2027届高考英语一轮复习之阅读理解（议论文）10篇（上海专用）

**基本信息** 聚焦高考英语议论文阅读，精选10篇跨教育、管理、科技等多主题文本，覆盖细节理解、推理判断等核心题型，系统提升语言理解与思辨能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |议论文阅读|10篇|以细节题、推理题、主旨题为主，含词义猜测与观点态度题|主题涵盖社会热点与人文议题，通过文本论证结构（论点-论据-结论）训练逻辑分析能力，关联语言能力与思维品质培养|

2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 阅读理解议论文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 讨论美国儿童阅读教学数十年的争论，以密西西比州为例证明系统自然拼读法优于均衡读写教学模式 2 指出久坐式管理带来管理者与员工脱节的弊端，探讨走动式管理（MBWA）的价值、实施要点以及失败诱因 3 分析女性进入企业高层的晋升速度有所提升，但职场性别薪酬差距、非正式就业歧视等深层次问题仍亟待解决 4 从心理学角度探究随着年龄增长人们主观上感觉时间过得越来越快的原因，建议多创造新鲜体验丰富记忆 5 围绕家长对智能语音助手的说话方式展开讨论，辩论是否应当对人工智能设备使用礼貌用语以及对孩子产生的影响 6 剖析青少年热衷于 AI 虚拟好友带来孤独、社交退化等隐患，重申人与人之间触觉、线下感官互动不可替代的价值 7 摘录四家媒体不同立场的评论，多角度辩证讨论奥运会的价值与弊端，探讨当下奥运会是否有继续举办的必要 8 以《福尔摩斯探案集》《了不起的盖茨比》为例，论证文学作品中配角、旁观者叙事视角能够挖掘更深层的人性真相 9 反思当下科学界捍卫科学公信力时出现的误区，阐明科学是不断迭代的探索过程而非永恒不变的绝对真理 10 由中年转行的话题切入，告诫人们事业成功容易造成自我高估，换赛道前应当理性评估自身能力，保持谦卑心态 Passage 1 Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to sneak phonics teaching materials into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong. The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were proficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam. America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol-sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch), known as phonics. Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of a cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by the EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix called “balanced literacy“. This combination of methods is ineffective. “You can’t sprinkle in a little phonics,” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reading at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.” Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once notorious for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013. Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains. Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 29th on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam. In 2019 it was the only state to improve its scores. For the first time since measurement began, Mississippi’s pupils are now average readers, a remarkable achievement in such a poor state. Mississippi’s success is attributed to implementing reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 Congress requested the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Department of Education to convene a National Reading Panel to end the “reading wars” and synthesize the evidence. The panel found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best. Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is a proficient reader, literacy seems like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化)when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms. 1．What has America been witnessing for decades? A．An obsession with innovating teaching methodologies of reading. B．An enduring debate over the approach to teaching children to read. C．An increasing concern with many children’s inadequacy in literacy. D．An ever-forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading. 2．Why does Tenette Smith think a combination of teaching methods is ineffective? A．Elementary school children will be frustrated when taught with several methods combined. B．Phonics has to be systematically applied and clearly taught to achieve the desired effect. C．Sprinkling in a little phonics deters the progress of even adequately motivated children. D．Balanced literacy fails to sustain children’s interest in developing a good reading habit. 3．What does the author say Mississippi’s success is attributed to? A．Convening a National Reading Panel to synthesize research evidence. B．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension. C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading. D．Obtaining support from Congress to upgrade teaching methods. 4．What have advances in statistics and brain imaging proved ineffective? A．The teaching of symbol-sound relationships. B．Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. C．Efforts to end the reading wars. D．The immersive approach. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文指出拼读法是科学有效的儿童阅读教学法，但美国长期盛行混合均衡读写教学；以密西西比州系统推行拼读法实现成绩提升为例，佐证全语言沉浸式教学存在缺陷。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades.(美国陷入一场关于儿童阅读教学方式的争论，这场争论已经持续了数十年。)”可知，数十年来美国一直存在针对儿童阅读教学方式的持久争论。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“ “You can’t sprinkle in a little phonics,” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reading at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”(密西西比州教育厅初等教育与阅读项目主管特内特・史密斯表示：“自然拼读教学不能零散穿插，必须形成体系，并且进行清晰直白的专项讲授。”)”可知，混合教学法无效的原因是拼读法需要系统化、明确化教学，零星搭配无法发挥作用。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Mississippi’s success is attributed to implementing reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading.(密西西比州阅读教育取得的成效，归功于推行了一套有大量研究支撑、名为阅读科学的阅读教学方法。)”可知，该州成功源于采用具备科学依据的阅读教学方式。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of a cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”.(另一派支持沉浸式教学法，也就是所谓的“全语言教学法”，例如借助猫咪图片学习cat这个单词。)”以及第六段“But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method.(但统计学与脑成像技术的进步已经推翻了全语言教学法。)”可知，技术进步证明沉浸式教学法是无效的。 Passage 2 The management chair’s irresistible pull is getting stronger. Video calls are so popular that managers can see employees around the world without leaving their armchair. Real-time data on computer screens can keep bosses informed about the business without having to stand up. However, this is making managers disconnected from their teams. The solution has a name: management by wandering-or walking-around (MBWA). Tom Peters, a management expert, popularized the idea in the 1980s in “In Search of Excellence”, who argued that managers should go to see the places and people where the real work gets done. One reason is that most employees like attention. In a study led by Pablo Casas from Arizona State University, it was found that managers’ visits were associated with a boost to sales productivity, which started to show up even before the day itself! But these improvements only lasted for weeks. One explanation is that it was a lot less inspiring when staff could see the manager all the time. The benefit of MBWA comes not from how regularly managers inspect the workplace like kings or queens, but from visits to the front line to identify and solve problems. Toyota is well-known for its norm of genchi genbutsu (go and see for yourself), which encourages managers to investigate manufacturing problems in person. Toyota managers routinely undertake real place walks to see assembly lines (流水线) for themselves and to drive home the firm’s philosophy of kaizen (continuous improvement). However, wandering bosses do not always lead to good results. A paper published in 2023 by Anita Tucker of Boston University and Sara Singer of Stanford University examined the practice of an MBWA programme at 19 American hospitals. They found that in hospitals where senior managers toured the front lines providing ideas for improvement, nurses on average felt that performance had actually become worse. The authors assume that the problems came from raised expectations: bosses asked people to identify problems and then did not do enough to actually address them. Where nurses’ performance did improve, it was because hospitals concentrated on easier-to-solve problems and because managers there took responsibility for making sure that issues were dealt with. Wandering around, in other words, demands discipline. In an era of video calls and data analytics, there is still no substitute for shoes. 1．What can be concluded from the first paragraph? A．Managers don’t leave their chairs because they are too busy. B．Managers are always afraid of missing key data. C．Managers can efficiently run the company through video calls. D．Management on seats has caused a big problem. 2．According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE about MBWA? A．MBWA was first popularized by Pablo Casas in the 1980s. B．Managers should see the realities of the workplace. C．Managers should visit the front line as regularly as possible. D．MBWA has only short-term motivating effects. 3．MBWA at some American hospitals did not work because________. A．The managers failed to address the problems B．The managers did not identify true problems C．No improvement suggestions were provided D．MBWA does not fit the hospitals’ management culture 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Celebrating Desk Management B．Why MBWA Fails C．Leaving the Seat of Power D．How to Enhance Motivation 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文针对“座椅式管理”导致管理者与团队脱节这一问题提出了“走动式管理（MBWA）”管理理念，分析了其原理、效果及失败原因，并指出核心要求是管理者应该离开座椅、深入一线。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The management chair’s irresistible pull is getting stronger. Video calls are so popular that managers can see employees around the world without leaving their armchair. Real-time data on computer screens can keep bosses informed about the business without having to stand up. However, this is making managers disconnected from their teams.(管理座位不可抗拒的吸引力越来越强。视频通话非常流行，经理们可以在不离开扶手椅的情况下看到世界各地的员工。电脑屏幕上的实时数据可以让老板无需站起来就能了解业务情况。然而，这使得管理者与团队脱节。)”可推知，久坐座椅的管理模式带来了团队脱节的严重问题。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Tom Peters, a management expert, popularized the idea in the 1980s in “In Search of Excellence”, who argued that managers should go to see the places and people where the real work gets done.(管理专家汤姆·彼得斯在20世纪80年代的《追求卓越》一书中推广了这一理念，他认为管理者应当前往实际工作开展的场地，接触一线工作人员)”可知，MBWA要求管理者亲自去看工作场所的实际情况。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段中“The authors assume that the problems came from raised expectations: bosses asked people to identify problems and then did not do enough to actually address them.(作者认为，问题来自于期望被抬高：管理者要求员工找出问题，却没有采取足够行动实际解决这些问题)”可知，美国部分医院的MBWA项目没有起作用，是因为管理者没能真正解决问题。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第二段“The solution has a name: management by wandering-or walking-around (MBWA). Tom Peters, a management expert, popularized the idea in the 1980s in “In Search of Excellence”, who argued that managers should go to see the places and people where the real work gets done.(该解决方案有一个名字：走动式管理（MBWA）。管理专家汤姆·彼得斯在20世纪80年代的《追求卓越》一书中推广了这一理念，他认为管理者应当前往实际工作开展的场地，接触一线工作人员)”和最后一段中“Wandering around, in other words, demands discipline. In an era of video calls and data analytics, there is still no substitute for shoes.(换言之，走动需要自律。在视频通话和数据分析的时代，“鞋子”仍然是无可替代的)”可知，本文开篇先介绍了“座椅式管理”的弊端，引出需要管理者走出办公室深入一线的MBWA管理模式，接着介绍了MBWA的作用、核心要求，以及失败的原因，核心围绕管理者离开管理座椅、深入一线展开，C选项“离开权力座椅”最适合作本文标题。 Passage 3 A small step for women The glass ceiling in the corporate world is not broken, but it is starting to crack. Women are getting on to corporate boards at greater speed, and in greater numbers. Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years. This suggests that younger women are making good progress in the boardroom. Overall, however, females are still lagging behind the males. The proportion of people in leadership roles (director-level and above) that is female in the five countries varies from 17% in India to 35% in America. Nevertheless, some firms may be paying lip service to the idea of female leadership. A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation. In any case, a rise in the number of female directors is a narrow measure of female economic success. Having women at the top of organizations may inspire others to emulate (仿效) them, and board members may be able to push through more female-friendly policies lower down in their organizations. But the vast majority of women would never expect to become directors. What they value is an opportunity to get a well-paid job and to be free from discrimination while doing it. In this respect, the news is less encouraging. Across the OECD the gender pay gap of full-time employees averages 13.5% and varies widely, from 3.4% in Luxembourg to 36.7% in South Korea. It can be hard to adjust for all the many factors, such as skill levels, that might explain this gap. Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind. So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere. 1．According to the research by LinkedIn, which of the following is true? A．Women directors in the five countries stay longer in their positions than men. B．American women reach director-level positions more quickly than men. C．Men in America become directors sooner after graduation than women. D．Women directors make up more than half of leadership roles in the five countries. 2．What does the underlined phrase “paying lip service to” most probably mean? A．Showing sincere support for. B．Making empty promises about. C．Offering timely help to. D．Collecting different opinions on. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Full-time employed women who lack a college degree earn 26% less than those who have one. B．Having more female leaders can solve the female employment problems. C．There are still a number of women who are underpaid or discriminated in their work. D．Most companies with two female directors aim to achieve real gender equality. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards women’s progress in the corporate world? A．Optimistic about the current situation and confident about the future. B．Critical of all measures taken to promote female leadership. C．Satisfied with the improvements and ignoring existing problems. D．Recognizing small progress but emphasizing more efforts are needed. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这篇文章主要探讨了女性进入企业董事会的速度与人数有所提升，但部分企业只是表面支持女性掌权。职场仍存在薪资差距、就业不公等问题，女性发展还需实现更大突破。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years.( 专业社交网站领英（LinkedIn）的研究显示，在列出的五个国家中，该公司列出的女性董事职位获得者比男性董事职位获得者更快晋升到该职位。例如在美国，女性在大学毕业后 9.8 年后获得该职位，而男性则需要 10.9 年。)”可知，根据领英的研究，美国女性达到董事级别职位的速度比男性更快。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线单词句中“Nevertheless, some firms may be…the idea of female leadership.( 尽管如此，一些公司可能只是在……女性领导的理念。)”以及下文“A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation.( 一篇论文强调了“双女性主义”现象，即美国公司中恰好有两名女性董事的情况。作者认为，这与所研究期间（2004 - 2013 年）标准普尔 1500 完整董事会中女性董事的平均人数（1.92 人）直接相关。如果企业选择任命两名女性担任高管，它们就可以宣称自己拥有了“高于平均水平”的女性员工比例。)”可知，后文通过“象征性任命两名女性董事”的例子说明，这些公司只是表面上声称支持女性领导力，实际上并未真正落实。“pay lip service” 本义为“口惠而实不至”，对应“做出空洞的承诺”，和B选项Making empty promises about“做出空洞的承诺”意思相近。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind.( 然而，经合组织去年发现，拥有大学学历的全职女性员工平均比男性同行少挣 26% 的工资。问题根深蒂固。在许多发展中经济体，超过一半的农业女工从事非正式工作，这一比例高于男性。这些女性不仅收入更低，而且也无法享受诸如失业救济金和养老金等由政府提供的社会福利项目，因为这些福利通常是基于正式就业状态而设计的。)”可推知，仍有一些女性在工作中薪酬偏低或遭受歧视。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere.( 因此，女性在董事会中取得的这些微小进步确实值得庆祝。但在其他方面，仍需要更大的突破。)”可推知，作者对于女性在企业界的发展的态度是认可了一些进步，但强调还需要更多的努力。 Passage 4 When I was young, a single summer could feel like an entire epoch. Those endless July afternoons of our youth stretched out in a haze(烟雾) of heat and boredom, where the rhythmic sound of a lawn mower or the distant sound of an ice-cream truck seemed to vibrate(震动) in a world that possessed all the time in the world. Now, as an adult, the seasons flip by like the pages of a thumbed-through magazine. I blink, and it is autumn;I blink again, and the year has disappeared into nothing. This common experience raises a profound psychological question: why does time speed up as we age? Current cognitive theory suggests that our perception of duration is closely tied to the density of new experiences. To a child, whose world is an unfolding tapestry (画面) of “firsts” — the initial sight of a jellyfish or the crisp scent of a new textbook — every encounter is a vivid landmark. The brain, confronted with this constant shock of novelty, processes information with daunting (吓人的) intensity, creating a detailed mental map that makes time feel “thick” and expansive. For the adult, however, life is often reduced to a series of predictable routines. When the mind knows precisely what to expect, it essentially stops recording. The“logbook” of our days is full of repetitive tasks, where Tuesday is indistinguishable from Thursday. In this state of cognitive autopilot, the brain shortens time, discarding the seemingly extra data of our habitual lives. It is a cruel irony:the more efficiently we manage our routines, the more rapidly our lives seem to slip through our fingers. If time is measured not by the ticking of a clock but by the footprints of memory, then a life lived in autopilot is fundamentally shorter, regardless of its chronological length. To reclaim our time, we must intentionally reintroduce the “new” — to break the rhythm of the expected and force the mind to once again become a conscious observer of its own existence. As ancient philosophers suggested, we do not need more years; we need more moments that are worth the brain's effort to remember. 1．The word “epoch” is closest in meaning to ________. A．a memorable event from the past B．a period characterized by significant events C．an era that seems to last for a long time D．a short moment of childhood memories 2．Why do children perceive time as“thick”? A．Because they possess a superior biological capacity for sensory processing. B．Because the lack of routine allows them to ignore the passage of time. C．Because their brain's engagement with novelty demands exhaustive mental effort. D．Because endless memories enable them to recall every detail of their youth. 3．What can be inferred from the“cruel irony” mentioned in the third paragraph? A．Professional efficiency is often achieved at the cost of personal happiness. B．The mastery of daily habits unconsciously speed up one's psychological aging. C．A well-organized life eventually leads to a total loss of memory for the past. D．High productivity reduces the subjective richness of the time we have lived. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A．The Logbook of Days: Why Routines Help Us Manage Time. B．Footprints of Memory: Redefining the Duration of Life. C．Breaking the Rhythm: The Art of Living in the Digital Age. D．First Encounters: Why Childhood Memories Last Longer. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这篇文章主要探讨人长大后感觉时间变快的原因。孩童新奇体验多，时间感知漫长；成人日常重复乏味。唯有创造新鲜经历，才能丰富记忆、留住时光。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词句中“When I was young, a single summer could feel like an entire ….( 在我年轻的时候，一个夏天仿佛就是……。)”以及第一段中“Those endless July afternoons of our youth stretched out in a haze(烟雾) of heat and boredom, where the rhythmic sound of a lawn mower or the distant sound of an ice-cream truck seemed to vibrate(震动) in a world that possessed all the time in the world. Now, as an adult, the seasons flip by like the pages of a thumbed-through magazine.( 我们青春岁月里那无尽的七月午后，在酷热与无聊的氛围中绵延不绝，割草机的有节奏的声响或是远处冰淇淋车的汽笛声，在这样一个拥有无限时间的世界里似乎都在跳动着。如今，作为成年人，四季就像翻阅过的杂志的页面一样匆匆而过。)”可知，此处强调童年时期对时间的感知是“漫长、仿佛没有尽头”的。由此可推知，“epoch”这个词的意思最接近于“一个似乎持续很长时间的时期”。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The brain, confronted with this constant shock of novelty, processes information with daunting (吓人的) intensity, creating a detailed mental map that makes time feel “thick” and expansive.( 面对这种持续不断的新奇刺激，大脑以惊人的强度处理信息，构建出一幅详尽的心理地图，从而使时间感觉“厚重”且广阔。)”可知，孩子们会感觉时间“漫长”是因为们大脑对新事物的反应需要耗费大量的脑力。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In this state of cognitive autopilot, the brain shortens time, discarding the seemingly extra data of our habitual lives. It is a cruel irony: the more efficiently we manage our routines, the more rapidly our lives seem to slip through our fingers.( 在这种认知的自动控制状态下，大脑会缩短时间，舍弃我们日常生活中那些看似多余的、无关紧要的数据。这是一种残酷的讽刺：我们越是高效地管理自己的日常事务，我们的生活似乎就越快从我们的指缝间溜走。)”可知，从第三段中提到的“残酷的讽刺”中可以推断出高效率降低了我们所度过时光的主观丰富度。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中“If time is measured not by the ticking of a clock but by the footprints of memory, then a life lived in autopilot is fundamentally shorter, regardless of its chronological length.( 如果时间不是以钟表的滴答声来衡量，而是以记忆的痕迹来衡量，那么无论时间的长度如何，一种处于自动控制状态的生活本质上都是更短暂的。)”可知，文章探讨人长大后感觉时间变快的原因。孩童新奇体验多，时间感知漫长；成人日常重复乏味。唯有创造新鲜经历，才能丰富记忆、留住时光。由此可知，这篇文章最合适的标题是“《记忆的足迹：重新定义生命的长度》”。 Passage 5 One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 1．What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A．His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B．His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C．Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D．Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 2．According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A．AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B．Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C．Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D．AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 3．What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A．Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B．AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C．Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D．Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文主要介绍的是随着语音人工智能的普及，父母在使用智能设备时的语言习惯对孩子的影响，以及围绕是否应该对人工智能使用礼貌用语展开的讨论。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. (当然，Echo并不介意你如何跟它说话。但对杰克来说，我肯定看起来像个暴君。通过模仿，他成了我的小独裁者。)”可知，作者意识到自己对AI发号施令的语气给儿子树立了坏榜样，这正是作者面临的主要困境。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“‘The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,’ says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, ‘Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.’ (‘‘请’这个问题非常重要。它是礼仪的基础之一，’美国最著名的礼仪仲裁者的玄孙女、艾米莉·波斯特研究所所长莉齐·波斯特说。‘孩子会模仿父母的行为，如果你希望你的孩子经常使用‘请’这个词，你自己也需要经常使用。’)”可知，支持对AI使用礼貌用语的人认为孩子通过观察父母来学习行为，因此父母树立礼貌的榜样很重要。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. ‘I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,’ he says. (作为一名父亲，埃齐奥尼担心他的儿子会过度将智能设备拟人化。‘我担心他会感到困惑，就像我们不想让孩子认为超人是真的，然后从什么东西上跳下来飞向天空一样，’他说。)”可知，奥伦·埃齐奥尼担心孩子可能会把AI与真人混淆，从而产生不切实际的期望。 Passage 6 I was reading college freshman essays when I was slowed and stunned by these words: “My new AI Bestie.” I had assigned my students a 500-word essay on artificial intelligence. As I expected, the majority of essays detailed the functions and use of ChatGPT. What I did not anticipate was the “bestie” line in this particular piece, followed by more description of how she formed both a personal confidante and professional counseling relationship with her ChatGPT. A recent study reports that 70% of teens have used AI companions, with half using them regularly. The mental health implications are substantial: disruption of social skills, increased isolation, loneliness, and a new form of addiction. At its best, AI is a tool that guides us downstream. But for many young people, it is becoming a wave that could overwhelm them. What AI fails to offer us is touch, which separates humanity from machines. Humans are neurologically wired to require touch from other sentient (有感知能力的) beings. In a recent meta-analysis, German researchers confirmed that touch significantly benefits both physical and mental health. Interestingly, while robotic massage offered physical benefits, the mental health gains were notably weaker. Growing up in the ’70s, the options for non-sentient connections were limited to stuffed animals, pet rocks, and imaginary friends. Moving into the teen years, a number of my friends held fast to their favored stuffed animals, if in a more private manner. I never engaged in any of these relationships. I did, however, spend countless hours alone in my backyard playing real basketball with imaginary opponents, complete with graceful movements and mixes of victories and defeats. This activity was my go-to in good times and bad, whether I was feeling alone or connected. The physicality calmed and complemented me. The soft leather ball in my sweaty hands. The conversation between the sun and the light breeze on my face and forearms. This rapid heart rate experience cleared my mind and opened a space for me to explore my loss or celebration. Often, it moved me to reach out to others in search of comfort and connection. Loneliness doesn’t fade away at the borders of any time or generation. Nor does the need for us to engage all of our senses in separate and shared synergy (协同作用). Following my panic after reading my student’s AI essay, I returned to my smartphone’s newsfeed. There, I saw a trend of Millennials and Gen Zers migrating towards the unplugged activities of the older generations: board games, community gardens, fishing, and vinyl records. Reading these reports about the shift to broader, collective sensory experiences that are essential to our psychological well-being replenishes (重新充满) my hope for humanity. No, we won’t eradicate the AI footprint. That should never be the goal. AI has too much constructive value for our world. We just need to redouble our efforts to understand the benefits and limitations of its place in our lives. 1．The word “confidante” (paragraph 2) most likely refers to a person (or thing) that one can ________. A．program with professional skills. B．trust with private thoughts and feelings. C．purchase at an affordable price. D．use to complete academic assignments. 2．By stating “At its best, AI is a tool that guides us downstream. But for many young people, it is becoming a wave that could overwhelm them”, the author means that ________. A．AI is most useful when it is used near rivers and oceans. B．AI is a powerful force that can either assist or drown its users. C．young people are using AI to create powerful waves on social media. D．the primary function of AI is to predict natural disasters like floods. 3．The author mentions his experience of playing basketball in the backyard mainly to ________. A．show his personal way of coping with emotions through sensory engagement. B．prove that imaginary relationships are far better than using AI friends. C．argue that sports are the only solution to the problem of loneliness. D．compare his childhood hobbies with the current trends of his students. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Rise of AI: From Tools to Best Friends. B．Why AI Can Replace Human Touch. C．Human Touch in a Digital World. D．How College Students Use ChatGPT to Write Essays. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨AI陪伴对青少年心理健康的影响，强调人类触觉与感官互动的重要性及平衡AI使用的必要性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“how she formed both a personal confidante and professional counseling relationship with her ChatGPT（她如何与ChatGPT既建立了私人confidante关系，又建立了专业咨询关系）”可知，“confidante”与“professional counseling”并列，且修饰词为“personal（私人的）”，结合常识推测，其应指能让人倾诉私人想法与感受的对象。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“At its best, AI is a tool that guides us downstream. But for many young people, it is becoming a wave that could overwhelm them (在最佳状态下，AI是引导我们顺流而下的工具。但对许多年轻人来说，它正变成一股可能将他们淹没的浪潮）”可知，作者用“顺流而下的工具”比喻AI的辅助作用，用“淹没的浪潮”比喻AI可能带来的负面影响（如社交技能受损、孤独感加剧等），即AI既能帮助用户，也可能对用户造成困扰。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The physicality calmed and complemented me. The soft leather ball in my sweaty hands. The conversation between the sun and the light breeze on my face and forearms. This rapid heart rate experience cleared my mind and opened a space for me to explore my loss or celebration. Often, it moved me to reach out to others in search of comfort and connection.(这种身体上的互动让我平静下来，也给了我慰藉。汗水浸湿的双手紧握着柔软的皮球，阳光与微风轻拂过我的脸庞和前臂，仿佛在无声交流。这段心跳加速的经历让我的思绪变得清晰，也为我打开了一片空间，去梳理内心的失落或喜悦。通常，正是这种体验促使我主动联系他人，寻求慰藉与情感联结)”可知，作者提及后院打篮球的经历，是为了展示自己通过身体感官互动（触摸篮球、感受阳光微风等）来调节情绪、缓解孤独的个人方式。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，作者从学生作文中“AI挚友”的表述切入，指出AI陪伴对青少年的负面影响（缺乏触觉、加剧孤独等），通过自身经历强调人类触觉与感官互动的重要性，最后提到年轻人回归线下活动的趋势，呼吁平衡AI使用。核心围绕“数字世界中的人类触觉与感官联结”展开。C项“数字世界中的人类触觉”为最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 7 There are constantly mixed voices from different media as to whether to stop the Olympics. http://camilla.com.au/ The Olympic charter’s call for a “peaceful society” and “preservation of human dignity” is a very noble one, but its means are rather odd. Through fierce athletic competition between nations, the Olympic rivalries between athletes probably play very little role in their society anyway. The Olympics is an arena for individual achievement; however, if someone is to win a race, others must lose. Emphasis is not placed on athletes improving their personal best but on who wins. Having many nations come together shows worldwide solidarity (团结), nations united by their athletes in Lycra and branded shoes. The cultures of nations are shown by little more than flag waving and the appearance of their mascots (吉祥物). The Guardian The original spirit of the Olympics was supposedly that of sporting competition between amateurs, who competed for the honor of doing so, and to test themselves against the best sportspeople worldwide. However, the Olympics has become more commercialized. Money and rewards potentially available from excelling on the international stage have served to incentivize not only professionalization, but also cheating. The professed aspirations of the Olympic movement and the reality of the contemporary Olympics are now utterly opposed. The New York Times Citizens of the host city, often uninterested in the Olympic spectacle, can end up footing the bill by paying extra taxes. The construction of Olympic facilities, company investment and the regeneration of areas in host cities can be very disruptive, pricing local residents and shopkeepers out of their areas. Previous Olympics have shown that Olympic resources, when the games are over, do not always benefit the host city. The Olympic sites can become ghost towns, so characteristic of the year they were built in as to be aesthetically odd, impractical, inhospitable and unfashionable a decade later. TIME The athletes competing in the Olympic Games have worked for years, showing dedication to achieving physical greatness. They keep to a strict diet, and put in hundreds of hours training in a week, all for the honor of competing against the best athletes in the world. Besides, individual performance stands here for celebration of collective values, including that of fair competition. Those caught cheating are dealt with harshly, which teaches honesty and dedication to one’s dreams. Above all, countless times the games have instilled hope and togetherness in many. In a world of growing hostility, it’s encouraging to see a sense of peace and togetherness gather every four years. 1．As far as the Olympics are concerned, the website camilla.com.au probably holds that ________. A．emphasizing the result of games motivates athletes to pursue their personal best B．competition between athletes may not make much difference to the whole society C．fierce and odd athletic competition fails to achieve the aim of the Olympic charter D．having various nations come together display togetherness as well as their culture 2．Which of the following problems with the Olympics is NOT mentioned by The Guardian and The New York Times? A．The Olympic sites built in the host city may fall into disuse after the games are over. B．The rewards for winning the game may cause more athletes to train professionally. C．The aspiration to show personal best leads some athletes to win by dishonest means. D．The Olympic Games fail to live up to their original spirit due to over commercialization. 3．According to TIME, the greatest significance of holding the Olympics lies in the fact that ________. A．the Olympics inspire different countries to search for the common ground B．the Olympics instill such virtues as devotion, honesty and fairness in athletes C．the Olympics help to demonstrate the athletes’ persistent struggle for excellence D．the Olympics offer an arena where the Olympic spirit is tested on a global scale 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文围绕是否应当停办奥运会展开，分别摘录四家不同媒体平台的评论，从正反两大立场多角度剖析奥运会的弊端与价值。 1．细节理解题。根据“http://camilla.com.au/”部分中“the Olympic rivalries between athletes probably play very little role in their society anyway.(运动员之间的奥运竞争可能对他们所在的社会几乎起不到什么作用)”可知，该网站认为运动员之间的竞争或许对整个社会影响甚微。 2．细节理解题。根据“The New York Times”部分中“Previous Olympics have shown that Olympic resources, when the games are over, do not always benefit the host city. The Olympic sites can become ghost towns, so characteristic of the year they were built in as to be aesthetically odd, impractical, inhospitable and unfashionable a decade later.(往届奥运会表明，奥运会结束后，奥运资源并不总是有利于主办城市。奥运场馆可能会变成鬼城，因为它们建成那年的特色如此鲜明，以至于十年后在美学上显得古怪、不实用、不适宜居住、不时尚。)”可知，《纽约时报》提到，奥运会结束后在主办城市建造的奥运场馆可能会被废弃，A项正确。根据“The Guardian”部分中“However, the Olympics has become more commercialized. Money and rewards potentially available from excelling on the international stage have served to incentivize not only professionalization, but also cheating. The professed aspirations of the Olympic movement and the reality of the contemporary Olympics are now utterly opposed.(然而，奥运会已经变得更加商业化。在国际舞台上表现出色可能带来的金钱和奖励不仅激励了职业化，也激励了作弊。奥林匹克运动的公开愿望和当代奥林匹克的现实现在是完全对立的。)”可知，《卫报》提到获胜奖励可能导致更多运动员接受职业化训练，也会诱发作弊，奥运会因过度商业化未能实现其最初精神；C选项“渴望展示个人最佳促使一些运动员用不诚实的手段获胜”并未提及。 3．细节理解题。根据“TIME”部分中最后一段“Above all, countless times the games have instilled hope and togetherness in many. In a world of growing hostility, it’s encouraging to see a sense of peace and togetherness gather every four years(最重要的是，奥运会无数次给许多人注入了希望和团结。在一个敌意日益增长的世界里，每四年看到一次和平与团结的凝聚是令人鼓舞的。)”可知，《时代周刊》认为奥运会最大意义在于激发不同国家寻找共同点（团结与和平）。 Passage 8 Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward. Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle “He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.” There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television history. As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion. There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader. On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures spoiler-free. The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald “Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义) United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby. The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events. This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century. 1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes would be ________. A．short and to the point B．incomprehensible and long C．full of spoiler and suspense D．interesting but too professional 2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald? A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events. B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway. C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from the perspective of  Jay Gatsby. D．The unreliable narrator prevents the reader from grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream. 3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to ________. A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths 4．What’s the message the author of the passage wants to convey through the two books mentioned? A．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers. B．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream. C．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective. D．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant and can’t get their name in the title. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨文学作品中配角视角的价值，以《福尔摩斯》和《了不起的盖茨比》为例说明其能揭示更深层的人性真相。 1．推理判断题。根据Sherlock Holmes部分第五段中的“First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader.(首先，福尔摩斯性格古怪，倾向于关注细节。从他的视角讲述一个短篇故事只会让故事变得冗长。华生医生将福尔摩斯的古怪之处转化为让读者不那么疲惫的内容)”及第六段“If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening.(如果我们能知道福尔摩斯所知的一切，故事的悬念将荡然无存)”可知，若以福尔摩斯为叙事视角，故事可能因细节堆砌而冗长，且缺乏悬念（充满剧透）。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据The Great Gatsby部分倒数第二段中的“ Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events.(尼克是一个不可靠的叙述者，在故事中的许多主要事件中都出现了。然而，正如上面引用的暗示，他认为自己是一个观察者，而不是这些事件的驱动者)”可知，Nick Garraway在故事中的很多主要事件中都出现了。结合尾段中的“This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do.(这使我们能够从一个人那里获得对局势的外部视角 —— 这个人承认自己并不完全融入他所参与的世界，但同时仍是那些真正融入其中的人的亲密伙伴)由此推测，他不仅仅是观察者，同时也是故事事件的驱动者。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据Sherlock Holmes 部分的第三段中的“As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion.(作为一名侦探，福尔摩斯常常在解开谜团的过程中起主导作用，但故事却是从他的忠实朋友兼同伴约翰・H・华生医生的视角来讲述的)”以及The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald部分中的第二段中的“The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom.(这个故事是从尼克・卡拉威的视角来讲述的。他是一个搬到长岛的年轻人，希望成为股票经纪人，并在 20 世纪 20 年代的经济繁荣中获利)”可知，文中引用两段话分别对应配角（华生和尼克）的叙述视角。Sherlock Holmes的引用体现华生对福尔摩斯的观察评价，The Great Gatsby的引用通过尼克的内心独白展现其“既融入又疏离”的旁观者身份，两段引用均旨在表明配角作为叙述者的角色特点。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.(一些著名小说表明，相较于那些忙于推动故事发展的主角，作为配角反而能让我们触及更深刻的真相，并对人性有更丰富的认知)”可知，首段点明“配角视角比主角更能揭示深层人性”，随后以两部小说为例，说明通过配角的旁观视角可深入探讨时代背景与人性本质，选项C“从独特的旁观者视角可深入探索个人或历史时代”最能概括作者观点。故选C项。 Passage 9 The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了在信任危机下科学家捍卫科学事业时存在的问题，包括忽视科学是一个不断学习与发现的过程，认为某种单一的科学方法更好，以及将科学简单化，同时指出科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” (一种流行的做法是坚称科学是正确的——到此为止——一旦我们发现了世界的真相，我们就完成了任务。任何否认这些真理的人都是无知的。或者，正如诺贝尔奖得主物理学家Steven Weinberg所说，“尽管科学理论在某种意义上是一种社会共识，但它不同于任何其他类型的共识，因为它不受文化的影响，而且是永恒的。”)”可知，Steven Weinberg认为科学理论与文化无关，是永恒的，这支撑了前面提到的科学产生永恒真理的观点，是对其例证。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Each of these commonly-held  views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the  scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown  that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific.  In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and  across time.(这些普遍持有的观点都有其优点，但如果声称其中任何一种是科学方法，那么它们都是失败的。历史和哲学已经表明，单一科学方法的想法是不科学的。事实上，不同学科和不同时代的科学方法是不同的)”可知，科学方法在不同学科之间以及随着时间的推移而变化。A项“进行科学发现的一种方法是通过实验来观察和描述世界”部分正确，但不全面，文章提到实验方法是科学方法的一种，但并不是唯一的方式，此外，观察和描述世界属于经验主义，而不是实验方法；B项“一些人认为科学方法的重点是通过实验证明假设是正确的”不完全正确。虽然实验方法确实用于验证假设，但科学方法不仅仅是证明假设的正确性，还包括其他方面，如避免自我欺骗等；C项“有人建议在科学探究中采用科学的方法来避免自我欺骗”部分正确，但不全面。避免自我欺骗确实是科学方法的一个方面，但科学方法还包括其他方面，如实验验证、观察描述等。故选D项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然界的努力仅仅是努力。因为我们是人类)”可知，科学和自然界都不简单，人类在理解和描绘自然界上面临挑战，存在局限性。由此可知，我们经常会失败，画线部分意思应该与fail to achieve a goal“目标达成失败”意思相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. (科学是一个学习和发现的过程，有时我们会发现我们认为正确的是错误的。)”、倒数第二段中“Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. (科学并不简单，自然界也不简单；这就是科学传播的挑战所在。我们所做的事情既困难又难以解释。我们理解和描绘自然世界的努力仅仅是努力。)”和最后一段中“Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. (科学理论并不是对现实的完美复制，但我们有充分的理由相信，它们捕捉到了现实的重要元素。)”可知，作者指出，人类在理解和描绘自然界上存在局限性，而且科学本身是学习和发现的过程，其中也会发生错误，但科学理论的确可以揭示现实的某些重要方面。由此可知，作者的观点可能是“科学不能提供关于现实世界的绝对真理，但它使我们更接近真理”。故选B项。 Passage 10 The other night I had dinner with my friend Kim, who in midlife is trying to change her career. She has spent decades as a successful photographer, but she knows it’s time to do something different. What, however, is she qualified to do, besides photography? “I’m good at parties,” she told me with a shrug. “And parallel parking.” We refilled our wineglasses and laughed really hard as we dreamed up the various careers in which that particular combination might be useful. Here’s a humbling exercise: Ask yourself what you’re good at, aside from the skills you use at work. After my conversation with Kim, I put this question to a handful of friends and got responses ranging from “finding restaurants for people” to “spotting terrific old chairs.” The more I think about my own answer to this question, the more confused I seem to get. A year ago this month I left a job, and a career, that brought me great satisfaction for more than two decades. Can serendipity(意外惊喜)be a strategy? It certainly worked for me. I happened to find a field in which my skills and the requirements of the job were a Venn diagram (韦恩图) with near total overlap. Like most of my friends, I spent my 20s and 30s marching determinedly along my given path, working hard, with purpose, and by the time I reached my 40s, I was able to enjoy the fruits of my labor. Isn’t that the way the American Dream goes? Here’s what you learn when you wake up from that dream: hubris (自负) is the unpleasant by-product of success. If you are really good at your job for a long enough time, you begin to believe that you can be good at any job and therefore can easily jump from one thing to another, switching horses in midstream. Examples of this mistaken thinking are everywhere, from the harmlessly frivolous (Dancing With the Stars) to the dangerously serious (the current presidency). As it turns out, humility is its own kind of skill; developing it hurts, but falling on your face hurts more. Over the years a number of 20-somethings have come to me for advice, which I have dutifully given: Work hard, meet lots of people, say yes to many things. Don’t complain, put a smile on your face, and remind yourself that studying Foucault for four years in college might not prove to be particularly relevant in the working world. Swallow your pride and ask a lot of questions. What I should be telling the young and ambitious is this: being really good at one thing is fantastic until it isn’t. The day may come, in my experience, will come, when you know you want to do, want to be, something else. For example, 20-somethings, one day you might want to appear on Dancing With the Stars. I’m not sure if Sean Spicer is a fool or a genius for turning down this opportunity for his first post-Administration performance. Maybe he’s not aware that Apolo Ohno was placed first on the show. Or maybe you’ll want to run for President. Never mind that it was a President–Abraham Lincoln–who popularized the warning about switching horses in midstream. If you are a real estate tycoon and loud-mouthed TV star who made a name for yourself with a combination of instinct, bravado(虚张声势)and riding the wave of chaos you create everywhere you go, then who cares what Abe Lincoln said? The White House is the logical next career step. Or, 20-somethings, maybe you’ll do both! At the same time! After all, doesn’t today’s White House sort of resemble Dancing With the Stars, if you squint(眯眼)hard and use your imagination? With experts and amateurs working together, trying to make it all look graceful while the audience alternatively laughs and cries? So, folks, an assignment: Ask yourself what you’re good at. As for me, aside from what I most recently did for a living–writing, editing, managing people and showing up to meetings on time–my greatest strengths seem to be making vacation packing lists and remembering which houses in my town are on the market. So I have entered this next phase of my life with gratitude (for what I’ve accomplished), humility (about all that I don’t know) and fear (see random greatest strengths). I used to be filled with optimism: if Donald Trump could become President, anything seemed possible. But with each passing month, and each new failure, my optimism dims. If he wanted to try something new, wouldn’t Dancing With the Stars have been a wiser choice? 1．Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? A．Only failure contributes to the development of one’s humility. B．Donald Trump is the very person for the US presidency. C．Career success encourages overestimate of oneself. D．College education is a must for a successful career. 2．What is the writer’s attitude towards job hopping? A．Check whether one’s skill meets the requirements of the potential new job. B．Seize each and every random opportunity that comes along. C．Be optimistic about the potential new job and anything is possible. D．Job hopping is such a severe danger as to be avoided. 3．The writer’s implicit comment on the White House could be ________. A．It functions ideally as the political center of the United States. B．It is the logical next career step for a wealthy and famous person. C．It is as attractive and interesting as Dancing with the Stars. D．It is a stage where officials don’t know how to run the country. 4．What could be implied by the underlined “it isn’t”? A．What one is really good at disappears. B．One feels no more fantastic about the job. C．One’s ambition weakens as he or she ages. D．One tries to change to a new job. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者就除了在工作中使用的技能外，我们擅长的东西提出了自己的看法和见解。强调要努力地工作，结识很多人，对很多事情说“是”。不要抱怨，要在脸上露出微笑，提醒自己。以感激，谦卑和畏惧的心态来进入人生的下一个阶段。 1．推理判断题。由文章第四段“If you are really good at your job for a long enough time, you begin to believe that you can be good at any job and therefore can easily jump from one thing to another, switching horses in midstream. (如果你真的很擅长你的工作足够长一段时间，你就会开始相信你可以胜任任何工作，因此你可以很容易地从一件事跳到另一件事，中途换马。)”可知，职业的成功会让人们高估自己。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。由文章第三段“I happened to find a field in which my skills and the requirements of the job were a Venn diagram (韦恩图) with near total overlap. Like most of my friends, I spent my 20s and 30s marching determinedly along my given path, working hard, with purpose, and by the time I reached my 40s, I was able to enjoy the fruits of my labor. (我碰巧发现一个领域，我的技能和工作要求是一个几乎完全重叠的维恩图。和我的大多数朋友一样，我在20多岁和30多岁的时候，坚定地沿着既定的道路前进，努力工作，有目标，到了40多岁，我已经能够享受我的劳动成果了。)”可知，作者认为，跳槽时需要考虑自己的技能是否符合潜在的工作。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段“At the same time! After all, doesn’t today’s White House sort of resemble Dancing With the Stars, if you squint(眯眼)hard and use your imagination? With experts and amateurs working together, trying to make it all look graceful while the audience alternatively laughs and cries?(同时毕竟，如果你眯起眼睛使出想象力，今天的白宫不就有点像《与星星共舞》吗？有专家和业余爱好者一起工作，试图让一切看起来优雅，而观众却在笑和哭？)”可知，作者以《与星星共舞》为例，说明专家预期的舞台效果和实际观众感受的不一样，暗示白宫也一样，不知道如何正常的运转。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。由文章倒数第四段“What I should be telling the young and ambitious is this: being really good at one thing is fantastic until it isn’t. The day may come, in my experience, will come, when you know you want to do, want to be, something else.(我应该告诉年轻人和有抱负的人：在一件事上做得真的很好，直到 。根据我的经验，当你知道你想做什么、想成为什么、做什么的时候，总有一天会到来。)”可知，文章后面讲了总有一天你会发现你想做什么，但在这之前你应该坚持做好一件事，直到你不再对这件事情感兴趣。故选B项。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考英语一轮复习（上海专用） 阅读理解议论文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 讨论美国儿童阅读教学数十年的争论，以密西西比州为例证明系统自然拼读法优于均衡读写教学模式 2 指出久坐式管理带来管理者与员工脱节的弊端，探讨走动式管理（MBWA）的价值、实施要点以及失败诱因 3 分析女性进入企业高层的晋升速度有所提升，但职场性别薪酬差距、非正式就业歧视等深层次问题仍亟待解决 4 从心理学角度探究随着年龄增长人们主观上感觉时间过得越来越快的原因，建议多创造新鲜体验丰富记忆 5 围绕家长对智能语音助手的说话方式展开讨论，辩论是否应当对人工智能设备使用礼貌用语以及对孩子产生的影响 6 剖析青少年热衷于 AI 虚拟好友带来孤独、社交退化等隐患，重申人与人之间触觉、线下感官互动不可替代的价值 7 摘录四家媒体不同立场的评论，多角度辩证讨论奥运会的价值与弊端，探讨当下奥运会是否有继续举办的必要 8 以《福尔摩斯探案集》《了不起的盖茨比》为例，论证文学作品中配角、旁观者叙事视角能够挖掘更深层的人性真相 9 反思当下科学界捍卫科学公信力时出现的误区，阐明科学是不断迭代的探索过程而非永恒不变的绝对真理 10 由中年转行的话题切入，告诫人们事业成功容易造成自我高估，换赛道前应当理性评估自身能力，保持谦卑心态 Passage 1 Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to sneak phonics teaching materials into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong. The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were proficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam. America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol-sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch), known as phonics. Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of a cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by the EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix called “balanced literacy“. This combination of methods is ineffective. “You can’t sprinkle in a little phonics,” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reading at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.” Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once notorious for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013. Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains. Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 29th on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam. In 2019 it was the only state to improve its scores. For the first time since measurement began, Mississippi’s pupils are now average readers, a remarkable achievement in such a poor state. Mississippi’s success is attributed to implementing reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 Congress requested the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the Department of Education to convene a National Reading Panel to end the “reading wars” and synthesize the evidence. The panel found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness, fluency and comprehension, worked best. Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is a proficient reader, literacy seems like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化)when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms. 1．What has America been witnessing for decades? A．An obsession with innovating teaching methodologies of reading. B．An enduring debate over the approach to teaching children to read. C．An increasing concern with many children’s inadequacy in literacy. D．An ever-forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading. 2．Why does Tenette Smith think a combination of teaching methods is ineffective? A．Elementary school children will be frustrated when taught with several methods combined. B．Phonics has to be systematically applied and clearly taught to achieve the desired effect. C．Sprinkling in a little phonics deters the progress of even adequately motivated children. D．Balanced literacy fails to sustain children’s interest in developing a good reading habit. 3．What does the author say Mississippi’s success is attributed to? A．Convening a National Reading Panel to synthesize research evidence. B．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension. C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading. D．Obtaining support from Congress to upgrade teaching methods. 4．What have advances in statistics and brain imaging proved ineffective? A．The teaching of symbol-sound relationships. B．Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness. C．Efforts to end the reading wars. D．The immersive approach. Passage 2 The management chair’s irresistible pull is getting stronger. Video calls are so popular that managers can see employees around the world without leaving their armchair. Real-time data on computer screens can keep bosses informed about the business without having to stand up. However, this is making managers disconnected from their teams. The solution has a name: management by wandering-or walking-around (MBWA). Tom Peters, a management expert, popularized the idea in the 1980s in “In Search of Excellence”, who argued that managers should go to see the places and people where the real work gets done. One reason is that most employees like attention. In a study led by Pablo Casas from Arizona State University, it was found that managers’ visits were associated with a boost to sales productivity, which started to show up even before the day itself! But these improvements only lasted for weeks. One explanation is that it was a lot less inspiring when staff could see the manager all the time. The benefit of MBWA comes not from how regularly managers inspect the workplace like kings or queens, but from visits to the front line to identify and solve problems. Toyota is well-known for its norm of genchi genbutsu (go and see for yourself), which encourages managers to investigate manufacturing problems in person. Toyota managers routinely undertake real place walks to see assembly lines (流水线) for themselves and to drive home the firm’s philosophy of kaizen (continuous improvement). However, wandering bosses do not always lead to good results. A paper published in 2023 by Anita Tucker of Boston University and Sara Singer of Stanford University examined the practice of an MBWA programme at 19 American hospitals. They found that in hospitals where senior managers toured the front lines providing ideas for improvement, nurses on average felt that performance had actually become worse. The authors assume that the problems came from raised expectations: bosses asked people to identify problems and then did not do enough to actually address them. Where nurses’ performance did improve, it was because hospitals concentrated on easier-to-solve problems and because managers there took responsibility for making sure that issues were dealt with. Wandering around, in other words, demands discipline. In an era of video calls and data analytics, there is still no substitute for shoes. 1．What can be concluded from the first paragraph? A．Managers don’t leave their chairs because they are too busy. B．Managers are always afraid of missing key data. C．Managers can efficiently run the company through video calls. D．Management on seats has caused a big problem. 2．According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE about MBWA? A．MBWA was first popularized by Pablo Casas in the 1980s. B．Managers should see the realities of the workplace. C．Managers should visit the front line as regularly as possible. D．MBWA has only short-term motivating effects. 3．MBWA at some American hospitals did not work because________. A．The managers failed to address the problems B．The managers did not identify true problems C．No improvement suggestions were provided D．MBWA does not fit the hospitals’ management culture 4．Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A．Celebrating Desk Management B．Why MBWA Fails C．Leaving the Seat of Power D．How to Enhance Motivation Passage 3 A small step for women The glass ceiling in the corporate world is not broken, but it is starting to crack. Women are getting on to corporate boards at greater speed, and in greater numbers. Research by LinkedIn, a professional networking site, shows that across five countries, women it lists as directors reached the position faster than their male counterparts did. In America, for example, women got there 9.8 years after leaving university and men after 10.9 years. This suggests that younger women are making good progress in the boardroom. Overall, however, females are still lagging behind the males. The proportion of people in leadership roles (director-level and above) that is female in the five countries varies from 17% in India to 35% in America. Nevertheless, some firms may be paying lip service to the idea of female leadership. A paper highlights the phenomenon of “twokenism”, a statistical bunching of American companies with exactly two female directors. The authors suggest this is directly related to the average number of female directors on S&P 1500 boards in the period studied (2004-13), which was 1.92. By opting for two women, businesses could claim they had “above average” female representation. In any case, a rise in the number of female directors is a narrow measure of female economic success. Having women at the top of organizations may inspire others to emulate (仿效) them, and board members may be able to push through more female-friendly policies lower down in their organizations. But the vast majority of women would never expect to become directors. What they value is an opportunity to get a well-paid job and to be free from discrimination while doing it. In this respect, the news is less encouraging. Across the OECD the gender pay gap of full-time employees averages 13.5% and varies widely, from 3.4% in Luxembourg to 36.7% in South Korea. It can be hard to adjust for all the many factors, such as skill levels, that might explain this gap. Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalent. Problems are deep-rooted. In many developing economies, more than half of all on agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men. Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions, which are often designed with formal employment status in mind. So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom. But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere. 1．According to the research by LinkedIn, which of the following is true? A．Women directors in the five countries stay longer in their positions than men. B．American women reach director-level positions more quickly than men. C．Men in America become directors sooner after graduation than women. D．Women directors make up more than half of leadership roles in the five countries. 2．What does the underlined phrase “paying lip service to” most probably mean? A．Showing sincere support for. B．Making empty promises about. C．Offering timely help to. D．Collecting different opinions on. 3．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Full-time employed women who lack a college degree earn 26% less than those who have one. B．Having more female leaders can solve the female employment problems. C．There are still a number of women who are underpaid or discriminated in their work. D．Most companies with two female directors aim to achieve real gender equality. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards women’s progress in the corporate world? A．Optimistic about the current situation and confident about the future. B．Critical of all measures taken to promote female leadership. C．Satisfied with the improvements and ignoring existing problems. D．Recognizing small progress but emphasizing more efforts are needed. Passage 4 When I was young, a single summer could feel like an entire epoch. Those endless July afternoons of our youth stretched out in a haze(烟雾) of heat and boredom, where the rhythmic sound of a lawn mower or the distant sound of an ice-cream truck seemed to vibrate(震动) in a world that possessed all the time in the world. Now, as an adult, the seasons flip by like the pages of a thumbed-through magazine. I blink, and it is autumn;I blink again, and the year has disappeared into nothing. This common experience raises a profound psychological question: why does time speed up as we age? Current cognitive theory suggests that our perception of duration is closely tied to the density of new experiences. To a child, whose world is an unfolding tapestry (画面) of “firsts” — the initial sight of a jellyfish or the crisp scent of a new textbook — every encounter is a vivid landmark. The brain, confronted with this constant shock of novelty, processes information with daunting (吓人的) intensity, creating a detailed mental map that makes time feel “thick” and expansive. For the adult, however, life is often reduced to a series of predictable routines. When the mind knows precisely what to expect, it essentially stops recording. The“logbook” of our days is full of repetitive tasks, where Tuesday is indistinguishable from Thursday. In this state of cognitive autopilot, the brain shortens time, discarding the seemingly extra data of our habitual lives. It is a cruel irony:the more efficiently we manage our routines, the more rapidly our lives seem to slip through our fingers. If time is measured not by the ticking of a clock but by the footprints of memory, then a life lived in autopilot is fundamentally shorter, regardless of its chronological length. To reclaim our time, we must intentionally reintroduce the “new” — to break the rhythm of the expected and force the mind to once again become a conscious observer of its own existence. As ancient philosophers suggested, we do not need more years; we need more moments that are worth the brain's effort to remember. 1．The word “epoch” is closest in meaning to ________. A．a memorable event from the past B．a period characterized by significant events C．an era that seems to last for a long time D．a short moment of childhood memories 2．Why do children perceive time as“thick”? A．Because they possess a superior biological capacity for sensory processing. B．Because the lack of routine allows them to ignore the passage of time. C．Because their brain's engagement with novelty demands exhaustive mental effort. D．Because endless memories enable them to recall every detail of their youth. 3．What can be inferred from the“cruel irony” mentioned in the third paragraph? A．Professional efficiency is often achieved at the cost of personal happiness. B．The mastery of daily habits unconsciously speed up one's psychological aging. C．A well-organized life eventually leads to a total loss of memory for the past. D．High productivity reduces the subjective richness of the time we have lived. 4．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? A．The Logbook of Days: Why Routines Help Us Manage Time. B．Footprints of Memory: Redefining the Duration of Life. C．Breaking the Rhythm: The Art of Living in the Digital Age. D．First Encounters: Why Childhood Memories Last Longer. Passage 5 One of the most unexpected things about having children is how the quest to mold perfect little humans ultimately becomes a project of making yourself a better person. Though hardly revolutionary, this epiphany came to me recently when I was talking to an inanimate object, Amazon’s Echo speaker, in front of my 18-month-old Jack. “Echo, turn on the lights. Echo, set my thermostat to 72 degrees. Echo, play ‘Wheels on the Bus’,” I commanded the gadget, which understands and responds to an ever growing set of orders (including, no surprise, “Echo, buy more diapers”). Every time I said “Echo,” Jack’s eyes shot up to the cylinder-shaped speaker atop the refrigerator, its glowing blue halo indicating it was listening. Then, one day, the inevitable happened: “Uggo!” Jack barked. “Bus!” After I explained to Jack that it’s not nice to call someone an uggo, I saw myself through my son’s words — and didn’t like how I looked. Sure, Echo doesn’t care how you talk to it. But to Jack, I must have seemed like a tyrant. And by imitation, he became my little dictator. This dilemma is likely only to grow as voice-based artificial intelligence becomes more commonplace. Already, Apple’s iPhones and iPads have Siri; Google-powered devices come with a similar feature, Google Now; and Microsoft has Cortana. Soon we’ll be regularly talking to digital Moneypennys at home, work and everywhere else. Like most parents, my wife and I hope Jack grows up to be kind. Like most toddlers he needs some help with this. My exchanges with my technology have clearly been setting a bad example. But how exactly to talk to our technology is far from clear. “The issue of ‘please’ is huge. It’s one of the foundations of etiquette,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute and the great-great-granddaughter of America’s best-known arbiter of manners, “Kids model the behavior of the parent, and if you want your child to be using the word please often, you need to use it often too.” So now I say “please” as much as I can. I say it to my wife, my son’s teddy bear, Siri, Echo, Cortana, even my dog. But not everybody agrees that speaking to computers the way we’d like to be spoken to is the best way forward. Oren Etzioni, CEO of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, is one. “I don’t say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ to my toaster,” he argues. “Why should I say it to Echo?” Etzioni believes that the machines we have now, our smartphones and tablets, are effectively appliances. “It seems to me that we reserve politeness as a social lubricant,” he says. “It has a purpose.” And as a father, Etzioni is concerned that his son will overanthropomorphize smart devices. “I’d be worried that he’d get confused in the same way that we don’t want our kids to think Superman is real and then jump off something to soar into the sky,” he says. If you’ve ever been fooled by an online customer-service chatbot or an automated phone system, you’ll agree that this technology is evolving quickly. Coming generations will find it even harder to differentiate between bots and people, as they encounter even more artificially intelligent assistants backed by machine learning — computers that teach themselves through repeated interactions with human beings. At Microsoft, for instance, there’s a personality team dedicated to helping Cortana get a better grasp of manners and mannerisms. The technology is being infused with cultural cues to make it more likable. For example, Cortana’s avatar bows to Japanese users, who prefer formality. “Having a personality designed into the system, knowing some of the nuances of the way humans communicate, how they use different adjectives and how they say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’ — we think it’s an important part of getting that overall speech and dialogue system right,” says Marcus Ash, program manager for Cortana. Meanwhile, Hound, a voice-assistant app available for a broad range of devices, not only processes the magic words (please, thank you, you’re welcome, excuse me, sorry), but also softens its responses when users speak them. “When you say ‘hello’ to Hound, you might hear one type of response, but when you say ‘hey’ or ‘yo,’ you will definitely hear a different one,” says Keyvan Mohajer, a co-founder and the CEO of SoundHound. For humans, etiquette is a kind of social algorithm for managing feelings. Computers will get better at understanding this — but that will likely take decades. Which is more than enough time for me to solve this uggo problem. 1．What is the main dilemma the author faces regarding voice-based AI? A．His son Jack cannot pronounce “Echo” correctly and calls it “Uggo”. B．His commanding tone towards AI sets a bad example for his son’s behavior. C．Amazon’s Echo speaker does not understand his son’s voice commands. D．Voice-based AI is becoming too expensive for ordinary families to afford. 2．According to the passage, what do supporters of using polite language with AI believe? A．AI devices will eventually replace human companions in daily life. B．Children learn behavior by observing parents, so modeling politeness is important. C．Saying “please” and “thank you” can improve the performance of AI systems. D．AI technology should be designed to refuse commands without polite words. 3．What concern does Oren Etzioni express about teaching children to be polite to AI? A．Children will become too dependent on AI assistants for daily tasks. B．AI devices will start demanding more polite treatment from users. C．Children might confuse AI with real people and develop unrealistic expectations. D．Parents will spend too much time teaching manners instead of other skills. Passage 6 I was reading college freshman essays when I was slowed and stunned by these words: “My new AI Bestie.” I had assigned my students a 500-word essay on artificial intelligence. As I expected, the majority of essays detailed the functions and use of ChatGPT. What I did not anticipate was the “bestie” line in this particular piece, followed by more description of how she formed both a personal confidante and professional counseling relationship with her ChatGPT. A recent study reports that 70% of teens have used AI companions, with half using them regularly. The mental health implications are substantial: disruption of social skills, increased isolation, loneliness, and a new form of addiction. At its best, AI is a tool that guides us downstream. But for many young people, it is becoming a wave that could overwhelm them. What AI fails to offer us is touch, which separates humanity from machines. Humans are neurologically wired to require touch from other sentient (有感知能力的) beings. In a recent meta-analysis, German researchers confirmed that touch significantly benefits both physical and mental health. Interestingly, while robotic massage offered physical benefits, the mental health gains were notably weaker. Growing up in the ’70s, the options for non-sentient connections were limited to stuffed animals, pet rocks, and imaginary friends. Moving into the teen years, a number of my friends held fast to their favored stuffed animals, if in a more private manner. I never engaged in any of these relationships. I did, however, spend countless hours alone in my backyard playing real basketball with imaginary opponents, complete with graceful movements and mixes of victories and defeats. This activity was my go-to in good times and bad, whether I was feeling alone or connected. The physicality calmed and complemented me. The soft leather ball in my sweaty hands. The conversation between the sun and the light breeze on my face and forearms. This rapid heart rate experience cleared my mind and opened a space for me to explore my loss or celebration. Often, it moved me to reach out to others in search of comfort and connection. Loneliness doesn’t fade away at the borders of any time or generation. Nor does the need for us to engage all of our senses in separate and shared synergy (协同作用). Following my panic after reading my student’s AI essay, I returned to my smartphone’s newsfeed. There, I saw a trend of Millennials and Gen Zers migrating towards the unplugged activities of the older generations: board games, community gardens, fishing, and vinyl records. Reading these reports about the shift to broader, collective sensory experiences that are essential to our psychological well-being replenishes (重新充满) my hope for humanity. No, we won’t eradicate the AI footprint. That should never be the goal. AI has too much constructive value for our world. We just need to redouble our efforts to understand the benefits and limitations of its place in our lives. 1．The word “confidante” (paragraph 2) most likely refers to a person (or thing) that one can ________. A．program with professional skills. B．trust with private thoughts and feelings. C．purchase at an affordable price. D．use to complete academic assignments. 2．By stating “At its best, AI is a tool that guides us downstream. But for many young people, it is becoming a wave that could overwhelm them”, the author means that ________. A．AI is most useful when it is used near rivers and oceans. B．AI is a powerful force that can either assist or drown its users. C．young people are using AI to create powerful waves on social media. D．the primary function of AI is to predict natural disasters like floods. 3．The author mentions his experience of playing basketball in the backyard mainly to ________. A．show his personal way of coping with emotions through sensory engagement. B．prove that imaginary relationships are far better than using AI friends. C．argue that sports are the only solution to the problem of loneliness. D．compare his childhood hobbies with the current trends of his students. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．The Rise of AI: From Tools to Best Friends. B．Why AI Can Replace Human Touch. C．Human Touch in a Digital World. D．How College Students Use ChatGPT to Write Essays. Passage 7 There are constantly mixed voices from different media as to whether to stop the Olympics. http://camilla.com.au/ The Olympic charter’s call for a “peaceful society” and “preservation of human dignity” is a very noble one, but its means are rather odd. Through fierce athletic competition between nations, the Olympic rivalries between athletes probably play very little role in their society anyway. The Olympics is an arena for individual achievement; however, if someone is to win a race, others must lose. Emphasis is not placed on athletes improving their personal best but on who wins. Having many nations come together shows worldwide solidarity (团结), nations united by their athletes in Lycra and branded shoes. The cultures of nations are shown by little more than flag waving and the appearance of their mascots (吉祥物). The Guardian The original spirit of the Olympics was supposedly that of sporting competition between amateurs, who competed for the honor of doing so, and to test themselves against the best sportspeople worldwide. However, the Olympics has become more commercialized. Money and rewards potentially available from excelling on the international stage have served to incentivize not only professionalization, but also cheating. The professed aspirations of the Olympic movement and the reality of the contemporary Olympics are now utterly opposed. The New York Times Citizens of the host city, often uninterested in the Olympic spectacle, can end up footing the bill by paying extra taxes. The construction of Olympic facilities, company investment and the regeneration of areas in host cities can be very disruptive, pricing local residents and shopkeepers out of their areas. Previous Olympics have shown that Olympic resources, when the games are over, do not always benefit the host city. The Olympic sites can become ghost towns, so characteristic of the year they were built in as to be aesthetically odd, impractical, inhospitable and unfashionable a decade later. TIME The athletes competing in the Olympic Games have worked for years, showing dedication to achieving physical greatness. They keep to a strict diet, and put in hundreds of hours training in a week, all for the honor of competing against the best athletes in the world. Besides, individual performance stands here for celebration of collective values, including that of fair competition. Those caught cheating are dealt with harshly, which teaches honesty and dedication to one’s dreams. Above all, countless times the games have instilled hope and togetherness in many. In a world of growing hostility, it’s encouraging to see a sense of peace and togetherness gather every four years. 1．As far as the Olympics are concerned, the website camilla.com.au probably holds that ________. A．emphasizing the result of games motivates athletes to pursue their personal best B．competition between athletes may not make much difference to the whole society C．fierce and odd athletic competition fails to achieve the aim of the Olympic charter D．having various nations come together display togetherness as well as their culture 2．Which of the following problems with the Olympics is NOT mentioned by The Guardian and The New York Times? A．The Olympic sites built in the host city may fall into disuse after the games are over. B．The rewards for winning the game may cause more athletes to train professionally. C．The aspiration to show personal best leads some athletes to win by dishonest means. D．The Olympic Games fail to live up to their original spirit due to over commercialization. 3．According to TIME, the greatest significance of holding the Olympics lies in the fact that ________. A．the Olympics inspire different countries to search for the common ground B．the Olympics instill such virtues as devotion, honesty and fairness in athletes C．the Olympics help to demonstrate the athletes’ persistent struggle for excellence D．the Olympics offer an arena where the Olympic spirit is tested on a global scale Passage 8 Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward. Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle “He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.” There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television history. As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion. There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader. On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures spoiler-free. The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald “Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义) United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby. The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events. This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century. 1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes would be ________. A．short and to the point B．incomprehensible and long C．full of spoiler and suspense D．interesting but too professional 2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald? A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events. B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway. C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from the perspective of  Jay Gatsby. D．The unreliable narrator prevents the reader from grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream. 3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to ________. A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths 4．What’s the message the author of the passage wants to convey through the two books mentioned? A．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers. B．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream. C．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective. D．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant and can’t get their name in the title. Passage 9 The recent trust crisis has led many scientists to take up arms to defend their enterprise, but in their attempt to fight back against various forms of science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true - and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. One popular move is to insist that science is right - full stop - and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Anyone who denies such truths is ignorant. Or, as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Science is a process of learning and discovery, and sometimes we learn that what we thought was right is wrong. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method”. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experiment to test hypotheses (假设). Recently some prominent scientists claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not, and vice versa. Each of these commonly-held views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. History and philosophy have shown that the idea of a singular scientific method is, well, unscientific. In fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time. Many scientific practices, particularly statistical tests of significance, have been developed with the idea of avoiding wishful thinking and self-deception, but that hardly constitutes “the scientific method”. Scientists have bitterly argued about which methods are the best, and, as we all know, bitter arguments rarely get resolved. In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and portray the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is both its own reward and why taxpayers should be happy to fund research. Scientific theories are not perfect copies of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. 1．The quote from Steven Weinberg is intended to ______. A．illustrate that scientific theories are free from cultural influences B．stress what was believed to be true may turn out to be false theories C．show even great scientists may be unfamiliar with the history of science D．serve as an example of the belief that science produces permanent truths 2．What can be learned from all the popular opinions on “the scientific method” mentioned in the passage? A．One way to make scientific discovery is doing experiments to observe and describe the world. B．Some hold the scientific method focuses on proving hypotheses correct through experiments. C．Some suggest employing the scientific method to avoid self-deception in scientific inquiry. D．The scientific method has evolved over time and varied across scientific disciplines. 3．The underlined phrase “fall flat” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______. A．fail to achieve a goal B．lie on one’s back C．fall behind the times D．rise to challenges 4．Which of the following statements does the author probably agree with? A．It’s pointless to agree on a single scientific method as science is right in itself. B．Science can’t supply absolute truths about the real world, but it brings us closer. C．Reflection on the history of science may help scientists restore public trust in science. D．Making scientific theories easily understandable is the biggest challenge for scientists. Passage 10 The other night I had dinner with my friend Kim, who in midlife is trying to change her career. She has spent decades as a successful photographer, but she knows it’s time to do something different. What, however, is she qualified to do, besides photography? “I’m good at parties,” she told me with a shrug. “And parallel parking.” We refilled our wineglasses and laughed really hard as we dreamed up the various careers in which that particular combination might be useful. Here’s a humbling exercise: Ask yourself what you’re good at, aside from the skills you use at work. After my conversation with Kim, I put this question to a handful of friends and got responses ranging from “finding restaurants for people” to “spotting terrific old chairs.” The more I think about my own answer to this question, the more confused I seem to get. A year ago this month I left a job, and a career, that brought me great satisfaction for more than two decades. Can serendipity(意外惊喜)be a strategy? It certainly worked for me. I happened to find a field in which my skills and the requirements of the job were a Venn diagram (韦恩图) with near total overlap. Like most of my friends, I spent my 20s and 30s marching determinedly along my given path, working hard, with purpose, and by the time I reached my 40s, I was able to enjoy the fruits of my labor. Isn’t that the way the American Dream goes? Here’s what you learn when you wake up from that dream: hubris (自负) is the unpleasant by-product of success. If you are really good at your job for a long enough time, you begin to believe that you can be good at any job and therefore can easily jump from one thing to another, switching horses in midstream. Examples of this mistaken thinking are everywhere, from the harmlessly frivolous (Dancing With the Stars) to the dangerously serious (the current presidency). As it turns out, humility is its own kind of skill; developing it hurts, but falling on your face hurts more. Over the years a number of 20-somethings have come to me for advice, which I have dutifully given: Work hard, meet lots of people, say yes to many things. Don’t complain, put a smile on your face, and remind yourself that studying Foucault for four years in college might not prove to be particularly relevant in the working world. Swallow your pride and ask a lot of questions. What I should be telling the young and ambitious is this: being really good at one thing is fantastic until it isn’t. The day may come, in my experience, will come, when you know you want to do, want to be, something else. For example, 20-somethings, one day you might want to appear on Dancing With the Stars. I’m not sure if Sean Spicer is a fool or a genius for turning down this opportunity for his first post-Administration performance. Maybe he’s not aware that Apolo Ohno was placed first on the show. Or maybe you’ll want to run for President. Never mind that it was a President–Abraham Lincoln–who popularized the warning about switching horses in midstream. If you are a real estate tycoon and loud-mouthed TV star who made a name for yourself with a combination of instinct, bravado(虚张声势)and riding the wave of chaos you create everywhere you go, then who cares what Abe Lincoln said? The White House is the logical next career step. Or, 20-somethings, maybe you’ll do both! At the same time! After all, doesn’t today’s White House sort of resemble Dancing With the Stars, if you squint(眯眼)hard and use your imagination? With experts and amateurs working together, trying to make it all look graceful while the audience alternatively laughs and cries? So, folks, an assignment: Ask yourself what you’re good at. As for me, aside from what I most recently did for a living–writing, editing, managing people and showing up to meetings on time–my greatest strengths seem to be making vacation packing lists and remembering which houses in my town are on the market. So I have entered this next phase of my life with gratitude (for what I’ve accomplished), humility (about all that I don’t know) and fear (see random greatest strengths). I used to be filled with optimism: if Donald Trump could become President, anything seemed possible. But with each passing month, and each new failure, my optimism dims. If he wanted to try something new, wouldn’t Dancing With the Stars have been a wiser choice? 1．Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? A．Only failure contributes to the development of one’s humility. B．Donald Trump is the very person for the US presidency. C．Career success encourages overestimate of oneself. D．College education is a must for a successful career. 2．What is the writer’s attitude towards job hopping? A．Check whether one’s skill meets the requirements of the potential new job. B．Seize each and every random opportunity that comes along. C．Be optimistic about the potential new job and anything is possible. D．Job hopping is such a severe danger as to be avoided. 3．The writer’s implicit comment on the White House could be ________. A．It functions ideally as the political center of the United States. B．It is the logical next career step for a wealthy and famous person. C．It is as attractive and interesting as Dancing with the Stars. D．It is a stage where officials don’t know how to run the country. 4．What could be implied by the underlined “it isn’t”? A．What one is really good at disappears. B．One feels no more fantastic about the job. C．One’s ambition weakens as he or she ages. D．One tries to change to a new job. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $