以……为基础'；have influence on 表示'对……有影响'；make sense 表示'有意义/讲得通'，主语通常是物。 【即时小练】 1. The story is ____ (base) on something that really happened in Jinan. 2. His novels ____ (have) a great influence on Chinese literature. 3. What the poet wrote about nature ____ (make) a lot of sense to me. 1. 【答案】based 【解析】这里应填 "based"，符合语法规则和语境要求。 2. 【答案】have 【解析】这里应填 "have"，符合语法规则和语境要求。 3. 【答案】makes 【解析】这里应填 "makes"，符合语法规则和语境要求。 二、核心语法精讲 定语从句 什么是定语从句：I like a girl who is beautiful. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 一．关系词分类 分类 引导词 例句 关系 代词 who, whom, which, that, whose The man who is working there is my brother. This is the book(that/which) I bought yesterday. The room whose window is open is mine. 关系 副词 when, where, why I still remember the day when you left for Beijing. This is the school where my mother works. 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系词 作用 先行词 例句 that,who,whom (whom只作 宾语) 主语、宾 语、表语 人 Do you know the girl who/that has got an “A” in the exam?你知道考试中得“A”的那个女孩吗? that,which 主语、宾 语、表语 物 She has a computer which/that her parents bought for her.她有一台父母给买的电脑。 whose 定语 人、物 He’s a man whose opinion I respect.他是我尊重意见的人。 The classroom whose window is open is mine.开着窗户的那个教室是我的教室。 1.关系代词的用法 一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能放在介词后作介词的宾语;which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词及介词的宾语;who在从句中作主语或宾语;whom在从句中作宾语;whose在从句中作定语。如: A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.  　　　　　　　先行词　主语　　谓语　　　　宾语  who是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。 句意:医生就是照顾人们身体健康的人。 (1)下列情况下,先行词指物时,只能用that引导,不能用which引导: ①当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等代词时。如: Is there anything that you don’t understand?你有不懂的地方吗? Tom told his mother all that had happened.汤姆把事情的全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。 ②当先行词前面有the only,the very,the last等修饰时。如: This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一一本书。 ③当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级,或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如: This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。 ④当主句是以疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时。如: Which is the hotel that you like best?哪一个是你最喜欢的旅馆? (2)关系代词which,whom在从句中作介词的宾语时,介词可以放在which,whom之前,构成“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。如: I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.我永远不会忘记我加入俱乐部的那一天。 (3)that,which,who在从句中作主语时,不能省略。如: Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?正在和我们老师谈话的那个男孩是谁? All who have seen the film were moved.看过这部电影的人都被感动了。 三．关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 相当于 先行词 在从句中的句法功能 when at/in/on/during which 表示时间的词（组） 时间状语 where in/at which 表示地点的词（组） 地点状语 why for which reason 原因状语 when、where和why引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。 (1)when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如: I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。 (2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是表示原因的reason一词。如: We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我们不知道他为什么上学迟到。 (3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。如: That is the school where I studied three years ago.那是我三年前就读的学校。 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元话题为 Literature（文学），北京中考常考题型：观点议论类、读书建议类、推荐分享类短文。 · 写作情境：谈论阅读文学作品的意义、给同学提出阅读文学名著的建议、分享自己喜爱的文学作品、讨论经典文学的价值。 · 高频考查能力：表达观点、给出建议、说明利弊、简单介绍文学作品，善用连接词，灵活运用被动语态。 2. 写作框架 (1) 开头（引入话题，点明文学阅读的现状） Nowadays, more and more people enjoy reading literature works. But some students show little interest in classic literature. (2) 主体第一段（阐述阅读文学的意义 / 现象） Reading good literature works brings us a lot. It notonly opens our eyes but also touches our hearts. However, some students think classic works are hard to understand. (3) 主体第二段（提出建议，重点得分段，First/Second/What’s more 中考高频逻辑词） We should develop a good habit of reading literature. First, … Second, … What’s more, … (4) 结尾（总结升华，简短有力） In short, literature enriches our life. Let’s take time to read great works. 3. 写作素材 · 核心短语 read literature works 阅读文学作品 classic novels 经典小说 a collection of poems 诗集 stage dramas 舞台剧 the main character 主要角色 learn about different cultures 了解不同文化 be based on real life 以现实生活为基础 have a great influence on us 对我们产生很大影响 be worth reading 值得阅读 develop our thinking 培养我们的思维 be famous for 因…… 而著名 in one’s opinion 在某人看来 · 经典句型 Many great literature works are loved by thousands of readers. 成千上万的读者喜爱许多优秀的文学作品。 Some classic novels are based on real events. 一些经典小说以真实事件为基础。 These great books should be read by more teenagers. 这些好书应该被更多青少年阅读。 Reading literature helps us learn more about the world. 阅读文学帮助我们更多地了解世界。 More reading activities will be held to encourage us to enjoy literature. 将会举办更多阅读活动鼓励我们感受文学之美。 4. 范文背诵 Enjoy Literature Reading Nowadays, more and more people enjoy reading literature works. But some students show little interest in classic literature. Reading good literature works brings us a lot. It not only opens our eyes but also touches our hearts. However, some students think classic works are too difficult to understand. We should develop a good habit of reading literature. First, we can start with simple stories. Second, we are supposed to learn about the background before reading. What’s more, we can share our ideas with classmates after reading. In short, literature enriches our life. Let’s take time to read great works. a Book Recommendation Dear editor, I’d like to recommend a classic novel — The Old Man and the Sea. It was written by Hemingway, a famous American writer. The book tells a story about a brave fisherman. He fights against difficulties at sea and never gives up. The main character teaches me a lot. I strongly recommend it to our students. First, it is worth reading and it has a great influence on me. Second, its simple language is easy for teenagers to understand. What’s more, we can learn to stay fearless when we meet trouble. In my opinion, it is one of the greatest works. Hope more classmates will enjoy it. Yours, Li Hua 易错点1：compare...with... 与 compare...to... 辨析 【用法讲解】 compare A with B 侧重'比较两者找异同'；compare A to B 侧重'把A比作B'（比喻）。两者不可混用。 【例句】 1. We often compare this poem with that one in class. 我们经常将这首诗与课堂上学过的那首进行比较。 2. The writer compares the sea to a big blue book. 作者将大海比作一本巨大的蓝色书籍。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. In her essay, she ____ life ____ a long journey. A. compare; with B. compared; with C. compared; to D. comparing; to （ ）2. Students are asked to ____ their own stories ____ those of famous writers. A. compare; to B. compare; with C. compares; with D. comparing; to （ ）3. Can you ____ the plot of this drama ____ the original novel? A. compare; to B. compared; to C. compare; with D. comparing; with 1. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（compared; to）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 2. 【答案】B 【解析】选项 B（compare; with）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 3. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（compare; with）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 易错点2：易混词辨析（novel / poem / drama / fairy tale / classic） 【用法讲解】 novel 是长篇小说，poem 是诗歌，drama 是戏剧/剧本，fairy tale 是童话故事，classic 是经典作品。注意它们作主语时谓语动词的单复数。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. A ____ is a long story about imaginary characters and events. A. poem B. drama C. novel D. fairy tale （ ）2. ‘Cinderella’ is a famous ____ ____. A. fairy tale B. novel C. drama D. poem （ ）3. Shakespeare wrote many great ____. A. poems B. novels C. dramas D. tales 1. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（novel）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 2. 【答案】A 【解析】选项 A（fairy tale）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 3. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（dramas）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 易错点3：情景交际（谈论文学、表达喜好与推荐） 【用法讲解】 回答 What do you think of...? / How do you like...? 用 I think... / In my opinion... / I enjoy...；推荐用 I suggest / You should / Why not...；注意礼貌回应。 【即时小练】 （ ）1. — I've finished reading the book you lent me. — Really? ____ do you think of the ending? A. What B. How C. Why D. Which （ ）2. — I don't understand this line of the poem. — ____ asking our teacher for help? A. Why don't you B. How about C. You'd better D. Why not （ ）3. — Can you recommend a good book? — ____. A. I'm reading now B. I don't like reading C. I suggest 'The Old Man and the Sea' D. It is a novel 1. 【答案】A 【解析】选项 A（What）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 2. 【答案】B 【解析】选项 B（How about）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 3. 【答案】C 【解析】选项 C（I suggest 'The Old Man and the Sea'）符合语法规则和语境，其他选项均有错误。 一、单项选择 1．一Tom,  I can't find my dictionary! 一Don't worry. You can use _______________. A．I B．me C．my D．mine 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——汤姆，我找不到我的字典！——别担心。你可以用我的。 考查代词。I我，主格；me我，宾格；my我的，形容词性物主代词；mine我的，名词性物主代词；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“我的”，且指代的是“我的字典”，而空格后面没有名词dictionary，所以这里应该用名词性物主代词，故选D。 【点睛】英语中形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词用法要注意区别，根据句子结构来判断，如果所指代的名词有出现，就用形容词性的物主代词，如果没有所指代的名词，就要用名字性的物主代词代替。做题要根据具体的句子来判断。 2．一Where is Mr. Brown? 一I think he's _____________ the music hall. A．on B．in C．over D．from 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——布朗先生在哪里？——我想他在音乐厅。 考查介词辨析。on在……上；in在……里；over越过；from来自；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“在音乐厅里”，英语是in the music hall，故选B。 3．Many people think Erquan rngyue is too sad,  _____________ it's my favorite. A．and B．so C．or D．but 【答案】D 【详解】句意：很多人认为《二泉映月》太悲伤了，但它是我的最爱。 考查并列连词。and和；so所以；or或者；but但是；根据句意理解可知，前后两句表达的意思的相反的，是转折关系，所以应该用转折关系的连词，故选D。 【点睛】英语中并列连词的选择主要是根据上下句句意来理解，如果关系是递进关系，就选择and，如果是转折就选择but，如果是选择关系，就选择or。 4．一______________ do you have a medical examination? 一Once a year. A．How soon B．How long C．How often D．How far 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你多久做一次体检？——一年一次。 考查特殊疑问句。How soon还有多久；How long多长时间；How often多久一次；How far多远；根据回答Once a year可知，这里是提问频率“多久一次”，英语是how often，故选C。 【点睛】英语中常用的几个特殊疑问词的用法要注意区别。How often多久一次，提问频率；How soon还有多久，提问将来时in+一段时间；How far多远，提问距离；How long多长，提问时间或具体的物体长度；做题时注意区分。 5．The notebook _______________ be Linda's because it has her name on it. A．must B．may C．can D．might 【答案】A 【详解】句意：笔记本一定是琳达的，因为上面有她的名字。 考查情态动词。must必须，一定；may可能；can能；might可能；根据句意理解可知，这里是对情态动词的推测，由后句because it has her name on it可知，这里表达“一定，肯定”，所以应该用must，故选A。 【点睛】英语中情态动词的推测用法要牢记口诀：can不肯，may不问，must肯定不否问，做题要注意根据句意理解来确定用哪个。 6．We don't think teenagers should be allowed to drive because they are not __________ enough. A．serious B．more serious C．most serious D．the most serious 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我们认为青少年不应该被允许开车，因为他们不够认真。 考查形容词。serious认真的；more serious更加认真的；most serious最认真的，前面缺少the；the most serious最认真的；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“不是足够的认真”，没有与其他进行比较，所以这里应该用原级，故选A。 7．When I was young,  my mother ___________ by my side all the time. A．stays B．is staying C．stayed D．will stay 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我小的时候，我妈妈一直在我身边。 考查动词时态。stays停留，动词三单；is staying停留，现在进行时；stayed停留，过去时；will stay将待在，一般将来时；根据句意理解可知，主句得动作是发生在When I was young的时候，表达的是过去的事情，所以要用过去时，故选C。 8．Look! All my classmates ___________ on the playground. A．are running B．ran C．were running D．run 【答案】A 【详解】句意：看！我所有的同学都在操场上跑步。 考查动词时态。are running正在跑，现在进行时；ran跑，过去时；were running正在跑，过去进行时；run跑，一般现在时；根据句首的Look可知，句子应该用现在进行时，结构是am/ is/ are+doing形式，而句子主语是All my classmates是复数名词，所以这里应该选择are，故选A。 【点睛】英语中如果句首出现Look/ Listen时，句子要用现在进行时，做题要注意区分。 9．I like musicians ______ can write their own music. A．which B．who C．where D．when 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我喜欢能自己创作音乐的音乐家。 考查定语从句。which关系代词，先行词指物；who关系代词，先行词指人；where关系副词，先行词指地点；when关系副词，先行词指时间；根据句子结构分析可知，句中先行词是musicians“音乐家”，指人，所以关系词应该是指人的关系词，且在从句中做主语，故选B。 【点睛】定语从句的关系代词的选择重点要看先行词是人还是物，如果先行词是人，就用关系词who/ whom/ that；如果先行词是物，就用关系词which/ that，做题时如果确定用关系代词要注意区分。 10．My father is a teacher and he ___________ in this school for about twenty years. A．works B．is working C．was working D．has worked 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我父亲是一名教师，他在这所学校工作了大约二十年。 考查时态。works工作，一般现在时的动词三单形式；is working正在工作，现在进行时；was working正在工作，过去进行时；has worked工作，现在完成时；根据句意理解及句中for about twenty years可知，这是现在完成时的标志词，所以要用现在完成时，结构是have/ has+过去分词，主语是he，所以用has，故选D。 【点睛】英语中不同的时态，有不同的时间标志词。做题时首先要找句中的时间标志词，根据标志词来判断时态，比如本题中for about twenty years是现在完成时的标志词，所以句子要用现在完成时。 11．The first 5G mobile phone ___________ by a Chinese company last year. A．is produced B．produces C．was produced D．produced 【答案】C 【详解】句意：第一款5G手机是去年由一家中国公司生产的。 考查被动语态。is produced被生产，一般现在时的被动语态；produces生产，动词三单；was produced被生产，一般过去时的被动语态；produced生产，过去式；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“被生产”，所以应该用被动结构，而时间是last year，所以应该用过去时的被动语态，故选C。 【点睛】英语中如果句子主语和谓语之间是动宾关系，则需要用被动结构，选择哪个时态的被动结构要看句中的时态标志词或者某个关键词判断。比如本题mobile phone与produce之间是动宾关系，所以要用被动语态，时间是last year，所以要用确定用一般过去时的被动语态。 12．一Do you know ________________________? 一Next Wednesday. A．when will the winter vacation start B．when the winter vacation will start C．when did the winter vacation start D．when the winter vacation started 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——你知道寒假什么时候开始吗？——下周三。 考查宾语从句。根据句意理解可知，这里是宾语从句，首选宾语从句必须用“陈述句语序”，即引导词+主语+谓语+其他，所以排除A/ C，再由回答Next Wednesday可知，这里应该用将来时，故选B。 【点睛】英语中宾语从句的考题做题时要注意。可以分三步走。第一步：确定引导词。根据句意理解来确定用哪个词引导；第二步，看语序。根据“宾语从句必须用陈述句语序”的原则来排除一部分答案，比如本题中B/ C答案是疑问句语序，直接排除；第三步，看时态。根据“主现从不限，主过从必过”的原则确定从句时态，但要排除从句表达客观事实或者真理时只用现在时；利用这三点即可确定选项答案。 二、完形填空 Ella, a 14-year-old girl, loved finding new things around her. Although she faced challenges because of a physical disability (残疾), Ella’s love for life stayed strong. One sunny afternoon, Ella went into the garden behind her house. In the garden, she met an old owl (猫头鹰). The owl introduced himself as Oliver and shared stories of his travels across the land. Ella 13 carefully, her eyes wide with wonder. Gradually, Ella and Oliver became good friends. They would 14 life, dreams and the beauty of the world around them. Oliver taught Ella to see past her disability and bravely face whatever 15 she met. One day, Oliver told Ella a 16 —a hidden treasure was buried (掩埋) deep within the garden. With excitement in her heart, Ella set out to 17 it. As Ella went deeper into the garden, she came across many challenges. With Oliver by her side, she overcame each one with the 18 of love that comes from the bottom of her heart. After overcoming many troubles, Ella 19 found the hidden treasure—a beautiful crystal (水晶). It means hope, love and the power of believing in oneself. With the treasure in her hands, Ella realized her disability was not a limitation (限制) but a(n) 20 part of who she was. She learned to accept her differences and started to understand that everyone is special in their own way. 13．A．asked B．listened C．explained D．expected 14．A．wait for B．refer to C．talk about D．work out 15．A．challenges B．changes C．friends D．mistakes 16．A．method B．secret C．rule D．notice 17．A．sell B．move C．bury D．find 18．A．answer B．action C．power D．joy 19．A．finally B．nearly C．firstly D．suddenly 20．A．difficult B．simple C．interesting D．special 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．A 16．B 17．D 18．C 19．A 20．D 【导语】本文讲述了14岁女孩Ella虽身有残疾，但热爱生活。一天她在花园遇到猫头鹰Oliver，两人成为好友，Oliver还告诉她花园有宝藏，Ella历经挑战找到宝藏后，明白了残疾不是限制而是自己特别的一部分。 【详解】13．句意：Ella仔细地听着，眼睛睁得大大的，满是惊奇。 asked询问；listened听；explained解释；expected期望。根据“The owl introduced himself as Oliver and shared stories of his travels across the land.”可知，猫头鹰在分享故事，Ella应是仔细听。故选B。 14．句意：他们会谈论生活、梦想以及周围世界的美丽。 wait for等待；refer to参考；talk about谈论；work out算出。根据“life, dreams and the beauty of the world around them”可知，此处指谈论生活、梦想等。故选C。 15．句意：Oliver教Ella不要只看到自己的残疾，要勇敢面对她遇到的任何挑战。 challenges挑战；changes改变；friends朋友；mistakes错误。根据“bravely face whatever...she met”以及后文“As Ella went deeper into the garden, she came across many challenges.”可知，此处指勇敢面对挑战。故选A。 16．句意：一天，Oliver告诉Ella一个秘密——花园深处埋着一份隐藏的宝藏。 method方法；secret秘密；rule规则；notice通知。根据“a hidden treasure was buried (掩埋) deep within the garden”可知，宝藏是隐藏的，所以是秘密。故选B。 17．句意：Ella心中充满兴奋，出发去寻找它。 sell卖；move移动；bury埋；find寻找。根据“With excitement in her heart, Ella set out to...it.”可知，出发去寻找宝藏。故选D。 18．句意：Oliver在她身边，她带着发自内心深处的爱的力量克服了每一个困难。 answer答案；action行动；power力量；joy快乐。根据“the... of love that comes from the bottom of her heart”可知，此处指爱的力量。故选C。 19．句意：克服了许多困难后，Ella终于找到了隐藏的宝藏——一颗美丽的水晶。 finally最终；nearly几乎；firstly首先；suddenly突然。根据“After overcoming many troubles”可知，历经困难后最终找到宝藏。故选A。 20．句意：手里拿着宝藏，Ella意识到她的残疾不是一种限制，而是她自身特别的一部分。 difficult困难的；simple简单的；interesting有趣的；special特别的。根据“She learned to accept her differences and started to understand that everyone is special in their own way.”可知，此处指残疾是她特别的一部分。故选D。 3、 阅读理解 A Pierre Dupin had delivered (送货) milk to the families on Prince Edward Street for thirty years. All that knew him loved him. Every morning at five, Pierre arrived at the milk company’s stables, saying to Joseph, “Good morning! My old friend!” Then, the two started their day proudly. Without any order from Pierre, the wagon would roll down the street. The horse stopped at the first house. There, Joseph would wait perhaps thirty seconds for Pierre to get down off his seat and put a bottle of milk at the front door… One day, the president of the company came to check the early morning milk deliveries. Jacques, the foreman (领班) of the stables, pointed to Pierre and said, “See how the horse listens and how he turns his head toward Pierre?” “Yeah! But Pierre’s getting old.” said the president, “Tell him it is time he rested…” But Pierre said, “My life will be nothing if I can’t drive Joseph every day. We are two old men! Let us wear out together. When Joseph is ready to leave, then I too will do so.” Then one cold morning, after about two years, Jacques said, “Pierre, your horse, Joseph, didn’t wake up. Go over and see him.” Pierre took one step forward, then turned. “No…no… You…you don’t understand, Jacques.” Now, Jacques looked into Pierre’s eyes. He saw a dead, lifeless look in them. So he said, “Take the day off, Pierre!” Pierre stepped into the street. Then there came a warning shout and a screech (尖锐的刹车声)… Five minutes later, a doctor announced, “Pierre’s dead…” “I couldn’t help it.” the driver said, “Why, he walked as though he were blind?” The doctor bent down. “Blind? Of course! This man has been blind for five years.” he turned to Jacques, “Didn’t you know that?” “None of us knew.” Jacques said softly, “Only one…only one knew—a friend of his, named Joseph…” 21．Pierre refused to leave his job because ________. A．he thought he was not old enough B．Joseph couldn’t work without his help C．he was unwilling to be separated from Joseph D．people on the street couldn’t live without him 22．The underlined sentences tell us that ________. A．Jacques was surprised to find that Pierre couldn’t see anything B．Pierre was too scared to take a last glance at his friend C．Pierre was so sad because it was time for him to leave his job then D．the death of Joseph drove Pierre to lose confidence for life 23．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．no one had ever known Pierre was blind B．Joseph just served as Pierre’s guide after Pierre went blind C．blindness didn’t make any difference to Pierre’s life at all D．the president wasn’t quite satisfied with Pierre’s work 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了送奶工Pierre与他的马一起工作，相互协作，后来马死了，Pierre也出车祸去世，之后人们才知道他五年前就失明了。 【详解】21．细节理解题。根据第五段“But Pierre said, “My life will be nothing if I can’t drive Joseph every day. We are two old men! Let us wear out together”可知，Pierre拒绝离开工作是因为他要和他的马在一起，他离不开马，故选C。 22．句意猜测题。根据前一句“Pierre took one step forward, then turned. “No…no… You…you don’t understand, Jacques.””可知，Pierre因为马的离去而感到绝望，故选D。 23．推理判断题。根据“Without any order from Pierre, the wagon would roll down the street. The horse stopped at the first house.”以及医生的描述可知，Pierre在五年前就已经失明了，失明之后，Pierre的马Joseph就来做他的向导。故选B。 B Most of us fear failure. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. In fact, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after”. And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.     Every failure-even the worst ones-helps us learn to do things differently in the future. “Learning from the past mistakes and making changes helped me to reach the top of Everest successfully,” says mountaineer Pete Athans, who has now reached the world’s highest peak (山峰) seven times.      Failure  also  reminds  us  that  things  can  go  wrong-sometimes  with  terrible  results. Austrian  Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner is the first woman to reach the top of all 14 of the world’s 8, 000-meter peaks without extra oxygen (氧气). In 2007, while climbing in Nepal, she was in an avalanche (雪崩). She survived, but two nearby Spanish climbers died. The experience taught Kaltenbrunner that no matter how prepared a person is, bad things can still happen. But Kaltenbrunner decided she had to learn from her experience and move on.      Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to tell people that we are failures because our good name depends on success. However, things are slowly changing. In the past ten years, some scientific magazines-mostly in medicine-have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative’ results and that this can finally lead to positive outcomes.      The business world already understands the value of negative results. Eli Lilly and Company has failure parties to study data about medicine that doesn't work.      In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures became one of its biggest successes. In the early 1990s, Apple Corporation created the Apple Newton. It was one of Apple’s biggest failures. However, Apple’s CEO,      Steve Jobs, believed the product had potential (潜力) and he began to improve it. In time, this led to the creation of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.      The story of the Apple Newton can teach us another important lesson about failure. There is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. One truly cannot exist without the other. 24．The writer writes Paragraph 2 and 3 mainly to ________. A．show how bad things can become important lessons B．tell us that it's possible for anyone to be successful C．prove how bad things can happen in any situation D．teach us what not to do when climbing mountains 25．The underlined word “reluctant” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．unable B．unsure C．unwilling D．uninterested 26．What is the passage mainly about? ________ A．An attitude towards failure. B．The experience of success. C．A difficult way to success. D．The rewards of failure. 【答案】24．A 25．C 26．D 【分析】本文是说明文，短文通过登山运动员和苹果公司等例子，说明成功来自失败的道理。 【详解】24．主旨大意题。根据二三段内容，结合“Every failure-even the worst ones-helps us learn to do things differently in the future…But Kaltenbrunner decided she had to learn from her experience and move on”可知，作者写第二段和第三段主要是为了说明糟糕的事情如何成为重要的教训，“show how bad things can become important lessons”符合题意，故选A。 25．词句猜测题。根据上下文“Accepting failure is not easy for many, though…we are failures because our good name depends on success”，可知是说人们不愿意告诉别人自己是失败者，unwilling应该表示“不愿意”。故选C。 26．主旨大意题。根据短文所举登山运动员和苹果公司等例子，结合“Most of us fear failure. However, without failure, progress would be impossible”，可知没有失败进步是不可能的，说明成功来自失败的道理；“The rewards of failure”符合文意，故选D。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $